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Ahmad A, Masood Khan J, Ahamad Paray B, Rashid K, Parvez A. Endolysosomal trapping of therapeutics and endosomal escape strategies. Drug Discov Today 2024:104070. [PMID: 38942071 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2024.104070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Internalizing therapeutic molecules or genes into cells and safely delivering them to the target tissue where they can perform the intended tasks is one of the key characteristics of the smart gene/drug delivery vector. Despite much research in this field, endosomal escape continues to be a significant obstacle to the development of effective gene/drug delivery systems. In this review, we discuss in depth the several types of endocytic pathways involved in the endolysosomal trapping of therapeutic agents. In addition, we describe numerous mechanisms involved in nanoparticle endosomal escape. Furthermore, many other techniques are employed to increase endosomal escape to minimize entrapment of therapeutic compounds within endolysosomes, which have been reviewed at length in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aqeel Ahmad
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Shaqra University, Shaqra 11961, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Javed Masood Khan
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bilal Ahamad Paray
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Rashid
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Ashib Parvez
- Department of Community Medicine, F.H. Medical College, Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University, Etmadpur, Agra, India
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2
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Harisa GI, Faris TM, Sherif AY, Alzhrani RF, Alanazi SA, Kohaf NA, Alanazi FK. Gene-editing technology, from macromolecule therapeutics to organ transplantation: Applications, limitations, and prospective uses. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127055. [PMID: 37758106 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Gene editing technologies (GETs) could induce gene knockdown or gene knockout for biomedical applications. The clinical success of gene silence by RNAi therapies pays attention to other GETs as therapeutic approaches. This review aims to highlight GETs, categories, mechanisms, challenges, current use, and prospective applications. The different academic search engines, electronic databases, and bibliographies of selected articles were used in the preparation of this review with a focus on the fundamental considerations. The present results revealed that, among GETs, CRISPR/Cas9 has higher editing efficiency and targeting specificity compared to other GETs to insert, delete, modify, or replace the gene at a specific location in the host genome. Therefore, CRISPR/Cas9 is talented in the production of molecular, tissue, cell, and organ therapies. Consequently, GETs could be used in the discovery of innovative therapeutics for genetic diseases, pandemics, cancer, hopeless diseases, and organ failure. Specifically, GETs have been used to produce gene-modified animals to spare human organ failure. Genetically modified pigs are used in clinical trials as a source of heart, liver, kidneys, and lungs for xenotransplantation (XT) in humans. Viral, non-viral, and hybrid vectors have been utilized for the delivery of GETs with some limitations. Therefore, extracellular vesicles (EVs) are proposed as intelligent and future cargoes for GETs delivery in clinical applications. This study concluded that GETs are promising for the production of molecular, cellular, and organ therapies. The use of GETs as XT is still in the early stage as well and they have ethical and biosafety issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamaleldin I Harisa
- Kayyali Chair for Pharmaceutical Industry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Tarek M Faris
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdelrahman Y Sherif
- Kayyali Chair for Pharmaceutical Industry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Riyad F Alzhrani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Nanobiotechnology Research Unit, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A Alanazi
- Pharmaceutical Care Services, King Abdulaziz Medical City, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Science Collage of Pharmacy, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Neveen A Kohaf
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11651, Egypt
| | - Fars K Alanazi
- Kayyali Chair for Pharmaceutical Industry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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3
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Qin Y, Ou L, Zha L, Zeng Y, Li L. Delivery of nucleic acids using nanomaterials. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2023; 4:48. [PMID: 38092998 PMCID: PMC10719232 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-023-00160-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing number of approved nucleic acid therapeutics demonstrates the potential for the prevention and treatment of a broad spectrum of diseases. This trend underscores the significant impact and promise of nucleic acid-based treatments in the field of medicine. Nevertheless, employing nucleic acids as therapeutics is challenging due to their susceptibility to degradation by nucleases and their unfavorable physicochemical characteristics that hinder delivery into cells. Appropriate vectors play a pivotal role in improving nucleic acid stability and delivering nucleic acids into specific cells. The maturation of delivery systems has led to breakthroughs in the development of therapeutics based on nucleic acids such as DNA, siRNA, and mRNA. Non-viral vectors have gained prominence among the myriad of nanomaterials due to low immunogenicity, ease of manufacturing, and simplicity of cost-effective, large-scale production. Here, we provide an overview of the recent advancements in nanomaterials for nucleic acid delivery. Specifically, we give a detailed introduction to the characteristics of polymers, lipids, and polymer-lipid hybrids, and provide comprehensive descriptions of their applications in nucleic acid delivery. Also, biological barriers, administration routes, and strategies for organ-selective delivery of nucleic acids are discussed. In summary, this review offers insights into the rational design of next-generation delivery vectors for nucleic acid delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Qin
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Liyuan Ou
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Lili Zha
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yue Zeng
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ling Li
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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4
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Jin Y, Adams F, Nguyen A, Sturm S, Carnerio S, Müller-Caspary K, Merkel OM. Synthesis and application of spermine-based amphiphilic poly(β-amino ester)s for siRNA delivery. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:5256-5262. [PMID: 37767040 PMCID: PMC10521211 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00272a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Small interfering RNA (siRNA) can trigger RNA interference (RNAi) to therapeutically silence disease-related genes in human cells. The approval of siRNA therapeutics by the FDA in recent years generated a new hope in novel and efficient siRNA therapeutics. However, their therapeutic application is still limited by the lack of safe and efficient transfection vehicles. In this study, we successfully synthesized a novel amphiphilic poly(β-amino ester) based on the polyamine spermine, hydrophobic decylamine and 1,4-butanediol diacrylate, which was characterized by 1H NMR spectroscopy and size exclusion chromatography (SEC, Mn = 6000 Da). The polymer encapsulated siRNA quantitatively from N/P 5 on as assessed by fluorescence intercalation while maintaining optimal polyplex sizes and zeta potentials. Biocompatibility and cellular delivery efficacy were also higher than those of the commonly used cationic, hyperbranched polymer polyethylenimine (PEI, 25 kDa). Optimized formulations mediated around 90% gene silencing in enhanced green fluorescence protein expressing H1299 cells (H1299-eGFP) as determined by flow cytometry. These results suggest that spermine-based, amphiphilic poly(β-amino ester)s are very promising candidates for efficient siRNA delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Jin
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics Butenandtstr. 5-13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Friederike Adams
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics Butenandtstr. 5-13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Anny Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics Butenandtstr. 5-13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Sebastian Sturm
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich Butenandtstr. 11 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Simone Carnerio
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics Butenandtstr. 5-13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Knut Müller-Caspary
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich Butenandtstr. 11 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Olivia M Merkel
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics Butenandtstr. 5-13 81377 Munich Germany
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5
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Harisa GI, Faris TM, Sherif AY, Alzhrani RF, Alanazi SA, Kohaf NA, Alanazi FK. Coding Therapeutic Nucleic Acids from Recombinant Proteins to Next-Generation Vaccines: Current Uses, Limitations, and Future Horizons. Mol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s12033-023-00821-z. [PMID: 37578574 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00821-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to highlight the potential use of cTNAs in therapeutic applications. The COVID-19 pandemic has led to significant use of coding therapeutic nucleic acids (cTNAs) in terms of DNA and mRNA in the development of vaccines. The use of cTNAs resulted in a paradigm shift in the therapeutic field. However, the injection of DNA or mRNA into the human body transforms cells into biological factories to produce the necessary proteins. Despite the success of cTNAs in the production of corona vaccines, they have several limitations such as instability, inability to cross biomembranes, immunogenicity, and the possibility of integration into the human genome. The chemical modification and utilization of smart drug delivery cargoes resolve cTNAs therapeutic problems. The success of cTNAs in corona vaccine production provides perspective for the eradication of influenza viruses, Zika virus, HIV, respiratory syncytial virus, Ebola virus, malaria, and future pandemics by quick vaccine design. Moreover, the progress cTNAs technology is promising for the development of therapy for genetic disease, cancer therapy, and currently incurable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamaleldin I Harisa
- Kayyali Chair for Pharmaceutical Industry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box: 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Tarek M Faris
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdelrahman Y Sherif
- Kayyali Chair for Pharmaceutical Industry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box: 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Riyad F Alzhrani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box: 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Nanobiotechnology Research Unit, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A Alanazi
