1
|
Starikova EA, Rubinstein AA, Mammedova JT, Isakov DV, Kudryavtsev IV. Regulated Arginine Metabolism in Immunopathogenesis of a Wide Range of Diseases: Is There a Way to Pass between Scylla and Charybdis? Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:3525-3551. [PMID: 37185755 PMCID: PMC10137093 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45040231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
More than a century has passed since arginine was discovered, but the metabolism of the amino acid never ceases to amaze researchers. Being a conditionally essential amino acid, arginine performs many important homeostatic functions in the body; it is involved in the regulation of the cardiovascular system and regeneration processes. In recent years, more and more facts have been accumulating that demonstrate a close relationship between arginine metabolic pathways and immune responses. This opens new opportunities for the development of original ways to treat diseases associated with suppressed or increased activity of the immune system. In this review, we analyze the literature describing the role of arginine metabolism in the immunopathogenesis of a wide range of diseases, and discuss arginine-dependent processes as a possible target for therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora A Starikova
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Akademika Pavlova 12, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Medical Faculty, First Saint Petersburg State I. Pavlov Medical University, L'va Tolstogo St. 6-8, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Artem A Rubinstein
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Akademika Pavlova 12, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Jennet T Mammedova
- Laboratory of General Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Akademika Pavlova 12, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Dmitry V Isakov
- Medical Faculty, First Saint Petersburg State I. Pavlov Medical University, L'va Tolstogo St. 6-8, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Igor V Kudryavtsev
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Akademika Pavlova 12, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, FEFU Campus, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Towards Arginase Inhibition: Hybrid SAR Protocol for Property Mapping of Chlorinated N-arylcinnamamides. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043611. [PMID: 36835023 PMCID: PMC9968098 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of seventeen 4-chlorocinnamanilides and seventeen 3,4-dichlorocinnamanilides were characterized for their antiplasmodial activity. In vitro screening on a chloroquine-sensitive strain of Plasmodium falciparum 3D7/MRA-102 highlighted that 23 compounds possessed IC50 < 30 µM. Typically, 3,4-dichlorocinnamanilides showed a broader range of activity compared to 4-chlorocinnamanilides. (2E)-N-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)prop-2-en-amide with IC50 = 1.6 µM was the most effective agent, while the other eight most active derivatives showed IC50 in the range from 1.8 to 4.6 µM. A good correlation between the experimental logk and the estimated clogP was recorded for the whole ensemble of the lipophilicity generators. Moreover, the SAR-mediated similarity assessment of the novel (di)chlorinated N-arylcinnamamides was conducted using the collaborative (hybrid) ligand-based and structure-related protocols. In consequence, an 'averaged' selection-driven interaction pattern was produced based in namely 'pseudo-consensus' 3D pharmacophore mapping. The molecular docking approach was engaged for the most potent antiplasmodial agents in order to gain an insight into the arginase-inhibitor binding mode. The docking study revealed that (di)chlorinated aromatic (C-phenyl) rings are oriented towards the binuclear manganese cluster in the energetically favorable poses of the chloroquine and the most potent arginase inhibitors. Additionally, the water-mediated hydrogen bonds were formed via carbonyl function present in the new N-arylcinnamamides and the fluorine substituent (alone or in trifluoromethyl group) of N-phenyl ring seems to play a key role in forming the halogen bonds.
Collapse
|
3
|
Omar M, Abdelal HO. Nitric oxide in parasitic infections: a friend or foe? J Parasit Dis 2022; 46:1147-1163. [PMID: 36457767 PMCID: PMC9606182 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-022-01518-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex interaction between the host and the parasite remains a puzzling question. Control of parasitic infections requires an efficient immune response that must be balanced against destructive pathological consequences. Nitric oxide is a nitrogenous free radical which has many molecular targets and serves diverse functions. Apart from being a signaling messenger, nitric oxide is critical for controlling numerous infections. There is still controversy surrounding the exact role of nitric oxide in the immune response against different parasitic species. It proved protective against intracellular protozoa, as well as extracellular helminths. At the same time, it plays a pivotal role in stimulating detrimental pathological changes in the infected hosts. Several reports have discussed the anti-parasitic and immunoregulatory functions of nitric oxide, which could directly influence the control of the infection. Nevertheless, there is scarce literature addressing the harmful cytotoxic impacts of this mediator. Thus, this review provides insights into the most updated concepts and controversies regarding the dual nature and opposing sides of nitric oxide during the course of different parasitic infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Omar
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Gameyet Almohafza St. 1, Menya Al-Kamh, City of Zagazig, 44511 Sharkia Governorate Egypt
| | - Heba O. Abdelal
- LIS: Cross-National Data Center, Maison des Sciences Humaines - 5e étage, 11- porte des Sciences, L-4366 Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Insights into Antimalarial Activity of N-Phenyl-Substituted Cinnamanilides. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27227799. [PMID: 36431900 PMCID: PMC9698057 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Due to the urgent need of innovation in the antimalarial therapeutic arsenal, a series of thirty-seven ring-substituted N-arylcinnamanilides prepared by microwave-assisted synthesis were subjected to primary screening against the chloroquine-sensitive strain of P. falciparum 3D7/MRA-102. The lipophilicity of all compounds was experimentally determined as the logarithm of the capacity factor k, and these data were subsequently used in the discussion of structure-activity relationships. Among the screened compounds, fourteen derivatives exhibited IC50 from 0.58 to 31 µM, whereas (2E)-N-(4-bromo-2-chlorophenyl)-3-phenylprop-2-enamide (24) was the most effective agent (IC50 = 0.58 µM). In addition, (2E)-N-[2,6-dibromo-4-(trifluoromethyl)- phenyl]-3-phenylprop-2-enamide (36), (2E)-N-[4-nitro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-phenylprop- 2-enamide (18), (2E)-N-(2-bromo-5-fluorophenyl)-3-phenylprop-2-enamide (23), and (2E)-3-phenyl-N-(3,4,5-trichlorophenyl)prop-2-enamide (33) demonstrated efficacy in the IC50 range from 2.0 to 4.3 µM, comparable to the clinically used standard chloroquine. The results of a cell viability screening performed using THP1-Blue™ NF-κB cells showed that none of these highly active compounds displayed any significant cytotoxic effect up to 20 μM, which makes them promising Plasmodium selective substances for further investigations.
