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Stern S, Crisamore K, Schuck R, Pacanowski M. Evaluation of the landscape of pharmacodynamic biomarkers in Niemann-Pick Disease Type C (NPC). Orphanet J Rare Dis 2024; 19:280. [PMID: 39061081 PMCID: PMC11282650 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-024-03233-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPC) is an autosomal recessive, progressive disorder resulting from variants in NPC1 or NPC2 that leads to the accumulation of cholesterol and other lipids in late endosomes and lysosomes. The clinical manifestations of the disease vary by age of onset, and severity is often characterized by neurological involvement. To date, no disease-modifying therapy has been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and treatment is typically supportive. The lack of robust biomarkers contributes to challenges associated with disease monitoring and quantifying treatment response. In recent years, advancements in detection methods have facilitated the identification of biomarkers in plasma and cerebral spinal fluid from patients with NPC, namely calbindin D, neurofilament light chain, 24(S)hydroxycholesterol, cholestane-triol, trihydroxycholanic acid glycinate, amyloid-β, total and phosphorylated tau, and N-palmitoyl-O-phosphocholine-serine. These biomarkers have been used to support several clinical trials as pharmacodynamic endpoints. Despite the significant advancements in laboratory techniques, translation of those advancements has lagged, and it remains unclear which biomarkers correlate with disease severity and progression, or which biomarkers could inform treatment response. In this review, we assess the landscape of biomarkers currently proposed to guide disease monitoring or indicate treatment response in patients with NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney Stern
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Science, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA.
| | - Karryn Crisamore
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Science, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Robert Schuck
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Science, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Michael Pacanowski
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Science, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
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2
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Staurenghi E, Testa G, Leoni V, Cecci R, Floro L, Giannelli S, Barone E, Perluigi M, Leonarduzzi G, Sottero B, Gamba P. Altered Brain Cholesterol Machinery in a Down Syndrome Mouse Model: A Possible Common Feature with Alzheimer's Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:435. [PMID: 38671883 PMCID: PMC11047305 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13040435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is a complex chromosomal disorder considered as a genetically determined form of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Maintenance of brain cholesterol homeostasis is essential for brain functioning and development, and its dysregulation is associated with AD neuroinflammation and oxidative damage. Brain cholesterol imbalances also likely occur in DS, concurring with the precocious AD-like neurodegeneration. In this pilot study, we analyzed, in the brain of the Ts2Cje (Ts2) mouse model of DS, the expression of genes encoding key enzymes involved in cholesterol metabolism and of the levels of cholesterol and its main precursors and products of its metabolism (i.e., oxysterols). The results showed, in Ts2 mice compared to euploid mice, the downregulation of the transcription of the genes encoding the enzymes 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase and 24-dehydrocholesterol reductase, the latter originally recognized as an indicator of AD, and the consequent reduction in total cholesterol levels. Moreover, the expression of genes encoding enzymes responsible for brain cholesterol oxidation and the amounts of the resulting oxysterols were modified in Ts2 mouse brains, and the levels of cholesterol autoxidation products were increased, suggesting an exacerbation of cerebral oxidative stress. We also observed an enhanced inflammatory response in Ts2 mice, underlined by the upregulation of the transcription of the genes encoding for α-interferon and interleukin-6, two cytokines whose synthesis is increased in the brains of AD patients. Overall, these results suggest that DS and AD brains share cholesterol cycle derangements and altered oxysterol levels, which may contribute to the oxidative and inflammatory events involved in both diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Staurenghi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi Hospital, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; (E.S.); (R.C.); (L.F.); (S.G.); (G.L.); (B.S.); (P.G.)
| | - Gabriella Testa
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi Hospital, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; (E.S.); (R.C.); (L.F.); (S.G.); (G.L.); (B.S.); (P.G.)
| | - Valerio Leoni
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Hospital Pio XI of Desio, ASST-Brianza and Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20832 Desio, Italy;
| | - Rebecca Cecci
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi Hospital, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; (E.S.); (R.C.); (L.F.); (S.G.); (G.L.); (B.S.); (P.G.)
| | - Lucrezia Floro
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi Hospital, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; (E.S.); (R.C.); (L.F.); (S.G.); (G.L.); (B.S.); (P.G.)
| | - Serena Giannelli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi Hospital, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; (E.S.); (R.C.); (L.F.); (S.G.); (G.L.); (B.S.); (P.G.)
| | - Eugenio Barone
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi-Fanelli”, Sapienza University, 00185 Roma, Italy; (E.B.); (M.P.)
| | - Marzia Perluigi
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi-Fanelli”, Sapienza University, 00185 Roma, Italy; (E.B.); (M.P.)
| | - Gabriella Leonarduzzi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi Hospital, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; (E.S.); (R.C.); (L.F.); (S.G.); (G.L.); (B.S.); (P.G.)
| | - Barbara Sottero
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi Hospital, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; (E.S.); (R.C.); (L.F.); (S.G.); (G.L.); (B.S.); (P.G.)
| | - Paola Gamba
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi Hospital, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; (E.S.); (R.C.); (L.F.); (S.G.); (G.L.); (B.S.); (P.G.)