- Pharmaceutical Care Services, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Science Collage of Pharmacy, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Neveen A Kohaf
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, 11651, Egypt
| | - Fars K Alanazi
- Kayyali Chair for Pharmaceutical Industry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box: 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Qiu C, Xia F, Zhang J, Shi Q, Meng Y, Wang C, Pang H, Gu L, Xu C, Guo Q, Wang J. Advanced Strategies for Overcoming Endosomal/Lysosomal Barrier in Nanodrug Delivery. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2023; 6:0148. [PMID: 37250954 PMCID: PMC10208951 DOI: 10.34133/research.0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Nanocarriers have therapeutic potential to facilitate drug delivery, including biological agents, small-molecule drugs, and nucleic acids. However, their efficiency is limited by several factors; among which, endosomal/lysosomal degradation after endocytosis is the most important. This review summarizes advanced strategies for overcoming endosomal/lysosomal barriers to efficient nanodrug delivery based on the perspective of cellular uptake and intracellular transport mechanisms. These strategies include promoting endosomal/lysosomal escape, using non-endocytic methods of delivery to directly cross the cell membrane to evade endosomes/lysosomes and making a detour pathway to evade endosomes/lysosomes. On the basis of the findings of this review, we proposed several promising strategies for overcoming endosomal/lysosomal barriers through the smarter and more efficient design of nanodrug delivery systems for future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Qiu
- Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica,
China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Fei Xia
- Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica,
China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Junzhe Zhang
- Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica,
China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Qiaoli Shi
- Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica,
China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yuqing Meng
- Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica,
China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica,
China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Huanhuan Pang
- Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica,
China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Liwei Gu
- Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica,
China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Chengchao Xu
- Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica,
China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Qiuyan Guo
- Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica,
China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Jigang Wang
- Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica,
China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
- Department of Nephrology, and Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital,
Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518020, China
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7
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Lieser RM, Li Q, Chen W, Sullivan MO. Incorporation of Endosomolytic Peptides with Varying Disruption Mechanisms into EGFR-Targeted Protein Conjugates: The Effect on Intracellular Protein Delivery and EGFR Specificity in Breast Cancer Cells. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:661-673. [PMID: 35040326 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular delivery of protein therapeutics remains a significant challenge limiting the majority of clinically available protein drugs to extracellular targets. Strategies to deliver proteins to subcellular compartments have traditionally relied on cell-penetrating peptides, which can drive enhanced internalization but exhibit unreliable activity and are rarely able to target specific cells, leading to off-target effects. Moreover, few design rules exist regarding the relative efficacy of various endosomal escape strategies in proteins. Accordingly, we developed a simple fusion modification approach to incorporate endosomolytic peptides onto epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-targeted protein conjugates and performed a systematic comparison of the endosomal escape efficacy, mechanism of action, and capacity to maintain EGFR-targeting specificity of conjugates modified with four different endosomolytic sequences of varying modes of action (Aurein 1.2, GALA, HA2, and L17E). Use of the recently developed Gal8-YFP assay indicated that the fusion of each endosomolytic peptide led to enhanced endosomal disruption. Additionally, the incorporation of each endosomolytic peptide increased the half-life of the internalized protein and lowered lysosomal colocalization, further supporting the membrane-disruptive capacity. Despite this, only EGFR-targeted conjugates modified with Aurein 1.2 or GALA maintained EGFR specificity. These results thus demonstrated that the choice of endosomal escape moiety can substantially affect targeting capability, cytotoxicity, and bioactivity and provided important new insights into endosomolytic peptide selection for the design of targeted protein delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Lieser
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Qirun Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Wilfred Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Millicent O Sullivan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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8
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Anson F, Liu B, Kanjilal P, Wu P, Hardy JA, Thayumanavan S. Evaluating Endosomal Escape of Caspase-3-Containing Nanomaterials Using Split GFP. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:1261-1272. [PMID: 33591168 PMCID: PMC8477791 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c01767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The ability for biologics to access intracellular targets hinges on the translocation of active, unmodified proteins. This is often achieved using nanoscale formulations, which enter cells through endocytosis. This uptake mechanism often limits the therapeutic potential of the biologics, as the propensity of the nanocarrier to escape the endosome becomes the key determinant. To appropriately evaluate and compare competing delivery systems of disparate compositions, it is therefore critical to assess endosomal escape efficiencies. Unfortunately, quantitative tools to assess endosomal escape are lacking, and standard approaches often lead to an erroneous interpretation of cytosolic localization. In this study we use a split-complementation endosomal escape (SEE) assay to evaluate levels of cytosolic caspase-3 following delivery by polymer nanogels and mesoporous silica nanoparticles. In particular, we use SEE as a means to enable the systematic investigation of the effect of polymer composition, polymer architecture (random vs block), hydrophobicity, and surface functionality. Although polymer structure had little influence on endosomal escape, nanogel functionalization with cationic and pH-sensitive peptides significantly enhanced endosomal escape levels and, further, significantly increased the amount of nanogel per endosome. This work serves as a guide for developing an optimal caspase-3 delivery system, as this caspase-3 variant can be easily substituted for a therapeutic caspase-3 cargo in any system that results in cytosolic accumulation and cargo release. In addition, these data provide a framework that can be readily applied to a wide variety of protein cargos to assess the independent contributions of both uptake and endosomal escape of a wide range of protein delivery vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jeanne A. Hardy
- Center for Bioactive Delivery at the Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - S. Thayumanavan
- Center for Bioactive Delivery at the Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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9
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Ge X, Chen L, Zhao B, Yuan W. Rationale and Application of PEGylated Lipid-Based System for Advanced Target Delivery of siRNA. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:598175. [PMID: 33716725 PMCID: PMC7944141 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.598175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) technology has become a powerful tool in application of unraveling the mechanism of disease and may hold the potential to be developed for clinical uses. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) can bind to target mRNA with high specificity and efficacy and thus inhibit the expression of related protein for the purpose of treatment of diseases. The major challenge for RNAi application is how to improve its stability and bioactivity and therefore deliver therapeutic agents to the target sites with high efficiency and accuracy. PEGylated lipid-based delivery system has been widely used for development of various medicines due to its long circulating half-life time, low toxicity, biocompatibility, and easiness to be scaled up. The PEGylated lipid-based delivery system may also provide platform for targeting delivery of nucleic acids, and some of the research works have moved to the phases for clinical trials. In this review, we introduced the mechanism, major challenges, and strategies to overcome technical barriers of PEGylated lipid-based delivery systems for advanced target delivery of siRNA in vivo. We also summarized recent advance of PEGylated lipid-based siRNA delivery systems and included some successful research works in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Ge
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lijuan Chen
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bo Zhao
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weien Yuan
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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10
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Subhan MA, Torchilin VP. siRNA based drug design, quality, delivery and clinical translation. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2020; 29:102239. [PMID: 32544449 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2020.102239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Gene silencing by RNA interference represents a promising therapeutic approach. The development of carriers, e.g., polymers, lipids, peptides, antibodies, aptamers, small molecules, exosome and red blood cells, is crucial for the systemic delivery of siRNA. Cell-specific targeting ligands in the nano-carriers can improve the pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and selectivity of siRNA therapeutics. The safety, effectiveness, quality and prosperity of production and manufacturing are important considerations for selecting the appropriate siRNA carriers. Efficacy of systemic delivery of siRNA requires considerations of trafficking through the blood, off-target effects, innate immune response and endosomal escape avoiding lysosomal degradation for entering into RNAi process. Multifunctional nanocarriers with stimuli-responsive properties such as pH, magnetic and photo-sensitive segments can enhance the efficacy of siRNA delivery. The improved preclinical characterization of suitable siRNA drugs, good laboratory practice, that reduce the differences between in vitro and in vivo results may increase the success of siRNA drugs in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Abdus Subhan
- Department of Chemistry, ShahJalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh.
| | - V P Torchilin
- CPBN, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Oncology, Radiotherapy and Plastic Surgery, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia.