Collapse
|
5
|
Muller J, Attia R, Zedet A, Girard C, Pudlo M. An Update on Arginase Inhibitors and Inhibitory Assays. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 22:1963-1976. [PMID: 34967285 DOI: 10.2174/1389557522666211229105703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Arginase, which converts arginine into ornithine and urea, is a promising therapeutic target. Arginase is involved in cardiovascular diseases, parasitic infections and, through a critical role in immunity, in some cancers. There is a need to develop effective arginase inhibitors and therefore efforts to identify and optimize new inhibitors are increasing. Several methods of evaluating arginase activity are available, but few directly measure the product. Radiometric assays need to separate urea and dying reactions require acidic conditions and sometimes heating. Hence, there are a variety of different approaches available, and each approach has its own limits and benefits. In this review, we provide an update on arginase inhibitors, followed by a discussion on available arginase assays and alternative methods, with a focus on the intrinsic biases and parameters that are likely to impact results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Muller
- PEPITE EA4267, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-25030 Besançon, France
| | - Rym Attia
- PEPITE EA4267, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-25030 Besançon, France
| | - Andy Zedet
- PEPITE EA4267, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-25030 Besançon, France
| | - Corine Girard
- PEPITE EA4267, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-25030 Besançon, France
| | - Marc Pudlo
- PEPITE EA4267, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-25030 Besançon, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cook AD, Roberts AJ, Atherton J, Tewari R, Topf M, Moores CA. Cryo-EM structure of a microtubule-bound parasite kinesin motor and implications for its mechanism and inhibition. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101063. [PMID: 34375637 PMCID: PMC8526983 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium parasites cause malaria and are responsible annually for hundreds of thousands of deaths. Kinesins are a superfamily of microtubule-dependent ATPases that play important roles in the parasite replicative machinery, which is a potential target for antiparasite drugs. Kinesin-5, a molecular motor that cross-links microtubules, is an established antimitotic target in other disease contexts, but its mechanism in Plasmodium falciparum is unclear. Here, we characterized P. falciparum kinesin-5 (PfK5) using cryo-EM to determine the motor's nucleotide-dependent microtubule-bound structure and introduced 3D classification of individual motors into our microtubule image processing pipeline to maximize our structural insights. Despite sequence divergence in PfK5, the motor exhibits classical kinesin mechanochemistry, including ATP-induced subdomain rearrangement and cover neck bundle formation, consistent with its plus-ended directed motility. We also observed that an insertion in loop5 of the PfK5 motor domain creates a different environment in the well-characterized human kinesin-5 drug-binding site. Our data reveal the possibility for selective inhibition of PfK5 and can be used to inform future exploration of Plasmodium kinesins as antiparasite targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D Cook
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony J Roberts
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Atherton
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rita Tewari
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Maya Topf
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carolyn A Moores
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li M, Qin J, Xiong K, Jiang B, Zhang T. Review of arginase as a promising biocatalyst: characteristics, preparation, applications and future challenges. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 42:651-667. [PMID: 34612104 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1947962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
As a committed step in the urea cycle, arginase cleaves l-arginine to form l-ornithine and urea. l-Ornithine is essential to: cell proliferation, collagen formation and other physiological functions, while the urea cycle itself converts highly toxic ammonia to urea for excretion. Recently, arginase was exploited as an efficient catalyst for the environmentally friendly synthesis of l-ornithine, an abundant nonprotein amino acid that is widely employed as a food supplement and nutrition product. It was also proposed as an arginine-reducing agent in order to treat arginase deficiency and to be a means of depleting arginine to treat arginine auxotrophic tumors. Targeting arginase inhibitors of the arginase/ornithine pathway offers great promise as a therapy for: cardiovascular, central nervous system diseases and cancers with high arginase expression. In this review, recent advances in the characteristics, structure, catalytic mechanism and preparation of arginase were summarized, with a focus being placed on the biotechnical and medical applications of arginase. In particular, perspectives have been presented on the challenges and opportunities for the environmentally friendly utilization of arginase during l-ornithine production and in therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiufu Qin
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kai Xiong
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Bo Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.,International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Immunosuppression in Malaria: Do Plasmodium falciparum Parasites Hijack the Host? Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10101277. [PMID: 34684226 PMCID: PMC8536967 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10101277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria reflects not only a state of immune activation, but also a state of general immune defect or immunosuppression, of complex etiology that can last longer than the actual episode. Inhabitants of malaria-endemic regions with lifelong exposure to the parasite show an exhausted or immune regulatory profile compared to non- or minimally exposed subjects. Several studies and experiments to identify and characterize the cause of this malaria-related immunosuppression have shown that malaria suppresses humoral and cellular responses to both homologous (Plasmodium) and heterologous antigens (e.g., vaccines). However, neither the underlying mechanisms nor the relative involvement of different types of immune cells in immunosuppression during malaria is well understood. Moreover, the implication of the parasite during the different stages of the modulation of immunity has not been addressed in detail. There is growing evidence of a role of immune regulators and cellular components in malaria that may lead to immunosuppression that needs further research. In this review, we summarize the current evidence on how malaria parasites may directly and indirectly induce immunosuppression and investigate the potential role of specific cell types, effector molecules and other immunoregulatory factors.
