1
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Huynh M, Vinck R, Gibert B, Gasser G. Strategies for the Nuclear Delivery of Metal Complexes to Cancer Cells. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2311437. [PMID: 38174785 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202311437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The nucleus is an essential organelle for the function of cells. It holds most of the genetic material and plays a crucial role in the regulation of cell growth and proliferation. Since many antitumoral therapies target nucleic acids to induce cell death, tumor-specific nuclear drug delivery could potentiate therapeutic effects and prevent potential off-target side effects on healthy tissue. Due to their great structural variety, good biocompatibility, and unique physico-chemical properties, organometallic complexes and other metal-based compounds have sparked great interest as promising anticancer agents. In this review, strategies for specific nuclear delivery of metal complexes are summarized and discussed to highlight crucial parameters to consider for the design of new metal complexes as anticancer drug candidates. Moreover, the existing opportunities and challenges of tumor-specific, nucleus-targeting metal complexes are emphasized to outline some new perspectives and help in the design of new cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Huynh
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry of Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemistry, Paris, F-75005, France
- Gastroenterology and technologies for Health, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS5286, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, 69008, France
| | - Robin Vinck
- Orano, 125 avenue de Paris, Châtillon, 92320, France
| | - Benjamin Gibert
- Gastroenterology and technologies for Health, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS5286, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, 69008, France
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry of Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemistry, Paris, F-75005, France
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2
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Wei D, Fan J, Yan J, Liu C, Cao J, Xu C, Sun Y, Xiao H. Nuclear-Targeting Lipid Pt IV Prodrug Amphiphile Cooperates with siRNA for Enhanced Cancer Immunochemotherapy by Amplifying Pt-DNA Adducts and Reducing Phosphatidylserine Exposure. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:1185-1195. [PMID: 38148611 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Patients treated with Pt-based anticancer drugs (PtII) often experience severe side effects and are susceptible to cancer recurrence due to the limited bioavailability of PtII and tumor-induced immunosuppression. The exposure of phosphatidylserine on the cell's outer surface induced by PtII results in profound immunosuppression through the binding of phosphatidylserine to its receptors on immune cells. Here, we report a novel approach for enhanced cancer chemoimmunotherapy, where a novel nuclear-targeting lipid PtIV prodrug amphiphile was used to deliver a small interfering RNA (siXkr8) to simultaneously amplify Pt-DNA adducts and reduce the level of exposure of phosphatidylserine. This drug delivery vehicle is engineered by integrating the PtIV prodrug with self-assembly performance and siXkr8 into a lipid nanoparticle, which shows tumor accumulation, cancer cell nucleus targeting, and activatable in a reduced microenvironment. It is demonstrated that nuclear-targeting lipid PtIV prodrug increases the DNA cross-linking, resulting in increased Pt-DNA adduct formation. The synergistic effects of the PtIV prodrug and siXkr8 contribute to the improvement of the tumor immune microenvironment. Consequently, the increased Pt-DNA adducts and immunogenicity effectively inhibit primary tumor growth and prevent tumor recurrence. These results underscore the potential of utilizing the nuclear-targeting lipid PtIV prodrug amphiphile to enhance Pt-DNA adduct formation and employing siXkr8 to alleviate immunosuppression during chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengshuai Wei
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy and Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Junning Fan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy and Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Jianqin Yan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy and Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Chaolong Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy and Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Jie Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy and Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Chun Xu
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4006, Australia
| | - Yong Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy and Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Haihua Xiao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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3
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Recent Advances in Light-Controlled Activation of Pt(IV) Prodrugs. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314511. [PMID: 36498837 PMCID: PMC9739791 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pt(IV) prodrugs remain one of the most promising alternatives to conventional Pt(II) therapy due to their versatility in axial ligand choice and delayed mode of action. Selective activation from an external source is especially attractive due to the opportunity to control the activity of an antitumor drug in space and time and avoid damage to normal tissues. In this review, we discuss recent advances in photoabsorber-mediated photocontrollable activation of Pt(IV) prodrugs. Two main approaches developed are the focus of the review. The first one is the photocatalytic strategy based on the flavin derivatives that are not covalently bound to the Pt(IV) substrate. The second one is the conjugation of photoactive molecules with the Pt(II) drug via axial position, yielding dual-action Pt(IV) molecules capable of the controllable release of Pt(II) cytotoxic agents. Thus, Pt(IV) prodrugs with a light-controlled mode of activation are non-toxic in the absence of light, but show high antiproliferative activity when irradiated. The susceptibility of Pt(IV) prodrugs to photoreduction, photoactivation mechanisms, and biological activity is considered in this review.
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4
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Metal Peptide Conjugates in Cell and Tissue Imaging and Biosensing. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2022; 380:30. [PMID: 35701677 PMCID: PMC9197911 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-022-00384-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Metal complex luminophores have seen dramatic expansion in application as imaging probes over the past decade. This has been enabled by growing understanding of methods to promote their cell permeation and intracellular targeting. Amongst the successful approaches that have been applied in this regard is peptide-facilitated delivery. Cell-permeating or signal peptides can be readily conjugated to metal complex luminophores and have shown excellent response in carrying such cargo through the cell membrane. In this article, we describe the rationale behind applying metal complexes as probes and sensors in cell imaging and outline the advantages to be gained by applying peptides as the carrier for complex luminophores. We describe some of the progress that has been made in applying peptides in metal complex peptide-driven conjugates as a strategy for cell permeation and targeting of transition metal luminophores. Finally, we provide key examples of their application and outline areas for future progress.
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5
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Szabó I, Yousef M, Soltész D, Bató C, Mező G, Bánóczi Z. Redesigning of Cell-Penetrating Peptides to Improve Their Efficacy as a Drug Delivery System. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14050907. [PMID: 35631493 PMCID: PMC9146218 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14050907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPP) are promising tools for the transport of a broad range of compounds into cells. Since the discovery of the first members of this peptide family, many other peptides have been identified; nowadays, dozens of these peptides are known. These peptides sometimes have very different chemical–physical properties, but they have similar drawbacks; e.g., non-specific internalization, fast elimination from the body, intracellular/vesicular entrapment. Although our knowledge regarding the mechanism and structure–activity relationship of internalization is growing, the prediction and design of the cell-penetrating properties are challenging. In this review, we focus on the different modifications of well-known CPPs to avoid their drawbacks, as well as how these modifications may increase their internalization and/or change the mechanism of penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildikó Szabó
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary;
- Correspondence: (I.S.); (Z.B.)
| | - Mo’ath Yousef
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (M.Y.); (D.S.); (C.B.)
| | - Dóra Soltész
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (M.Y.); (D.S.); (C.B.)
| | - Csaba Bató
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (M.Y.); (D.S.); (C.B.)
| | - Gábor Mező
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary;
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (M.Y.); (D.S.); (C.B.)
| | - Zoltán Bánóczi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (M.Y.); (D.S.); (C.B.)