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11
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Danilin NA, Koroleva LS, Novopashina DS, Venyaminova AG. RNase P-Guiding Peptide Conjugates of Oligo(2'-O-methylribonucleotides) as Prospective Antibacterial Agents. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s106816201906013x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Novopashina D, Vorobyeva M, Nazarov A, Davydova A, Danilin N, Koroleva L, Matveev A, Bardasheva A, Tikunova N, Kupryushkin M, Pyshnyi D, Altman S, Venyaminova A. Novel Peptide Conjugates of Modified Oligonucleotides for Inhibition of Bacterial RNase P. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:813. [PMID: 31379580 PMCID: PMC6658616 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel alternatives to traditional antibiotics are now of great demand for the successful treatment of microbial infections. Here, we present the engineering and properties of new oligonucleotide inhibitors of RNase P, an essential bacterial enzyme. The series of 2’-O-methyl RNA (2’-OMe-RNA) and phosphoryl guanidine oligonucleotides were targeted to the substrate-binding region of M1 RNA subunit of the RNase P. Uniformly modified 2’-OMe RNA and selectively modified phosphoryl guanidine oligonucleotides possessed good stability in biological media and effectively inhibited RNase P. Their conjugates with transporting peptides were shown to penetrate bacterial cells (Escherichia coli and Acinetobacter baumannii) and inhibit bacterial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darya Novopashina
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Mariya Vorobyeva
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Anton Nazarov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Davydova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nikolay Danilin
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Lyudmila Koroleva
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Andrey Matveev
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alevtina Bardasheva
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nina Tikunova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Maxim Kupryushkin
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Dmitrii Pyshnyi
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Sidney Altman
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.,Division of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Alya Venyaminova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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13
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Harisa GI, Faris TM. Direct Drug Targeting into Intracellular Compartments: Issues, Limitations, and Future Outlook. J Membr Biol 2019; 252:527-539. [PMID: 31375855 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-019-00082-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular compartment drug delivery is a promising strategy for the treatment of diseases. By this way, medicines can delivered to particular intracellular compartments. This maximizes the therapeutic efficacy and safety of medicines, particularly of anticancer and antiviral drugs. Intracellular compartment drug delivery is either indirectly by targeting of cell nucleus as central compartment of the cell or directly through the targeting of compartments itself. Drugs or nanoshuttles labeled with compartment's localization signal represent a smart tactic for subcellular compartment targeting. There are several boundaries prevent the arrival of shuttles to the specified intracellular compartments. These boundaries include selective permeability of biomembranes, efflux transporters, and lysosomes. The utilization of specific ligands during design of drug delivery nanoshuttles permits the targeting of specified intracellular compartment. Therefore drugs targeting could correct the diseases associated organelles. This review highlights the direct targeting of the medicines into subcellular compartment as a promising therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamaleldin I Harisa
- Kayyali Chair for Pharmaceutical Industry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Tarek M Faris
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
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14
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Abstract
Intracellular delivery of biological agents such as peptides, proteins, and nucleic acids generally rely on the endocytic pathway as the major uptake mechanism, resulting in their entrapment inside the endosome and lysosome. The recent discovery of cell-penetrating molecules of exceptionally high endosomal escape and cytosolic delivery efficiencies and elucidation of their mechanism of action represent major breakthroughs in this field. In this Topical Review, we provide an overview of the recent progress in understanding and enhancing the endosomal escape process and the new opportunities opened up by these recent findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehua Pei
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12 Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Marina Buyanova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12 Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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15
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Peeler DJ, Sellers DL, Pun SH. pH-Sensitive Polymers as Dynamic Mediators of Barriers to Nucleic Acid Delivery. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 30:350-365. [PMID: 30398844 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The nonviral delivery of exogenous nucleic acids (NA) into cells for therapeutic purposes has rapidly matured into tangible clinical impact. Synthetic polymers are particularly attractive vectors for NA delivery due to their relatively inexpensive production compared to viral alternatives and their highly tailorable chemical properties; indeed, many preclinical investigations have revealed the primary biological barriers to nonviral NA delivery by systematically varying polymeric material properties. This review focuses on applications of pH-sensitive chemistries that enable polymeric vectors to serially address multiple biological barriers to NA delivery. In particular, we focus on recent innovations with in vivo evaluation that dynamically enable colloidal stability, cellular uptake, endosomal escape, and nucleic acid release. We conclude with a summary of successes to date and projected areas for impactful future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Peeler
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Drew L Sellers
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Suzie H Pun
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
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16
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Peeler DJ, Thai SN, Cheng Y, Horner PJ, Sellers DL, Pun SH. pH-sensitive polymer micelles provide selective and potentiated lytic capacity to venom peptides for effective intracellular delivery. Biomaterials 2018; 192:235-244. [PMID: 30458359 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Endocytosed biomacromolecule delivery systems must escape the endosomal trafficking pathway in order for their cargo to exert effects in other cellular compartments. Although endosomal release is well-recognized as one of the greatest barriers to efficacy of biologic drugs with intracellular targets, most drug carriers have relied on cationic materials that passively induce endosomal swelling and membrane rupture with low efficiency. To address the endosome release challenge, our lab has developed a diblock copolymer system for nucleic acid delivery that selectively displays a potent membrane-lytic peptide (melittin) in response to the pH drop during the endosomal maturation. To further optimize this system, we evaluated a panel of peptides with reported lytic activity in comparison to melittin. Nineteen different lytic peptides were synthesized and their membrane-lytic properties at both neutral and acidic pH characterized using a red blood cell hemolysis assay. The top five performing peptides were then conjugated to our pH-sensitive diblock copolymer via disulfide linkers and used to deliver a variety of nucleic acids to cultured mammalian cells as well as in vivo to the mouse brain. We demonstrate that the sharp pH-transition of VIPER compensates for potential advantages from pH-sensitive peptides, such that polymer-peptide conjugates with poorly selective but highly lytic peptides achieve safe and effective transfection both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, peptides that require release from polymer backbones for lysis were less effective in the VIPER system, likely due to limited endosomal reducing power of target cells. Finally, we show that certain peptides are potentiated in lytic ability by polymer conjugation and that these peptide-polymer constructs are most effective in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Peeler
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, United States
| | - Salina N Thai
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, United States
| | - Yilong Cheng
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, United States
| | - Philip J Horner
- Center for Neuroregeneration and Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Drew L Sellers
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, United States.
| | - Suzie H Pun
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, United States.
