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Karsten CB, Buettner FFR, Cajic S, Nehlmeier I, Roshani B, Klippert A, Sauermann U, Stolte-Leeb N, Reichl U, Gerardy-Schahn R, Rapp E, Stahl-Hennig C, Pöhlmann S. Macrophage- and CD4+ T cell-derived SIV differ in glycosylation, infectivity and neutralization sensitivity. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012190. [PMID: 38805549 PMCID: PMC11161069 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) envelope protein (Env) mediates viral entry into host cells and is the primary target for the humoral immune response. Env is extensively glycosylated, and these glycans shield underlying epitopes from neutralizing antibodies. The glycosylation of Env is influenced by the type of host cell in which the virus is produced. Thus, HIV is distinctly glycosylated by CD4+ T cells, the major target cells, and macrophages. However, the specific differences in glycosylation between viruses produced in these cell types have not been explored at the molecular level. Moreover, it remains unclear whether the production of HIV in CD4+ T cells or macrophages affects the efficiency of viral spread and resistance to neutralization. To address these questions, we employed the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) model. Glycan analysis implied higher relative levels of oligomannose-type N-glycans in SIV from CD4+ T cells (T-SIV) compared to SIV from macrophages (M-SIV), and the complex-type N-glycans profiles seem to differ between the two viruses. Notably, M-SIV demonstrated greater infectivity than T-SIV, even when accounting for Env incorporation, suggesting that host cell-dependent factors influence infectivity. Further, M-SIV was more efficiently disseminated by HIV binding cellular lectins. We also evaluated the influence of cell type-dependent differences on SIV's vulnerability to carbohydrate binding agents (CBAs) and neutralizing antibodies. T-SIV demonstrated greater susceptibility to mannose-specific CBAs, possibly due to its elevated expression of oligomannose-type N-glycans. In contrast, M-SIV exhibited higher susceptibility to neutralizing sera in comparison to T-SIV. These findings underscore the importance of host cell-dependent attributes of SIV, such as glycosylation, in shaping both infectivity and the potential effectiveness of intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina B. Karsten
- Institute for the Research on HIV and AIDS-associated Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Falk F. R. Buettner
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Proteomics, Institute of Theoretical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Samanta Cajic
- glyXera GmbH, Magdeburg, Germany
- Bioprocess Engineering Group, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Inga Nehlmeier
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center–Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Berit Roshani
- Unit of Infection Models, German Primate Center–Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Ulrike Sauermann
- Unit of Infection Models, German Primate Center–Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nicole Stolte-Leeb
- Unit of Infection Models, German Primate Center–Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Udo Reichl
- Bioprocess Engineering Group, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Rita Gerardy-Schahn
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Erdmann Rapp
- glyXera GmbH, Magdeburg, Germany
- Bioprocess Engineering Group, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Christiane Stahl-Hennig
- Unit of Infection Models, German Primate Center–Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Pöhlmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center–Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
- Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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2
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Gupta A, Yadav K, Yadav A, Ahmad R, Srivastava A, Kumar D, Khan MA, Dwivedi UN. Mannose-specific plant and microbial lectins as antiviral agents: A review. Glycoconj J 2024; 41:1-33. [PMID: 38244136 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-023-10142-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Lectins are non-immunological carbohydrate-binding proteins classified on the basis of their structure, origin, and sugar specificity. The binding specificity of such proteins with the surface glycan moiety determines their activity and clinical applications. Thus, lectins hold great potential as diagnostic and drug discovery agents and as novel biopharmaceutical products. In recent years, significant advancements have been made in understanding plant and microbial lectins as therapeutic agents against various viral diseases. Among them, mannose-specific lectins have being proven as promising antiviral agents against a variety of viruses, such as HIV, Influenza, Herpes, Ebola, Hepatitis, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-1 (SARS-CoV-1), Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and most recent Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The binding of mannose-binding lectins (MBLs) from plants and microbes to high-mannose containing N-glycans (which may be simple or complex) of glycoproteins found on the surface of viruses has been found to be highly specific and mainly responsible for their antiviral activity. MBLs target various steps in the viral life cycle, including viral attachment, entry and replication. The present review discusses the brief classification and structure of lectins along with antiviral activity of various mannose-specific lectins from plants and microbial sources and their diagnostic and therapeutic applications against viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kusum Yadav
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Anurag Yadav
- Department of Microbiology, C.P. College of Agriculture, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agriculture University, District-Banaskantha, Gujarat, India
| | - Rumana Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Era University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Aditi Srivastava
- Department of Biochemistry, Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Era University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dileep Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti Language University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohammad Amir Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Era University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - U N Dwivedi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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3
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Daniel Lišková V, Kosztyu P, Kuchař M, Černý J, Bharadwaj S, Petroková H, Vroblová E, Křupka M, Malý M, Zosinčuková T, Šulc J, Rašková Kafková L, Raška M, Malý P. Myomedin replicas of gp120 V3 loop glycan epitopes recognized by PGT121 and PGT126 antibodies as non-cognate antigens for stimulation of HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1066361. [PMID: 36569830 PMCID: PMC9772448 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1066361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Imprinting broadly neutralizing antibody (bNAb) paratopes by shape complementary protein mimotopes represents a potential alternative for developing vaccine immunogens. This approach, designated as a Non-Cognate Ligand Strategy (NCLS), has recently been used for the identification of protein variants mimicking CD4 binding region epitope or membrane proximal external region (MPER) epitope of HIV-1 envelope (Env) glycoprotein. However, the potential of small binding proteins to mimic viral glycan-containing epitopes has not yet been verified. Methods In this work, we employed a highly complex combinatorial Myomedin scaffold library to identify variants recognizing paratopes of super candidate bNAbs, PGT121 and PGT126, specific for HIV-1 V3 loop epitopes. Results In the collection of Myomedins called MLD variants targeted to PGT121, three candidates competed with gp120 for binding to this bNAb in ELISA, thus suggesting an overlapping binding site and epitope-mimicking potential. Myomedins targeted to PGT126 designated MLB also provided variants that competed with gp120. Immunization of mice with MLB or MLD binders resulted in the production of anti-gp120 and -Env serum antibodies. Mouse hyper-immune sera elicited with MLB036, MLB041, MLB049, and MLD108 moderately neutralized 8-to-10 of 22 tested HIV-1-pseudotyped viruses of A, B, and C clades in vitro. Discussion Our data demonstrate that Myomedin-derived variants can mimic particular V3 glycan epitopes of prominent anti-HIV-1 bNAbs, ascertain the potential of particular glycans controlling neutralizing sensitivity of individual HIV-1 pseudoviruses, and represent promising prophylactic candidates for HIV-1 vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Daniel Lišková
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV Research Center, Prumyslova, Vestec, Czechia
| | - Petr Kosztyu
- Department of Immunology, Palacky University Olomouc, Hnevotinska, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Milan Kuchař
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV Research Center, Prumyslova, Vestec, Czechia
| | - Jiří Černý
- Laboratory of Structural Bioinformatics of Proteins, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV Research Center, Prumyslova, Vestec, Czechia
| | - Shiv Bharadwaj
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV Research Center, Prumyslova, Vestec, Czechia
| | - Hana Petroková
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV Research Center, Prumyslova, Vestec, Czechia
| | - Eliška Vroblová
- Department of Immunology, Palacky University Olomouc, Hnevotinska, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Michal Křupka
- Department of Immunology, Palacky University Olomouc, Hnevotinska, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Michal Malý
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV Research Center, Prumyslova, Vestec, Czechia,Laboratory of Structural Bioinformatics of Proteins, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV Research Center, Prumyslova, Vestec, Czechia
| | - Tereza Zosinčuková
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV Research Center, Prumyslova, Vestec, Czechia
| | - Josef Šulc
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV Research Center, Prumyslova, Vestec, Czechia
| | | | - Milan Raška
- Department of Immunology, Palacky University Olomouc, Hnevotinska, Olomouc, Czechia,*Correspondence: Petr Malý, ; Milan Raška,
| | - Petr Malý
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV Research Center, Prumyslova, Vestec, Czechia,*Correspondence: Petr Malý, ; Milan Raška,
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4
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Liu CC, Huo CX, Zhai C, Zheng XJ, Xiong DC, Ye XS. Synthesis and Immunological Evaluation of Pentamannose-Based HIV-1 Vaccine Candidates. Bioconjug Chem 2022; 33:807-820. [PMID: 35470665 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.2c00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Dense glycosylation and the trimeric conformation of the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) envelope protein limit the accessibility of some cellular glycan processing enzymes and end up with high-mannose-type N-linked glycans on the envelope spike, among which the Man5GlcNAc2 structure occupies a certain proportion. The Man5GlcNAc2 glycan composes the binding sites of some potent broadly neutralizing antibodies, and some lectins that can bind Man5GlcNAc2 show HIV-neutralizing activity. Therefore, Man5GlcNAc2 is a potential target for HIV-1 vaccine development. Herein, a highly convergent and effective strategy was developed for the synthesis of Man5 and its monofluoro-modified, trifluoro-modified, and S-linked analogues. We coupled these haptens to carrier protein CRM197 and evaluated the immunogenicity of the glycoconjugates in mice. The serological assays showed that the native Man5 conjugates failed to induce Man5-specific antibodies in vivo, while the modified analogue conjugates induced stronger antibody responses. However, these antibodies could not bind the native gp120 antigen. These results demonstrated that the immune tolerance mechanism suppressed the immune responses to Man5-related structures and the conformation of glycan epitopes on the synthesized glycoconjugates was distinct from that of native glycan epitopes on gp120.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Cheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Chemical Biology Center, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Chang-Xin Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Chemical Biology Center, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Canjia Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Chemical Biology Center, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiu-Jing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Chemical Biology Center, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing 100191, China
| | - De-Cai Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Chemical Biology Center, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xin-Shan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Chemical Biology Center, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing 100191, China
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5