- Correspondence: (I.S.); (Z.B.)
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6
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Takada T, Nishida K, Honda Y, Nakano A, Nakamura M, Fan S, Kawai K, Fujitsuka M, Yamana K. Stacked Thiazole Orange Dyes in DNA Capable of Switching Emissive Behavior in Response to Structural Transitions. Chembiochem 2021; 22:2729-2735. [PMID: 34191388 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Functional nucleic acids with the capability of generating fluorescence in response to hybridization events, microenvironment or structural changes are valuable as structural probes and chemical sensors. We now demonstrate the enzyme-assisted preparation of nucleic acids possessing multiple thiazole orange (TO) dyes and their fluorescent behavior, that show a spectral change from the typical monomer emission to the excimer-type red-shifted emission. We found that the fluorescent response and emission wavelength of the TO dyes were dependent on both the state of the DNA structure (single- or double-stranded DNA) and the arrangement of the TO dyes. We showed that the fluorescent behavior of the TO dyes can be applied for the detection of RNA molecules, suggesting that our approach for preparing the fluorescent nucleic acids functionalized with multiple TO dyes could be useful to design a fluorescence bioimaging and detection technique of biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadao Takada
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, 2167 Shosha, Himeji, Hyogo, 671-2280, Japan
| | - Koma Nishida
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, 2167 Shosha, Himeji, Hyogo, 671-2280, Japan
| | - Yurika Honda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, 2167 Shosha, Himeji, Hyogo, 671-2280, Japan
| | - Aoi Nakano
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, 2167 Shosha, Himeji, Hyogo, 671-2280, Japan
| | - Mitsunobu Nakamura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, 2167 Shosha, Himeji, Hyogo, 671-2280, Japan
| | - Shuya Fan
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN), Osaka University, Mihogaoka 8-1, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
| | - Kiyohiko Kawai
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN), Osaka University, Mihogaoka 8-1, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
| | - Mamoru Fujitsuka
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN), Osaka University, Mihogaoka 8-1, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
| | - Kazushige Yamana
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, 2167 Shosha, Himeji, Hyogo, 671-2280, Japan
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7
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Gkika K, Noorani S, Walsh N, Keyes TE. Os(II)-Bridged Polyarginine Conjugates: The Additive Effects of Peptides in Promoting or Preventing Permeation in Cells and Multicellular Tumor Spheroids. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:8123-8134. [PMID: 33978399 PMCID: PMC8277133 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The preparation of two polyarginine conjugates of the complex Os(II) [bis-(4'-(4-carboxyphenyl)-2,2':6',2″-terpyridine)] [Os-(Rn)2]x+ (n = 4 and 8; x = 10 and 18) is reported, to explore whether the R8 peptide sequence that promotes cell uptake requires a contiguous amino acid sequence for membrane permeation or if this can be accomplished in a linearly bridged structure with the additive effect of shorter peptide sequences. The conjugates exhibit NIR emission centered at 754 nm and essentially oxygen-insensitive emission with a lifetime of 89 ns in phosphate-buffered saline. The uptake, distribution, and cytotoxicity of the parent complex and peptide derivatives were compared in 2D cell monolayers and a three-dimensional (3D) multicellular tumor spheroid (MCTS) model. Whereas, the bis-octaarginine sequences were impermeable to cells and spheroids, and the bis-tetraarginine conjugate showed excellent cellular uptake and accumulation in two 2D monolayer cell lines and remarkable in-depth penetration of 3D MCTSs of pancreatic cancer cells. Overall, the data indicates that cell permeability can be promoted via non-contiguous sequences of arginine residues bridged across the metal centre.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karmel
S. Gkika
- School
of Chemical Sciences, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Sara Noorani
- School
of Biotechnology, National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Naomi Walsh
- School
of Biotechnology, National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Tia E. Keyes
- School
of Chemical Sciences, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
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8
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Dayanidhi PD, Vaidyanathan VG. Structural insights into the recognition of DNA defects by small molecules. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:5691-5712. [PMID: 33949406 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt04289g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Studies on the binding interaction of small molecules and nucleic acids have been explored for their biological applications. With excellent photophysical/chemical properties, numerous metal complexes have been studied as structural probes for nucleic acids. The recognition of DNA defects is of high importance due to their association with various types of cancers. Small molecules that target DNA defects in a specific and selective manner offer a new avenue for developing novel drugs and diagnostic tools. Transition metal complexes have been studied as probes for abasic sites and DNA/RNA mismatches. By changing the ligand structure or metal center, the probing efficiency of the metal complexes varies towards the defects. In this perspective, we have discussed mainly the structural requirement of metal complexes as probes for abasic sites, mismatches, and covalent DNA adducts, followed by the challenges and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P David Dayanidhi
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India. and Advanced Materials Laboratory, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai 600 020, India
| | - V G Vaidyanathan
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India. and Advanced Materials Laboratory, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai 600 020, India
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9
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Gayraud F, Klußmann M, Neundorf I. Recent Advances and Trends in Chemical CPP-Drug Conjugation Techniques. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26061591. [PMID: 33805680 PMCID: PMC7998868 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes recent developments in conjugation techniques for the synthesis of cell-penetrating peptide (CPP)–drug conjugates targeting cancer cells. We will focus on small organic molecules as well as metal complexes that were used as cytostatic payloads. Moreover, two principle ways of coupling chemistry will be discussed direct conjugation as well as the use of bifunctional linkers. While direct conjugation of the drug to the CPP is still popular, the use of bifunctional linkers seems to gain increasing attention as it offers more advantages related to the linker chemistry. Thus, three main categories of linkers will be highlighted, forming either disulfide acid-sensitive or stimuli-sensitive bonds. All techniques will be thoroughly discussed by their pros and cons with the aim to help the reader in the choice of the optimal conjugation technique that might be used for the synthesis of a given CPP–drug conjugate
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10
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Lee LCC, Tsang AWY, Liu HW, Lo KKW. Photofunctional Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Polypyridine Complexes Bearing a Perfluorobiphenyl Moiety for Bioconjugation, Bioimaging, and Phototherapeutic Applications. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:14796-14806. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Cho-Cheung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Ada Wun-Yu Tsang
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Hua-Wei Liu
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Kenneth Kam-Wing Lo
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- Center of Functional Photonics, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, P. R. China
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11
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Brock DJ, Kondow-McConaghy HM, Hager EC, Pellois JP. Endosomal Escape and Cytosolic Penetration of Macromolecules Mediated by Synthetic Delivery Agents. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 30:293-304. [PMID: 30462487 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell delivery reagents often exploit the endocytic pathway as a route of cell entry. Once endocytosed, these reagents must overcome endosomal entrapment to ensure the release of their macromolecular cargo into the cytosol of cells. In this review, we describe several examples of prototypical synthetic reagents that are capable of endosomal escape and examine their mechanisms of action, their efficiencies, and their effects on cells. Although these delivery systems are chemically distinct, some commonalities in how they interact with cellular membranes can be inferred. This, in turn, sheds some light on the process of endosomal escape, and may help guide the development and optimization of next-generation delivery tools.