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17
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Zhang P, Cui Y, Anderson CF, Zhang C, Li Y, Wang R, Cui H. Peptide-based nanoprobes for molecular imaging and disease diagnostics. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:3490-3529. [PMID: 29497722 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00793k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pathological changes in a diseased site are often accompanied by abnormal activities of various biomolecules in and around the involved cells. Identifying the location and expression levels of these biomolecules could enable early-stage diagnosis of the related disease, the design of an appropriate treatment strategy, and the accurate assessment of the treatment outcomes. Over the past two decades, a great diversity of peptide-based nanoprobes (PBNs) have been developed, aiming to improve the in vitro and in vivo performances of water-soluble molecular probes through engineering of their primary chemical structures as well as the physicochemical properties of their resultant assemblies. In this review, we introduce strategies and approaches adopted for the identification of functional peptides in the context of molecular imaging and disease diagnostics, and then focus our discussion on the design and construction of PBNs capable of navigating through physiological barriers for targeted delivery and improved specificity and sensitivity in recognizing target biomolecules. We highlight the biological and structural roles that low-molecular-weight peptides play in PBN design and provide our perspectives on the future development of PBNs for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center for Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
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18
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Farahmand L, Darvishi B, Majidzadeh-A K. Suppression of chronic inflammation with engineered nanomaterials delivering nuclear factor κB transcription factor decoy oligodeoxynucleotides. Drug Deliv 2017; 24:1249-1261. [PMID: 28870118 PMCID: PMC8240980 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2017.1370511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As a prototypical pro-inflammatory transcription factor, constitutive activation of NF-κB signaling pathway has been reported in several chronic inflammatory disorders including inflammatory bowel disease, cystic fibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis and cancer. Application of decoy oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) against NF-κB, as an effective molecular therapy approach, has brought about several promising outcomes in treatment of chronic inflammatory disorders. However, systematic administration of these genetic constructs is mostly hampered due to their instability, rapid degradation by nucleases and poor cellular uptake. Both chemical modification and application of delivery systems have shown to effectively overcome some of these limitations. Among different administered delivery systems, nanomaterials have gained much attention for delivering NF-κB decoy ODNs owing to their high loading capacity, targeted delivery and ease of synthesis. In this review, we highlight some of the most recently developed nanomaterial-based delivery systems for overcoming limitations associated with clinical application of these genetic constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Farahmand
- a Recombinant Proteins Department , Motamed Breast Cancer Research Center, ACECR , Tehran , Iran
| | - Behrad Darvishi
- a Recombinant Proteins Department , Motamed Breast Cancer Research Center, ACECR , Tehran , Iran
| | - Keivan Majidzadeh-A
- b Genetics Department , Motamed Breast Cancer Research Center, ACECR , Tehran , Iran.,c Tasnim Biotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine , AJA University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
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19
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Sun Y, Yang Z, Wang C, Yang T, Cai C, Zhao X, Yang L, Ding P. Exploring the role of peptides in polymer-based gene delivery. Acta Biomater 2017; 60:23-37. [PMID: 28778533 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Polymers are widely studied as non-viral gene vectors because of their strong DNA binding ability, capacity to carry large payload, flexibility of chemical modifications, low immunogenicity, and facile processes for manufacturing. However, high cytotoxicity and low transfection efficiency substantially restrict their application in clinical trials. Incorporating functional peptides is a promising approach to address these issues. Peptides demonstrate various functions in polymer-based gene delivery systems, such as targeting to specific cells, breaching membrane barriers, facilitating DNA condensation and release, and lowering cytotoxicity. In this review, we systematically summarize the role of peptides in polymer-based gene delivery, and elaborate how to rationally design polymer-peptide based gene delivery vectors. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Polymers are widely studied as non-viral gene vectors, but suffer from high cytotoxicity and low transfection efficiency. Incorporating short, bioactive peptides into polymer-based gene delivery systems can address this issue. Peptides demonstrate various functions in polymer-based gene delivery systems, such as targeting to specific cells, breaching membrane barriers, facilitating DNA condensation and release, and lowering cytotoxicity. In this review, we highlight the peptides' roles in polymer-based gene delivery, and elaborate how to utilize various functional peptides to enhance the transfection efficiency of polymers. The optimized peptide-polymer vectors should be able to alter their structures and functions according to biological microenvironments and utilize inherent intracellular pathways of cells, and consequently overcome the barriers during gene delivery to enhance transfection efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Chunxi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Tianzhi Yang
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Husson University, Bangor, ME, USA
| | - Cuifang Cai
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xiaoyun Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Li Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Pingtian Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
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20
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Harisa GI, Badran MM, Alanazi FK, Attia SM. An overview of nanosomes delivery mechanisms: trafficking, orders, barriers and cellular effects. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 46:669-679. [DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2017.1354301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gamaleldin I. Harisa
- Kayyali Chair for Pharmaceutical Industry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M. Badran
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Fars K. Alanazi
- Kayyali Chair for Pharmaceutical Industry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabry M. Attia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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21
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Cavallaro G, Sardo C, Craparo EF, Porsio B, Giammona G. Polymeric nanoparticles for siRNA delivery: Production and applications. Int J Pharm 2017; 525:313-333. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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22
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Battistella C, Klok HA. Controlling and Monitoring Intracellular Delivery of Anticancer Polymer Nanomedicines. Macromol Biosci 2017; 17. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201700022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Battistella
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL); Institut des Matériaux et Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques; Laboratoire des Polymères; Bâtiment MXD; Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Harm-Anton Klok
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL); Institut des Matériaux et Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques; Laboratoire des Polymères; Bâtiment MXD; Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
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23
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Ahmed M. Peptides, polypeptides and peptide–polymer hybrids as nucleic acid carriers. Biomater Sci 2017; 5:2188-2211. [DOI: 10.1039/c7bm00584a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Peptide, polypeptide and polymer–peptide hybrid based nucleic acid therapeutics (NAT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marya Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry & School of Sustainable Design and Engineering
- University of Prince Edward Island
- Charlottetown
- Canada
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24
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Munsell EV, Ross NL, Sullivan MO. Journey to the Center of the Cell: Current Nanocarrier Design Strategies Targeting Biopharmaceuticals to the Cytoplasm and Nucleus. Curr Pharm Des 2016; 22:1227-44. [PMID: 26675220 DOI: 10.2174/1381612822666151216151420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
New biopharmaceutical molecules, potentially able to provide more personalized and effective treatments, are being identified through the advent of advanced synthetic biology strategies, sophisticated chemical synthesis approaches, and new analytical methods to assess biological potency. However, translation of many of these structures has been significantly limited due to the need for more efficient strategies to deliver macromolecular therapeutics to desirable intracellular sites of action. Engineered nanocarriers that encapsulate peptides, proteins, or nucleic acids are generally internalized into target cells via one of several endocytic pathways. These nanostructures, entrapped within endosomes, must navigate the intracellular milieu to orchestrate delivery to the intended destination, typically the cytoplasm or nucleus. For therapeutics active in the cytoplasm, endosomal escape continues to represent a limiting step to effective treatment, since a majority of nanocarriers trapped within endosomes are ultimately marked for enzymatic degradation in lysosomes. Therapeutics active in the nucleus have the added challenges of reaching and penetrating the nuclear envelope, and nuclear delivery remains a preeminent challenge preventing clinical translation of gene therapy applications. Herein, we review cutting-edge peptide- and polymer-based design strategies with the potential to enable significant improvements in biopharmaceutical efficacy through improved intracellular targeting. These strategies often mimic the activities of pathogens, which have developed innate and highly effective mechanisms to penetrate plasma membranes and enter the nucleus of host cells. Understanding these mechanisms has enabled advances in synthetic peptide and polymer design that may ultimately improve intracellular trafficking and bioavailability, leading to increased access to new classes of biotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Millicent O Sullivan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, DE 19716, Delaware.