Collapse
|
9
|
Borek B, Gajda T, Golebiowski A, Blaszczyk R. Boronic acid-based arginase inhibitors in cancer immunotherapy. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115658. [PMID: 32828425 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Arginase is an enzyme that converts l-arginine to l-ornithine and urea in the urea cycle. There are two isoforms of arginase in mammals: ARG-1 and ARG-2. l-Arginine level changes occur in patients with various types of affliction. An overexpression of arginase leads to the depletion of arginine and then to inhibition of the growth of T and NK cells, and in effect to the tumor escape of the immune response. Based on those observations, an inhibition of arginase is proposed as a method to improve anti-tumor immune responses (via an activation and proliferation of T and NK cells). Boronic acid derivatives as arginase inhibitors are leading, potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of several diseases. All these compounds are derived from the original 2-(S)-amino-6-boronohexanoic acid (ABH), the first boronic acid arginase inhibitor proposed by Christianson et al. This article focuses on the review of such sub-class of arginase inhibitors and highlights their SAR and PK properties. It covers molecules published until early 2020, including patent applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bartlomiej Borek
- OncoArendi Therapeutics SA, 101 Żwirki i Wigury St, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Tadeusz Gajda
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Technical University of Lodz, 116 Stefana Żeromskiego St, 90-924 Łódź, Poland
| | - Adam Golebiowski
- OncoArendi Therapeutics SA, 101 Żwirki i Wigury St, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Roman Blaszczyk
- OncoArendi Therapeutics SA, 101 Żwirki i Wigury St, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Oda K, Shimotani N, Kuroda T, Matoba Y. Crystal structure of an N ω-hydroxy-L-arginine hydrolase found in the D-cycloserine biosynthetic pathway. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D-STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2020; 76:506-514. [PMID: 32496212 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798320004908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
DcsB, one of the enzymes encoded in the D-cycloserine (D-CS) biosynthetic gene cluster, displays a high sequence homology to arginase, which contains two manganese ions in the active site. However, DcsB hydrolyzes Nω-hydroxy-L-arginine, but not L-arginine, to supply hydroxyurea for the biosynthesis of D-CS. Here, the crystal structure of DcsB was determined at a resolution of 1.5 Å using anomalous scattering from the manganese ions. In the crystal structure, DscB generates an artificial dimer created by the open and closed forms. Gel-filtration analysis demonstrated that DcsB is a monomeric protein, unlike arginase, which forms a trimeric structure. The active center containing the binuclear manganese cluster differs between DcsB and arginase. In DcsB, one of the ligands of the MnA ion is a cysteine, while the corresponding residue in arginase is a histidine. In addition, DcsB has no counterpart to the histidine residue that acts as a general acid/base during the catalytic reaction of arginase. The present study demonstrates that DcsB has a unique active site that differs from that of arginase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Oda
- Department of Virology, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Natsuki Shimotani
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Teruo Kuroda
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Matoba
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Parasites undergo complex life cycles that comprise a wide variety of cellular differentiation events in different host compartments and transmission across multiple hosts. As parasites depend on host resources, it is not surprising they have developed efficient mechanisms to sense alterations and adapt to the available resources in a wide range of environments. Here we provide an overview of the nutritional needs of different parasites throughout their diverse life stages and highlight recent insights into strategies that both hosts and parasites have developed to meet these nutritional requirements needed for defense, survival, and replication. These studies will provide the foundation for a systems-level understanding of host-parasite interactions, which will require the integration of molecular, epidemiologic, and mechanistic data and the application of interdisciplinary approaches to model parasite regulatory networks that are triggered by alterations in host resources.
Collapse
|
12
|
Corbett Y, D'Alessandro S, Parapini S, Scaccabarozzi D, Kalantari P, Zava S, Giavarini F, Caruso D, Colombo I, Egan TJ, Basilico N. Interplay between Plasmodium falciparum haemozoin and L-arginine: implication for nitric oxide production. Malar J 2018; 17:456. [PMID: 30522493 PMCID: PMC6282336 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2602-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium falciparum haemozoin, a detoxification product of digested haemoglobin from infected erythrocytes, is released into the bloodstream upon schizont rupture and accumulates in leukocytes. High levels of haemozoin correlate with disease severity. Some studies have shown that concentrations of the substrate of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), l-arginine, as well as nitric oxide are low in patients infected with P. falciparum malaria. The present study investigates, in vitro, the role of P. falciparum haemozoin on nitric oxide production, iNOS expression in macrophages, and the possible interaction between l-arginine and haemozoin. Methods Plasmodium falciparum haemozoin was obtained from in vitro cultures through magnetic isolation. Phagocytosis of haemozoin by immortalized bone marrow derived macrophages was detected by confocal reflection combined with fluorescence microscopy. Nitrite concentrations in the supernatants was evaluated by Griess assay as a standard indication of nitric oxide production, while iNOS expression was detected on cell extracts by western blotting. Detection of l-arginine in haemozoin-treated or untreated media was achieved by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). Results Haemozoin synergizes in vitro with interferon-gamma to produce nitric oxide. However, when mouse macrophages were stimulated with haemozoin, a proportional increase of nitric oxide was observed up to 25 μM of haemozoin, followed by a decrease with doses up to 100 μM, when nitric oxide release was completely abrogated. This was not due to reactive oxygen species production, nor to an effect on iNOS activity. Interestingly, when at 24 h, haemozoin-treated macrophages were washed and incubated in fresh medium for further 24 h, the nitric oxide production was restored in a dose–response manner. Similar results were seen when l-arginine-enriched media was used in the stimulation. Moreover, muramyldipeptide, a strong nitric oxide inducer, was unable to activate macrophages to release nitric oxide in the presence of haemozoin-treated medium. By LC–MS/MS a complete depletion of l-arginine was observed in this haemozoin-treated, conditioned medium. Conclusions It is proposed that haemozoin interacts with l-arginine reducing its availability for iNOS, and thus decreasing nitric oxide production. The clinical (or pathological) implications of these results are discussed. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12936-018-2602-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Corbett
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, MI, Italy. .,Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, MI, Italy.