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12
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Burke CS, Byrne A, Keyes TE. Targeting Photoinduced DNA Destruction by Ru(II) Tetraazaphenanthrene in Live Cells by Signal Peptide. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:6945-6955. [PMID: 29767962 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b02711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Exploiting NF-κB transcription factor peptide conjugation, a Ru(II)-bis-tap complex (tap = 1,4,5,8-tetraazaphenanthrene) was targeted specifically to the nuclei of live HeLa and CHO cells for the first time. DNA binding of the complex within the nucleus of live cells was evident from gradual extinction of the metal complex luminescence after it had crossed the nuclear envelope, attributed to guanine quenching of the ruthenium emission via photoinduced electron transfer. Resonance Raman imaging confirmed that the complex remained in the nucleus after emission is extinguished. In the dark and under imaging conditions the cells remain viable, but efficient cellular destruction was induced with precise spatiotemporal control by applying higher irradiation intensities to selected cells. Solution studies indicate that the peptide conjugated complex associates strongly with calf thymus DNA ex-cellulo and gel electrophoresis confirmed that the peptide conjugate is capable of singlet oxygen independent photodamage to plasmid DNA. This indicates that the observed efficient cellular destruction likely operates via direct DNA oxidation by photoinduced electron transfer between guanine and the precision targeted Ru(II)-tap probe. The discrete targeting of polyazaaromatic complexes to the cell nucleus and confirmation that they are photocytotoxic after nuclear delivery is an important step toward their application in cellular phototherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Burke
- School of Chemical Sciences and National Centre for Sensor Research , Dublin City University , Glasnevin , Dublin 9 , Ireland
| | - Aisling Byrne
- School of Chemical Sciences and National Centre for Sensor Research , Dublin City University , Glasnevin , Dublin 9 , Ireland
| | - Tia E Keyes
- School of Chemical Sciences and National Centre for Sensor Research , Dublin City University , Glasnevin , Dublin 9 , Ireland
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13
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Ypsilantis K, Plakatouras JC, Manos MJ, Kourtellaris A, Markopoulos G, Kolettas E, Garoufis A. Stepwise synthesis, characterization, DNA binding properties and cytotoxicity of diruthenium oligopyridine compounds conjugated with peptides. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:3549-3567. [PMID: 29436543 DOI: 10.1039/c7dt04639a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Although the interactions of oligopyridine ruthenium complexes with DNA have been widely studied, the biological activity of similar diruthenium oligopyridine complexes conjugated with peptides has not been investigated. Herein, we report the stepwise synthesis and characterization of diruthenium complexes with the general formula [(La)Ru(tppz)Ru(Lb)]n+ (tppz = 2,3,5,6-tetra(2-pyridyl)pyrazine, La = 2,2':6',2''-terpyridine or 4-phenyl-2,2':6',2''-terpyridine and Lb = 2,2':6',2''-terpyridine-4'-CO(Gly1-Gly2-Gly3-LysCONH2) (5), (6), n = 5; 2,2':6',2''-terpyridine-4'-CO(Gly1-Gly2-Lys1-Lys2CONH2) (7), (8), n = 6; 2,2':6',2''-terpyridine-4'-CO(Ahx-Lys1Lys2CONH2) (9), (10), n = 5, Ahx = 6-aminohexanoic acid). The compounds [(trpy)Ru(tppz)Ru(trpy-CO2H)](PF6)4, (2)(PF6)4, [(ptrpy)Ru(tppz)Ru(trpy-CO2H)](PF6)4, (3)(PF6)4 and [(ptrpy)Ru(tppz)Ru(trpy)](PF6)4, (4)(PF6)4 were also characterized by single crystal X-ray methods. Moreover, the interactions of the chloride salts (5), (6) and (4) with the self-complementary dodecanucleotide duplex d(5'-CGCGAATTCGCG-3')2 were studied by NMR spectroscopic techniques. The results show that complex (4) binds in the central part of the oligonucleotide, from the minor groove through the ligand ptrpy, while the ligand trpy, which was located on the other side of the diruthenium core, does not contribute to the binding. Complex (5) binds similarly, through the ligand ptrpy. However, the induced upfield shifts of the ptrpy proton signals are significantly lower than the corresponding ones in the case of (4), indicating much lower binding affinity. This is clear evidence that the tethered peptide Gly1-Gly2-Gly3-Lys1CONH2 hinders the complex binding, even though it contains groups that are able to assist it (e.g., the positively charged amino group of lysine, the peptidic backbone, the terminal amide). Complex (6) shows a non-specific binding, interacting through electrostatic forces. The chloride salts of (4), (5) and (6) had insignificant effects on the cell cycle distribution and marginal cytotoxicity (IC50 > 750 μM) against human lung cancer cell lines H1299 and H1437, indicating that their binding to the oligonucleotide is not a sufficient condition for their cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Ypsilantis
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece.