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25
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Ni R, Zhou J, Hossain N, Chau Y. Virus-inspired nucleic acid delivery system: Linking virus and viral mimicry. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 106:3-26. [PMID: 27473931 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Targeted delivery of nucleic acids into disease sites of human body has been attempted for decades, but both viral and non-viral vectors are yet to meet our expectations. Safety concerns and low delivery efficiency are the main limitations of viral and non-viral vectors, respectively. The structure of viruses is both ordered and dynamic, and is believed to be the key for effective transfection. Detailed understanding of the physical properties of viruses, their interaction with cellular components, and responses towards cellular environments leading to transfection would inspire the development of safe and effective non-viral vectors. To this goal, this review systematically summarizes distinctive features of viruses that are implied for efficient nucleic acid delivery but not yet fully explored in current non-viral vectors. The assembly and disassembly of viral structures, presentation of viral ligands, and the subcellular targeting of viruses are emphasized. Moreover, we describe the current development of cationic material-based viral mimicry (CVM) and structural viral mimicry (SVM) in these aspects. In light of the discrepancy, we identify future opportunities for rational design of viral mimics for the efficient delivery of DNA and RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Ni
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Junli Zhou
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Naushad Hossain
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ying Chau
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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26
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Cheng Y, Yumul RC, Pun SH. Virus-Inspired Polymer for Efficient In Vitro and In Vivo Gene Delivery. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:12013-7. [PMID: 27538359 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201605958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Clinical translation of nucleic acids drugs has been stunted by limited delivery options. Herein, we report a synthetic polymer designed to mimic viral mechanisms of delivery called VIPER (virus-inspired polymer for endosomal release). VIPER is composed of a polycation block for condensation of nucleic acids, and a pH-sensitive block for acid-triggered display of a lytic peptide to promote trafficking to the cell cytosol. VIPER shows superior efficiencies compared to commercial agents when delivering genes to multiple immortalized cell lines. Importantly, in murine models, VIPER facilitates effective gene transfer to solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilong Cheng
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Roma C Yumul
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Suzie H Pun
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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28
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Zhang W, Müller K, Kessel E, Reinhard S, He D, Klein PM, Höhn M, Rödl W, Kempter S, Wagner E. Targeted siRNA Delivery Using a Lipo-Oligoaminoamide Nanocore with an Influenza Peptide and Transferrin Shell. Adv Healthc Mater 2016; 5:1493-504. [PMID: 27109317 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201600057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Developing RNA-interference-based therapeutic approaches with efficient and targeted cytosolic delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA) is remaining a critical challenge since two decades. Herein, a multifunctional transferrin receptor (TfR)-targeted siRNA delivery system (Tf&INF7) is designed based on siRNA complexes formed with the cationic lipo-oligoamino amide 454, sequentially surface-modified with polyethylene glycol-linked transferrin (Tf) for receptor targeting and the endosomolytic peptide INF7 for efficient cytosolic release of the siRNA. Effective Tf&INF7 polyplex internalization and target gene silencing are demonstrated for the TfR overexpressing tumor cell lines (K562, D145, and N2a). Treatment with antitumoral EG5 siRNA results in a block of tumor cell growth and triggered apoptosis. Tf-modified polyplexes are far more effective than the corresponding albumin- (Alb) or nonmodified 454 polyplexes. Competition experiments with excess of Tf demonstrate TfR target specificity. As alternative to the ligand Tf, an anti-murine TfR antibody is incorporated into the polyplexes for specific targeting and gene silencing in the murine N2a cell line. In vivo distribution studies not only demonstrate an enhanced tumor residence of siRNA in N2a tumor-bearing mice with the Tf&INF7 as compared to the 454 polyplex group but also a reduced siRNA nanoparticle stability limiting the in vivo performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Department of Pharmacy Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität München (LMU) Butenandtstrasse 5‐13 D‐81377 Munich Germany
| | - Katharina Müller
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Department of Pharmacy Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität München (LMU) Butenandtstrasse 5‐13 D‐81377 Munich Germany
| | - Eva Kessel
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Department of Pharmacy Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität München (LMU) Butenandtstrasse 5‐13 D‐81377 Munich Germany
- Nanosystems Initiative Munich Schellingstrasse 4 D‐80799 Munich Germany
| | - Sören Reinhard
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Department of Pharmacy Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität München (LMU) Butenandtstrasse 5‐13 D‐81377 Munich Germany
| | - Dongsheng He
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Department of Pharmacy Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität München (LMU) Butenandtstrasse 5‐13 D‐81377 Munich Germany
- Nanosystems Initiative Munich Schellingstrasse 4 D‐80799 Munich Germany
| | - Philipp M. Klein
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Department of Pharmacy Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität München (LMU) Butenandtstrasse 5‐13 D‐81377 Munich Germany
| | - Miriam Höhn
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Department of Pharmacy Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität München (LMU) Butenandtstrasse 5‐13 D‐81377 Munich Germany
| | - Wolfgang Rödl
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Department of Pharmacy Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität München (LMU) Butenandtstrasse 5‐13 D‐81377 Munich Germany
| | - Susanne Kempter
- Department of Physics Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität München Geschwister‐Scholl‐Platz 1 80539 Munich Germany
| | - Ernst Wagner
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Department of Pharmacy Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität München (LMU) Butenandtstrasse 5‐13 D‐81377 Munich Germany
- Nanosystems Initiative Munich Schellingstrasse 4 D‐80799 Munich Germany
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29
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Tammam SN, Azzazy HME, Lamprecht A. How successful is nuclear targeting by nanocarriers? J Control Release 2016; 229:140-153. [PMID: 26995759 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The nucleus is ultimately the final target for many therapeutics treating various disorders including cancers, heart dysfunction and brain disorders. Owing to their specialized cell uptake and trafficking mechanisms, nanoparticles (NPs) allow drug targeting where degradation sensitive therapeutics could be delivered to their target tissues and cell in active form and sufficient concentration. However, it has recently become increasingly obvious that cytosolic internalization of a drug molecule does not entail its interaction with its subcellular target and hence careful nanoparticle design and optimization is required to enable nuclear targeting. This review, discusses the barriers to NP nuclear delivery; crossing the cell membrane, endo/lysosomal escape, cytoplasmic trafficking and finally nuclear entry focusing on how NP synthesis and modification could allow for bypassing each of the aforementioned barriers and successfully reaching the nucleus. Examples of nuclear targeted NPs are also discussed, stressing on the critical aspects of nuclear targeting and pointing out how the disease state might change the normal NP path and how such change could be exploited to increase efficiency of nuclear targeting. Finally, the criteria set for the evaluation of nanocarriers for nuclear delivery are discussed highlighting that quantitative rather than qualitative evaluation is required to evaluate how successful nanocarriers for nuclear delivery are, particularly with regards to the amount of drug delivered and released in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma N Tammam
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, 53121, Germany; Department of Chemistry, The American University in Cairo, 11835, Egypt.