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3
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Foo CX, Fessler MB, Ronacher K. Oxysterols in Infectious Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1440:125-147. [PMID: 38036878 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-43883-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Oxysterols have emerged as important bioactive lipids in the immune response to infectious diseases. This chapter discusses our current knowledge of oxysterols and their receptors in bacterial and viral infections of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. Oxysterols are produced in response to infections and have multiple roles including chemotaxis of immune cells to the site of infection and regulation of inflammation. Some oxysterols have been shown to possess antiviral or antibacterial activity.Lastly, we delve into the emerging mechanisms of action of oxysterols. Oxysterols can enhance host cell resistance via reduction of membrane accessible cholesterol, modulate membrane immune signalling, and impact inflammasome activation and efferocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng X Foo
- Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Michael B Fessler
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Katharina Ronacher
- Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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4
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Gee YJ, Sea YL, Lal SK. Viral modulation of lipid rafts and their potential as putative antiviral targets. Rev Med Virol 2023; 33:e2413. [PMID: 36504273 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lipid rafts are ubiquitous in cells. They are identified as cholesterol and glycosphingolipid enriched microdomains on cellular membranes. They serve as platforms for cellular communications by functioning in signal transduction and membrane trafficking. Such structural organisation fulfils cellular needs for normal function, but at the same time increases vulnerability of cells to pathogen invasion. Viruses rely heavily on lipid rafts in basically every stage of the viral life cycle for successful infection. Various mechanisms of lipid rafts modification exploited by diverse viruses for attachment, internalisation, membrane fusion, genome replication, assembly and release have been brought to light. This review focuses on virus-raft interactions and how a wide range of viruses manipulate lipid rafts at distinct stages of infection. The importance of virus-raft interactions in viral infections has inspired researchers to discover and develop antivirals that target this interaction, such as statins, methyl-β-cyclodextrin, viperin, 25-hydroxycholesterol and even anti-malarial drugs. The therapeutic modulations of lipid rafts as potential antiviral intervention from in vitro and in vivo evidence are discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee Jing Gee
- School of Science, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor DE, Malaysia
| | - Yi Lin Sea
- School of Science, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor DE, Malaysia
| | - Sunil Kumar Lal
- School of Science, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor DE, Malaysia.,Tropical Medicine & Biology Platform, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor DE, Malaysia
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5
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Lange Y, Tabei SMA, Steck TL. A basic model for the association of ligands with membrane cholesterol: application to cytolysin binding. J Lipid Res 2023; 64:100344. [PMID: 36791915 PMCID: PMC10119614 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2023.100344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Almost all the cholesterol in cellular membranes is associated with phospholipids in simple stoichiometric complexes. This limits the binding of sterol ligands such as filipin and Perfringolysin O (PFO) to a small fraction of the total. We offer a simple mathematical model that characterizes this complexity. It posits that the cholesterol accessible to ligands has two forms: active cholesterol, which is that not complexed with phospholipids; and extractable cholesterol, that which ligands can capture competitively from the phospholipid complexes. Simulations based on the model match published data for the association of PFO oligomers with liposomes, plasma membranes and the isolated endoplasmic reticulum. The model shows how the binding of a probe greatly underestimates cholesterol abundance when its affinity for the sterol is so weak that it competes poorly with the membrane phospholipids. Two examples are the under-staining of plasma membranes by filipin and the failure of domain D4 of PFO to label their cytoplasmic leaflets. Conversely, the exaggerated staining of endolysosomes suggests that their cholesterol, being uncomplexed, is readily available. The model is also applicable to the association of cholesterol with intrinsic membrane proteins. For example, it supports the hypothesis that the sharp threshold in the regulation of homeostatic ER proteins by cholesterol derives from the cooperativity of their binding to the sterol weakly held by the phospholipid. § Thus, the model explicates the complexity inherent in the binding of ligands like PFO and filipin to the small accessible fraction of membrane cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Lange
- 1Department of Pathology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Il 60612, USA.
| | - S M Ali Tabei
- Department of Physics, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, Iowa 50614, USA
| | - Theodore L Steck
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Il 60637, USA
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6
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Mao S, Ren J, Xu Y, Lin J, Pan C, Meng Y, Xu N. Studies in the antiviral molecular mechanisms of 25-hydroxycholesterol: Disturbing cholesterol homeostasis and post-translational modification of proteins. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 926:175033. [PMID: 35598845 PMCID: PMC9119167 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Efficient antiviral drug discovery has been a pressing issue of global public health concern since the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019. In recent years, numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC), a reactive oxysterol catalyzed by cholesterol-25-hydroxylase, exerts broad-spectrum antiviral activity with high efficiency and low toxicity. 25HC restricts viral internalization and disturbs the maturity of viral proteins using multiple mechanisms. First, 25HC reduces lipid rafts and cholesterol in the cytomembrane by inhibiting sterol-regulatory element binding proteins-2, stimulating liver X receptor, and activating Acyl-coenzyme A: cholesterol acyl-transferase. Second, 25HC impairs endosomal pathways by restricting the function of oxysterol-binding protein or Niemann-pick protein C1, causing the virus to fail to release nucleic acid. Third, 25HC disturbs the prenylation of viral proteins by suppressing the sterol-regulatory element binding protein pathway and glycosylation by increasing the sensitivity of glycans to endoglycosidase. This paper reviews previous studies on the antiviral activity of 25HC in order to fully understand its role in innate immunity and how it may contribute to the development of urgently needed broad-spectrum antiviral drugs.
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Odnoshivkina UG, Kuznetsova EA, Petrov AM. 25-Hydroxycholesterol as a Signaling Molecule of the Nervous System. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2022; 87:524-537. [PMID: 35790411 PMCID: PMC9201265 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297922060049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol is an essential component of plasma membrane and precursor of biological active compounds, including hydroxycholesterols (HCs). HCs regulate cellular homeostasis of cholesterol; they can pass across the membrane and vascular barriers and act distantly as para- and endocrine agents. A small amount of 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC) is produced in the endoplasmic reticulum of most cells, where it serves as a potent regulator of the synthesis, intracellular transport, and storage of cholesterol. Production of 25-HC is strongly increased in the macrophages, dendrite cells, and microglia at the inflammatory response. The synthesis of 25-HC can be also upregulated in some neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, spastic paraplegia type 5, and X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. However, it is unclear whether 25-HC aggravates these pathologies or has the protective properties. The molecular targets for 25-HC are transcriptional factors (LX receptors, SREBP2, ROR), G protein-coupled receptor (GPR183), ion channels (NMDA receptors, SLO1), adhesive molecules (α5β1 and ανβ3 integrins), and oxysterol-binding proteins. The diversity of 25-HC-binding proteins points to the ability of HC to affect many physiological and pathological processes. In this review, we focused on the regulation of 25-HC production and its universal role in the control of cellular cholesterol homeostasis, as well as the effects of 25-HC as a signaling molecule mediating the influence of inflammation on the processes in the neuromuscular system and brain. Based on the evidence collected, it can be suggested that 25-HC prevents accumulation of cellular cholesterol and serves as a potent modulator of neuroinflammation, synaptic transmission, and myelinization. An increased production of 25-HC in response to a various type of damage can have a protective role and reduce neuronal loss. At the same time, an excess of 25-HC may exert the neurotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulia G Odnoshivkina
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center "Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences", Kazan, 420111, Russia
- Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, 420012, Russia
| | - Eva A Kuznetsova
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center "Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences", Kazan, 420111, Russia
| | - Alexey M Petrov
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center "Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences", Kazan, 420111, Russia.
- Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, 420012, Russia
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8
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Ormsby TJR, Owens SE, Clement L, Mills TJ, Cronin JG, Bromfield JJ, Sheldon IM. Oxysterols Protect Epithelial Cells Against Pore-Forming Toxins. Front Immunol 2022; 13:815775. [PMID: 35154132 PMCID: PMC8825411 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.815775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Many species of bacteria produce toxins such as cholesterol-dependent cytolysins that form pores in cell membranes. Membrane pores facilitate infection by releasing nutrients, delivering virulence factors, and causing lytic cell damage - cytolysis. Oxysterols are oxidized forms of cholesterol that regulate cellular cholesterol and alter immune responses to bacteria. Whether oxysterols also influence the protection of cells against pore-forming toxins is unresolved. Here we tested the hypothesis that oxysterols stimulate the intrinsic protection of epithelial cells against damage caused by cholesterol-dependent cytolysins. We treated epithelial cells with oxysterols and then challenged them with the cholesterol-dependent cytolysin, pyolysin. Treating HeLa cells with 27-hydroxycholesterol, 25-hydroxycholesterol, 7α-hydroxycholesterol, or 7β-hydroxycholesterol reduced pyolysin-induced leakage of lactate dehydrogenase and reduced pyolysin-induced cytolysis. Specifically, treatment with 10 ng/ml 27-hydroxycholesterol for 24 h reduced pyolysin-induced lactate dehydrogenase leakage by 88%, and reduced cytolysis from 74% to 1%. Treating HeLa cells with 27-hydroxycholesterol also reduced pyolysin-induced leakage of potassium ions, prevented mitogen-activated protein kinase cell stress responses, and limited alterations in the cytoskeleton. Furthermore, 27-hydroxycholesterol reduced pyolysin-induced damage in lung and liver epithelial cells, and protected against the cytolysins streptolysin O and Staphylococcus aureus α-hemolysin. Although oxysterols regulate cellular cholesterol by activating liver X receptors, cytoprotection did not depend on liver X receptors or changes in total cellular cholesterol. However, oxysterol cytoprotection was partially dependent on acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) reducing accessible cholesterol in cell membranes. Collectively, these findings imply that oxysterols stimulate the intrinsic protection of epithelial cells against pore-forming toxins and may help protect tissues against pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J R Ormsby
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Sian E Owens
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Liam Clement
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Tom J Mills
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - James G Cronin
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - John J Bromfield
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Iain Martin Sheldon
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
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9
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Juhl AD, Wüstner D. Pathways and Mechanisms of Cellular Cholesterol Efflux-Insight From Imaging. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:834408. [PMID: 35300409 PMCID: PMC8920967 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.834408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is an essential molecule in cellular membranes, but too much cholesterol can be toxic. Therefore, mammalian cells have developed complex mechanisms to remove excess cholesterol. In this review article, we discuss what is known about such efflux pathways including a discussion of reverse cholesterol transport and formation of high-density lipoprotein, the function of ABC transporters and other sterol efflux proteins, and we highlight their role in human diseases. Attention is paid to the biophysical principles governing efflux of sterols from cells. We also discuss recent evidence for cholesterol efflux by the release of exosomes, microvesicles, and migrasomes. The role of the endo-lysosomal network, lipophagy, and selected lysosomal transporters, such as Niemann Pick type C proteins in cholesterol export from cells is elucidated. Since oxysterols are important regulators of cellular cholesterol efflux, their formation, trafficking, and secretion are described briefly. In addition to discussing results obtained with traditional biochemical methods, focus is on studies that use established and novel bioimaging approaches to obtain insight into cholesterol efflux pathways, including fluorescence and electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, X-ray tomography as well as mass spectrometry imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Dupont Juhl
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, PhyLife, Physical Life Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Daniel Wüstner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, PhyLife, Physical Life Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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10
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Ormsby TJR, Owens SE, Horlock AD, Davies D, Griffiths WJ, Wang Y, Cronin JG, Bromfield JJ, Sheldon IM. Oxysterols protect bovine endometrial cells against pore-forming toxins from pathogenic bacteria. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21889. [PMID: 34569656 PMCID: PMC9272411 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100036r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Many species of pathogenic bacteria secrete toxins that form pores in mammalian cell membranes. These membrane pores enable the delivery of virulence factors into cells, result in the leakage of molecules that bacteria can use as nutrients, and facilitate pathogen invasion. Inflammatory responses to bacteria are regulated by the side-chain-hydroxycholesterols 27-hydroxycholesterol and 25-hydroxycholesterol, but their effect on the intrinsic protection of cells against pore-forming toxins is unclear. Here, we tested the hypothesis that 27-hydroxycholesterol and 25-hydroxycholesterol help protect cells against pore-forming toxins. We treated bovine endometrial epithelial and stromal cells with 27-hydroxycholesterol or 25-hydroxycholesterol, and then challenged the cells with pyolysin, which is a cholesterol-dependent cytolysin from Trueperella pyogenes that targets these endometrial cells. We found that treatment with 27-hydroxycholesterol or 25-hydroxycholesterol protected both epithelial and stomal cells against pore formation and the damage caused by pyolysin. The oxysterols limited pyolysin-induced leakage of potassium and lactate dehydrogenase from cells, and reduced cytoskeletal changes and cytolysis. This oxysterol cytoprotection against pyolysin was partially dependent on reducing cytolysin-accessible cholesterol in the cell membrane and on activating liver X receptors. Treatment with 27-hydroxycholesterol also protected the endometrial cells against Staphylococcus aureus α-hemolysin. Using mass spectrometry, we found 27-hydroxycholesterol and 25-hydroxycholesterol in uterine and follicular fluid. Furthermore, epithelial cells released additional 25-hydroxycholesterol in response to pyolysin. In conclusion, both 27-hydroxycholesterol and 25-hydroxycholesterol increased the intrinsic protection of bovine endometrial cells against pore-forming toxins. Our findings imply that side-chain-hydroxycholesterols may help defend the endometrium against pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sian E Owens
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | | | - Daphne Davies
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | | | - Yuqin Wang
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - James G Cronin
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - John J Bromfield
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Iain M Sheldon
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
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11