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Huettner I, Krumm SA, Serna S, Brzezicka K, Monaco S, Walpole S, van Diepen A, Allan F, Hicks T, Kimuda S, Emery AM, Landais E, Hokke CH, Angulo J, Reichardt N, Doores KJ. Cross-reactivity of glycan-reactive HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies with parasite glycans. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110611. [PMID: 35354052 PMCID: PMC10073069 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 Envelope glycoprotein (Env) is the sole target for broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs). Env is heavily glycosylated with host-derived N-glycans, and many bnAbs bind to, or are dependent upon, Env glycans for neutralization. Although glycan-binding bnAbs are frequently detected in HIV-infected individuals, attempts to elicit them have been unsuccessful because of the poor immunogenicity of Env N-glycans. Here, we report cross-reactivity of glycan-binding bnAbs with self- and non-self N-glycans and glycoprotein antigens from different life-stages of Schistosoma mansoni. Using the IAVI Protocol C HIV infection cohort, we examine the relationship between S. mansoni seropositivity and development of bnAbs targeting glycan-dependent epitopes. We show that the unmutated common ancestor of the N332/V3-specific bnAb lineage PCDN76, isolated from an HIV-infected donor with S. mansoni seropositivity, binds to S. mansoni cercariae while lacking reactivity to gp120. Overall, these results present a strategy for elicitation of glycan-reactive bnAbs which could be exploited in HIV-1 vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Huettner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Stefanie A Krumm
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sonia Serna
- Glycotechnology Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo Miramón 182, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Katarzyna Brzezicka
- Glycotechnology Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo Miramón 182, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Serena Monaco
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Samuel Walpole
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Angela van Diepen
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Fiona Allan
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, UK
| | - Thomas Hicks
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Simon Kimuda
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Aidan M Emery
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, UK
| | - Elise Landais
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, NY 10004, USA
| | - Cornelis H Hokke
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jesus Angulo
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, UK; Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (CSIC-US), Avda. Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Niels Reichardt
- Glycotechnology Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo Miramón 182, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain; CIBER-BBN, Paseo Miramón 182, 20009 San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Katie J Doores
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
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Zhao J, Song E, Huang Y, Yu A, Mechref Y. Variability in the Glycosylation Patterns of gp120 Proteins from Different Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Isolates Expressed in Different Host Cells. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:4862-4874. [PMID: 34448591 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The mature HIV-1 envelope (Env) glycoprotein is composed of gp120, the exterior subunit, and gp41, the transmembrane subunit assembled as trimer by noncovalent interaction. There is a great body of literature to prove that gp120 binds to CD4 first, then to the coreceptor. Binding experiments and functional assays have demonstrated that CD4 binding induces conformational changes in gp120 that enable or enhance its interaction with a coreceptor. Previous studies provided different glycomic maps for the HIV-1 gp120. Here, we build on previous work to report that the use of LC-MS/MS, in conjunction with hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) enrichment to glycosylation sites, associated with the assorted neutralizing or binding events of glycosylation targeted antibodies from different clades or strains. In this study, the microheterogeneity of the glycosylation from 4 different clades of gp120s is deeply investigated. Aberrant glycosylation patterns were detected on gp120 that originated from different clades, viral sequences, and host cells. The results of this study may help provide a better understanding of the mechanism of how the glycans participate in the antibody neutralizing process that targets glycosylation sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingfu Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Ehwang Song
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Yifan Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Aiying Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Yehia Mechref
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
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7
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Luthra A, Cheema S, Whitney S, Bakker WAM, Sandalon Z, Richardson J, Yallop C, Havenga M. Stable, high yield expression of gp145 Env glycoprotein from HIV-1 in mammalian cells. Biologicals 2021; 73:16-23. [PMID: 34366199 PMCID: PMC9039266 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 derived gp145 protein is being investigated by research groups as preclinical studies have shown high promise for this protein as a vaccine against HIV. However, one of the main challenges with manufacturing this promising protein has been ascribed to the low yield obtained in mammalian cell cultures. Significant improvements in gp145 production are needed to address this issue to test the gp145 protein as a potentially effective, safe, and affordable HIV vaccine. Here we describe the application of a novel expression technology to create GMP-grade CHO cell lines expressing approximately 50 μg/ml in non-optimized fed-batch culture, which is an order of magnitude higher than that obtained in existing processes. Top producing clones show a high degree of similarity in the glycosylation patterns of the purified protein to the reference standard. Conformational integrity and functionality was demonstrated via high-affinity binding to soluble CD4, using a panel of antibodies including VRC01, F105, Hk20, PG9 and 17b. In summary, we were able to generate CHO cell lines expressing HIV gp145 with significantly higher overall expression yields than currently accessible, and high product quality that could potentially be suitable for future studies assessing the efficacy and safety of gp145-based HIV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Luthra
- Batavia Biosciences Inc., 300 TradeCenter Suite 6650, Woburn, MA, 01801, USA
| | - Sarwat Cheema
- Batavia Biosciences Inc., 300 TradeCenter Suite 6650, Woburn, MA, 01801, USA
| | - Stephen Whitney
- ABL, Inc., 9800 Medical Center Drive, Building D, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Wilfried A M Bakker
- Batavia Biosciences Inc., 300 TradeCenter Suite 6650, Woburn, MA, 01801, USA; Batavia Biosciences B.V., Bioscience Park Leiden, Zernikedreef 16, 2333 CL, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Ziv Sandalon
- ABL, Inc., 9800 Medical Center Drive, Building D, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - James Richardson
- ABL, Inc., 9800 Medical Center Drive, Building D, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Chris Yallop
- Batavia Biosciences Inc., 300 TradeCenter Suite 6650, Woburn, MA, 01801, USA; Batavia Biosciences B.V., Bioscience Park Leiden, Zernikedreef 16, 2333 CL, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Menzo Havenga
- Batavia Biosciences Inc., 300 TradeCenter Suite 6650, Woburn, MA, 01801, USA; Batavia Biosciences B.V., Bioscience Park Leiden, Zernikedreef 16, 2333 CL, Leiden, the Netherlands
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8
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Antonopoulos A, Broome S, Sharov V, Ziegenfuss C, Easton RL, Panico M, Dell A, Morris HR, Haslam SM. Site-specific characterization of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein receptor-binding domain. Glycobiology 2021; 31:181-187. [PMID: 32886791 PMCID: PMC7499654 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwaa085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, the infective agent causing COVID-19, is having a global impact both in terms of human disease as well as socially and economically. Its heavily glycosylated spike glycoprotein is fundamental for the infection process, via its receptor-binding domains interaction with the glycoprotein angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 on human cell surfaces. We therefore utilized an integrated glycomic and glycoproteomic analytical strategy to characterize both N- and O- glycan site-specific glycosylation within the receptor-binding domain. We demonstrate the presence of complex-type N-glycans with unusual fucosylated LacdiNAc at both sites N331 and N343 and a single site of O-glycosylation on T323.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven Broome
- BioPharmaSpec Inc, 363 Phoenixville Pike, Malvern, PA 19355, USA
| | - Victor Sharov
- BioPharmaSpec Inc, 363 Phoenixville Pike, Malvern, PA 19355, USA
| | | | - Richard L Easton
- BioPharmaSpec Ltd, Suite 3.1, Lido Medical Centre, St. Saviour, Jersey, JE2 7LA, UK
| | - Maria Panico
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.,BioPharmaSpec Inc, 363 Phoenixville Pike, Malvern, PA 19355, USA.,BioPharmaSpec Ltd, Suite 3.1, Lido Medical Centre, St. Saviour, Jersey, JE2 7LA, UK
| | - Anne Dell
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Howard R Morris
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.,BioPharmaSpec Inc, 363 Phoenixville Pike, Malvern, PA 19355, USA.,BioPharmaSpec Ltd, Suite 3.1, Lido Medical Centre, St. Saviour, Jersey, JE2 7LA, UK
| | - Stuart M Haslam
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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9
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Cells producing residual viremia during antiretroviral treatment appear to contribute to rebound viremia following interruption of treatment. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008791. [PMID: 32841299 PMCID: PMC7473585 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During antiretroviral therapy (ART) that suppresses HIV replication to below the limit-of-quantification, virions produced during ART can be detected at low frequencies in the plasma, termed residual viremia (RV). We hypothesized that a reservoir of HIV-infected cells actively produce and release virions during ART that are potentially infectious, and that following ART-interruption, these virions can complete full-cycles of replication and contribute to rebound viremia. Therefore, we studied the dynamics of RV sequence variants in 3 participants who initiated ART after ~3 years of infection and were ART-suppressed for >6 years prior to self-initiated ART-interruptions. Longitudinal RV C2V5env sequences were compared to sequences from pre-ART plasma, supernatants of quantitative viral outgrowth assays (QVOA) of cells collected during ART, post-ART-interruption plasma, and ART-re-suppression plasma. Identical, “putatively clonal,” RV sequences comprised 8–84% of sequences from each timepoint. The majority of RV sequences were genetically similar to those from plasma collected just prior to ART-initiation, but as the duration of ART-suppression increased, an increasing proportion of RV variants were similar to sequences from earlier in infection. Identical sequences were detected in RV over a median of 3 years (range: 0.3–8.2) of ART-suppression. RV sequences were identical to pre-ART plasma viruses (5%), infectious viruses induced in QVOA (4%) and rebound viruses (5%) (total n = 21/154 (14%) across the 3 participants). RV sequences identical to ART-interruption “rebound” sequences were detected 0.1–7.4 years prior to ART-interruption. RV variant prevalence and persistence were not associated with detection of the variant among rebound sequences. Shortly after ART-re-suppression, variants that had been replicating during ART-interruptions were detected as RV (n = 5). These studies show a dynamic, virion-producing HIV reservoir that contributes to rekindling infection upon ART-interruption. The persistence of identical RV variants over years suggests that a subpopulation of HIV-infected clones frequently or continuously produce virions that may resist immune clearance; this suggests that cure strategies should target this active as well as latent reservoirs. HIV-infected individuals receiving effective antiretroviral treatment (ART) produce virions detected in the blood at very low levels, termed residual viremia (RV). To understand the significance of RV as related to the persistence of HIV infection, we characterized the dynamics of RV sequence variants among plasma viruses over nearly a decade of ART and assessed whether RV contributed to rekindling viremia upon ART-interruption. The HIV reservoir producing RV appeared to be “seeded” at various times before ART-initiation. Identical RV sequences likely produced by a clonal cell population, varied over time, with unique sequence variants persisting over a median of 3 years. A subset of RV variants (14%) were identical to viruses found in pre-ART plasma, infectious viruses induced from cultured CD4+ T blood lymphocytes collected during ART, or in rebound plasma during ART-interruption. The persistence of unique RV variants over years, infers that the clones of HIV-infected cells producing these virions resist immune clearance or a subset of these clones are activated on a rolling basis, and that novel treatment strategies are needed to target this active reservoir that contributes to viral rebound.