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14
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Sato Y, Saito H, Aoki D, Teramae N, Nishizawa S. Lysine linkage in abasic site-binding ligand-thiazole orange conjugates for improved binding affinity to orphan nucleobases in DNA/RNA hybrids. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:14446-14449. [PMID: 27901527 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc07236d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Introduction of lysine linkage in the conjugate between abasic site-binding ligands and thiazole orange significantly improved the binding affinity for target orphan adenine or uracil nucleobase in DNA/RNA hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Sato
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Saito
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Aoki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Norio Teramae
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Seiichi Nishizawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
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15
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Zeng CC, Lai SH, Yao JH, Zhang C, Yin H, Li W, Han BJ, Liu YJ. The induction of apoptosis in HepG-2 cells by ruthenium(II) complexes through an intrinsic ROS-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction pathway. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 122:118-126. [PMID: 27344489 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Four new ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes [Ru(N-N)2(dhbn)](ClO4)2 (N-N = dmb: 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine 1; bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine 2; phen = 1,10-phenanthroline 3; dmp = 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline 4) were synthesized and characterized. The cytotoxicity in vitro of the ligand and complexes toward HepG-2, HeLa, MG-63 and A549 were assayed by MTT method. The IC50 values of the complexes against the above cells range from 17.7 ± 1.1 to 45.1 ± 2.8 μM. The cytotoxic activity of the complexes against HepG-2 cells follows the order of 4 > 2 > 3 > 1. Ligand shows no cytotoxic activity against the selected cell lines. Cellular uptake, apoptosis, comet assay, reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial membrane potential, cell cycle arrest, and the expression of proteins involved in apoptosis pathway induced by the complexes were investigated. The results indicate that complexes 1-4 induce apoptosis in HepG-2 cells through an intrinsic ROS-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Chuan Zeng
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Shang-Hai Lai
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Jun-Hua Yao
- Instrumentation Analysis and Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Hui Yin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
| | - Wei Li
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Bing-Jie Han
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Yun-Jun Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
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16
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Synthesis, characterization and DNA binding studies of two Ru(II) complexes containing guanidinium ligands. Polyhedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2016.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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17
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Furrer J, Süss-Fink G. Thiolato-bridged dinuclear arene ruthenium complexes and their potential as anticancer drugs. Coord Chem Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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18
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Berndl S, Dimitrov SD, Menacher F, Fiebig T, Wagenknecht HA. Thiazole Orange Dimers in DNA: Fluorescent Base Substitutions with Hybridization Readout. Chemistry 2016; 22:2386-95. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201503849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sina Berndl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Regensburg; 93040 Regensburg Germany
| | - Stoichko D. Dimitrov
- Centre for Plastic Electronics; Department of Chemistry; Imperial College London; Exhibition Road London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Florian Menacher
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Regensburg; 93040 Regensburg Germany
| | - Torsten Fiebig
- Feinberg School of Medicine; Department of Otolaryngology; Northwestern University; 420 East Superior Street Chicago IL 60611 USA
| | - Hans-Achim Wagenknecht
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Regensburg; 93040 Regensburg Germany
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19
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Soler M, Feliu L, Planas M, Ribas X, Costas M. Peptide-mediated vectorization of metal complexes: conjugation strategies and biomedical applications. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:12970-82. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt04529k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The rich chemical and structural versatility of transition metal complexes provides numerous novel paths to be pursued in the design of molecules that exert particular chemical or physicochemical effects that could operate over specific biological targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Soler
- QBIS–CAT Research Group
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química
- Universitat de Girona
- E-17071 Girona
- Spain
| | - Lidia Feliu
- LIPPSO
- Departament de Química
- Universitat de Girona
- E-17071 Girona
- Spain
| | - Marta Planas
- LIPPSO
- Departament de Química
- Universitat de Girona
- E-17071 Girona
- Spain
| | - Xavi Ribas
- QBIS–CAT Research Group
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química
- Universitat de Girona
- E-17071 Girona
- Spain
| | - Miquel Costas
- QBIS–CAT Research Group
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química
- Universitat de Girona
- E-17071 Girona
- Spain
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20
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Gamba I, Salvadó I, Brissos RF, Gamez P, Brea J, Loza MI, Vázquez ME, López MV. High-affinity sequence-selective DNA binding by iridium(iii) polypyridyl organometallopeptides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:1234-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc07619f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate the application of solid-phase peptide synthesis methods for assembling polynuclear Ir(iii) organometallopeptides that exhibit high DNA-binding affinity, sequence selectivity, and high cytotoxic effect towards a set of cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Gamba
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica and Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS)
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
- 15782 Santiago de Compostela
- Spain
| | - Iria Salvadó
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica and Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS)
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
- 15782 Santiago de Compostela
- Spain
| | - Rosa F. Brissos
- Departament de Química Inorgánica
- QBI
- Universitat de Barcelona
- 08028 Barcelona
- Spain
| | - Patrick Gamez
- Departament de Química Inorgánica
- QBI
- Universitat de Barcelona
- 08028 Barcelona
- Spain
| | - José Brea
- Grupo de Investigación BioFarma/Plataforma de Screening USEF
- Centro de Investigación CIMUS
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
- Spain
| | - María Isabel Loza
- Grupo de Investigación BioFarma/Plataforma de Screening USEF
- Centro de Investigación CIMUS
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
- Spain
| | - M. Eugenio Vázquez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS)
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
- 15782 Santiago de Compostela
- Spain
| | - Miguel Vázquez López
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica and Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS)
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
- 15782 Santiago de Compostela
- Spain
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21
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Penas C, Sánchez MI, Guerra-Varela J, Sanchez L, Vázquez ME, Mascareñas JL. Light-Controlled Cellular Internalization and Cytotoxicity of Nucleic Acid-Binding Agents: Studies in Vitro and in Zebrafish Embryos. Chembiochem 2016; 17:37-41. [PMID: 26534774 PMCID: PMC4766732 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We synthesized octa-arginine conjugates of DNA-binding agents (bisbenzamidine, acridine and Thiazole Orange) and demonstrated that their DNA binding and cell internalization can be inhibited by appending a (negatively charged) oligoglutamic tail through a photolabile linker. UV irradiation released the parent conjugates, thus restoring cell internalization and biological activity. Assays with zebrafish embryos demonstrates the potential of this prodrug strategy for controlling in vivo cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Penas
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais, Moleculares (CIQUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Jenaro de la Fuente s/n, Campus Vida, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Mateo I Sánchez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais, Moleculares (CIQUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Jenaro de la Fuente s/n, Campus Vida, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jorge Guerra-Varela
- Departmento de Xenética, Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Av. Carballo Calero s/n, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Laura Sanchez
- Departmento de Xenética, Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Av. Carballo Calero s/n, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - M Eugenio Vázquez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais, Moleculares (CIQUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Jenaro de la Fuente s/n, Campus Vida, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - José L Mascareñas
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais, Moleculares (CIQUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Jenaro de la Fuente s/n, Campus Vida, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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22
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Siters KE, Sander SA, Devlin JR, Morrow JR. Bifunctional Zn(II) complexes for recognition of non-canonical thymines in DNA bulges and G-quadruplexes. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:3708-16. [PMID: 25521076 DOI: 10.1039/c4dt03004d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Six Zn(II) complexes of derivatives of 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane (cyclen) were studied for binding to DNA sequences containing non-canonical thymines, including a hairpin with a single thymine bulge (T-bulge) and a G-quadruplex (H-telo) containing thymine loops. The cyclen-based macrocycles contained pendents with either two fused rings to give planar groups including quinolinone (QMC), coumarin (MCC) and quinoline (CQC) derivatives or a non-planar dansyl group (DSC). Macrocyclic complexes with three fused rings including an anthraquinone pendent (ATQ) were also studied. All Zn(II) complexes were stable in solution at micromolar concentrations and neutral pH with the Zn(L)(OH2) species prevailing for L = QMC and CQC at pH 7.5 and 100 mM NaCl. Immobilized T-bulge or H-telo G-quadruplex was used to study binding of the complexes by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) for several of the complexes. For the most part, data matched well with that obtained by isothermal calorimetry (ITC) and, for fluorescent complexes, by fluorescence titrations. Data showed that Zn(II) complexes containing planar aromatic pendents with two fused rings bound to T-bulge more tightly than complexes with non-planar pendents such as DSC. The H-telo DNA exhibited multiple binding sites for all complexes containing aromatic pendents. The complexes with two fused rings bound with low micromolar dissociation constants and two binding sites whereas a complex with three fused rings (ATQ) bound to three sites. This study shows that different pendent groups on Zn(II) cyclen complexes impart selectivity for recognition of non-canonical DNA structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin E Siters
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, USA.