| | - Hassan M E Azzazy
- Department of Chemistry, The American University in Cairo, 11835, Egypt
| | - Alf Lamprecht
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, 53121, Germany; Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon 25000, France
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30
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Emerging landscape of cell penetrating peptide in reprogramming and gene editing. J Control Release 2016; 226:124-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Au JLS, Yeung BZ, Wientjes MG, Lu Z, Wientjes MG. Delivery of cancer therapeutics to extracellular and intracellular targets: Determinants, barriers, challenges and opportunities. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 97:280-301. [PMID: 26686425 PMCID: PMC4829347 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Advances in molecular medicine have led to identification of worthy cellular and molecular targets located in extracellular and intracellular compartments. Effectiveness of cancer therapeutics is limited in part by inadequate delivery and transport in tumor interstitium. Parts I and II of this report give an overview on the kinetic processes in delivering therapeutics to their intended targets, the transport barriers in tumor microenvironment and extracellular matrix (TME/ECM), and the experimental approaches to overcome such barriers. Part III discusses new concepts and findings concerning nanoparticle-biocorona complex, including the effects of TME/ECM. Part IV outlines the challenges in animal-to-human translation of cancer nanotherapeutics. Part V provides an overview of the background, current status, and the roles of TME/ECM in immune checkpoint inhibition therapy, the newest cancer treatment modality. Part VI outlines the development and use of multiscale computational modeling to capture the unavoidable tumor heterogeneities, the multiple nonlinear kinetic processes including interstitial and transvascular transport and interactions between cancer therapeutics and TME/ECM, in order to predict the in vivo tumor spatiokinetics of a therapeutic based on experimental in vitro biointerfacial interaction data. Part VII provides perspectives on translational research using quantitative systems pharmacology approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie L-S Au
- Optimum Therapeutics LLC, 1815 Aston Avenue, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73014, USA; Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Bertrand Z Yeung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73014, USA
| | | | - Ze Lu
- Optimum Therapeutics LLC, 1815 Aston Avenue, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
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32
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Field LD, Delehanty JB, Chen Y, Medintz IL. Peptides for specifically targeting nanoparticles to cellular organelles: quo vadis? Acc Chem Res 2015; 48:1380-90. [PMID: 25853734 DOI: 10.1021/ar500449v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The interfacing of nanomaterials and especially nanoparticles within all aspects of biological research continues to grow at a nearly unabated pace with projected applications focusing on powerful new tools for cellular labeling, imaging, and sensing, theranostic materials, and drug delivery. At the most fundamental level, many of these nanoparticles are meant to target not only very specific cell-types, regardless of whether they are in a culture, tissue, an animal model, or ultimately a patient, but also in many cases a specific subcellular organelle. During this process, these materials will undergo a complex journey that must first find the target cell of interest, then be taken up by those cells across the extracellular membrane, and ultimately localize to a desired subcellular organelle, which may include the nucleus, plasma membrane, endolysosomal system, mitochondria, cytosol, or endoplasmic reticulum. To accomplish these complex tasks in the correct sequence, researchers are increasingly interested in selecting for and exploiting targeting peptides that can impart the requisite capabilities to a given nanoparticle construct. There are also a number of related criteria that need careful consideration for this undertaking centering on the nature and properties of the peptide vector itself, the peptide-nanoparticle conjugate characteristics, and the target cell. Here, we highlight some important issues and key research areas related to this burgeoning field. We begin by providing a brief overview of some criteria for optimal attachment of peptides to nanoparticles, the predominant methods by which nanoparticles enter cells, and some of the peptide sequences that have been utilized to facilitate nanoparticle delivery to cells focusing on those that engender the initial targeting and uptake. Because almost all materials delivered to cells by peptides utilize the endosomal system of vesicular transport and in many cases remain sequestered within the vesicles, we critically evaluate the issue of endosomal escape in the context of some recently reported successes in this regard. Following from this, peptides that have been reported to deliver nanoparticles to specific subcellular compartments are examined with a focus on what they delivered and the putative mechanisms by which they were able to accomplish this. The last section focuses on two areas that are critical to realizing this overall approach in the long term. The first is how to select for peptidyl sequences capable of improved or more specific cellular or subcellular targeting based upon principles commonly associated with drug discovery. The second looks at what has been done to create modular peptides that incorporate multiple desirable functionalities within a single, contiguous sequence. This provides a viable alternative to either the almost insurmountable challenge of finding one sequence capable of all functions or, alternatively, attaching different peptides with different functionalities to the same nanoparticle in different ratios when trying to orchestrate their net effects. Finally, we conclude with a brief perspective on the future evolution and broader impact of this growing area of bionanoscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren D. Field
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering,
Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue, SW, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, 2330 Kim Engineering Building, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - James B. Delehanty
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering,
Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue, SW, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - YungChia Chen
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering,
Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue, SW, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
- American Society for Engineering Education Washington, D.C. 20036, United States
| | - Igor L. Medintz
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering,
Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue, SW, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
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Zhang Y, Bartz R, Grigoryan G, Bryant M, Aaronson J, Beck S, Innocent N, Klein L, Procopio W, Tucker T, Jadhav V, Tellers DM, DeGrado WF. Computational design and experimental characterization of peptides intended for pH-dependent membrane insertion and pore formation. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:1082-93. [PMID: 25630033 DOI: 10.1021/cb500759p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
There are many opportunities to use macromolecules, such as peptides and oligonucleotides, for intracellular applications. Despite this, general methods for delivering these molecules to the cytosol in a safe and efficient manner are not available. Efforts to develop a variety of intracellular drug delivery systems such as viral vectors, lipoplexes, nanoparticles, and amphiphilic peptides have been made, but various challenges such as delivery efficiency, toxicity, and controllability remain. A central challenge is the ability to selectively perturb, not destroy, the membrane to facilitate cargo introduction. Herein, we describe our efforts to design and characterize peptides that form pores inside membranes at acidic pH, so-called pH-switchable pore formation (PSPF) peptides, as a potential means for facilitating cargo translocation through membranes. Consistent with pore formation, these peptides exhibit low-pH-triggered selective release of ATP and miRNA, but not hemoglobin, from red blood cells. Consistent with these observations, biophysical studies (tryptophan fluorescence, circular dichroism, size-exclusion chromatography, analytical ultracentrifugation, and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy) show that decreased pH destabilizes the PSPF peptides in aqueous systems while promoting their membrane insertion. Together, these results suggest that reduced pH drives insertion of PSPF peptides into membranes, leading to target-specific escape through a proposed pore formation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - René Bartz
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Gevorg Grigoryan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Michael Bryant
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Jeff Aaronson
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Stephen Beck
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Nathalie Innocent
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Lee Klein
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - William Procopio
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Tom Tucker
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Vasant Jadhav
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - David M. Tellers
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - William F. DeGrado
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California−San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
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Improved intracellular delivery of peptide- and lipid-nanoplexes by natural glycosides. J Control Release 2015; 206:75-90. [PMID: 25758332 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Targeted nanocarriers undergo endocytosis upon binding to their membrane receptors and are transported into cellular compartments such as late endosomes and lysosomes. In gene delivery the genetic material has to escape from the cellular compartments into the cytosol. The process of endosomal escape is one of the most critical steps for successful gene delivery. For this reason synthetic lipids with fusogenic properties such as 2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE) are integrated into the nanocarriers. In this study we show that a natural, plant derived glycoside (SO1861) from Saponaria officinalis L. greatly improves the efficacy of lipid based as well as non-lipid based targeted nanoplexes consisting of a targeted K16 peptide with a nucleic acid binding domain and plasmid-DNA, minicircle-DNA or small interfering RNA (siRNA). By confocal live cell imaging and single cell analyses, we demonstrate that SO1861 augments the escape of the genetic cargo out of the intracellular compartments into the cytosol. Co-localisation experiments with fluorescence labelled dextran and transferrin indicate that SO1861 induces the release of the genetic cargo out of endosomes and lysosomes. However, the transduction efficacy of a lentivirus based gene delivery system was not augmented. In order to design receptor-targeted nanoplexes (LPD) with improved functional properties, SO1861 was integrated into the lipid matrix of the LPD. The SO1861 sensitized LPD (LPDS) were characterized by dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. Compared to their LPD counterparts the LPDS-nanoplexes showed a greatly improved gene delivery. As shown by differential scanning calorimetry SO1861 can be easily integrated into the lipid bilayer of glycerophospholipid model membranes. This underlines the great potential of SO1861 as a new transfection multiplier for non-viral gene delivery systems.