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Gamba P, Giannelli S, Staurenghi E, Testa G, Sottero B, Biasi F, Poli G, Leonarduzzi G. The Controversial Role of 24-S-Hydroxycholesterol in Alzheimer's Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10050740. [PMID: 34067119 PMCID: PMC8151638 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10050740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is influenced by several events, among which the dysregulation of cholesterol metabolism in the brain plays a major role. Maintenance of brain cholesterol homeostasis is essential for neuronal functioning and brain development. To maintain the steady-state level, excess brain cholesterol is converted into the more hydrophilic metabolite 24-S-hydroxycholesterol (24-OHC), also called cerebrosterol, by the neuron-specific enzyme CYP46A1. A growing bulk of evidence suggests that cholesterol oxidation products, named oxysterols, are the link connecting altered cholesterol metabolism to AD. It has been shown that the levels of some oxysterols, including 27-hydroxycholesterol, 7β-hydroxycholesterol and 7-ketocholesterol, significantly increase in AD brains contributing to disease progression. In contrast, 24-OHC levels decrease, likely due to neuronal loss. Among the different brain oxysterols, 24-OHC is certainly the one whose role is most controversial. It is the dominant oxysterol in the brain and evidence shows that it represents a signaling molecule of great importance for brain function. However, numerous studies highlighted the potential role of 24-OHC in favoring AD development, since it promotes neuroinflammation, amyloid β (Aβ) peptide production, oxidative stress and cell death. In parallel, 24-OHC has been shown to exert several beneficial effects against AD progression, such as preventing tau hyperphosphorylation and Aβ production. In this review we focus on the current knowledge of the controversial role of 24-OHC in AD pathogenesis, reporting a detailed overview of the findings about its levels in different AD biological samples and its noxious or neuroprotective effects in the brain. Given the relevant role of 24-OHC in AD pathophysiology, its targeting could be useful for disease prevention or slowing down its progression.
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12
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Ikonen E, Zhou X. Cholesterol transport between cellular membranes: A balancing act between interconnected lipid fluxes. Dev Cell 2021; 56:1430-1436. [PMID: 34004151 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol represents the most abundant single lipid in mammalian cells. How its asymmetric distribution between subcellular membranes is achieved and maintained attracts considerable interest. One of the challenges is that cholesterol rarely is transported alone, but rather is coupled with heterotypic transport and metabolism of other lipids, in particular phosphoinositides, phosphatidylserine, and sphingolipids. This perspective summarizes the major exo- and endocytic cholesterol transport routes and how lipid transfer proteins at membrane contacts and membrane transport intersect along these routes. It discusses the co-transport of cholesterol with other lipids in mammalian cells and reviews emerging evidence related to the physiological relevance of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Ikonen
- Department of Anatomy and Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Anatomy and Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
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13
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Parrado-Fernandez C, Leoni V, Saeed A, Rodriguez-Rodriguez P, Sandebring-Matton A, Córdoba-Beldad CM, Bueno P, Gali CC, Panzenboeck U, Cedazo-Minguez A, Björkhem I. Sex difference in flux of 27-hydroxycholesterol into the brain. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:3194-3204. [PMID: 33345295 PMCID: PMC8359195 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)/plasma albumin ratio (QAlb) is believed to reflect the integrity of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Recently, we reported that QAlb is lower in females. This may be important for uptake of neurotoxic 27‐hydroxycholesterol (27OH) by the brain in particular because plasma levels of 27OH are higher in males. We studied sex differences in the relation between CSF and plasma levels of 27OH and its major metabolite 7α‐hydroxy‐3‐oxo‐4‐cholestenoic acid (7HOCA) with QAlb. We tested the possibility of sex differences in the brain metabolism of 27OH and if its flux into the brain disrupted integrity of the BBB. Experimental Approach We have examined our earlier studies looking for sex differences in CSF levels of oxysterols and their relation to QAlb. We utilized an in vitro model for the BBB with primary cultured brain endothelial cells to test if 27OH has a disruptive effect on this barrier. We measured mRNA and protein levels of CYP7B1 in autopsy brain samples. Key Results The correlation between CSF levels of 27OH and QAlb was higher in males whereas, with 7HOCA, the correlation was higher in females. No significant sex difference in the expression of CYP7B1 mRNA in brain autopsy samples. A correlation was found between plasma levels of 27OH and QAlb. No support was obtained for the hypothesis that plasma levels of 27OH have a disruptive effect on the BBB. Conclusions and Implications The sex differences are discussed in relation to negative effects of 27OH on different brain functions. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed issue on Oxysterols, Lifelong Health and Therapeutics. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v178.16/issuetoc
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Parrado-Fernandez
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden.,Discovery and Research, AlzeCure Pharma AB, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Valerio Leoni
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Hospital of Desio, ASST-Monza and School of Medicine, University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Ahmed Saeed
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
| | | | - Anna Sandebring-Matton
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | | | - Paula Bueno
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Chaitanya Chakravarthi Gali
- Division of Immunology and Pathophysiology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ute Panzenboeck
- Division of Immunology and Pathophysiology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Angel Cedazo-Minguez
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden.,Rare & Neurologic Diseases Research Therapeutic Area, Neurodegeneration Research, Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, Paris, France
| | - Ingemar Björkhem
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
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14
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Tompkins YH, Su S, Velleman SG, Kim WK. Effects of 20(S)-hydroxycholesterol on satellite cell proliferation and differentiation of broilers. Poult Sci 2021; 100:474-481. [PMID: 33518099 PMCID: PMC7858162 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In the modern poultry industry, with increasing product demand, muscle growth rate and meat yield in chickens have tremendously changed. Understanding the regulation of muscle development is important to maintain efficient growth and development in meat-type chickens. 20(S)-hydroxycholesterol (20S) is known as one of the naturally occurring osteogenic cholesterol derivatives due to its ability to induce osteogenic differentiation; however, no studies have evaluated myogenic response to 20S in chicken muscle cells. To determine the use of 20S in vitro for the proliferation and differentiation of chicken satellite cells, satellite cells were isolated from pectoralis major muscle of 4-week-old Ross 708 male chickens and subjected to 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 μmol of 20S during their proliferation and differentiation stages. Cell proliferation and differentiation were measured every 24 h for 72 h by determining DNA concentration, the activity of creatine kinase, and the expressions of myogenic regulatory transcription factors. Together these results suggested that a lower concentration of 20S did not affect myogenesis but a high concentration of 1.0 μmol 20S can negatively affect proliferation and differentiation in chicken satellite cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuguo H Tompkins
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
| | - Shengchen Su
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
| | - Sandra G Velleman
- The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, USA
| | - Woo Kyun Kim
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, USA.