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23
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Sato Y, Sato T, Sato T, Nishizawa S, Teramae N. The effect of LNA nucleobases as enhancers for the binding of amiloride to an abasic site in DNA/DNA and DNA/RNA duplexes. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 12:7250-6. [PMID: 25101634 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob00977k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We report on a significant effect of locked nucleic acid (LNA) nucleobases on the binding of amiloride for abasic site (AP)-containing DNA duplexes. Fluorescence titration experiments showed that the binding affinity of amiloride for the target thymine (T) opposite an AP site significantly improves for the DNA duplexes possessing LNA nucleobases that flank the AP site, compared to the corresponding normal DNA duplexes. In particular, LNA flanking nucleobases on both 5'- and 3'-sides of the AP site are found to be effective for the enhancement of the binding affinity. From thermodynamic characterization of the amiloride binding, the loss in the binding entropy is remarkably reduced for the LNA-containing DNA duplexes, which is indeed responsible for the enhanced affinity of amiloride. Moreover, such an effect of LNA nucleobases was also observed for amiloride binding to DNA/RNA hybrid duplexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Sato
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
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24
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Zheng J, Yang R, Shi M, Wu C, Fang X, Li Y, Li J, Tan W. Rationally designed molecular beacons for bioanalytical and biomedical applications. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:3036-55. [PMID: 25777303 PMCID: PMC4431697 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00020c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nucleic acids hold promise as biomolecules for future applications in biomedicine and biotechnology. Their well-defined structures and compositions afford unique chemical properties and biological functions. Moreover, the specificity of hydrogen-bonded Watson-Crick interactions allows the construction of nucleic acid sequences with multiple functions. In particular, the development of nucleic acid probes as essential molecular engineering tools will make a significant contribution to advancements in biosensing, bioimaging and therapy. The molecular beacon (MB), first conceptualized by Tyagi and Kramer in 1996, is an excellent example of a double-stranded nucleic acid (dsDNA) probe. Although inactive in the absence of a target, dsDNA probes can report the presence of a specific target through hybridization or a specific recognition-triggered change in conformation. MB probes are typically fluorescently labeled oligonucleotides that range from 25 to 35 nucleotides (nt) in length, and their structure can be divided into three components: stem, loop and reporter. The intrinsic merit of MBs depends on predictable design, reproducibility of synthesis, simplicity of modification, and built-in signal transduction. Using resonance energy transfer (RET) for signal transduction, MBs are further endowed with increased sensitivity, rapid response and universality, making them ideal for chemical sensing, environmental monitoring and biological imaging, in contrast to other nucleic acid probes. Furthermore, integrating MBs with targeting ligands or molecular drugs can substantially support their in vivo applications in theranositics. In this review, we survey advances in bioanalytical and biomedical applications of rationally designed MBs, as they have evolved through the collaborative efforts of many researchers. We first discuss improvements to the three components of MBs: stem, loop and reporter. The current applications of MBs in biosensing, bioimaging and therapy will then be described. In particular, we emphasize recent progress in constructing MB-based biosensors in homogeneous solution or on solid surfaces. We expect that such rationally designed and functionalized MBs will open up new and exciting avenues for biological and medical research and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zheng
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Collaborative Research Center of Molecular Engineering for Theranostics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
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25
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Giannini F, Bartoloni M, Paul LEH, Süss-Fink G, Reymond JL, Furrer J. Cytotoxic peptide conjugates of dinuclear arene ruthenium trithiolato complexes. MEDCHEMCOMM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4md00433g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Novel dinuclear arene ruthenium trithiolato complexes containing a water-soluble peptide moiety in one of the three thiolato bridges were designed and evaluated against A2780 human ovarian cancer cells and against their cisplatin-resistant mutant A2780cisR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Giannini
- Departement für Chemie und Biochemie
- Universität Bern
- CH-3012 Bern
- Switzerland
| | - Marco Bartoloni
- Departement für Chemie und Biochemie
- Universität Bern
- CH-3012 Bern
- Switzerland
| | - Lydia E. H. Paul
- Departement für Chemie und Biochemie
- Universität Bern
- CH-3012 Bern
- Switzerland
| | - Georg Süss-Fink
- Institut de Chimie
- Université de Neuchâtel
- CH-2000 Neuchâtel
- Switzerland
| | - Jean-Louis Reymond
- Departement für Chemie und Biochemie
- Universität Bern
- CH-3012 Bern
- Switzerland
| | - Julien Furrer
- Departement für Chemie und Biochemie
- Universität Bern
- CH-3012 Bern
- Switzerland
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26
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Shi G, Monro S, Hennigar R, Colpitts J, Fong J, Kasimova K, Yin H, DeCoste R, Spencer C, Chamberlain L, Mandel A, Lilge L, McFarland SA. Ru(II) dyads derived from α-oligothiophenes: A new class of potent and versatile photosensitizers for PDT. Coord Chem Rev 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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27
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Shiu HY, Chong HC, Leung YC, Zou T, Che CM. Phosphorescent proteins for bio-imaging and site selective bio-conjugation of peptides and proteins with luminescent cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:4375-8. [PMID: 24643302 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc48376b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A new bio-conjugation reaction for site selective modification of proteins and peptides with phosphorescent iridium(III) complexes has been developed; the Ir(III)-modified proteins and peptides display long emission lifetimes and large Stoke shifts that can be used for bio-imaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoi-Yan Shiu
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Functional Materials and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China.