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35
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Design of a multicomponent peptide-woven nanocomplex for delivery of siRNA. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118310. [PMID: 25705892 PMCID: PMC4338040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed and tested a multicomponent peptide-woven siRNA nanocomplex (PwSN) comprising different peptides designed for efficient cellular targeting, endosomal escape, and release of siRNA. To enhance tumor-specific cellular uptake, we connected an interleukin-4 receptor-targeting peptide (I4R) to a nine-arginine peptide (9r), yielding I4R-9r. To facilitate endosomal escape, we blended endosomolytic peptides into the I4R-9r to form a multicomponent nanocomplex. Lastly, we modified 9r peptides by varying the number and positions of positive charges to obtain efficient release of siRNA from the nanocomplex in the cytosol. Using this step-wise approach for overcoming the biological challenges of siRNA delivery, we obtained an optimized PwSN with significant biological activity in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, surface plasmon resonance analyses and three-dimensional peptide models demonstrated that our designed peptide adopted a unique structure that was correlated with faster complex disassembly and a better gene-silencing effect. These studies further elucidate the siRNA nanocomplex delivery pathway and demonstrate the applicability of our stepwise strategy to the design of siRNA carriers capable of overcoming multiple challenges and achieving efficient delivery.
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36
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Mundra V, Mahato RI. Design of nanocarriers for efficient cellular uptake and endosomal release of small molecule and nucleic acid drugs: learning from virus. Front Chem Sci Eng 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11705-014-1457-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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37
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Nablo BJ, Panchal RG, Bavari S, Nguyen TL, Gussio R, Ribot W, Friedlander A, Chabot D, Reiner JE, Robertson JWF, Balijepalli A, Halverson KM, Kasianowicz JJ. Anthrax toxin-induced rupture of artificial lipid bilayer membranes. J Chem Phys 2014; 139:065101. [PMID: 23947891 DOI: 10.1063/1.4816467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate experimentally that anthrax toxin complexes rupture artificial lipid bilayer membranes when isolated from the blood of infected animals. When the solution pH is temporally acidified to mimic that process in endosomes, recombinant anthrax toxin forms an irreversibly bound complex, which also destabilizes membranes. The results suggest an alternative mechanism for the translocation of anthrax toxin into the cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Nablo
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8120, USA
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38
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Nanoparticles: Cellular Uptake and Cytotoxicity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 811:73-91. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-8739-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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39
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Elmer JJ, Christensen MD, Rege K. Applying horizontal gene transfer phenomena to enhance non-viral gene therapy. J Control Release 2013; 172:246-257. [PMID: 23994344 PMCID: PMC4258102 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is widespread amongst prokaryotes, but eukaryotes tend to be far less promiscuous with their genetic information. However, several examples of HGT from pathogens into eukaryotic cells have been discovered and mimicked to improve non-viral gene delivery techniques. For example, several viral proteins and DNA sequences have been used to significantly increase cytoplasmic and nuclear gene delivery. Plant genetic engineering is routinely performed with the pathogenic bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens and similar pathogens (e.g. Bartonella henselae) may also be able to transform human cells. Intracellular parasites like Trypanosoma cruzi may also provide new insights into overcoming cellular barriers to gene delivery. Finally, intercellular nucleic acid transfer between host cells will also be briefly discussed. This article will review the unique characteristics of several different viruses and microbes and discuss how their traits have been successfully applied to improve non-viral gene delivery techniques. Consequently, pathogenic traits that originally caused diseases may eventually be used to treat many genetic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob J Elmer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Villanova University, Villanova 19085, USA.
| | | | - Kaushal Rege
- Chemical Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe 85287-6106, USA.
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40
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Bruno BJ, Miller GD, Lim CS. Basics and recent advances in peptide and protein drug delivery. Ther Deliv 2013; 4:1443-67. [PMID: 24228993 PMCID: PMC3956587 DOI: 10.4155/tde.13.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 451] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
While the peptide and protein therapeutic market has developed significantly in the past decades, delivery has limited their use. Although oral delivery is preferred, most are currently delivered intravenously or subcutaneously due to degradation and limited absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, absorption enhancers, enzyme inhibitors, carrier systems and stability enhancers are being studied to facilitate oral peptide delivery. Additionally, transdermal peptide delivery avoids the issues of the gastrointestinal tract, but also faces absorption limitations. Due to proteases, opsonization and agglutination, free peptides are not systemically stable without modifications. This review discusses oral and transdermal peptide drug delivery, focusing on barriers and solutions to absorption and stability issues. Methods to increase systemic stability and site-specific delivery are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Bruno
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of
Pharmacy, University of Utah. 30 South 2000 East, Room 301, Salt Lake City, UT
84112, USA
| | - Geoffrey D Miller
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of
Pharmacy, University of Utah. 30 South 2000 East, Room 301, Salt Lake City, UT
84112, USA
| | - Carol S Lim
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of
Pharmacy, University of Utah. 30 South 2000 East, Room 301, Salt Lake City, UT
84112, USA
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41
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Guk K, Lim H, Kim B, Hong M, Khang G, Lee D. Acid-cleavable ketal containing poly(β-amino ester) for enhanced siRNA delivery. Int J Pharm 2013; 453:541-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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42
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Oh JS, Park M, Kim JS, Jang JH. Enhanced cellular transfection by ternary non-viral gene vectors coupled with adeno-associated virus-derived peptides. Macromol Biosci 2013; 14:121-30. [PMID: 23966357 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201300296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The establishment of efficient and safe gene delivery systems is crucial for biomedical applications. To address this objective, novel, ternary hybrid gene vectors are designed with viral capsid peptides in non-viral gene carriers. The viral peptide, TQVGQKT, is coupled with a membrane active peptide, LK15. Which acts as a linker to tag peptide with plasmid DNA. Additionally, polyethylenimine (PEI) is employed to condense the complexes further, thereby forming ternary DNA/TQVGQKT-LK15/PEI complexes. The ternary complexes result in rapid internalization leading to significantly enhanced cellular transfection. The new moiety, TQVGQKT, as well as enhanced cellular transfection, will certainly provide crucial insights for the design of novel non-viral gene carriers with efficient and safe properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Seon Oh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 120-749, Seoul, Korea
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43
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Schellinger JG, Pahang JA, Shi J, Pun SH. Block copolymers containing a hydrophobic domain of membrane-lytic peptides form micellar structures and are effective gene delivery agents. ACS Macro Lett 2013; 2:725-730. [PMID: 24044103 DOI: 10.1021/mz400331w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Endosomal release peptides have been incorporated in synthetic gene delivery formulations to increase transfection efficiencies. In this work, cationic copolymers containing sHGP, a membrane-lytic peptide derived from HIV gp41, were synthesized and evaluated. Diblock, with sHGP displayed on one block, and statistical, with sHGP randomly displayed, copolymers were prepared via RAFT polymerization. While the statistical copolymer existed as unimers in solution, amphiphilic diblock copolymers self-assembled into cationic micelles in aqueous solution as evidenced by TEM and dynamic light scattering analyses. This self-assembly sequestered the lytic domain and significantly reduced the cytotoxicity of the materials. However, when complexed with plasmid DNA, both the diblock and statistical copolymers of sHGP showed higher gene delivery efficacy compared to the copolymers without the membrane lytic motif. The ability of amphiphilic, diblock copolymers containing endosomal release motifs to self-assemble and sequester lytic domains is a promising feature for the nucleic acid delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan G. Schellinger
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering & Sciences Institute, University of Washington, 3720 15th Avenue NE, Box 355061, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Joshuel A. Pahang
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering & Sciences Institute, University of Washington, 3720 15th Avenue NE, Box 355061, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Julie Shi
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering & Sciences Institute, University of Washington, 3720 15th Avenue NE, Box 355061, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Suzie H. Pun
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering & Sciences Institute, University of Washington, 3720 15th Avenue NE, Box 355061, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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44
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Christ GJ, Saul JM, Furth ME, Andersson KE. The pharmacology of regenerative medicine. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 65:1091-133. [PMID: 23818131 DOI: 10.1124/pr.112.007393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerative medicine is a rapidly evolving multidisciplinary, translational research enterprise whose explicit purpose is to advance technologies for the repair and replacement of damaged cells, tissues, and organs. Scientific progress in the field has been steady and expectations for its robust clinical application continue to rise. The major thesis of this review is that the pharmacological sciences will contribute critically to the accelerated translational progress and clinical utility of regenerative medicine technologies. In 2007, we coined the phrase "regenerative pharmacology" to describe the enormous possibilities that could occur at the interface between pharmacology, regenerative medicine, and tissue engineering. The operational definition of regenerative pharmacology is "the application of pharmacological sciences to accelerate, optimize, and characterize (either in vitro or in vivo) the development, maturation, and function of bioengineered and regenerating tissues." As such, regenerative pharmacology seeks to cure disease through restoration of tissue/organ function. This strategy is distinct from standard pharmacotherapy, which is often limited to the amelioration of symptoms. Our goal here is to get pharmacologists more involved in this field of research by exposing them to the tools, opportunities, challenges, and interdisciplinary expertise that will be required to ensure awareness and galvanize involvement. To this end, we illustrate ways in which the pharmacological sciences can drive future innovations in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering and thus help to revolutionize the discovery of curative therapeutics. Hopefully, the broad foundational knowledge provided herein will spark sustained conversations among experts in diverse fields of scientific research to the benefit of all.