| | - Sarah D'Alessandro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, MI, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Chirurgiche e Odontoiatriche, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, MI, Italy
| | - Silvia Parapini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, MI, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Chirurgiche e Odontoiatriche, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, MI, Italy
| | - Diletta Scaccabarozzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, MI, Italy
| | - Parisa Kalantari
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Stefania Zava
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, MI, Italy
| | - Flavio Giavarini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, MI, Italy
| | - Donatella Caruso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, MI, Italy
| | - Irma Colombo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, MI, Italy
| | - Timothy J Egan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Nicoletta Basilico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Chirurgiche e Odontoiatriche, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, MI, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Negi A, Bhandari N, Shyamlal BRK, Chaudhary S. Inverse docking based screening and identification of protein targets for Cassiarin alkaloids against Plasmodium falciparum. Saudi Pharm J 2018; 26:546-567. [PMID: 29844728 PMCID: PMC5961758 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2018.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Various reports have shown Cassiarin alkaloids, selective in vitro activities against various strains of Plasmodium falciparum with low cytotoxicity, which indicates their possible candidature as antimalarial drug. However, poor recognition of their protein targets and molecular binding behaviour, certainly limits their exploration as antimalarial drug candidature. To address this, we utilises inverse screening, based on three different docking methodologies in order to find their most putative protein targets. In our study, we screened 1047 protein structures from protein data bank, which belongs to 147 different proteins. Our investigation identified 16 protein targets for Cassiarins. In few cases of identified protein targets, the binding site was poorly studied, which encouraged us to perform comparative sequence and structural studies with their homologous proteins, like as in case of Kelch motif associated protein, Armadillo repeats only protein and Methionine aminopeptidase 1b. In our study, we also found Tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase and 1-Deoxy-D-Xylose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase proteins are the most common targets for Cassiarins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Negi
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, University Road, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Nitisha Bhandari
- School of Biotechnology, Graphic Era University, Dehradun, Bell Road, Society Area, Clement Town, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248002, India
| | - Bharti Rajesh Kumar Shyamlal
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Jawaharlal Nehru Marg, Jaipur 302017, India
| | - Sandeep Chaudhary
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Jawaharlal Nehru Marg, Jaipur 302017, India
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Prior to infecting erythrocytes and causing malaria symptoms, Plasmodium parasites undergo an obligatory phase of invasion and extensive replication inside their mammalian host's liver cells that depends on the parasite's ability to obtain the nutrients it requires for its intra-hepatic growth and multiplication. Here, we show that L-arginine (Arg) uptake through the host cell's SLC7A2-encoded transporters is essential for the parasite's development and maturation in the liver. Our data suggest that the Arg that is taken up is primarily metabolized by the arginase pathway to produce the polyamines required for Plasmodium growth. Although the parasite may hijack the host's biosynthesis pathway, it relies mainly upon its own arginase-AdoMetDC/ODC pathway to acquire the polyamines it needs to develop. These results identify for the first time a pivotal role for Arg-dependent polyamine production during Plasmodium's hepatic development and pave the way to the exploitation of strategies to impact liver infection by the malaria parasite through the modulation of Arg uptake and polyamine synthesis.
Collapse
|
15
|
Alkaitis MS, Wang H, Ikeda AK, Rowley CA, MacCormick IJC, Chertow JH, Billker O, Suffredini AF, Roberts DJ, Taylor TE, Seydel KB, Ackerman HC. Decreased Rate of Plasma Arginine Appearance in Murine Malaria May Explain Hypoargininemia in Children With Cerebral Malaria. J Infect Dis 2017; 214:1840-1849. [PMID: 27923948 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmodium infection depletes arginine, the substrate for nitric oxide synthesis, and impairs endothelium-dependent vasodilation. Increased conversion of arginine to ornithine by parasites or host arginase is a proposed mechanism of arginine depletion. METHODS We used high-performance liquid chromatography to measure plasma arginine, ornithine, and citrulline levels in Malawian children with cerebral malaria and in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA with or without the arginase gene. Heavy isotope-labeled tracers measured by quadrupole time-of-flight liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry were used to quantify the in vivo rate of appearance and interconversion of plasma arginine, ornithine, and citrulline in infected mice. RESULTS Children with cerebral malaria and P. berghei-infected mice demonstrated depletion of plasma arginine, ornithine, and citrulline. Knock out of Plasmodium arginase did not alter arginine depletion in infected mice. Metabolic tracer analysis demonstrated that plasma arginase flux was unchanged by P. berghei infection. Instead, infected mice exhibited decreased rates of plasma arginine, ornithine, and citrulline appearance and decreased conversion of plasma citrulline to arginine. Notably, plasma arginine use by nitric oxide synthase was decreased in infected mice. CONCLUSIONS Simultaneous arginine and ornithine depletion in malaria parasite-infected children cannot be fully explained by plasma arginase activity. Our mouse model studies suggest that plasma arginine depletion is driven primarily by a decreased rate of appearance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Alkaitis
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville.,Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington
| | - Honghui Wang
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Allison K Ikeda
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville
| | - Carol A Rowley
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville
| | - Ian J C MacCormick
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, University of Liverpool.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh.,Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme
| | - Jessica H Chertow
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville
| | | | - Anthony F Suffredini
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - David J Roberts
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington.,National Health Service Blood and Transplant, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Terrie E Taylor
- Michigan State University, East Lansing.,Blantyre Malaria Project, Malawi
| | - Karl B Seydel
- Michigan State University, East Lansing.,Blantyre Malaria Project, Malawi
| | - Hans C Ackerman
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Pudlo M, Demougeot C, Girard-Thernier C. Arginase Inhibitors: A Rational Approach Over One Century. Med Res Rev 2016; 37:475-513. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Pudlo
- PEPITE - EA4267; University Bourgogne Franche-Comté; Besançon France
| | - Céline Demougeot
- PEPITE - EA4267; University Bourgogne Franche-Comté; Besançon France
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Huang K, Zhang T, Jiang B, Mu W, Miao M. Characterization of a thermostable arginase from Rummeliibacillus pycnus SK31.001. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2016.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
|
18
|
Ogungbe IV, Setzer WN. The Potential of Secondary Metabolites from Plants as Drugs or Leads against Protozoan Neglected Diseases-Part III: In-Silico Molecular Docking Investigations. Molecules 2016; 21:E1389. [PMID: 27775577 PMCID: PMC6274513 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21101389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria, leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, and human African trypanosomiasis continue to cause considerable suffering and death in developing countries. Current treatment options for these parasitic protozoal diseases generally have severe side effects, may be ineffective or unavailable, and resistance is emerging. There is a constant need to discover new chemotherapeutic agents for these parasitic infections, and natural products continue to serve as a potential source. This review presents molecular docking studies of potential phytochemicals that target key protein targets in Leishmania spp., Trypanosoma spp., and Plasmodium spp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ifedayo Victor Ogungbe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, USA.