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28
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Gasser G. Preparation of metal-containing peptide nucleic acid bioconjugates on the solid phase. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1050:55-72. [PMID: 24297350 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-553-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) are a class of artificial DNA/RNA analogues that have unique physicochemical properties, which include a high chemical stability, resistance to nucleases and proteases, and higher mismatch sensitivity than DNA. PNAs were initially anticipated to be useful for application in antisense and antigene therapies; however, their poor cellular uptake has limited their use for such purposes in the "real world." Recently, it has been shown that the addition of metal complexes to these oligonucleotide analogues could open up new avenues for their utilization in various research fields. Such metallo-constructs have shown great promise, for a diverse range of applications, most notably in the biosensing area. In this book chapter, we report on the recent synthetic advances towards the preparation of these "(multi-)metallic PNAs" on the solid phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Gasser
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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29
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Jiang GB, Yao JH, Wang J, Li W, Han BJ, Xie YY, Lin GJ, Huang HL, Liu YJ. The induction of apoptosis in BEL-7402 cells through the ROS-mediated mitochondrial pathway by a ruthenium(ii) polypyridyl complex. NEW J CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3nj01467c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro cytotoxicity, apoptosis, cellular uptake, cell cycle arrest, ROS, mitochondrial membrane potential, western blot analysis and DNA-binding induced by Ru1 were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Bin Jiang
- School of Pharmacy
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
- Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jun-Hua Yao
- Instrumentation Analysis and Research Center
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Ji Wang
- School of Pharmacy
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
- Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Pharmacy
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
- Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Bing-Jie Han
- School of Pharmacy
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
- Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yang-Yin Xie
- School of Pharmacy
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
- Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Gan-Jian Lin
- School of Pharmacy
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
- Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Hong-Liang Huang
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutical
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
- Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yun-Jun Liu
- School of Pharmacy
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
- Guangzhou, PR China
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30
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Granzhan A, Kotera N, Teulade-Fichou MP. Finding needles in a basestack: recognition of mismatched base pairs in DNA by small molecules. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:3630-65. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60455a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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McConnell AJ, Song H, Barton JK. Luminescence of [Ru(bpy)2(dppz)]2+ bound to RNA mismatches. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:10131-6. [PMID: 23968195 DOI: 10.1021/ic401531r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The luminescence of rac-[Ru(bpy)2(dppz)](2+) (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine and dppz = dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine) was explored in the presence of RNA oligonucleotides containing a single RNA mismatch (CA and GG) in order to develop a probe for RNA mismatches. While there is minimal luminescence of [Ru(bpy)2(dppz)](2+) in the presence of matched RNA due to weak binding, the luminescence is significantly enhanced in the presence of a single CA mismatch. The luminescence differential between CA mismatched and matched RNA is substantially higher compared to the DNA analogue, and therefore, [Ru(bpy)2(dppz)](2+) appears to be also a sensitive light switch probe for a CA mismatch in duplex RNA. Although the luminescence intensity is lower in the presence of RNA than DNA, Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) between the donor ruthenium complex and FRET acceptor SYTO 61 is successfully exploited to amplify the luminescence in the presence of the mismatch. Luminescence and quenching studies with sodium iodide suggest that [Ru(bpy)2(dppz)](2+) binds to these mismatches via metalloinsertion from the minor groove. This work provides further evidence that metalloinsertion is a general binding mode of octahedral metal complexes to thermodynamically destabilized mismatches not only in DNA but also in RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna J McConnell
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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33
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Gamba I, Salvadó I, Rama G, Bertazzon M, Sánchez MI, Sánchez-Pedregal VM, Martínez-Costas J, Brissos RF, Gamez P, Mascareñas JL, Vázquez López M, Vázquez ME. Custom-fit ruthenium(II) metallopeptides: a new twist to DNA binding with coordination compounds. Chemistry 2013; 19:13369-75. [PMID: 23943195 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201301629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A new bipyridine building block has been used for the solid-phase synthesis of dinuclear DNA-binding ruthenium(II) metallopeptides. Detailed spectroscopic studies suggest that these compounds bind to the DNA by insertion into the DNA minor groove. Moreover, the potential of the solid-phase peptide synthesis approach is demonstrated by the straightforward synthesis of an octaarginine derivative that shows effective cellular internalization and cytotoxicity linked with strong DNA interaction, as evidenced by steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy and AFM studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Gamba
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela (Spain)
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Marcélis L, Moucheron C, Kirsch-De Mesmaeker A. Ru-TAP complexes and DNA: from photo-induced electron transfer to gene photo-silencing in living cells. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2013; 371:20120131. [PMID: 23776293 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2012.0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this review, examples of applications of the photo-induced electron transfer (PET) process between photo-oxidizing Ru-TAP (TAP = 1,4,5,8-tetraazaphenanthrene) complexes and DNA or oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) are discussed. Applications using a free Ru-TAP complex (not chemically anchored to an ODN) are first considered. In this case, the PET gives rise to the production of an irreversible adduct of the Ru complex on a guanine (G) base, with formation of a covalent bond. After absorption of a second photon, this adduct can generate a bi-adduct, whereby the same complex binds to a second G moiety. These bi-adduct formations are responsible for photo-cross-linking between two strands of a duplex, each containing a G base, or between two G moieties of a single strand such as a telomeric sequence, as demonstrated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analyses or mass spectrometry. Scanning force microscopy also allows the detection of such photobridgings with plasmid DNA. Other applications, for example with Ru-ODN, i.e. ODN with chemically anchored Ru-TAP complexes, are also discussed. It is shown that such Ru-ODN probes containing a G base in their own sequences are capable of photo-cross-linking selectively with their targeted complementary sequences, and, in the absence of such targets, they self-photo-inhibit. Such processes are applied successfully in gene photo-silencing of human papillomavirus cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Marcélis