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15
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Gianazza E, Brioschi M, Martinez Fernandez A, Casalnuovo F, Altomare A, Aldini G, Banfi C. Lipid Peroxidation in Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 34:49-98. [PMID: 32640910 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ACVDs) continue to be a primary cause of mortality worldwide in adults aged 35-70 years, occurring more often in countries with lower economic development, and they constitute an ever-growing global burden that has a considerable socioeconomic impact on society. The ACVDs encompass diverse pathologies such as coronary artery disease and heart failure (HF), among others. Recent Advances: It is known that oxidative stress plays a relevant role in ACVDs and some of its effects are mediated by lipid oxidation. In particular, lipid peroxidation (LPO) is a process under which oxidants such as reactive oxygen species attack unsaturated lipids, generating a wide array of oxidation products. These molecules can interact with circulating lipoproteins, to diffuse inside the cell and even to cross biological membranes, modifying target nucleophilic sites within biomolecules such as DNA, lipids, and proteins, and resulting in a plethora of biological effects. Critical Issues: This review summarizes the evidence of the effect of LPO in the development and progression of atherosclerosis-based diseases, HF, and other cardiovascular diseases, highlighting the role of protein adduct formation. Moreover, potential therapeutic strategies targeted at lipoxidation in ACVDs are also discussed. Future Directions: The identification of valid biomarkers for the detection of lipoxidation products and adducts may provide insights into the improvement of the cardiovascular risk stratification of patients and the development of therapeutic strategies against the oxidative effects that can then be applied within a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Gianazza
- Proteomics Unit, Monzino Cardiology Center IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Maura Brioschi
- Proteomics Unit, Monzino Cardiology Center IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Giancarlo Aldini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Banfi
- Proteomics Unit, Monzino Cardiology Center IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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16
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Multiple Roles of 25-Hydroxycholesterol in Lipid Metabolism, Antivirus Process, Inflammatory Response, and Cell Survival. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:8893305. [PMID: 33274010 PMCID: PMC7695496 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8893305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As an essential lipid, cholesterol is of great value in keeping cell homeostasis, being the precursor of bile acid and steroid hormones, and stabilizing membrane lipid rafts. As a kind of cholesterol metabolite produced by enzymatic or radical process, oxysterols have drawn much attention in the last decades. Among which, the role of 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC) in cholesterol and bile acid metabolism, antivirus process, and inflammatory response has been largely disclosed. This review is aimed at revealing these functions and underlying mechanisms of 25-HC.
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17
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Szomek M, Moesgaard L, Reinholdt P, Haarhøj Hald SB, Petersen D, Krishnan K, Covey DF, Kongsted J, Wüstner D. Membrane organization and intracellular transport of a fluorescent analogue of 27-hydroxycholesterol. Chem Phys Lipids 2020; 233:105004. [PMID: 33137329 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2020.105004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Oxysterols are cholesterol metabolites with multiple functions in controlling cellular homeostasis. In particular, 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-OH-Chol) has been shown to regulate a variety of physiological functions, but little is known about its uptake, intracellular trafficking, and efflux from cells. This is largely due to a lack of suitable analogs of 27-OH-Chol, which mimic this oxysterol closely. Here, we present the intrinsically fluorescent 27-hydroxy-cholestatrienol (27-OH-CTL), which differs from 27-OH-Chol only by having two additional double bonds in the steroid ring system. Based on molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we show that 27-OH-CTL possesses almost identical membrane properties compared to 27-OH-Chol. By comparative imaging of 27-OH-CTL and of the cholesterol analogue cholestatrienol (CTL) in living cells, we assess the impact of a single hydroxy group on sterol trafficking. We find that human fibroblasts take up more CTL than 27-OH-CTL, but efflux the oxysterol analogue more efficiently. For both sterols, efflux includes shedding of vesicles from the plasma membrane. Intracellular, 27-OH-CTL accumulates primarily in lipid droplets (LDs), while CTL is mostly found in endosomes and lysosomes. Using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), we find for both sterols a rapidly exchanging pool, which moves orders of magnitude faster than sterol containing vesicles and LDs. In summary, by applying a new fluorescent derivative of 27-OH-Chol we demonstrate that human cells can distinguish sterols based on a single hydroxy group in the side chain, resulting in different transport itineraries, dynamics, and efflux kinetics. Both intrinsically fluorescent cholesterol and oxysterol analogues show rapid non-vesicular transport in human fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Szomek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Laust Moesgaard
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Peter Reinholdt
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Sophia Bell Haarhøj Hald
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Daniel Petersen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Kathiresan Krishnan
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Douglas F Covey
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jacob Kongsted
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark.
| | - Daniel Wüstner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark.