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10
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Sharma VK, Sharma I, Glick J. The expanding role of mass spectrometry in the field of vaccine development. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2020; 39:83-104. [PMID: 29852530 PMCID: PMC7027533 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Biological mass spectrometry has evolved as a core analytical technology in the last decade mainly because of its unparalleled ability to perform qualitative as well as quantitative profiling of enormously complex biological samples with high mass accuracy, sensitivity, selectivity and specificity. Mass spectrometry-based techniques are also routinely used to assess glycosylation and other post-translational modifications, disulfide bond linkage, and scrambling as well as for the detection of host cell protein contaminants in the field of biopharmaceuticals. The role of mass spectrometry in vaccine development has been very limited but is now expanding as the landscape of global vaccine development is shifting towards the development of recombinant vaccines. In this review, the role of mass spectrometry in vaccine development is presented, some of the ongoing efforts to develop vaccines for diseases with global unmet medical need are discussed and the regulatory challenges of implementing mass spectrometry techniques in a quality control laboratory setting are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ity Sharma
- Independent CMC ConsultantParamusNew Jersey
| | - James Glick
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical ResearchEast HanoverNew Jersey
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11
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Alexandre K, Malatji K, Mulaudzi T. Comparison of the antiviral activity of the microbicide candidate griffithsin and its tandemers derivatives against different modes of HIV-1 transmission. Virology 2020; 544:12-20. [PMID: 32174510 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Tandemers 2MG, 2MG3, 3MG and 4MG are derivatives of the potent anti-HIV-1 microbicide candidate griffithsin (GRFT). We compared these compounds anti-HIV-1 activity to GRFT using the viruses CAP206.08 and CAAN5342.A2 that have decreased sensitivity to this lectin. The 2MG and 2MG3 tandemers had similar activity to GRFT against cell-free and cell-associated viruses, while 3MG and 4MG were significantly more potent. Furthermore, the restoration of the 234N or 295N glycan in these viruses, known to increase sensitivity to GRFT, also increased sensitivity to 2MG and 2MG3, and not to 3MG and 4MG. In addition, GRFT resistant viruses generated in-vitro were equally resistant to 2MG and 2MG3 while they had considerably low resistance to 3MG and 4MG. Lastly, all five compounds showed increased inhibitory activity in seminal and vaginal simulants although the effect was more pronounced in the former. These data support further studies of tandemers as potential microbicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kabamba Alexandre
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Emerging Research Area Platform, Next Generation Health Cluster, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa.
| | - Kanyane Malatji
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Emerging Research Area Platform, Next Generation Health Cluster, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa; University of the Witwatersrand, School of Pathology, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Takalani Mulaudzi
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Emerging Research Area Platform, Next Generation Health Cluster, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa; University of the Witwatersrand, School of Pathology, Johannesburg, South Africa
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12
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Ivleva VB, Cooper JW, Arnold FJ, Lei QP. Overcoming Challenges in Structural Characterization of HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein by LC-MS/MS. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:1663-1678. [PMID: 31111416 PMCID: PMC7476438 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-019-02225-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of HIV Env glycoprotein with 28 glycosylation sites is the essential step of structure-based vaccine design programs. A comprehensive LC-MS/MS peptide mapping analysis was applied to assess the primary sequence, glycosylation profiles, and glycosite occupancy of Env to ensure the adequate mimicking of the native immunogen. Another structural feature was reported, related to its cleaved subunits within the trimeric assembly. We bring attention to the importance of thorough inspection of the results generated by the informatics tools which are currently available for the biopharmaceutical characterization. The complexity of Env translates into a vast amount of data with occasional information gaps that could not possibly be filled by means of the automatic data analysis. A series of data validation steps was applied, followed by the illustrations on how the high-quality results may be misinterpreted. It was shown that the glycan sites can only be characterized to a certain limit, and that any claim of full structural characterization of this molecule beyond these limits should be treated with caution. Following the result verification, the percent glycan occupancy was reported for 25 N-glycan sites, including 3 critical antibody-recognition sites. The exact glycan profiles were provided for 20 individual sites, whereas only the glycosylation type could be deduced for 5 sites, dictated by their location within Env sequence. The distribution of the unprocessed high mannose-type glycans correlated with the expected "mannose patch." Experimental procedure optimization and a workflow for glycan characterization with a focus on stringent data testing are presented in the current study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera B Ivleva
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9 West Watkins Mill Rd., Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Jonathan W Cooper
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9 West Watkins Mill Rd., Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Frank J Arnold
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9 West Watkins Mill Rd., Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Q Paula Lei
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9 West Watkins Mill Rd., Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA.
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13
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Palmer J, Poon AFY. Phylogenetic measures of indel rate variation among the HIV-1 group M subtypes. Virus Evol 2019; 5:vez022. [PMID: 31341641 PMCID: PMC6642732 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vez022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The transmission fitness and pathogenesis of HIV-1 is disproportionately influenced by evolution in the five variable regions (V1–V5) of the surface envelope glycoprotein (gp120). Insertions and deletions (indels) are a significant source of evolutionary change in these regions. However, the rate and composition of indels has not yet been quantified through a large-scale comparative analysis of HIV-1 sequences. Here, we develop and report results from a phylogenetic method to estimate indel rates for the gp120 variable regions across five major subtypes and two circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) of HIV-1 group M. We processed over 26,000 published HIV-1 gp120 sequences, from which we extracted 6,605 sequences for phylogenetic analysis. We reconstructed time-scaled phylogenies by maximum likelihood and fit a binomial-Poisson model to the observed distribution of indels between closely related pairs of sequences in each tree (cherries). By focusing on cherries in each tree, we obtained phylogenetically independent indel reconstructions, and the shorter time scales in cherries reduced the bias due to purifying selection. Rate estimates ranged from 3.0×10−5 to 1.5×10−3 indels/nt/year and varied significantly among variable regions and subtypes. Indel rates were significantly lower in V3 relative to V1, and were also lower in HIV-1 subtype B relative to the 01_AE reference. We also found that V1, V2, and V4 tended to accumulate significantly longer indels. Furthermore, we observed that the nucleotide composition of indels was distinct from the flanking sequence, with higher frequencies of G and lower frequencies of T. Indels affected N-linked glycosylation sites more often in V1 and V2 than expected by chance, consistent with positive selection on glycosylation patterns within these regions. These results represent the first comprehensive measures of indel rates in HIV-1 gp120 across multiple subtypes and CRFs, and identifies novel and unexpected patterns for further research in the molecular evolution of HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Palmer
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Art F Y Poon
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, Canada.,Department of Applied Mathematics, Western University, London, Canada.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Western University, London, Canada
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14
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Seabright GE, Doores KJ, Burton DR, Crispin M. Protein and Glycan Mimicry in HIV Vaccine Design. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:2223-2247. [PMID: 31028779 PMCID: PMC6556556 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Antigenic mimicry is a fundamental tenet of structure-based vaccinology. Vaccine strategies for the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) focus on the mimicry of its envelope spike (Env) due to its exposed location on the viral membrane and role in mediating infection. However, the virus has evolved to minimize the immunogenicity of conserved epitopes on the envelope spike. This principle is starkly illustrated by the presence of an extensive array of host-derived glycans, which act to shield the underlying protein from antibody recognition. Despite these hurdles, a subset of HIV-infected individuals eventually develop broadly neutralizing antibodies that recognize these virally presented glycans. Effective HIV-1 immunogens are therefore likely to involve some degree of mimicry of both the protein and glycan components of Env. As such, considerable efforts have been made to characterize the structure of the envelope spike and its glycan shield. This review summarizes the recent progress made in this field, with an emphasis on our growing understanding of the factors shaping the glycan shield of Env derived from both virus and soluble immunogens. We argue that recombinant mimics of the envelope spike are currently capable of capturing many features of the native viral glycan shield. Finally, we explore strategies through which the immunogenicity of Env glycans may be enhanced in the development of future immunogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma E Seabright
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK; School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Katie J Doores
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Dennis R Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, the Scripps Centre for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVI-ID), International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Centre, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Max Crispin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, the Scripps Centre for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVI-ID), International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Centre, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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15
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An N-Glycosylated Form of SERINC5 Is Specifically Incorporated into HIV-1 Virions. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00753-18. [PMID: 30158294 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00753-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
SERINC5 is an inhibitor of retroviral infectivity that is counteracted by viral proteins, including HIV-1 Nef. Inhibition of infectivity by SERINC5 is associated with its incorporation into virions. Nef counteracts this inhibition, presumably by removing SERINC5 from sites of virion assembly at the plasma membrane. While evaluating the virion incorporation of SERINC5, we observed that a relatively high molecular weight form was preferentially present in virions. We used various glycosidases to establish that virion-associated SERINC5 is modified by N-linked, complex glycans, whereas the majority of SERINC5 in cells is of relatively low molecular weight and is modified by high-mannose glycans. Sequence alignment of SERINC family proteins led us to identify a conserved N-glycosylation site, N294, in SERINC5. We mutated this site to evaluate its effect on glycosylation, the restrictive activity of SERINC5, and the sensitivity of SERINC5 to antagonism by Nef. Our results demonstrate that N294 is the major site of N-glycosylation in SERINC5. Although N-glycosylation was required neither for restrictive activity nor for sensitivity to Nef per se, we observed a decrease in the steady-state expression of glycosylation-deficient SERINC5 (the N294A mutant) compared to the wild-type protein. Expression of this mutant was partly restored by treatment of cells with MG132 (a proteasome inhibitor) but not with bafilomycin A1 (a lysosomal inhibitor). We conclude that although not required for restrictive activity or Nef sensitivity, N-linked glycosylation is important for maintaining the steady-state expression of SERINC5 and that nonglycosylated SERINC5 is likely subjected to a quality control mechanism that induces its proteasomal degradation.IMPORTANCE SERINC5 is a member of a family of multipass transmembrane proteins that inhibit the infectivity of retroviruses, including HIV-1. These proteins are incorporated into virions and inhibit infection of target cells unless counteracted by viral antagonists such as HIV-1 Nef. The only other biological function with which these proteins have been associated is the formation of serine-containing membrane lipids. Here we show that SERINC5 is a glycosylated protein and that N-glycosylation is important for its steady-state expression. In the absence of N-glycosylation, SERINC5 is prone to proteasomal degradation. Nonetheless, N-glycosylation per se is required neither for the ability of SERINC5 to inhibit HIV-1 infectivity nor for its sensitivity to antagonism by Nef.