- Chimie Organique et Photochimie, Université libre de Bruxelles, CP 160/08, 50 Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
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Núñez C, Silva López C, Faza ON, Fernández-Lodeiro J, Diniz M, Bastida R, Capelo JL, Lodeiro C. Bis(o-methylserotonin)-containing iridium(III) and ruthenium(II) complexes as new cellular imaging dyes: synthesis, applications, and photophysical and computational studies. J Biol Inorg Chem 2013; 18:679-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-013-1013-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Abstract
The discovery of cisplatin as a therapeutic agent stimulated a new era in the application of transition metal complexes for therapeutic design. Here we describe recent results on a variety of transition metal complexes targeted to DNA to illustrate many of the issues involved in new therapeutic design. We describe first structural studies of complexes bound covalently and non-covalently to DNA to identify potential lesions within the cell. We then review the biological fates of these complexes, illustrating the key elements in obtaining potent activity, the importance of uptake and subcellular localization of the complexes, as well as the techniques used to delineate these characteristics. Genomic DNA provides a challenging but valuable target for new transition metal-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacqueline K. Barton
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena CA 91125, USA. Fax: 626-577-4976; Tel: 626-395-6075;
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Li C, Liu Y, Wu Y, Sun Y, Li F. The cellular uptake and localization of non-emissive iridium(III) complexes as cellular reaction-based luminescence probes. Biomaterials 2013; 34:1223-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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McConnell AJ, Lim MH, Olmon ED, Song H, Dervan EE, Barton JK. Luminescent properties of ruthenium(II) complexes with sterically expansive ligands bound to DNA defects. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:12511-20. [PMID: 23113594 DOI: 10.1021/ic3019524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A new family of ruthenium(II) complexes with sterically expansive ligands for targeting DNA defects was prepared, and their luminescent responses to base pair mismatches and/or abasic sites were investigated. Design of the complexes sought to combine the mismatch specificity of sterically expansive metalloinsertors, such as [Rh(bpy)2(chrysi)](3+) (chrysi = chrysene-5,6-quinone diimine), and the light switch behavior of [Ru(bpy)2(dppz)](2+) (dppz = dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine). In one approach, complexes bearing analogues of chrysi incorporating hydrogen-bonding functionality similar to dppz were synthesized. While the complexes show luminescence only at low temperatures (77 K), competition experiments with [Ru(bpy)2(dppz)](2+) at ambient temperatures reveal that the chrysi derivatives preferentially bind DNA mismatches. In another approach, various substituents were introduced onto the dppz ligand to increase its steric bulk for mismatch binding while maintaining planarity. Steady state luminescence and luminescence lifetime measurements reveal that these dppz derivative complexes behave as DNA "light switches" but that the selectivity in binding and luminescence with mismatched/abasic versus well-matched DNA is not high. In all cases, luminescence depends sensitively upon structural perturbations to the dppz ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna J McConnell
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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Li SPY, Tang TSM, Yiu KSM, Lo KKW. Cyclometalated Iridium(III)-Polyamine Complexes with Intense and Long-Lived Multicolor Phosphorescence: Synthesis, Crystal Structure, Photophysical Behavior, Cellular Uptake, and Transfection Properties. Chemistry 2012; 18:13342-54. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201200979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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40
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Davis KJ, Carrall JA, Lai B, Aldrich-Wright JR, Ralph SF, Dillon CT. Does cytotoxicity of metallointercalators correlate with cellular uptake or DNA affinity? Dalton Trans 2012; 41:9417-26. [PMID: 22740039 DOI: 10.1039/c2dt30217a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The cytotoxicity of the metallointercalators, [Pt(5,6-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline)(trans-1R,2R-diaminocyclohexane)](2+) ([56MERR]) and [Pt(5,6-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline)(trans-1S,2S-diaminocyclohexane)](2+) ([56MESS]), towards A549 human lung cancer cells was examined using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The IC(50) value obtained following exposure of A549 cells to [56MESS] for 4 h was approximately three times smaller than that obtained when [56MERR] was administered under the same conditions, indicating that the former complex displayed greater cytotoxicity. Both IC(50) values were greater than that obtained after exposure of A549 cells to cisplatin, demonstrating that the latter compound was the most cytotoxic of the three examined. Microprobe synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence (SR-XRF) analyses of metallointercalator-treated A549 cells showed that platinum became localised in DNA-rich regions of the nucleus. In contrast, when the same cells were treated with cisplatin the metal became distributed throughout the cell. Determination of the maximum concentration of platinum present inside the cells using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry (GFAAS) of platinum-treated cells suggested that there was greater uptake of [56MERR] compared to [56MESS] by the A549 cells, and that platinum uptake did not account for the greater toxicity of [56MESS], as assessed by the MTT assay. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometric (ESI-MS) and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopic studies of solutions containing either [56MERR] or [56MESS], and a duplex hexadecamer molecule, showed the two metallointercalators displayed very similar affinity towards the nucleic acid. Overall these results indicate that the difference in cytotoxicity of the two platinum metallointercalators is probably the result of variations in their interactions with other cellular components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley J Davis
- Centre for Medicinal Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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Koshkaryev A, Piroyan A, Torchilin VP. Bleomycin in octaarginine-modified fusogenic liposomes results in improved tumor growth inhibition. Cancer Lett 2012; 334:293-301. [PMID: 22743614 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bleomycin (BLM) is an example of an anticancer drug that should be delivered into cytosol for its efficient therapeutic action. With this in mind, we developed octaarginine (R8)-modified fusogenic DOPE-liposomes (R8-DOPE-BLM). R8-modification dramatically increased (up to 50-fold) the cell-liposome interaction. R8-DOPE-liposomes were internalized via macropinocytosis and did not end up in the lysosomes. R8-DOPE-BLM led to a significantly stronger cell death and DNA damage in vitro relative to all controls. R8-DOPE-BLM demonstrated a prominent anticancer effect in the BALB/c mice bearing 4T1 tumors. Thus, R8-DOPE-BLM provided efficient intracellular delivery of BLM leading to strong tumor growth inhibition in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Koshkaryev