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Affiliation(s)
- George J Christ
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA.
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45
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Trends in polymeric delivery of nucleic acids to tumors. J Control Release 2013; 170:209-18. [PMID: 23770011 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Delivery of nucleic acids to tumors has received extensive attention in the past few decades since these molecules are capable of treating disease by modulating the source of abnormalities. Although high efficiency and low toxicity of numerous delivery systems for nucleic acids have been approved frequently with in vitro assays, contradictions have been observed in many cases between these results and what has occurred in the dynamic in vivo situation. Filling this gap seems to be crucial for further preclinical development of such systems. In this paper, we discuss various barriers which polymeric DNA or siRNA nanoparticles encounter upon systemic administration with an aim to assist in designing more relevant in vitro assays. Furthermore, individual considerations concerning delivery of DNA and siRNA have been addressed.
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46
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Yin L, Song Z, Kim KH, Zheng N, Gabrielson NP, Cheng J. Non-viral gene delivery via membrane-penetrating, mannose-targeting supramolecular self-assembled nanocomplexes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:3063-70. [PMID: 23417835 PMCID: PMC3757134 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201205088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Supramolecular self-assembled nanocomplexes (SSANs) capable of mannose receptor-mediated endocytosis and permeable to cellular and endosomal membranes are developed via the assembly of multiple rationally designed, function-specific materials. As a unique non-viral gene delivery vector, SSANs outperform commercial transfection reagents, including LPF2000, PEI, and jetPEI, by up to 2 orders of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichen Yin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1304 W Green St, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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47
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Kim JS, Kim E, Oh JS, Jang JH. Integration of Adeno-Associated Virus-Derived Peptides into Nonviral Vectors to Synergistically Enhance Cellular Transfection. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:2136-45. [DOI: 10.1021/bm4005854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Suk Kim
- Department of Chemical
and Biomolecular
Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea, 120-749
| | - Eunmi Kim
- Department of Chemical
and Biomolecular
Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea, 120-749
| | - Ji-Seon Oh
- Department of Chemical
and Biomolecular
Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea, 120-749
| | - Jae-Hyung Jang
- Department of Chemical
and Biomolecular
Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea, 120-749
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48
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Tzeng SY, Green JJ. Subtle changes to polymer structure and degradation mechanism enable highly effective nanoparticles for siRNA and DNA delivery to human brain cancer. Adv Healthc Mater 2013; 2:468-80. [PMID: 23184674 PMCID: PMC3838886 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201200257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2012] [Revised: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric materials can be used to deliver nucleic acids such as DNA plasmids and siRNA, but often have low efficacy in human cells. To improve gene delivery, an array of over 70 hydrolytically degradable and bioreducible poly(beta-amino ester)s are synthesized and the properties of over 200 nanoparticle formulations fabricated from these biomaterials are evaluated. The effect of different polymer structures on the delivery of nucleic acids of different structures and sizes, including siRNA, linear DNA, and circular DNAs (1.8-26 kb), is evaluated. Significantly, leading hydrolytically degradable polymeric nanoparticles deliver DNA to 90 ± 2% of primary human glioblastoma cells with <10% nonspecific cytotoxicity, better than leading commercially available reagents (p < 0.01). Bioreducible polymeric nanoparticles optimized for siRNA delivery cause up to 85 ± 0.6% knockdown in these cells as well while maintaining high viability. From a single dose, knockdown is higher than for Lipofectamine 2000 (p < 0.01) and persisted for one month. Polymer molecular weight is a driving factor of transfection efficacy for some polymer structures (correlation of r(2) = 0.63), but has no influence on transfection for other structures (r(2) = 0.01). Polymers with a reducible cystamine functional group dramatically improve siRNA delivery by facilitating quick release while generally decreasing DNA delivery compared with non-reducible counterparts (p < 0.01). Other material properties facilitate DNA delivery compared with siRNA delivery or increase delivery of both DNA and siRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephany Y. Tzeng
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, the Wilmer Eye Institute, the Institute for Nanobiotechnology, and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center, 400 N. Broadway, Smith 5017, Baltimore, MD, USA 21231
| | - Jordan J. Green
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, the Wilmer Eye Institute, the Institute for Nanobiotechnology, and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center, 400 N. Broadway, Smith 5017, Baltimore, MD, USA 21231
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Lim H, Noh J, Kim Y, Kim H, Kim J, Khang G, Lee D. Acid-Degradable Cationic Poly(ketal amidoamine) for Enhanced RNA Interference In Vitro and In Vivo. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:240-7. [DOI: 10.1021/bm301669e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyungsuk Lim
- Department
of BIN Fusion Technology and ‡Polymer Fusion Research Center, Department of Polymer·Nano Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 561-756, Korea
| | - Joungyoun Noh
- Department
of BIN Fusion Technology and ‡Polymer Fusion Research Center, Department of Polymer·Nano Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 561-756, Korea
| | - Yerang Kim
- Department
of BIN Fusion Technology and ‡Polymer Fusion Research Center, Department of Polymer·Nano Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 561-756, Korea
| | - Hyungmin Kim
- Department
of BIN Fusion Technology and ‡Polymer Fusion Research Center, Department of Polymer·Nano Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 561-756, Korea
| | - Jihye Kim
- Department
of BIN Fusion Technology and ‡Polymer Fusion Research Center, Department of Polymer·Nano Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 561-756, Korea
| | - Gilson Khang
- Department
of BIN Fusion Technology and ‡Polymer Fusion Research Center, Department of Polymer·Nano Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 561-756, Korea
| | - Dongwon Lee
- Department
of BIN Fusion Technology and ‡Polymer Fusion Research Center, Department of Polymer·Nano Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 561-756, Korea
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Abstract
The development of nanoscale delivery vehicles for siRNAs is a current topic of considerable importance. However, little is understood about the exact trafficking mechanisms for siRNA-vehicle complexes across the plasma membrane and into the cytoplasm. While some information can be gleaned from studies on delivery of plasmid DNA, the different delivery requirements for these two vehicles makes drawing specific conclusions a challenge. However, using chemical inhibitors of different endocytosis pathways, studies on which endocytotic pathways are advantageous and deleterious for the delivery of nucleic acid drugs are emerging. Using this information as a guide, it is expected that the future development of effective siRNA delivery vehicles and therapeutics will be greatly improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda P Malefyt
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
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