| | - William N Setzer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
An insertion in the methyltransferase domain of P. falciparum trimethylguanosine synthase harbors a classical nuclear localization signal. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2016; 210:58-70. [PMID: 27619053 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Many Plasmodium falciparum proteins do not share homology with, and are generally longer than their respective orthologs. This, to some extent, can be attributed to insertions. Here, we studied a P. falciparum RNA hypermethylase, trimethylguanosine synthase (PfTGS1) that harbors a 76 amino acid insertion in its methyltransferase domain. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that this insertion was present in TGS1 orthologs from other Plasmodium species as well. Interestingly, a classical nuclear localization signal (NLS) was predicted in the insertions of primate parasite TGS1 proteins. To check whether these predicted NLS are functional, we developed an in vivo heterologous system using S. cerevisiae. The predicted NLS when fused to dimeric GFP were able to localize the fusion protein to the nucleus in yeast indicating that it is indeed recognized by the yeast nuclear import machinery. We further showed that the PfTGS1 NLS binds to P. falciparum importin-α in vitro, confirming that the NLS is also recognized by the P. falciparum classical nuclear import machinery. Thus, in this study we report a novel function of the insertion in PfTGS1.
Collapse
|
20
|
Hai Y, Kerkhoven E, Barrett MP, Christianson DW. Crystal structure of an arginase-like protein from Trypanosoma brucei that evolved without a binuclear manganese cluster. Biochemistry 2015; 54:458-71. [PMID: 25536859 PMCID: PMC4303290 DOI: 10.1021/bi501366a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The X-ray crystal structure of an arginase-like protein from the parasitic protozoan Trypanosoma brucei, designated TbARG, is reported at 1.80 and 2.38 Å resolution in its reduced and oxidized forms, respectively. The oxidized form of TbARG is a disulfide-linked hexamer that retains the overall architecture of a dimer of trimers in the reduced form. Intriguingly, TbARG does not contain metal ions in its putative active site, and amino acid sequence comparisons indicate that all but one of the residues required for coordination to the catalytically obligatory binuclear manganese cluster in other arginases are substituted here with residues incapable of metal ion coordination. Therefore, the structure of TbARG is the first of a member of the arginase/deacetylase superfamily that is not a metalloprotein. Although we show that metal binding activity is easily reconstituted in TbARG by site-directed mutagenesis and confirmed in X-ray crystal structures, it is curious that this protein and its parasitic orthologues evolved away from metal binding function. Knockout of the TbARG gene from the genome demonstrated that its function is not essential to cultured bloodstream-form T. brucei, and metabolomics analysis confirmed that the enzyme has no role in the conversion of l-arginine to l-ornithine in these cells. While the molecular function of TbARG remains enigmatic, the fact that the T. brucei genome encodes only this protein and not a functional arginase indicates that the parasite must import l-ornithine from its host to provide a source of substrate for ornithine decarboxylase in the polyamine biosynthetic pathway, an active target for the development of antiparasitic drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hai
- Roy
and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Eduard
J. Kerkhoven
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Michael P. Barrett
- Wellcome
Trust Centre of Molecular Parasitology and Glasgow Polyomics, Institute
of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary
and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - David W. Christianson
- Roy
and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Mutagenic and kinetic support for an allosteric site in arginase from the extreme thermophile Bacillus caldovelox, which allows activation by arginine. Biochimie 2015; 108:8-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
22
|
Abstract
Despite a century of control and eradication campaigns, malaria remains one of the world's most devastating diseases. Our once-powerful therapeutic weapons are losing the war against the Plasmodium parasite, whose ability to rapidly develop and spread drug resistance hamper past and present malaria-control efforts. Finding new and effective treatments for malaria is now a top global health priority, fuelling an increase in funding and promoting open-source collaborations between researchers and pharmaceutical consortia around the world. The result of this is rapid advances in drug discovery approaches and technologies, with three major methods for antimalarial drug development emerging: (i) chemistry-based, (ii) target-based, and (iii) cell-based. Common to all three of these approaches is the unique ability of structural biology to inform and accelerate drug development. Where possible, SBDD (structure-based drug discovery) is a foundation for antimalarial drug development programmes, and has been invaluable to the development of a number of current pre-clinical and clinical candidates. However, as we expand our understanding of the malarial life cycle and mechanisms of resistance development, SBDD as a field must continue to evolve in order to develop compounds that adhere to the ideal characteristics for novel antimalarial therapeutics and to avoid high attrition rates pre- and post-clinic. In the present review, we aim to examine the contribution that SBDD has made to current antimalarial drug development efforts, covering hit discovery to lead optimization and prevention of parasite resistance. Finally, the potential for structural biology, particularly high-throughput structural genomics programmes, to identify future targets for drug discovery are discussed.