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18
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Aggregation of 25-hydroxycholesterol in a complex biomembrane. Differences with cholesterol. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183413. [PMID: 32721397 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
25-Hydroxycholesterol (25HC), one of the most important oxysterol molecules, can be used by cells to fight bacterial and viral infections but the mechanism that defines its biological effects are unknown. Using molecular dynamics, we have aimed to describe the orientation and location of 25HC in the membrane as well as the interactions it might have with lipids. We have studied two complex model membrane systems, one similar to the late endosome membrane and the other one to the plasma membrane. Our results reinforce that 25HC is inserted in the membrane in a relative stable location similar to but not identical to cholesterol. 25HC fluctuates in the membrane to a much greater degree than cholesterol, but the effect of 25HC on the phospholipid order parameters is not significantly different. One of the most notable facts about 25HC is that, unlike cholesterol, this molecule tends to aggregate, forming dimers, trimers and higher-order aggregates. These aggregates are formed spontaneously through the formation of hydrogen bonds between the two 25HC atoms, the formation of hydrogen bonds being independent of the studied system. Remarkably, no contacts or hydrogen bonds are observed between 25HC and cholesterol molecules, as well as between cholesterol molecules themselves at any time. It would be conceivable that 25HC, by forming high order aggregates without significantly altering the membrane properties, would modify the way proteins interact with the membrane and henceforth form a true innate antiviral molecule.
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19
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Lange Y, Steck TL. Active cholesterol 20 years on. Traffic 2020; 21:662-674. [PMID: 32930466 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review considers the following hypotheses, some well-supported and some speculative. Almost all of the sterol molecules in plasma membranes are associated with bilayer phospholipids in complexes of varied strength and stoichiometry. These complexes underlie many of the material properties of the bilayer. The small fraction of cholesterol molecules exceeding the binding capacity of the phospholipids is thermodynamically active and serves diverse functions. It circulates briskly among the cell membranes, particularly through contact sites linking the organelles. Active cholesterol provides the upstream feedback signal to multiple mechanisms governing plasma membrane homeostasis, pegging the sterol level to a threshold set by its phospholipids. Active cholesterol could also be the cargo for various inter-organelle transporters and the form excreted from cells by reverse transport. Furthermore, it is integral to the function of caveolae; a mediator of Hedgehog regulation; and a ligand for the binding of cytolytic toxins to membranes. Active cholesterol modulates a variety of plasma membrane proteins-receptors, channels and transporters-at least in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Lange
- Department of Pathology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Theodore L Steck
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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20
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Madenspacher JH, Morrell ED, Gowdy KM, McDonald JG, Thompson BM, Muse G, Martinez J, Thomas S, Mikacenic C, Nick JA, Abraham E, Garantziotis S, Stapleton RD, Meacham JM, Thomassen MJ, Janssen WJ, Cook DN, Wurfel MM, Fessler MB. Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase promotes efferocytosis and resolution of lung inflammation. JCI Insight 2020; 5:137189. [PMID: 32343675 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.137189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar macrophages (AM) play a central role in initiation and resolution of lung inflammation, but the integration of these opposing core functions is poorly understood. AM expression of cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H), the primary biosynthetic enzyme for 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC), far exceeds the expression of macrophages in other tissues, but no role for CH25H has been defined in lung biology. As 25HC is an agonist for the antiinflammatory nuclear receptor, liver X receptor (LXR), we speculated that CH25H might regulate inflammatory homeostasis in the lung. Here, we show that, of natural oxysterols or sterols, 25HC is induced in the inflamed lung of mice and humans. Ch25h-/- mice fail to induce 25HC and LXR target genes in the lung after LPS inhalation and exhibit delayed resolution of airway neutrophilia, which can be rescued by systemic treatment with either 25HC or synthetic LXR agonists. LXR-null mice also display delayed resolution, suggesting that native oxysterols promote resolution. During resolution, Ch25h is induced in macrophages upon their encounter with apoptotic cells and is required for LXR-dependent prevention of AM lipid overload, induction of Mertk, efferocytic resolution of airway neutrophilia, and induction of TGF-β. CH25H/25HC/LXR is, thus, an inducible metabolic axis that programs AMs for efferocytic resolution of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer H Madenspacher
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Eric D Morrell
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kymberly M Gowdy
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, and.,Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jeffrey G McDonald
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Bonne M Thompson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Ginger Muse
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jennifer Martinez
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Seddon Thomas
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Carmen Mikacenic
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jerry A Nick
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Edward Abraham
- Department of Medicine, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Stavros Garantziotis
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Renee D Stapleton
- Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Julie M Meacham
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mary Jane Thomassen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - William J Janssen
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Donald N Cook
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mark M Wurfel
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael B Fessler
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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21
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Raselli T, Wyss A, Gonzalez Alvarado MN, Weder B, Mamie C, Spalinger MR, Van Haaften WT, Dijkstra G, Sailer AW, Imenez Silva PH, Wagner CA, Tosevski V, Leibl S, Scharl M, Rogler G, Hausmann M, Misselwitz B. The Oxysterol Synthesising Enzyme CH25H Contributes to the Development of Intestinal Fibrosis. J Crohns Colitis 2019; 13:1186-1200. [PMID: 31220227 PMCID: PMC6751338 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjz039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal fibrosis and stenosis are common complications of Crohn's disease [CD], frequently requiring surgery. Anti-inflammatory strategies can only partially prevent fibrosis; hence, anti-fibrotic therapies remain an unmet clinical need. Oxysterols are oxidised cholesterol derivatives with important roles in various biological processes. The enzyme cholesterol 25-hydroxylase [CH25H] converts cholesterol to 25-hydroxycholesterol [25-HC], which modulates immune responses and oxidative stress. In human intestinal samples from CD patients, we found a strong correlation of CH25H mRNA expression with the expression of fibrosis markers. We demonstrate reduced intestinal fibrosis in mice deficient for the CH25H enzyme, using the sodium dextran sulphate [DSS]-induced chronic colitis model. Additionally, using a heterotopic transplantation model of intestinal fibrosis, we demonstrate reduced collagen deposition and lower concentrations of hydroxyproline in CH25H knockouts. In the heterotopic transplant model, CH25H was expressed in fibroblasts. Taken together, our findings indicate an involvement of oxysterol synthesis in the pathogenesis of intestinal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Raselli
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich University, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A Wyss
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich University, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M N Gonzalez Alvarado
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich University, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - B Weder
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich University, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - C Mamie