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16
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Ferreira RC, Grant OC, Moyo T, Dorfman JR, Woods RJ, Travers SA, Wood NT. Structural Rearrangements Maintain the Glycan Shield of an HIV-1 Envelope Trimer After the Loss of a Glycan. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15031. [PMID: 30302011 PMCID: PMC6177452 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33390-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 envelope (Env) glycoprotein is the primary target of the humoral immune response and a critical vaccine candidate. However, Env is densely glycosylated and thereby substantially protected from neutralisation. Importantly, glycan N301 shields V3 loop and CD4 binding site epitopes from neutralising antibodies. Here, we use molecular dynamics techniques to evaluate the structural rearrangements that maintain the protective qualities of the glycan shield after the loss of glycan N301. We examined a naturally occurring subtype C isolate and its N301A mutant; the mutant not only remained protected against neutralising antibodies targeting underlying epitopes, but also exhibited an increased resistance to the VRC01 class of broadly neutralising antibodies. Analysis of this mutant revealed several glycans that were responsible, independently or through synergy, for the neutralisation resistance of the mutant. These data provide detailed insight into the glycan shield’s ability to compensate for the loss of a glycan, as well as the cascade of glycan movements on a protomer, starting at the point mutation, that affects the integrity of an antibody epitope located at the edge of the diminishing effect. These results present key, previously overlooked, considerations for HIV-1 Env glycan research and related vaccine studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roux-Cil Ferreira
- South African Medical Research Council Bioinformatics Unit, South African National Bioinformatics Institute, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Oliver C Grant
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States
| | - Thandeka Moyo
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jeffrey R Dorfman
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Immunology, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Robert J Woods
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States
| | - Simon A Travers
- South African Medical Research Council Bioinformatics Unit, South African National Bioinformatics Institute, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Natasha T Wood
- University of Cape Town, UCT Computational Biology Group, Department of Integrated Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Cape Town, South Africa.
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17
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Sun L, Ishihara M, Middleton DR, Tiemeyer M, Avci FY. Metabolic labeling of HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 to elucidate the effect of gp120 glycosylation on antigen uptake. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:15178-15194. [PMID: 30115684 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycan shield on the envelope glycoprotein gp120 of HIV-1 has drawn immense attention as a vulnerable site for broadly neutralizing antibodies and for its significant impact on host adaptive immune response to HIV-1. Glycosylation sites and glycan composition/structure at each site on gp120 along with the interactions of gp120 glycan shield with broadly neutralizing antibodies have been extensively studied. However, a method for directly and selectively tracking gp120 glycans has been lacking. Here, we integrate metabolic labeling and click chemistry technology with recombinant gp120 expression to demonstrate that gp120 glycans could be specifically labeled and directly detected. Selective labeling of gp120 by N-azidoacetylmannosamine (ManNAz) and N-azidoacetylgalactosamine (GalNAz) incorporation into the gp120 glycan shield was characterized by MS of tryptic glycopeptides. By using metabolically labeled gp120, we investigated the impact of gp120 glycosylation on its interaction with host cells and demonstrated that oligomannose enrichment and sialic acid deficiency drastically enhanced gp120 uptake by bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. Collectively, our data reveal an effective labeling and detection method for gp120, serving as a tool for functional characterization of the gp120 glycans and potentially other glycosylated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Sun
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine and
| | - Mayumi Ishihara
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Dustin R Middleton
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine and
| | - Michael Tiemeyer
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Fikri Y Avci
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine and .,Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
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18
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O’Rourke SM, Byrne G, Tatsuno G, Wright M, Yu B, Mesa KA, Doran RC, Alexander D, Berman PW. Robotic selection for the rapid development of stable CHO cell lines for HIV vaccine production. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197656. [PMID: 30071025 PMCID: PMC6071959 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The production of envelope glycoproteins (Envs) for use as HIV vaccines is challenging. The yield of Envs expressed in stable Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell lines is typically 10-100 fold lower than other glycoproteins of pharmaceutical interest. Moreover, Envs produced in CHO cells are typically enriched for sialic acid containing glycans compared to virus associated Envs that possess mainly high-mannose carbohydrates. This difference alters the net charge and biophysical properties of Envs and impacts their antigenic structure. Here we employ a novel robotic cell line selection strategy to address the problems of low expression. Additionally, we employed a novel gene-edited CHO cell line (MGAT1- CHO) to address the problems of high sialic acid content, and poor antigenic structure. We demonstrate that stable cell lines expressing high levels of gp120, potentially suitable for biopharmaceutical production can be created using the MGAT1- CHO cell line. Finally, we describe a MGAT1- CHO cell line expressing A244-rgp120 that exhibits improved binding of three major families of bN-mAbs compared to Envs produced in normal CHO cells. The new strategy described has the potential to eliminate the bottleneck in HIV vaccine development that has limited the field for more than 25 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M. O’Rourke
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, The University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Gabriel Byrne
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, The University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Gwen Tatsuno
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, The University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Meredith Wright
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, The University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Bin Yu
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, The University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Kathryn A. Mesa
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, The University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Rachel C. Doran
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, The University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - David Alexander
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, The University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Phillip W. Berman
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, The University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
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19
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Byrne G, O’Rourke SM, Alexander DL, Yu B, Doran RC, Wright M, Chen Q, Azadi P, Berman PW. CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing for the creation of an MGAT1-deficient CHO cell line to control HIV-1 vaccine glycosylation. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2005817. [PMID: 30157178 PMCID: PMC6133382 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2005817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, multiple broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (bN-mAbs) to the HIV-1 envelope protein (Env) gp120 have been described. Many of these recognize epitopes consisting of both amino acid and glycan residues. Moreover, the glycans required for binding of these bN-mAbs are early intermediates in the N-linked glycosylation pathway. This type of glycosylation substantially alters the mass and net charge of Envs compared to molecules with the same amino acid sequence but possessing mature, complex (sialic acid-containing) carbohydrates. Since cell lines suitable for biopharmaceutical production that limit N-linked glycosylation to mannose-5 (Man5) or earlier intermediates are not readily available, the production of vaccine immunogens displaying these glycan-dependent epitopes has been challenging. Here, we report the development of a stable suspension-adapted Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line that limits glycosylation to Man5 and earlier intermediates. This cell line was created using the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) gene editing system and contains a mutation that inactivates the gene encoding Mannosyl (Alpha-1,3-)-Glycoprotein Beta-1,2-N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase (MGAT1). Monomeric gp120s produced in the MGAT1- CHO cell line exhibit improved binding to prototypic glycan-dependent bN-mAbs directed to the V1/V2 domain (e.g., PG9) and the V3 stem (e.g., PGT128 and 10-1074) while preserving the structure of the important glycan-independent epitopes (e.g., VRC01). The ability of the MGAT1- CHO cell line to limit glycosylation to early intermediates in the N-linked glycosylation pathway without impairing the doubling time or ability to grow at high cell densities suggests that it will be a useful substrate for the biopharmaceutical production of HIV-1 vaccine immunogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Byrne
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Sara M. O’Rourke
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - David L. Alexander
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Bin Yu
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Rachel C. Doran
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Meredith Wright
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Qiushi Chen
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Phillip W. Berman
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Harvey
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Biological Sciences and the Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
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21
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Abstract
Vaccine design efforts against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have been greatly stimulated by the observation that many infected patients eventually develop highly potent broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs). Importantly, these bnAbs have evolved to recognize not only the two protein components of the viral envelope protein (Env) but also the numerous glycans that form a protective barrier on the Env protein. Because Env is heavily glycosylated compared to host glycoproteins, the glycans have become targets for the antibody response. Therefore, considerable efforts have been made in developing and validating biophysical methods to elucidate the complex structure of the Env-spike glycoprotein, with its combination of glycan and protein epitopes. We illustrate here how the application of robust biophysical methods has transformed our understanding of the structure and function of the HIV Env spike and stimulated innovation in vaccine design strategies that takes into account the essential glycan components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Crispin
- Centre for Biological Sciences and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom;
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, and Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA; ,
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, and Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA; , .,Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Barnes CO, Gristick HB, Freund NT, Escolano A, Lyubimov AY, Hartweger H, West AP, Cohen AE, Nussenzweig MC, Bjorkman PJ. Structural characterization of a highly-potent V3-glycan broadly neutralizing antibody bound to natively-glycosylated HIV-1 envelope. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1251. [PMID: 29593217 PMCID: PMC5871869 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03632-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) isolated from HIV-1-infected individuals inform HIV-1 vaccine design efforts. Developing bNAbs with increased efficacy requires understanding how antibodies interact with the native oligomannose and complex-type N-glycan shield that hides most protein epitopes on HIV-1 envelope (Env). Here we present crystal structures, including a 3.8-Å X-ray free electron laser dataset, of natively glycosylated Env trimers complexed with BG18, the most potent V3/N332gp120 glycan-targeting bNAb reported to date. Our structures show conserved contacts mediated by common D gene-encoded residues with the N332gp120 glycan and the gp120 GDIR peptide motif, but a distinct Env-binding orientation relative to PGT121/10-1074 bNAbs. BG18's binding orientation provides additional contacts with N392gp120 and N386gp120 glycans near the V3-loop base and engages protein components of the V1-loop. The BG18-natively-glycosylated Env structures facilitate understanding of bNAb-glycan interactions critical for using V3/N332gp120 bNAbs therapeutically and targeting their epitope for immunogen design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher O Barnes
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Harry B Gristick
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Natalia T Freund
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
| | - Amelia Escolano
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Artem Y Lyubimov
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Harald Hartweger
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Anthony P West
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Aina E Cohen
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Michel C Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Pamela J Bjorkman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.