Collapse
|
23
|
Hai Y, Edwards JE, Van Zandt MC, Hoffmann KF, Christianson DW. Crystal structure of Schistosoma mansoni arginase, a potential drug target for the treatment of schistosomiasis. Biochemistry 2014; 53:4671-84. [PMID: 25007099 PMCID: PMC4138072 DOI: 10.1021/bi5004519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The X-ray crystal structure of arginase from Schistosoma mansoni (SmARG) and the structures of its complexes with several amino acid inhibitors have been determined at atomic resolution. SmARG is a binuclear manganese metalloenzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of l-arginine to form l-ornithine and urea, and this enzyme is upregulated in all forms of the parasite that interact with the human host. Current hypotheses suggest that parasitic arginases could play a role in host immune evasion by depleting pools of substrate l-arginine that would otherwise be utilized for NO biosynthesis and NO-dependent processes in the immune response. Although the amino acid sequence of SmARG is only 42% identical with that of human arginase I, residues important for substrate binding and catalysis are strictly conserved. In general, classical amino acid inhibitors such as 2(S)-amino-6-boronohexanoic acid (ABH) tend to bind more weakly to SmARG than to human arginase I despite identical inhibitor binding modes in each enzyme active site. The identification of a patch on the enzyme surface capable of accommodating the additional Cα substitutent of an α,α-disubstituted amino acid inhibitor suggests that such inhibitors could exhibit higher affinity and biological activity. The structures of SmARG complexed with two different α,α-disubstituted derivatives of ABH are presented and provide a proof of concept for this approach in the enhancement of enzyme-inhibitor affinity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hai
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
McGeary RP, Schenk G, Guddat LW. The applications of binuclear metallohydrolases in medicine: Recent advances in the design and development of novel drug leads for purple acid phosphatases, metallo-β-lactamases and arginases. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 76:132-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
25
|
Rey J, Buffet PA, Ciceron L, Milon G, Mercereau-Puijalon O, Safeukui I. Reduced erythrocyte deformability associated with hypoargininemia during Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Sci Rep 2014; 4:3767. [PMID: 24441939 PMCID: PMC3895919 DOI: 10.1038/srep03767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying reduced red blood cell (RBC) deformability during Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) malaria remain poorly understood. Here, we explore the possible involvement of the L-arginine and nitric oxide (NO) pathway on RBC deformability in Pf-infected patients and parasite cultures. RBC deformability was reduced during the acute attack (day0) and returned to normal values upon convalescence (day28). Day0 values correlated with plasma L-arginine levels (r = 0.69; p = 0.01) and weakly with parasitemia (r = −0.38; p = 0.006). In vitro, day0 patient's plasma incubated with ring-stage cultures at 41°C reduced RBC deformability, and this effect correlated strongly with plasma L-arginine levels (r = 0.89; p < 0.0001). Moreover, addition of exogenous L-arginine to the cultures increased deformability of both Pf-free and trophozoite-harboring RBCs. NO synthase activity, evidenced in Pf-infected RBCs, induced L-arginine-dependent NO production. These data show that hypoargininemia during P.falciparum malaria may altogether impair NO production and reduce RBC deformability, particularly at febrile temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Rey
- 1] Institut Pasteur, Immunologie Moléculaire des Parasites, Département de Parasitologie Mycologie, F- 75015 Paris, France [2] CNRS, URA2581, F- 75015 Paris, France
| | - Pierre A Buffet
- 1] INSERM - UPMC (Paris 6 University) UMRs945, F-75013 Paris, France [2] AP-HP, Department of Parasitology, Pitié Salpétrière Hospital, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Liliane Ciceron
- 1] INSERM - UPMC (Paris 6 University) UMRs945, F-75013 Paris, France [2] AP-HP, Department of Parasitology, Pitié Salpétrière Hospital, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Geneviève Milon
- Institut Pasteur, Immunophysiologie et Parasitisme, Département de Parasitologie Mycologie, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Odile Mercereau-Puijalon
- 1] Institut Pasteur, Immunologie Moléculaire des Parasites, Département de Parasitologie Mycologie, F- 75015 Paris, France [2] CNRS, URA2581, F- 75015 Paris, France
| | - Innocent Safeukui
- 1] Institut Pasteur, Immunologie Moléculaire des Parasites, Département de Parasitologie Mycologie, F- 75015 Paris, France [2] CNRS, URA2581, F- 75015 Paris, France [3] Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Hai Y, Dugery RJ, Healy D, Christianson DW. Formiminoglutamase from Trypanosoma cruzi is an arginase-like manganese metalloenzyme. Biochemistry 2013; 52:9294-309. [PMID: 24261485 DOI: 10.1021/bi401352h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The crystal structure of formiminoglutamase from Trypanosoma cruzi (TcFIGase) is reported at 1.85 Å resolution. Although the structure of this enzyme was previously determined by the Structural Genomics of Pathogenic Protozoa Consortium (PDB accession code 2A0M), this structure was determined at low pH and lacked bound metal ions; accordingly, the protein was simply annotated as "arginase superfamily protein" with undetermined function. We show that reconstitution of this protein with Mn²⁺ confers maximal catalytic activity in the hydrolysis of formiminoglutamate to yield glutamate and formamide, thereby demonstrating that this protein is a metal-dependent formiminoglutamase. Equilibration of TcFIGase crystals with MnCl₂ at higher pH yields a binuclear manganese cluster similar to that observed in arginase, except that the histidine ligand to the Mn²⁺(A) ion of arginase is an asparagine ligand (N114) to the Mn²⁺(A) ion of TcFIGase. The crystal structure of N114H TcFIGase reveals a binuclear manganese cluster essentially identical to that of arginase, but the mutant exhibits a modest 35% loss of catalytic efficiency (k(cat)/K(M)). Interestingly, when TcFIGase is prepared and crystallized in the absence of reducing agents at low pH, a disulfide linkage forms between C35 and C242 in the active site. When reconstituted with Mn²⁺ at higher pH, this oxidized enzyme exhibits a modest 33% loss of catalytic efficiency. Structure determinations of the metal-free and metal-bound forms of oxidized TcFIGase reveal that although disulfide formation constricts the main entrance to the active site, other structural changes open alternative channels to the active site that may help sustain catalytic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hai
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, U.S.A