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich University, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M R Spalinger
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich University, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - W T Van Haaften
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich University, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - G Dijkstra
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - A W Sailer
- Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - C A Wagner
- Institute of Physiology, Zurich University, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - V Tosevski
- Mass Cytometry Facility, Zurich University, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Leibl
- Institute of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich and Zurich University, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M Scharl
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich University, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - G Rogler
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich University, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M Hausmann
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich University, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - B Misselwitz
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich University, Zurich, Switzerland
- Corresponding author: Dr. Benjamin Misselwitz, Dept. of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital Bern and Bern University, Freiburgstr 18, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
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22
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Petersen D, Reinholdt P, Szomek M, Hansen SK, Poongavanam V, Dupont A, Heegaard CW, Krishnan K, Fujiwara H, Covey DF, Ory DS, Kongsted J, Wüstner D. Binding and intracellular transport of 25-hydroxycholesterol by Niemann-Pick C2 protein. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2019; 1862:183063. [PMID: 31521631 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.183063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Side-chain oxidized cholesterol derivatives, like 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-OH-Chol) are important regulators of cellular cholesterol homeostasis. How transport of oxysterols through the endo-lysosomal pathway contributes to their biological function is not clear. The Niemann-Pick C2 protein (NPC2) is a small lysosomal sterol transfer protein required for export of cholesterol from late endosomes and lysosomes (LE/LYSs). Here, we show that 25-hydroxy-cholestatrienol, (25-OH-CTL), an intrinsically fluorescent analogue of 25-OH-Chol, becomes trapped in LE/LYSs of NPC2-deficient fibroblasts, but can efflux from the cells even in the absence of NPC2 upon removal of the sterol source. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) of 25-OH-CTL in endo-lysosomes was rapid and extensive and only partially dependent on NPC2 function. Using quenching of NPC2's intrinsic fluorescence, we show that 25-OH-Chol and 25-OH-CTL can bind to NPC2 though with lower affinity compared to cholesterol and its fluorescent analogues, cholestatrienol (CTL) and dehydroergosterol (DHE). This is confirmed by calculations of binding energies which additionally show that 25-OH-CTL can bind in two orientations to NPC2, in stark contrast to cholesterol and its analogues. We conclude that NPC2's affinity for all sterols is energetically favored over their self-aggregation in the lysosomal lumen. Lysosomal export of 25-OH-Chol is not strictly dependent on the NPC2 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Petersen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Peter Reinholdt
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Maria Szomek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | | | | | - Alice Dupont
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Christian W Heegaard
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus, C, Denmark
| | - Kathiresan Krishnan
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Hideji Fujiwara
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Douglas F Covey
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Taylor Family Institute for Innovative Psychiatric Research, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Daniel S Ory
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jacob Kongsted
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Daniel Wüstner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark.
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23
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Saez F, Whitfield M, Drevet JR. Impairment of sperm maturation and capacitation due to diet-dependent cholesterol overload. Andrology 2019; 7:654-661. [PMID: 31161683 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipid metabolic disorders (dyslipidemia) are constantly increasing in occidental societies and lead to the development of pathologies such as obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. It has been demonstrated that dyslipidemia can alter the reproductive function. Animal models have recently been used to show that the offspring of dyslipidemic males could also develop such pathologies and that the transgenerational transmission involved post-testicular sperm maturation. These data targeted the essential role of male gamete epididymal maturation and its importance for the health of the offspring. OBJECTIVES This publication summarizes in the first place experimental data obtained using a mouse model of dyslipidemia-induced post-testicular infertility, knockout mice for the two isoforms of the 'Liver X Receptors' (Lxrα;β-/- ), the major regulators of cholesterol homeostasis. The impact of a high cholesterol diet (HCD) on the protein YWHAZ (14-3-3 ζ or tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein Zeta) was also investigated in our model. MATERIALS AND METHODS In our mouse model, when young fertile Lxrα;β-/- males aged three months were fed four weeks with a HCD, they developed an epididymal phenotype leading to infertility. The level of sperm YWHAZ was evaluated by Western blot and its tyrosine phosphorylation state by immunoprecipitation followed by Western blot. RESULTS Our data revealed that sperm lipid composition and structure were altered, leading to defects of the capacitation-associated signaling pathway. They also showed that both the level and the tyrosine phosphorylation state of YWHAZ were affected by the HCD in sperm cells from Lxrα;β-/- males. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION YWHAZ could be a new important regulator of capacitation-associated tyrosine phosphorylation and a marker of dyslipidemia-induced infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Saez
- Team MEPTI (Mécanismes Post-Testiculaires de l'Infertilité), GReD Laboratory, Faculté de Médecine, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Inserm, CRBC, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - M Whitfield
- Team MEPTI (Mécanismes Post-Testiculaires de l'Infertilité), GReD Laboratory, Faculté de Médecine, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Inserm, CRBC, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Department of Development, Reproduction and Cancer, INSERM U1016 - CNRS UMR 8104 - Université Paris Descartes, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - J R Drevet
- Team MEPTI (Mécanismes Post-Testiculaires de l'Infertilité), GReD Laboratory, Faculté de Médecine, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Inserm, CRBC, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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24
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Feltes M, Moores S, Gale SE, Krishnan K, Mydock-McGrane L, Covey DF, Ory DS, Schaffer JE. Synthesis and characterization of diazirine alkyne probes for the study of intracellular cholesterol trafficking. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:707-716. [PMID: 30617147 PMCID: PMC6399506 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d091470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is an essential structural component of cellular membranes and precursor molecule for oxysterol, bile acid, and hormone synthesis. The study of intracellular cholesterol trafficking pathways has been limited in part due to a lack of suitable cholesterol analogues. Herein, we developed three novel diazirine alkyne cholesterol probes: LKM38, KK174, and KK175. We evaluated these probes as well as a previously described diazirine alkyne cholesterol analogue, trans-sterol, for their fidelity as cholesterol mimics and for study of cholesterol trafficking. LKM38 emerged as a promising cholesterol mimic because it both sustained the growth of cholesterol-auxotrophic cells and appropriately regulated key cholesterol homeostatic pathways. When presented as an ester in lipoprotein particles, LKM38 initially localized to the lysosome and subsequently trafficked to the plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum. LKM38 bound to diverse, established cholesterol binding proteins. Through a detailed characterization of the cellular behavior of a panel of diazirine alkyne probes using cell biological, biochemical trafficking assays and immunofluorescence approaches, we conclude that LKM38 can serve as a powerful tool for the study of cholesterol protein interactions and trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- McKenna Feltes