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S. Coulibaly F, N. Thomas D, C. Youan BB. Anti-HIV lectins and current delivery strategies. AIMS MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.3934/molsci.2018.1.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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24
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SCHEEPERS C, CHOWDHURY S, WRIGHT WS, CAMPBELL CT, GARRETT NJ, KARIM QABDOOL, ABDOOL KARIM SS, MOORE PL, GILDERSLEEVE JC, MORRIS L. Serum glycan-binding IgG antibodies in HIV-1 infection and during the development of broadly neutralizing responses. AIDS 2017; 31:2199-2209. [PMID: 28926408 PMCID: PMC5633525 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The HIV-1 envelope is covered with glycans that provide structural integrity and protect conserved regions from host antibody responses. However, these glycans are often the target of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) that emerge in some HIV-infected individuals. We aimed to determine whether antiglycan IgG antibodies are a general response to HIV-1 infection or specific to individuals who develop bNAbs. METHODS IgG binding to glycans was assessed using arrays that contained 245 unique components including N-linked carbohydrates, glycolipids, and Tn-peptides. Sera from 20 HIV-negative and 27 HIV-positive women (including 12 individuals who developed bNAbs) were profiled longitudinally. HIV-1 gp120 proteins were used to compete for binding to the array. RESULTS Antiglycan IgG antibodies fluctuated over a 3-year period, irrespective of HIV infection. However, HIV-positive individuals had elevated binding to 40 components on the array that included Man8, Man9, Tn-peptides, heat shock protein, and glycolipids. Competition experiments confirmed that a proportion of these glycan-binding IgG antibodies were HIV-1-specific, some of which were higher in individuals who developed bNAbs. CONCLUSIONS HIV-1 infection is associated with elevated levels of IgG antibodies to specific glycans. Furthermore, some antiglycan IgG antibodies were more abundant in individuals with bNAbs, suggesting a unique phenotype that may be informative for HIV vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathrine SCHEEPERS
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, 2131 South Africa
- School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa
| | - Sudipa CHOWDHURY
- Chemical Glycobiology Section of the Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702-1201 USA
| | - W. Shea WRIGHT
- Chemical Glycobiology Section of the Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702-1201 USA
| | - Christopher T. CAMPBELL
- Chemical Glycobiology Section of the Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702-1201 USA
| | - Nigel J. GARRETT
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), KwaZulu-Natal, 4013 South Africa
| | - Quarraisha ABDOOL KARIM
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), KwaZulu-Natal, 4013 South Africa
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York City, 10032, USA
| | - Salim S. ABDOOL KARIM
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), KwaZulu-Natal, 4013 South Africa
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York City, 10032, USA
| | - Penny L. MOORE
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, 2131 South Africa
- School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), KwaZulu-Natal, 4013 South Africa
| | - Jeffrey C. GILDERSLEEVE
- Chemical Glycobiology Section of the Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702-1201 USA
| | - Lynn MORRIS
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, 2131 South Africa
- School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), KwaZulu-Natal, 4013 South Africa
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25
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Behrens AJ, Struwe WB, Crispin M. Glycosylation profiling to evaluate glycoprotein immunogens against HIV-1. Expert Rev Proteomics 2017; 14:881-890. [PMID: 28870097 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2017.1376658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Much of the efforts to develop a vaccine against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have focused on the design of recombinant mimics of the viral attachment glycoprotein (Env). The leading immunogens exhibit native-like antigenic properties and are being investigated for their ability to induce broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs). Understanding the relative abundance of glycans at particular glycosylation sites on these immunogens is important as most bNAbs have evolved to recognize or evade the dense coat of glycans that masks much of the protein surface. Understanding the glycan structures on candidate immunogens enables triaging between native-like conformations and immunogens lacking key structural features as steric constraints limit glycan processing. The sensitivity of the processing state of a particular glycan to its structural environment has led to the need for quantitative glycan profiling and site-specific analysis to probe the structural integrity of immunogens. Areas covered: We review analytical methodologies for HIV immunogen evaluation and discuss how these studies have led to a greater understanding of the structural constraints that control the glycosylation state of the HIV attachment and fusion spike. Expert commentary: Total composition and site-specific glycosylation profiling are emerging as standard methods in the evaluation of Env-based immunogen candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Janina Behrens
- a Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry , University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
| | - Weston B Struwe
- a Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry , University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
| | - Max Crispin
- a Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry , University of Oxford , Oxford , UK.,b Department of Immunology and Microbial Science , The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla , CA , USA.,c Centre for Biological Sciences and Institute for Life Sciences , University of Southampton , Southampton SO17 1BJ , UK
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26
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Glycosylation Benchmark Profile for HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Production Based on Eleven Env Trimers. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.02428-16. [PMID: 28202756 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02428-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) glycosylation is important because individual glycans are components of multiple broadly neutralizing antibody epitopes, while shielding other sites that might otherwise be immunogenic. The glycosylation on Env is influenced by a variety of factors, including the genotype of the protein, the cell line used for its expression, and the details of the construct design. Here, we used a mass spectrometry (MS)-based approach to map the complete glycosylation profile at every site in multiple HIV-1 Env trimers, accomplishing two goals. (i) We determined which glycosylation sites contain conserved glycan profiles across many trimeric Envs. (ii) We identified the variables that impact Env's glycosylation profile at sites with divergent glycosylation. Over half of the gp120 glycosylation sites on 11 different trimeric Envs have a conserved glycan profile, indicating that a native consensus glycosylation profile does indeed exist among trimers. We showed that some soluble gp120s and gp140s exhibit highly divergent glycosylation profiles compared to trimeric Env. We also assessed the impact of several variables on Env glycosylation: truncating the full-length Env; producing Env, instead of the more virologically relevant T lymphocytes, in CHO cells; and purifying Env with different chromatographic platforms, including nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid (Ni-NTA), 2G12, and PGT151 affinity. This report provides the first consensus glycosylation profile of Env trimers, which should serve as a useful benchmark for HIV-1 vaccine developers. This report also defines the sites where glycosylation may be impacted when Env trimers are truncated or produced in CHO cells.IMPORTANCE A protective HIV-1 vaccine will likely include a recombinant version of the viral envelope glycoprotein (Env). Env is highly glycosylated, and yet vaccine developers have lacked guidance on how to assess whether their immunogens have optimal glycosylation. The following important questions are still unanswered. (i) What is the "target" glycosylation profile, when the goal is to generate a natively glycosylated protein? (ii) What variables exert the greatest influence on Env glycosylation? We identified numerous sites on Env where the glycosylation profile does not deviate in 11 different Env trimers, and we investigated the impact on the divergent glycosylation profiles of changing the genotype of the Env sequence, the construct design, the purification method, and the producer cell type. The data presented here give vaccine developers a "glycosylation target" for their immunogens, and they show how protein production variables can impact Env glycosylation.
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27
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Behrens AJ, Crispin M. Structural principles controlling HIV envelope glycosylation. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2017; 44:125-133. [PMID: 28363124 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The heavily glycosylated, trimeric HIV-1 envelope (Env) protein is the sole viral protein exposed on the HIV-1 virion surface and is thus a main focus of antibody-mediated vaccine development. Dense glycosylation at the outer domain of Env constrains normal enzymatic processing, stalling the glycans at immature oligomannose-type structures. Furthermore, native trimerization imposes additional steric constraints, which generate an extensive 'trimer-induced mannose patch'. Importantly, the immature glycans present a highly conserved feature of the virus that is targeted by broadly neutralizing antibodies. Quantitative mass spectrometry of glycopeptides together with structures of the trimeric viral-spike define the steric principles controlling processing and provide a detailed map of the glycan shield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Janina Behrens
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Max Crispin
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK; Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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28
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Global site-specific N-glycosylation analysis of HIV envelope glycoprotein. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14954. [PMID: 28348411 PMCID: PMC5379070 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) is the sole target for broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) and the focus for design of an antibody-based HIV vaccine. The Env trimer is covered by ∼90N-linked glycans, which shield the underlying protein from immune surveillance. bNAbs to HIV develop during infection, with many showing dependence on glycans for binding to Env. The ability to routinely assess the glycan type at each glycosylation site may facilitate design of improved vaccine candidates. Here we present a general mass spectrometry-based proteomics strategy that uses specific endoglycosidases to introduce mass signatures that distinguish peptide glycosites that are unoccupied or occupied by high-mannose/hybrid or complex-type glycans. The method yields >95% sequence coverage for Env, provides semi-quantitative analysis of the glycosylation status at each glycosite. We find that most glycosites in recombinant Env trimers are fully occupied by glycans, varying in the proportion of high-mannose/hybrid and complex-type glycans. The analysis of site-specific glycosylation of HIV Envelope glycoprotein (Env) is challenging as it contains 25–30 glycosylation sites with multiple glycan forms at each site. Here the authors present a generally applicable mass spectrometry-based method for site-specific analysis of protein glycosylation that they apply to the analysis of the HIV-1 Env.
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29
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Behrens AJ, Seabright GE, Crispin M. Targeting Glycans of HIV Envelope Glycoproteins for Vaccine Design. CHEMICAL BIOLOGY OF GLYCOPROTEINS 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/9781782623823-00300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The surface of the envelope spike of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is covered with a dense array of glycans, which is sufficient to impede the host antibody response while maintaining a window for receptor recognition. The glycan density significantly exceeds that typically observed on self glycoproteins and is sufficiently high to disrupt the maturation process of glycans, from oligomannose- to complex-type glycosylation, that normally occurs during glycoprotein transit through the secretory system. It is notable that this generates a degree of homogeneity not seen in the highly mutated protein moiety. The conserved, close glycan packing and divergences from default glycan processing give a window for immune recognition. Encouragingly, in a subset of individuals, broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) have been isolated that recognize these features and are protective in passive-transfer models. Here, we review the recent advances in our understanding of the glycan shield of HIV and outline the strategies that are being pursued to elicit glycan-binding bNAbs by vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Janina Behrens
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QU UK
| | - Gemma E. Seabright
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QU UK
| | - Max Crispin
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QU UK
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30
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Molecular Architecture of the Cleavage-Dependent Mannose Patch on a Soluble HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Trimer. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01894-16. [PMID: 27807235 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01894-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The formation of a correctly folded and natively glycosylated HIV-1 viral spike is dependent on protease cleavage of the gp160 precursor protein in the Golgi apparatus. Cleavage induces a compact structure which not only renders the spike capable of fusion but also limits further maturation of its extensive glycosylation. The redirection of the glycosylation pathway to preserve underprocessed oligomannose-type glycans is an important feature in immunogen design, as glycans contribute to or influence the epitopes of numerous broadly neutralizing antibodies. Here we present a quantitative site-specific analysis of a recombinant, trimeric mimic of the native HIV-1 viral spike (BG505 SOSIP.664) compared to the corresponding uncleaved pseudotrimer and the matched gp120 monomer. We present a detailed molecular map of a trimer-associated glycan remodeling that forms a localized subdomain of the native mannose patch. The formation of native trimers is a critical design feature in shaping the glycan epitopes presented on recombinant vaccine candidates. IMPORTANCE The envelope spike of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is a target for antibody-based neutralization. For some patients infected with HIV-1, highly potent antibodies have been isolated that can neutralize a wide range of circulating viruses. It is a goal of HIV-1 vaccine research to elicit these antibodies by immunization with recombinant mimics of the viral spike. These antibodies have evolved to recognize the dense array of glycans that coat the surface of the viral molecule. We show how the structure of these glycans is shaped by steric constraints imposed upon them by the native folding of the viral spike. This information is important in guiding the development of vaccine candidates.