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
D'Antonio EL, Ullman B, Roberts SC, Dixit UG, Wilson ME, Hai Y, Christianson DW. Crystal structure of arginase from Leishmania mexicana and implications for the inhibition of polyamine biosynthesis in parasitic infections. Arch Biochem Biophys 2013; 535:163-76. [PMID: 23583962 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2013.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Arginase from parasitic protozoa belonging to the genus Leishmania is a potential drug target for the treatment of leishmaniasis because this binuclear manganese metalloenzyme catalyzes the first committed step in the biosynthesis of polyamines that enable cell growth and survival. The high resolution X-ray crystal structures of the unliganded form of Leishmania mexicana arginase (LmARG) and four inhibitor complexes are now reported. These complexes include the reactive substrate analogue 2(S)-amino-6-boronohexanoic acid (ABH) and the hydroxylated substrate analogue nor-N(ω)-hydroxy-l-arginine (nor-NOHA), which are the most potent arginase inhibitors known to date. Comparisons of the LmARG structure with that of the archetypal arginase, human arginase I, reveal that all residues important for substrate binding and catalysis are strictly conserved. However, three regions of tertiary structure differ between the parasitic enzyme and the human enzyme corresponding to the G62 - S71, L161 - C172, and I219 - V230 segments of LmARG. Additionally, variations are observed in salt link interactions that stabilize trimer assembly in LmARG. We also report biological studies in which we demonstrate that localization of LmARG to the glycosome, a unique subcellular organelle peculiar to Leishmania and related parasites, is essential for robust pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward L D'Antonio
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Golebiowski A, Paul Beckett R, Van Zandt M, Ji MK, Whitehouse D, Ryder TR, Jagdmann E, Andreoli M, Mazur A, Padmanilayam M, Cousido-Siah A, Mitschler A, Ruiz FX, Podjarny A, Schroeter H. 2-Substituted-2-amino-6-boronohexanoic acids as arginase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:2027-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Revised: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
29
|
Kling JC, Körner H. Different regulatory mechanisms in protozoan parasitic infections. Int J Parasitol 2013; 43:417-25. [PMID: 23470812 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The immune response to the protozoan pathogens, Leishmania spp., Trypanosoma spp. and Plasmodium spp., has been studied extensively with particular focus on regulation of the immune response by immunological mechanisms. More specifically, in diseases caused by parasites, immunosuppression frequently prevents immunopathology that can injure the host. However, this allows a small number of parasites to evade the immune response and remain in the host after a clinical cure. The consequences can be chronic infections, which establish a zoonotic or anthroponotic reservoir. This review will highlight some of the identified regulatory mechanisms of the immune system that govern immune responses to parasitic diseases, in particular leishmaniasis, trypanosomiasis and malaria, and discuss implications for the development of efficient vaccines against these diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Kling
- Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Nagagarajan S, Xue F, MacKerell AD. Impact of substrate protonation and tautomerization states on interactions with the active site of arginase I. J Chem Inf Model 2013; 53:452-60. [PMID: 23327293 DOI: 10.1021/ci300506y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human arginase is a binuclear manganese metalloenzyme that participates in the urea cycle. Arginase catalyzes the hydrolysis of L-arginine into L-ornithine and urea and is linked to several disorders such as asthma and cancer. Currently, the protonation and tautomerization state of the substrate when bound to the active site, which contains two manganese ions, is not known. Knowledge of the charge-dependent behavior of arginine in the arginase I environment would be of utility toward understanding the catalytic mechanism and designing inhibitors of this enzyme. The arginine(+/0) species, including all possible neutral tautomers, were modeled using an aminoimidazole analog as template. All-atom molecular dynamics simulations were then performed on each of the charged and neutral species. In addition, a hydroxide ion was included in selected simulations to test its importance. Results show that the positively charged state of arginine is stable in the active site of arginase I, with that stabilization facilitated by the presence of hydroxide. Glu277 is indicated to play a role in stabilizing arginine in the active site and facilitating its ability to assume a catalytically competent conformation in the presence of hydroxide. The reported interactions and modeled arginine-bound arginase I structures can be used as a tool for structure-based inhibitor design, as experimental data on the structure of the substrate-enzyme complex is lacking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shanthi Nagagarajan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street HSFII, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Sanchez-Ballester NM, Shrestha LK, Elsegood MRJ, Schmitt W, Ariga K, Anson CE, Hill JP, Powell AK. Ligand displacement for fixing manganese: relevance to cellular metal ion transport and synthesis of polymeric coordination complexes. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:2779-85. [DOI: 10.1039/c2dt32547k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
32
|
Schwentke A, Krepstakies M, Mueller AK, Hammerschmidt-Kamper C, Motaal BA, Bernhard T, Hauber J, Kaiser A. In vitro and in vivo silencing of plasmodial dhs and eIf-5a genes in a putative, non-canonical RNAi-related pathway. BMC Microbiol 2012; 12:107. [PMID: 22694849 PMCID: PMC3438091 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-12-107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deoxyhypusine synthase (DHS) catalyzes the first step in hypusine biosynthesis of eukaryotic initiation factor 5A (eIF-5A) in Plasmodium falciparum. Target evaluation of parasitic DHS has recently been performed with CNI-1493, a novel selective pro-inflammatory cytokine inhibitor used in clinical phase II for the treatment of Crohn's disease. CNI-1493 prevented infected mice from experimental cerebral malaria by decreasing the levels in hypusinated eIF-5A and serum TNF, implicating a link between cytokine signaling and the hypusine pathway.Therefore we addressed the question whether either DHS itself or eIF-5A is required for the outcome of severe malaria. In a first set of experiments we performed an in vitro knockdown of the plasmodial eIF-5A and DHS proteins by RNA interference (RNAi) in 293 T cells. Secondly, transfection of siRNA