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology & Nanomedicine, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Lo KKW, Choi AWT, Law WHT. Applications of luminescent inorganic and organometallic transition metal complexes as biomolecular and cellular probes. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:6021-47. [DOI: 10.1039/c2dt11892k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Barragán F, López-Senín P, Salassa L, Betanzos-Lara S, Habtemariam A, Moreno V, Sadler PJ, Marchán V. Photocontrolled DNA binding of a receptor-targeted organometallic ruthenium(II) complex. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:14098-108. [PMID: 21797210 DOI: 10.1021/ja205235m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A photoactivated ruthenium(II) arene complex has been conjugated to two receptor-binding peptides, a dicarba analogue of octreotide and the Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) tripeptide. These peptides can act as "tumor-targeting devices" since their receptors are overexpressed on the membranes of tumor cells. Both ruthenium-peptide conjugates are stable in aqueous solution in the dark, but upon irradiation with visible light, the pyridyl-derivatized peptides were selectively photodissociated from the ruthenium complex, as inferred by UV-vis and NMR spectroscopy. Importantly, the reactive aqua species generated from the conjugates, [(η(6)-p-cym)Ru(bpm)(H(2)O)](2+), reacted with the model DNA nucleobase 9-ethylguanine as well as with guanines of two DNA sequences, (5')dCATGGCT and (5')dAGCCATG. Interestingly, when irradiation was performed in the presence of the oligonucleotides, a new ruthenium adduct involving both guanines was formed as a consequence of the photodriven loss of p-cymene from the two monofunctional adducts. The release of the arene ligand and the formation of a ruthenated product with a multidentate binding mode might have important implications for the biological activity of such photoactivated ruthenium(II) arene complexes. Finally, photoreactions with the peptide-oligonucleotide hybrid, Phac-His-Gly-Met-linker-p(5')dCATGGCT, also led to arene release and to guanine adducts, including a GG chelate. The lack of interaction with the peptide fragment confirms the preference of such organometallic ruthenium(II) complexes for guanine over other potential biological ligands, such as histidine or methionine amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Barragán
- Departament de Química Orgànica and IBUB, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
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Lo KK, Zhang KY, Li SP. Recent Exploitation of Luminescent Rhenium(I) Tricarbonyl Polypyridine Complexes as Biomolecular and Cellular Probes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201100469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Kam‐Wing Lo
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China, Fax: +852‐3442‐0522
| | - Kenneth Yin Zhang
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China, Fax: +852‐3442‐0522
| | - Steve Po‐Yam Li
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China, Fax: +852‐3442‐0522
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Tian X, Gill MR, Cantón I, Thomas JA, Battaglia G. Live Cell Luminescence Imaging As a Function of Delivery Mechanism. Chembiochem 2011; 12:548-51. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201000743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Rijt SHV, Kostrhunova H, Brabec V, Sadler PJ. Functionalization of Osmium Arene Anticancer Complexes with (Poly)arginine: Effect on Cellular Uptake, Internalization, and Cytotoxicity. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:218-26. [DOI: 10.1021/bc100369p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine H. van Rijt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Hana Kostrhunova
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Kralovopolska 135, CZ-61265 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Viktor Brabec
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Kralovopolska 135, CZ-61265 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Peter J. Sadler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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Wedlock LE, Berners-Price SJ. Recent Advances in Mapping the Sub-cellular Distribution of Metal-Based Anticancer Drugs. Aust J Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1071/ch11132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
There are increasing reports of novel metal-based chemotherapeutics that have either improved cancer cell selectivity, or alternative mechanisms of action, to existing anticancer drugs, and techniques are required for determining their sub-cellular molecular targets. Imaging methods offer many distinct advantages over destructive fractionation techniques, including the preservation of useful morphological information; however, mapping the intracellular distribution of metal ions inside tumour cells still remains challenging. Recent advances in three modes of imaging are discussed in this review, with a particular focus on the application to metal-based cancer chemotherapy – fluorescence microscopy, electron microscopy (including energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy (EFTEM)), and a new technique, Nano-scale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS).
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Jones JE, Kariuki BM, Ward BD, Pope SJA. Amino-anthraquinone chromophores functionalised with 3-picolyl units: structures, luminescence, DFT and their coordination chemistry with cationic Re(i) di-imine complexes. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:3498-509. [DOI: 10.1039/c0dt01383h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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50
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Synthesis, properties, and live-cell imaging studies of luminescent cyclometalated iridium(III) polypyridine complexes containing two or three biotin pendants. Inorg Chem 2010; 48:6011-25. [PMID: 19480459 DOI: 10.1021/ic900412n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Three luminescent cyclometalated iridium(III) bis-biotin complexes [Ir(N(wedge)C)(2)(N(wedge)N)](PF(6)) (HN(wedge)C = 2-(4-(N-(6-(biotinamido)hexyl)aminomethyl)phenyl)pyridine, HppyC6B, N(wedge)N = 2,2'-bipyridine, bpy (1); HN(wedge)C = 2-phenylpyridine, Hppy, N(wedge)N = 4,4'-bis((2-(biotinamido)ethyl)aminocarbonyl)-2,2'-bipyridine, bpyC2B2 (2); HN(wedge)C = Hppy, N(wedge)N = 4,4'-bis((2-((6-(biotinamido)hexanoyl)amino)ethyl)aminocarbonyl)-2,2'-bipyridine, bpyC2C6B2 (3)) and one tris-biotin complex [Ir(ppyC6B)(2)(bpyC6B)](PF(6)) (bpyC6B = 4-((6-(biotinamido)hexyl)aminocarbonyl)-4'-methyl-2,2'-bipyridine) (4) have been synthesized and characterized. The biotin-free complex [Ir(ppy)(2)(bpyC4)](PF(6)) (bpyC4 = 4,4'-bis(n-butylaminocarbonyl)-2,2'-bipyridine) (5) has also been prepared for comparison studies. Upon photoexcitation, all the complexes displayed intense and long-lived greenish-yellow to red triplet metal-to-ligand charge-transfer ((3)MLCT) (dpi (Ir) --> pi*(N(wedge)N)) emission in fluid solutions at room temperature and in low-temperature glass. Cyclic voltammetric studies revealed iridium(IV/III) oxidation at about +1.21 to + 1.29 V and diimine-based reductions at about -1.07 to -1.39 V versus SCE. The interactions of the bis-biotin and tris-biotin complexes with avidin have been studied by 4'-hydroxyazobenzene-2-carboxylic acid (HABA) assays, emission titrations, and dissociation assays. The possibility of these complexes as cross-linkers for avidin has been examined by microscopy studies using avidin-conjugated green fluororescent microspheres and size-exclusion HPLC analysis. Utilization of these luminescent iridium(III) biotin complexes in signal amplification has been demonstrated using avidin-coated nonfluorescent microspheres and complex 3 as an example. Additionally, the lipophilicity of all the complexes has been determined by reversed-phase HPLC. The cytotoxicity of these iridium(III) complexes toward the human cervix epithelioid carcinoma (HeLa) cell line has been evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays. Furthermore, the cellular uptake of the complexes has been examined by ICP-MS, laser-scanning confocal microscopy, and flow cytometry.
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