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Abstract
We describe the development and potential use of various designs of recombinant HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein trimers that mimic the structure of the virion-associated spike, which is the target for neutralizing antibodies. The goal of trimer development programs is to induce broadly neutralizing antibodies with the potential to intervene against multiple circulating HIV-1 strains. Among the topics we address are the designs of various constructs; how native-like trimers can be produced and purified; the properties of such trimers in vitro and their immunogenicity in various animals; and the immunization strategies that may lead to the eventual elicitation of broadly neutralizing antibodies. In summary, native-like trimers are a now a platform for structure- and immunology-based design improvements that could eventually yield immunogens of practical value for solving the long-standing HIV-1 vaccine problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogier W. Sanders
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyWeill Medical College of Cornell UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
- Department of Medical MicrobiologyAcademic Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - John P. Moore
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyWeill Medical College of Cornell UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
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HIV-1 Glycan Density Drives the Persistence of the Mannose Patch within an Infected Individual. J Virol 2016; 90:11132-11144. [PMID: 27707925 PMCID: PMC5126371 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01542-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV envelope glycoprotein (Env) is extensively modified with host-derived N-linked glycans. The high density of glycosylation on the viral spike limits enzymatic processing, resulting in numerous underprocessed oligomannose-type glycans. This extensive glycosylation not only shields conserved regions of the protein from the immune system but also acts as a target for anti-HIV broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs). In response to the host immune system, the HIV glycan shield is constantly evolving through mutations affecting both the positions and numbers of potential N-linked glycosylation sites (PNGSs). Here, using longitudinal Env sequences from a clade C-infected individual (CAP256), we measured the impact of the shifting glycan shield during HIV infection on the abundance of oligomannose-type glycans. By analyzing the intrinsic mannose patch from a panel of recombinant CAP256 gp120s displaying high protein sequence variability and changes in PNGS number and positioning, we show that the intrinsic mannose patch persists throughout the course of HIV infection and correlates with the number of PNGSs. This effect of the glycan density on the processing state was also supported by the analysis of a cross-clade panel of recombinant gp120 glycoproteins. Together, these observations underscore the importance of glycan clustering for the generation of carbohydrate epitopes for anti-HIV bnAbs. The persistence of the intrinsic mannose patch over the course of HIV infection further highlights this epitope as an important target for HIV vaccine strategies. IMPORTANCE Development of an HIV vaccine is critical for control of the HIV pandemic, and elicitation of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) is likely to be a key component of a successful vaccine response. The HIV envelope glycoprotein (Env) is covered in an array of host-derived N-linked glycans often referred to as the glycan shield. This glycan shield is a target for many of the recently isolated anti-HIV bnAbs and is therefore under constant pressure from the host immune system, leading to changes in both glycan site frequency and location. This study aimed to determine whether these genetic changes impacted the eventual processing of glycans on the HIV Env and the susceptibility of the virus to neutralization. We show that despite this variation in glycan site positioning and frequency over the course of HIV infection, the mannose patch is a conserved feature throughout, making it a stable target for HIV vaccine design.
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Bastos PAD, da Costa JP, Vitorino R. A glimpse into the modulation of post-translational modifications of human-colonizing bacteria. J Proteomics 2016; 152:254-275. [PMID: 27888141 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) are a key bacterial feature that holds the capability to modulate protein function and responses to environmental cues. Until recently, their role in the regulation of prokaryotic systems has been largely neglected. However, the latest developments in mass spectrometry-based proteomics have allowed an unparalleled identification and quantification of proteins and peptides that undergo PTMs in bacteria, including in species which directly or indirectly affect human health. Herein, we address this issue by carrying out the largest and most comprehensive global pooling and comparison of PTM peptides and proteins from bacterial species performed to date. Data was collected from 91 studies relating to PTM bacterial peptides or proteins identified by mass spectrometry-based methods. The present analysis revealed that there was a considerable overlap between PTMs across species, especially between acetylation and other PTMs, particularly succinylation. Phylogenetically closer species may present more overlapping phosphoproteomes, but environmental triggers also contribute to this proximity. PTMs among bacteria were found to be extremely versatile and diverse, meaning that the same protein may undergo a wide variety of different modifications across several species, but it could also suffer different modifications within the same species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo André Dias Bastos
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute for Biomedicine-iBiMED, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal; Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | - Rui Vitorino
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute for Biomedicine-iBiMED, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal; Department of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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Wibmer CK, Gorman J, Anthony CS, Mkhize NN, Druz A, York T, Schmidt SD, Labuschagne P, Louder MK, Bailer RT, Abdool Karim SS, Mascola JR, Williamson C, Moore PL, Kwong PD, Morris L. Structure of an N276-Dependent HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibody Targeting a Rare V5 Glycan Hole Adjacent to the CD4 Binding Site. J Virol 2016; 90:10220-10235. [PMID: 27581986 PMCID: PMC5105658 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01357-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
All HIV-1-infected individuals develop strain-specific neutralizing antibodies to their infecting virus, which in some cases mature into broadly neutralizing antibodies. Defining the epitopes of strain-specific antibodies that overlap conserved sites of vulnerability might provide mechanistic insights into how broadly neutralizing antibodies arise. We previously described an HIV-1 clade C-infected donor, CAP257, who developed broadly neutralizing plasma antibodies targeting an N276 glycan-dependent epitope in the CD4 binding site. The initial CD4 binding site response potently neutralized the heterologous tier 2 clade B viral strain RHPA, which was used to design resurfaced gp120 antigens for single-B-cell sorting. Here we report the isolation and structural characterization of CAP257-RH1, an N276 glycan-dependent CD4 binding site antibody representative of the early CD4 binding site plasma response in donor CAP257. The cocrystal structure of CAP257-RH1 bound to RHPA gp120 revealed critical interactions with the N276 glycan, loop D, and V5, but not with aspartic acid 368, similarly to HJ16 and 179NC75. The CAP257-RH1 monoclonal antibody was derived from the immunoglobulin-variable IGHV3-33 and IGLV3-10 genes and neutralized RHPA but not the transmitted/founder virus from donor CAP257. Its narrow neutralization breadth was attributed to a binding angle that was incompatible with glycosylated V5 loops present in almost all HIV-1 strains, including the CAP257 transmitted/founder virus. Deep sequencing of autologous CAP257 viruses, however, revealed minority variants early in infection that lacked V5 glycans. These glycan-free V5 loops are unusual holes in the glycan shield that may have been necessary for initiating this N276 glycan-dependent CD4 binding site B-cell lineage. IMPORTANCE The conserved CD4 binding site on gp120 is a major target for HIV-1 vaccine design, but key events in the elicitation and maturation of different antibody lineages to this site remain elusive. Studies have shown that strain-specific antibodies can evolve into broadly neutralizing antibodies or in some cases act as helper lineages. Therefore, characterizing the epitopes of strain-specific antibodies may help to inform the design of HIV-1 immunogens to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies. In this study, we isolate a narrowly neutralizing N276 glycan-dependent antibody and use X-ray crystallography and viral deep sequencing to describe how gp120 lacking glycans in V5 might have elicited these early glycan-dependent CD4 binding site antibodies. These data highlight how glycan holes can play a role in the elicitation of B-cell lineages targeting the CD4 binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantinos Kurt Wibmer
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jason Gorman
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Colin S Anthony
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town and National Health Laboratory Service, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nonhlanhla N Mkhize
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Aliaksandr Druz
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Talita York
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town and National Health Laboratory Service, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Stephen D Schmidt
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Phillip Labuschagne
- South African National Bioinformatics Institute, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mark K Louder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert T Bailer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Salim S Abdool Karim
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Carolyn Williamson
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town and National Health Laboratory Service, Cape Town, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Penny L Moore
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Peter D Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Lynn Morris
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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35
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Chinks in the armor of the HIV-1 Envelope glycan shield: Implications for immune escape from anti-glycan broadly neutralizing antibodies. Virology 2016; 501:12-24. [PMID: 27846415 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Glycans on HIV-1 Envelope serve multiple functions including blocking epitopes from antibodies. We show that removal of glycan 301, a major target of anti-V3/glycan antibodies, has substantially different effects in two viruses. While glycan 301 on Du156.12 blocks epitopes commonly recognized by sera from chronically HIV-1-infected individuals, it does not do so on CAP45.G3, suggesting that removing the 301 glycan has a smaller effect on the integrity of the glycan shield in CAP45.G3. Changes in sensitivity to broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies suggest that the interaction between glycan 301 and the CD4 binding site differ substantially between these 2 viruses. Molecular modeling suggests that removal of glycan 301 likely exposes a greater surface area of the V3 and C4 regions in Du156.12. Our data indicate that the contribution of the 301 glycan to resistance to common neutralizing antibodies varies between viruses, allowing for easier selection for its loss in some viruses.
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36
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Panico M, Bouché L, Binet D, O’Connor MJ, Rahman D, Pang PC, Canis K, North SJ, Desrosiers RC, Chertova E, Keele BF, Bess JW, Lifson JD, Haslam SM, Dell A, Morris HR. Mapping the complete glycoproteome of virion-derived HIV-1 gp120 provides insights into broadly neutralizing antibody binding. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32956. [PMID: 27604319 PMCID: PMC5015092 DOI: 10.1038/srep32956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The surface envelope glycoprotein (SU) of Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), gp120(SU) plays an essential role in virus binding to target CD4+ T-cells and is a major vaccine target. Gp120 has remarkably high levels of N-linked glycosylation and there is considerable evidence that this "glycan shield" can help protect the virus from antibody-mediated neutralization. In recent years, however, it has become clear that gp120 glycosylation can also be included in the targets of recognition by some of the most potent broadly neutralizing antibodies. Knowing the site-specific glycosylation of gp120 can facilitate the rational design of glycopeptide antigens for HIV vaccine development. While most prior studies have focused on glycan analysis of recombinant forms of gp120, here we report the first systematic glycosylation site analysis of gp120 derived from virions produced by infected T lymphoid cells and show that a single site is exclusively substituted with complex glycans. These results should help guide the design of vaccine immunogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Panico
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Laura Bouché
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Daniel Binet
- BioPharmaSpec, Suite 3.1 Lido Medical Centre, St. Saviours Road, Jersey, JE2 7LA, UK
| | - Michael-John O’Connor
- BioPharmaSpec, Suite 3.1 Lido Medical Centre, St. Saviours Road, Jersey, JE2 7LA, UK
| | - Dinah Rahman
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Poh-Choo Pang
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Kevin Canis
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Simon J. North
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | | | - Elena Chertova
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Brandon F. Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Julian W. Bess
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Stuart M. Haslam
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Anne Dell
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Howard R. Morris
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- BioPharmaSpec, Suite 3.1 Lido Medical Centre, St. Saviours Road, Jersey, JE2 7LA, UK
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37
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Behrens AJ, Vasiljevic S, Pritchard LK, Harvey DJ, Andev RS, Krumm SA, Struwe WB, Cupo A, Kumar A, Zitzmann N, Seabright GE, Kramer HB, Spencer DIR, Royle L, Lee JH, Klasse PJ, Burton DR, Wilson IA, Ward AB, Sanders RW, Moore JP, Doores KJ, Crispin M. Composition and Antigenic Effects of Individual Glycan Sites of a Trimeric HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein. Cell Rep 2016; 14:2695-706. [PMID: 26972002 PMCID: PMC4805854 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein trimer is covered by an array of N-linked glycans that shield it from immune surveillance. The high density of glycans on the trimer surface imposes steric constraints limiting the actions of glycan-processing enzymes, so that multiple under-processed structures remain on specific areas. These oligomannose glycans are recognized by broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) that are not thwarted by the glycan shield but, paradoxically, target it. Our site-specific glycosylation analysis of a soluble, recombinant trimer (BG505 SOSIP.664) maps the extremes of simplicity and diversity of glycan processing at individual sites and reveals a mosaic of dense clusters of oligomannose glycans on the outer domain. Although individual sites usually minimally affect the global integrity of the glycan shield, we identify examples of how deleting some glycans can subtly influence neutralization by bNAbs that bind at distant sites. The network of bNAb-targeted glycans should be preserved on vaccine antigens. Quantitative, site-specific N-glycan analysis of a soluble HIV-1 Env trimer A map of the extremes of simplicity and diversity at individual glycan sites The fine structure of the mannose patch area of the Env trimer How individual glycan sites influence HIV-1 Env-pseudovirus neutralization
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Janina Behrens
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Snezana Vasiljevic
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Laura K Pritchard
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - David J Harvey
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Rajinder S Andev
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Stefanie A Krumm
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Weston B Struwe
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Albert Cupo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Abhinav Kumar
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Nicole Zitzmann
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Gemma E Seabright
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Holger B Kramer
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | | | - Louise Royle
- Ludger, Ltd., Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 3EB, UK
| | - Jeong Hyun Lee
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) Neutralizing Antibody Center and CAVD, Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Per J Klasse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Dennis R Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center and CAVD, Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, the Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Boston, MA 02142, USA
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) Neutralizing Antibody Center and CAVD, Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) Neutralizing Antibody Center and CAVD, Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Rogier W Sanders
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA; Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - John P Moore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Katie J Doores
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK.