constructs into murine Plasmodium schizonts was performed which, in turn, were used for infection. RESULTS 293 T cells treated with plasmodial DHS- and eIF-5A specific siRNAs or control siRNAs were analyzed by RT-PCR to determine endogenous dhs -and eIF-5A mRNA levels. The expressed DHS-shRNA and EIF-5A-shRNA clearly downregulated the corresponding transcript in these cells. Interestingly, mice infected with transgenic schizonts expressing either the eIF-5A or dhs shRNA showed an elevated parasitemia within the first two days post infection which then decreased intermittently. These results were obtained without drug selection. Blood samples, which were taken from the infected mice at day 5 post infection with either the expressed EIF-5A-shRNA or the DHS-shRNA were analyzed by RT-PCR and Western blot techniques, demonstrating the absence of either the hypusinated form of eIF-5A or DHS. CONCLUSIONS Infection of NMRI mice with schizonts from the lethal P. berghei ANKA wildtype strain transgenic for plasmodial eIF-5A-specific shRNA or DHS-specific shRNA resulted in low parasitemia 2-9 days post infection before animals succumbed to hyperparasitemia similar to infections with the related but non-lethal phenotype P. berghei strain NK65. RT-PCR and Western blot experiments performed with blood from the transfected erythrocytic stages showed that both genes are important for the proliferation of the parasite. Moreover, these experiments clearly demonstrate that the hypusine pathway in Plasmodium is linked to human iNos induction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schwentke
- University Duisburg-Essen, Medical Research Centre, Institute of Pharmacogenetics, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Marcel Krepstakies
- Heinrich Pette Institute - Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Martinistrasse 52, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ann-Kristin Mueller
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology Unit, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christiane Hammerschmidt-Kamper
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology Unit, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Basma A Motaal
- Heinrich Pette Institute - Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Martinistrasse 52, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tina Bernhard
- University Duisburg-Essen, Medical Research Centre, Institute of Pharmacogenetics, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Joachim Hauber
- Heinrich Pette Institute - Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Martinistrasse 52, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Annette Kaiser
- University Duisburg-Essen, Medical Research Centre, Institute of Pharmacogenetics, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
D’Antonio EL, Christianson DW. Crystal structures of complexes with cobalt-reconstituted human arginase I. Biochemistry 2011; 50:8018-27. [PMID: 21870783 PMCID: PMC3172387 DOI: 10.1021/bi201101t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The binuclear manganese metalloenzyme human arginase I (HAI) is a potential protein drug for cancer chemotherapy, in that it is capable of depleting extracellular l-Arg levels in the microenvironment of tumor cells that require this nutrient to thrive. Substitution of the native Mn(2+)(2) cluster with a Co(2+)(2) cluster in the active site yields an enzyme with enhanced catalytic activity at physiological pH (∼7.4) that could serve as an improved protein drug for L-Arg depletion therapy [Stone, E. M., Glazer, E. S., Chantranupong, L., Cherukuri, P., Breece, R. M., Tierney, D. L., Curley, S. A., Iverson, B. L., and Georgiou, G. (2010) ACS Chem. Biol. 5, 333-342]. A different catalytic mechanism is proposed for Co(2+)(2)-HAI compared with that of Mn(2+)(2)-HAI, including an unusual Nε-Co(2+) coordination mode, to rationalize the lower K(M) value of L-Arg and the lower K(i) value of L-Orn. However, we now report that no unusual metal coordination modes are observed in the cobalt-reconstituted enzyme. The X-ray crystal structures of unliganded Co(2+)(2)-HAI determined at 2.10 Å resolution (pH 7.0) and 1.97 Å resolution (pH 8.5), as well as the structures of Co(2+)(2)-HAI complexed with the reactive substrate analogue 2(S)-amino-6-boronohexanoic acid (ABH, pH 7.0) and the catalytic product L-Orn (pH 7.0) determined at 1.85 and 1.50 Å resolution, respectively, are essentially identical to the corresponding structures of Mn(2+)(2)-HAI. Therefore, in the absence of significant structural differences between Co(2+)(2)-HAI and Mn(2+)(2)-HAI, we suggest that a higher concentration of metal-bridging hydroxide ion at physiological pH for Co(2+)(2)-HAI, a consequence of the lower pK(a) of a Co(2+)-bound water molecule compared with a Mn(2+)-bound water molecule, strengthens electrostatic interactions with cationic amino acids and accounts for enhanced affinity as reflected in the lower K(M) value of L-Arg and the lower K(i) value of L-Orn.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward L. D’Antonio
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323
| | - David W. Christianson
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ilies M, Di Costanzo L, Dowling DP, Thorn KJ, Christianson DW. Binding of α,α-disubstituted amino acids to arginase suggests new avenues for inhibitor design. J Med Chem 2011; 54:5432-43. [PMID: 21728378 DOI: 10.1021/jm200443b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Arginase is a binuclear manganese metalloenzyme that hydrolyzes L-arginine to form L-ornithine and urea, and aberrant arginase activity is implicated in various diseases such as erectile dysfunction, asthma, atherosclerosis, and cerebral malaria. Accordingly, arginase inhibitors may be therapeutically useful. Continuing our efforts to expand the chemical space of arginase inhibitor design and inspired by the binding of 2-(difluoromethyl)-L-ornithine to human arginase I, we now report the first study of the binding of α,α-disubstituted amino acids to arginase. Specifically, we report the design, synthesis, and assay of racemic 2-amino-6-borono-2-methylhexanoic acid and racemic 2-amino-6-borono-2-(difluoromethyl)hexanoic acid. X-ray crystal structures of human arginase I and Plasmodium falciparum arginase complexed with these inhibitors reveal the exclusive binding of the L-stereoisomer; the additional α-substituent of each inhibitor is readily accommodated and makes new intermolecular interactions in the outer active site of each enzyme. Therefore, this work highlights a new region of the protein surface that can be targeted for additional affinity interactions, as well as the first comparative structural insights on inhibitor discrimination between a human and a parasitic arginase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Ilies
- Department of Chemistry, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-2875, United States
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|