| | - Max Crispin
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
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38
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Shivatare SS, Chang SH, Tsai TI, Tseng SY, Shivatare VS, Lin YS, Cheng YY, Ren CT, Lee CCD, Pawar S, Tsai CS, Shih HW, Zeng YF, Liang CH, Kwong PD, Burton DR, Wu CY, Wong CH. Modular synthesis of N-glycans and arrays for the hetero-ligand binding analysis of HIV antibodies. Nat Chem 2016; 8:338-46. [PMID: 27001729 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A new class of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) from HIV donors has been reported to target the glycans on gp120--a glycoprotein found on the surface of the virus envelope--thus renewing hope of developing carbohydrate-based HIV vaccines. However, the version of gp120 used in previous studies was not from human T cells and so the glycosylation pattern could be somewhat different to that found in the native system. Moreover, some antibodies recognized two different glycans simultaneously and this cannot be detected with the commonly used glycan microarrays on glass slides. Here, we have developed a glycan microarray on an aluminium-oxide-coated glass slide containing a diverse set of glycans, including homo- and mixed N-glycans (high-mannose, hybrid and complex types) that were prepared by modular chemo-enzymatic methods to detect the presence of hetero-glycan binding behaviours. This new approach allows rapid screening and identification of optimal glycans recognized by neutralizing antibodies, and could speed up the development of HIV-1 vaccines targeting cell surface glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin S Shivatare
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan.,Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taiwan.,Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Road, Section 4, Taipei, 106, Taiwan.,CHO Pharma Inc., Park Street, Nangang District, Taipei 11503, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Huang Chang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan.,Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Road, Section 4, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-I Tsai
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Susan Yu Tseng
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Vidya S Shivatare
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Shyan Lin
- CHO Pharma Inc., Park Street, Nangang District, Taipei 11503, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Yu Cheng
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Tai Ren
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Chun David Lee
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Sujeet Pawar
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan.,Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taiwan
| | - Charng-Sheng Tsai
- CHO Pharma Inc., Park Street, Nangang District, Taipei 11503, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Wei Shih
- CHO Pharma Inc., Park Street, Nangang District, Taipei 11503, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Fang Zeng
- CHO Pharma Inc., Park Street, Nangang District, Taipei 11503, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hui Liang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan.,The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Peter D Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Dennis R Burton
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Chung-Yi Wu
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Huey Wong
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan.,The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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39
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Doores KJ. The HIV glycan shield as a target for broadly neutralizing antibodies. FEBS J 2015; 282:4679-91. [PMID: 26411545 PMCID: PMC4950053 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The HIV envelope glycoprotein (Env) is the sole target for HIV broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs). HIV Env is one of the most heavily glycosylated proteins known, with approximately half of its mass consisting of host-derived N-linked glycans. The high density of glycans creates a shield that impedes antibody recognition but, critically, some of the most potent and broadly active bnAbs have evolved to recognize epitopes formed by these glycans. Although the virus hijacks the host protein synthesis and glycosylation machinery to generate glycosylated HIV Env, studies have shown that HIV Env glycosylation diverges from that typically observed on host-derived glycoproteins. In particular, the high density of glycans leads to a nonself motif of underprocessed oligomannose-type glycans that forms the target of some of the most broad and potent HIV bnAbs. This review discusses the changing perception of the HIV glycan shield, and summarizes the protein-directed and cell-directed factors controlling HIV Env glycosylation that impact on HIV bnAb recognition and HIV vaccine design strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie J Doores
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, UK
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40
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Lee JH, de Val N, Lyumkis D, Ward AB. Model Building and Refinement of a Natively Glycosylated HIV-1 Env Protein by High-Resolution Cryoelectron Microscopy. Structure 2015; 23:1943-1951. [PMID: 26388028 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2015.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Secretory and membrane proteins from mammalian cells undergo post-translational modifications, including N-linked glycosylation, which can result in a large number of possible glycoforms. This sample heterogeneity can be problematic for structural studies, particularly X-ray crystallography. Thus, crystal structures of heavily glycosylated proteins such as the HIV-1 Env viral spike protein have been determined by removing the majority of glycans. This step is most frequently carried out using Endoglycosidase H (EndoH) and requires that all expressed glycans be in the high-mannose form, which is often not the native glycoform. With significantly improved technologies in single-particle cryoelectron microscopy, we demonstrate that it is now possible to refine and build natively glycosylated HIV-1 Env structures in solution to 4.36 Å resolution. At this resolution we can now analyze the complete epitope of a broadly neutralizing antibody (bnAb), PGT128, in the context of the trimer expressed with native glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hyun Lee
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) Neutralizing Antibody Center and Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery (CAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Natalia de Val
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) Neutralizing Antibody Center and Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery (CAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Dmitry Lyumkis
- Laboratory of Genetics and Helmsley Center for Genomic Medicine, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) Neutralizing Antibody Center and Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery (CAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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41
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Exclusive Decoration of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Env with High-Mannose Type N-Glycans Is Not Compatible with Mucosal Transmission in Rhesus Macaques. J Virol 2015; 89:11727-33. [PMID: 26355090 PMCID: PMC4645679 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01358-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) envelope (Env) proteins are extensively decorated with N-glycans, predominantly of the high-mannose type. However, it is unclear how high-mannose N-glycans on Env impact viral spread. We show that exclusive modification of SIV Env with these N-glycans reduces viral infectivity and abrogates mucosal transmission, despite increasing viral capture by immune cell lectins. Thus, high-mannose N-glycans have opposed effects on SIV infectivity and lectin reactivity, and a balance might be required for efficient mucosal transmission.
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42
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Pritchard LK, Spencer DIR, Royle L, Bonomelli C, Seabright GE, Behrens AJ, Kulp DW, Menis S, Krumm SA, Dunlop DC, Crispin DJ, Bowden TA, Scanlan CN, Ward AB, Schief WR, Doores KJ, Crispin M. Glycan clustering stabilizes the mannose patch of HIV-1 and preserves vulnerability to broadly neutralizing antibodies. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7479. [PMID: 26105115 PMCID: PMC4500839 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The envelope spike of HIV-1 employs a ‘glycan shield’ to protect itself from antibody-mediated neutralization. Paradoxically, however, potent broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) have been isolated which target this shield. The unusually high glycan density on the gp120 subunit limits processing during biosynthesis, leaving a region of under-processed oligomannose-type structures which is a primary target of these bnAbs. Here we investigate the contribution of individual glycosylation sites to formation of this so-called intrinsic mannose patch. Deletion of individual sites has a limited effect on the overall size of the intrinsic mannose patch but leads to changes in the processing of neighboring glycans. These structural changes are largely tolerated by a panel of glycan-dependent bnAbs targeting these regions, indicating a degree of plasticity in their recognition. These results support the intrinsic mannose patch as a stable target for vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura K Pritchard
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | | | - Louise Royle
- Ludger Ltd., Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 3EB, UK
| | - Camille Bonomelli
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Gemma E Seabright
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Anna-Janina Behrens
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Daniel W Kulp
- 1] Department of Immunology and Microbial Science and IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA [2] Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Sergey Menis
- 1] Department of Immunology and Microbial Science and IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA [2] Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Stefanie A Krumm
- King's College London School of Medicine at Guy's, King's and St Thomas' Hospitals, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - D Cameron Dunlop
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Daniel J Crispin
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Thomas A Bowden
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Christopher N Scanlan
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - William R Schief
- 1] Department of Immunology and Microbial Science and IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA [2] Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA [3] Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Katie J Doores
- King's College London School of Medicine at Guy's, King's and St Thomas' Hospitals, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Max Crispin
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
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43
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Han J, Liu S, Guo W, Bao Z, Wang X, Li L, Liu Y, Zhuang D, Li H, Jia L, Gui T, Sui H, Li T, Li J. Development of an HIV-1 Subtype Panel in China: Isolation and Characterization of 30 HIV-1 Primary Strains Circulating in China. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127696. [PMID: 26018591 PMCID: PMC4446268 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The complex epidemic and significant diversity of HIV-1 strains in China pose serious challenges for surveillance and diagnostic assays, vaccine development and clinical management. There is a lack of HIV-1 isolates in current canonical HIV-1 subtype panels that can represent HIV-1 diversity in China; an HIV-1 subtype panel for China is urgently needed. Methods Blood samples were collected from HIV-1 infected patients participating in the drug-resistance surveillance program in China. The samples were isolated, cultured and stored as neat culture supernatant. The HIV-1 isolates were fully characterized. The panel was used to compare 2 viral load assays and 2 p24 assays as the examples of how this panel could be used. Results An HIV-1 subtype panel for China composed of 30 HIV-1 primary strains of four subtypes (B [including Thai-B], CRF01_AE, CRF07_BC and G) was established. The samples were isolated and cultured to a high-titer (106-109 copies/ml)/high-volume (40ml). The HIV-1 isolates were fully characterized by the final viral load, p24 concentration, gag-pol and envC2V3 sequencing, co-receptor prediction, determination of the four amino acids at the tip of the env V3-loop, glycosylation sites in the V3 loop and the drug-resistance mutations. The comparison of two p24 assays and two viral load assays on the isolates illustrated how this panel may be used for the evaluation of diagnostic assay performance. The Pearson value between p24 assays were 0.938. The viral load results showed excellent concordance and agreement for samples of Thai-B, but lower correlations for samples of CRF01_AE. Conclusion The current panel of 30 HIV-1 isolates served as a basis for the development of a comprehensive panel of fully characterized viral isolates, which could reflect the current dynamic and complex HIV-1 epidemic in China. This panel will be available to support HIV-1 research, assay evaluation, vaccine and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwan Han
- Department of AIDS Research, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 0007, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Siyang Liu
- Department of AIDS Research, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 0007, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of AIDS Research, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 0007, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Zuoyi Bao
- Department of AIDS Research, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 0007, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- Department of AIDS Research, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 0007, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of AIDS Research, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 0007, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yongjian Liu
- Department of AIDS Research, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 0007, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Daomin Zhuang
- Department of AIDS Research, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 0007, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Hanping Li
- Department of AIDS Research, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 0007, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Lei Jia
- Department of AIDS Research, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 0007, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Tao Gui
- Department of AIDS Research, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 0007, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Hongshuai Sui
- Department of AIDS Research, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 0007, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Tianyi Li
- Department of AIDS Research, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 0007, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jingyun Li
- Department of AIDS Research, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 0007, Beijing, P.R. China
- * E-mail:
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Glycan Microheterogeneity at the PGT135 Antibody Recognition Site on HIV-1 gp120 Reveals a Molecular Mechanism for Neutralization Resistance. J Virol 2015; 89:6952-9. [PMID: 25878100 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00230-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies have been isolated that bind the glycan shield of the HIV-1 envelope spike. One such antibody, PGT135, contacts the intrinsic mannose patch of gp120 at the Asn332, Asn392, and Asn386 glycosylation sites. Here, site-specific glycosylation analysis of recombinant gp120 revealed glycan microheterogeneity sufficient to explain the existence of a minor population of virions resistant to PGT135 neutralization. Target microheterogeneity and antibody glycan specificity are therefore important parameters in HIV-1 vaccine design.
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45
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Abstract
Despite three decades of intensive research efforts, the development of an effective prophylactic vaccine against HIV remains an unrealized goal in the global campaign to contain the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Recent characterization of novel epitopes for inducing broadly neutralizing antibodies has fueled research in the design and synthesis of new, well-defined antigenic constructs for the development of HIV envelope-directed vaccines. The present review will cover previous and recent efforts toward the design of synthetic vaccines based on the HIV viral envelope glycoproteins, with special emphasis on examples from our own laboratories. The biological evaluation of some of the most representative vaccine candidates, in terms of their antigenicity and immunogenicity, will also be discussed to illustrate the current state-of-the-art toward the development of fully synthetic HIV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Fernández-Tejada
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, NY 10065, USA
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46
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Crispin M, Doores KJ. Targeting host-derived glycans on enveloped viruses for antibody-based vaccine design. Curr Opin Virol 2015; 11:63-9. [PMID: 25747313 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The surface of enveloped viruses can be extensively glycosylated. Unlike the glycans coating pathogens such as bacteria and fungi, glycans on viruses are added and processed by the host-cell during biosynthesis. Glycoproteins are typically subjected to α-mannosidase processing and Golgi-mediated glycosyltransferase extension to form complex-type glycans. In envelope viruses, exceptions to this default pathway are common and lead to the presence of oligomannose-type glycan structures on the virion surface. In one extreme example, HIV-1 utilises a high density of glycans to limit host antibody recognition of protein. However, the high density limits glycan processing and the resulting oligomannose structures can be recognised by broadly neutralising antibodies isolated from HIV-1 infected patients. Here we discuss how divergence from host-cell glycosylation can be targeted for vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Crispin
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Katie J Doores
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom.
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Moulaei T, Alexandre KB, Shenoy SR, Meyerson JR, Krumpe LR, Constantine B, Wilson J, Buckheit RW, McMahon JB, Subramaniam S, Wlodawer A, O'Keefe BR. Griffithsin tandemers: flexible and potent lectin inhibitors of the human immunodeficiency virus. Retrovirology 2015; 12:6. [PMID: 25613831 PMCID: PMC4419512 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-014-0127-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lectin griffithsin (GRFT) is a potent antiviral agent capable of prevention and treatment of infections caused by a number of enveloped viruses and is currently under development as an anti-HIV microbicide. In addition to its broad antiviral activity, GRFT is stable at high temperature and at a broad pH range, displays little toxicity and immunogenicity, and is amenable to large-scale manufacturing. Native GRFT is a domain-swapped homodimer that binds to viral envelope glycoproteins and has displayed mid-picomolar activity in cell-based anti-HIV assays. Previously, we have engineered and analyzed several monomeric forms of this lectin (mGRFT) with anti-HIV EC50 values ranging up to 323 nM. Based on our previous analysis of mGRFT, we hypothesized that the orientation and spacing of the carbohydrate binding domains GRFT were key to its antiviral activity. RESULTS Here we present data on engineered tandem repeats of mGRFT (mGRFT tandemers) with antiviral activity at concentrations as low as one picomolar in whole-cell anti-HIV assays. mGRFT tandemers were analyzed thermodynamically, both individually and in complex with HIV-1 gp120. We also demonstrate by dynamic light scattering and cryo-electron microscopy that mGRFT tandemers do not aggregate HIV virions. This establishes that, although the intra-virion crosslinking of HIV envelope glycoproteins is likely integral to their activity, the antiviral activity of these lectins is not due to virus aggregation caused by inter-virion crosslinking. CONCLUSIONS The engineered tandemer constructs of mGRFT may provide novel and powerful agents for prevention of infection by HIV and other enveloped viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinoush Moulaei
- Molecular Targets Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, 21702-1201, USA.
- Protein Structure Section, Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, 21702-1201, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20740, USA.
| | - Kabamba B Alexandre
- Molecular Targets Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, 21702-1201, USA.
| | - Shilpa R Shenoy
- Molecular Targets Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, 21702-1201, USA.
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
| | - Joel R Meyerson
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Lauren Rh Krumpe
- Molecular Targets Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, 21702-1201, USA.
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
| | - Brian Constantine
- Molecular Targets Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, 21702-1201, USA.
| | - Jennifer Wilson
- Molecular Targets Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, 21702-1201, USA.
| | | | - James B McMahon
- Molecular Targets Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, 21702-1201, USA.
| | - Sriram Subramaniam
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Alexander Wlodawer
- Protein Structure Section, Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, 21702-1201, USA.
| | - Barry R O'Keefe
- Molecular Targets Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, 21702-1201, USA.
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Horiya S, MacPherson IS, Krauss IJ. Recent strategies targeting HIV glycans in vaccine design. Nat Chem Biol 2014; 10:990-9. [PMID: 25393493 PMCID: PMC4431543 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although efforts to develop a vaccine against HIV have so far met with little success, recent studies of HIV-positive patients with strongly neutralizing sera have shown that the human immune system is capable of producing potent and broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs), some of which neutralize up to 90% of HIV strains. These antibodies bind conserved vulnerable sites on the viral envelope glycoprotein gp120, and identification of these sites has provided exciting clues about the design of potentially effective vaccines. Carbohydrates have a key role in this field, as a large fraction of bnAbs bind carbohydrates or combinations of carbohydrate and peptide elements on gp120. Additionally, carbohydrates partially mask some peptide surfaces recognized by bnAbs. The use of engineered glycoproteins and other glycostructures as vaccines to elicit antibodies with broad neutralizing activity is therefore a key area of interest in HIV vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Horiya
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Iain S MacPherson
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Isaac J Krauss
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
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Bailey JJ, Bundle DR. Synthesis of high-mannose 1-thio glycans and their conjugation to protein. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:2193-213. [PMID: 24549150 DOI: 10.1039/c3ob42194e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The oligosaccharides Man4 and Man5, substructures of the high-mannose glycans of HIV glycoprotein gp120, were synthesized with a terminal 1-thiomannopyranose residue. The anomeric thiol can be readily converted to an azidomethyl aglycone through reaction with dichloromethane and displacement with sodium azide. The resulting oligomannans were then conjugated to ubiquitin utilizing thiol alkylation or azide/alkyne reactive tethers of minimal length. By combining high efficiency conjugation reactions and a short tether, we sought to establish conjugation conditions that would permit high density clustering of oligomannans in conjugate vaccines that could produce antibodies able to bind gp120 and potentially neutralize virus. LC-UV-MS was used to separate, identify and quantify the ubiquitin glycoconjugates with differing degrees of oligomannan incorporation. Binding of the HIV protective monoclonal antibody 2G12 and concanavalin A to microtitre plates coated with glycoconjugates was measured by ELISA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin J Bailey
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and the Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada.
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50
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Two classes of broadly neutralizing antibodies within a single lineage directed to the high-mannose patch of HIV envelope. J Virol 2014; 89:1105-18. [PMID: 25378488 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02905-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The high-mannose patch of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) envelope (Env) elicits broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) during natural infection relatively frequently, and consequently, this region has become a major target of vaccine design. However, it has also become clear that antibody recognition of the region is complex due, at least in part, to variability in neighboring loops and glycans critical to the epitopes. bnAbs against this region have some shared features and some distinguishing features that are crucial to understand in order to design optimal immunogens that can induce different classes of bnAbs against this region. Here, we compare two branches of a single antibody lineage, in which all members recognize the high-mannose patch. One branch (prototype bnAb PGT128) has a 6-amino-acid insertion in CDRH2 that is crucial for broad neutralization. Antibodies in this branch appear to favor a glycan site at N332 on gp120, and somatic hypermutation is required to accommodate the neighboring V1 loop glycans and glycan heterogeneity. The other branch (prototype bnAb PGT130) lacks the CDRH2 insertion. Antibodies in this branch are noticeably effective at neutralizing viruses with an alternate N334 glycan site but are less able to accommodate glycan heterogeneity. We identify a new somatic variant within this branch that is predominantly dependent on N334. The crystal structure of PGT130 offers insight into differences from PGT128. We conclude that different immunogens may be required to elicit bnAbs that have the optimal characteristics of the two branches of the lineage described. IMPORTANCE Development of an HIV vaccine is of vital importance for prevention of new infections, and it is thought that elicitation of HIV bnAbs will be an important component of an effective vaccine. Increasingly, bnAbs that bind to the cluster of high-mannose glycans on the HIV envelope glycoprotein, gp120, are being highlighted as important templates for vaccine design. In particular, bnAbs from IAVI donor 36 (PGT125 to PGT131) have been shown to be extremely broad and potent. Combination of these bnAbs enhanced neutralization breadth considerably, suggesting that an optimal immunogen should elicit several antibodies from this family. Here we study the evolution of this antibody family to inform immunogen design. We identify two classes of bnAbs that differ in their recognition of the high-mannose patch and show that different immunogens may be required to elicit these different classes.
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