- Departments of Medicine Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Samantha Moores
- Departments of Medicine Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Sarah E Gale
- Departments of Medicine Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Kathiresan Krishnan
- Developmental Biology Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | | | - Douglas F Covey
- Developmental Biology Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Daniel S Ory
- Departments of Medicine Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Jean E Schaffer
- Departments of Medicine Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Developmental Biology Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
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25
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Kulig W, Mikkolainen H, Olżyńska A, Jurkiewicz P, Cwiklik L, Hof M, Vattulainen I, Jungwirth P, Rog T. Bobbing of Oxysterols: Molecular Mechanism for Translocation of Tail-Oxidized Sterols through Biological Membranes. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:1118-1123. [PMID: 29437399 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Translocation of sterols between cellular membrane leaflets is of key importance in membrane organization, dynamics, and signaling. We present a novel translocation mechanism that differs in a unique manner from the established ones. The bobbing mechanism identified here is demonstrated for tail-oxidized sterols, but is expected to be viable for any molecule containing two polar centers at the opposite sides of the molecule. The mechanism renders translocation across a lipid membrane possible without a change in molecular orientation. For tail-oxidized sterols, the bobbing mechanism provides an exceptionally facile means to translocate these signaling molecules across membrane structures and may thus represent an important pathway in the course of their biological action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waldemar Kulig
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Laboratory of Physics, Tampere University of Technology , P.O. Box 692, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Heikki Mikkolainen
- Laboratory of Physics, Tampere University of Technology , P.O. Box 692, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Agnieszka Olżyńska
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences , Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Piotr Jurkiewicz
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences , Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lukasz Cwiklik
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences , Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences , 16610, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Hof
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences , Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ilpo Vattulainen
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Laboratory of Physics, Tampere University of Technology , P.O. Box 692, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland
- MEMPHYS-Center for Biomembrane Physics
| | - Pavel Jungwirth
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences , 16610, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomasz Rog
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Laboratory of Physics, Tampere University of Technology , P.O. Box 692, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland
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26
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Sèdes L, Thirouard L, Maqdasy S, Garcia M, Caira F, Lobaccaro JMA, Beaudoin C, Volle DH. Cholesterol: A Gatekeeper of Male Fertility? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:369. [PMID: 30072948 PMCID: PMC6060264 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is essential for mammalian cell functions and integrity. It is an important structural component maintaining the permeability and fluidity of the cell membrane. The balance between synthesis and catabolism of cholesterol should be tightly regulated to ensure normal cellular processes. Male reproductive function has been demonstrated to be dependent on cholesterol homeostasis. Here we review data highlighting the impacts of cholesterol homeostasis on male fertility and the molecular mechanisms implicated through the signaling pathways of some nuclear receptors.
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27
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Brownholland DP, Covey DF. Synthesis of side-chain oxysterols and their enantiomers through cross-metathesis reactions of Δ 22 steroids. Steroids 2017; 121:22-31. [PMID: 28300584 PMCID: PMC5398201 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A synthetic route that utilizes a cross-metathesis reaction with Δ22 steroids has been developed to prepare sterols with varying C-27 side-chains. Natural sterols containing hydroxyl groups at the 25 and (25R)-26 positions were prepared. Enantiomers of cholesterol and (3β,25R)-26-hydroxycholesterol (27-hydroxycholesterol) trideuterated at C-19 were prepared for future biological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Brownholland
- Department of Chemistry, Carthage College, 2001 Alford Park, Kenosha, WI 53140, USA.
| | - Douglas F Covey
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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28
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Sun MY, Linsenbardt AJ, Emnett CM, Eisenman LN, Izumi Y, Zorumski CF, Mennerick S. 24(S)-Hydroxycholesterol as a Modulator of Neuronal Signaling and Survival. Neuroscientist 2016; 22:132-44. [PMID: 25628343 PMCID: PMC4821654 DOI: 10.1177/1073858414568122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The major cholesterol metabolite in brain, 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol (24S-HC), serves as a vehicle for cholesterol removal. Its effects on neuronal function, however, have only recently begun to be investigated. Here, we review that nascent work. Our own studies have demonstrated that 24S-HC has potent positive modulatory effects on N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor (NMDAR) function. This could have implications not only for brain plasticity but also for pathological NMDAR overuse. Other work has demonstrated effects of 24S-HC on neuronal survival and as a possible biomarker of neurodegenerative disease. Depending on circumstances, both upregulation/mimicry of 24S-HC signaling and down-regulation/antagonism may have therapeutic potential. We are interested in the possibility that synthetic analogues of 24S-HC with positive effects at NMDARs may hold neurotherapeutic promise, given the role of NMDA receptor hypofunction in certain neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Yu Sun
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Andrew J Linsenbardt
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Christine M Emnett
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Lawrence N Eisenman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yukitoshi Izumi
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Charles F Zorumski
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA Taylor Family Institute for Innovative Psychiatric Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Steve Mennerick
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA Taylor Family Institute for Innovative Psychiatric Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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29
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Leahy T, Gadella BM. New insights into the regulation of cholesterol efflux from the sperm membrane. Asian J Androl 2016; 17:561-7. [PMID: 25926609 PMCID: PMC4492045 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.153309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is an essential component of the mammalian plasma membrane because it promotes membrane stability without comprising membrane fluidity. Given this important cellular role, cholesterol levels are tightly controlled at multiple levels. It has been clearly shown that cholesterol redistribution and depletion from the sperm membrane is a key part of the spermatozoon's preparation for fertilization. Some factors that regulate these events are described (e.g., bicarbonate, calcium) but the mechanisms underlying cholesterol export are poorly understood. How does a hydrophobic cholesterol molecule inserted in the sperm plasma membrane enter the energetically unfavorable aqueous surroundings? This review will provide an overview of knowledge in this area and highlight our gaps in understanding. The overall aim is to better understand cholesterol redistribution in the sperm plasma membrane, its relation to the possible activation of a cholesterol transporter and the role of cholesterol acceptors. Armed with such knowledge, sperm handling techniques can be adapted to better prepare spermatozoa for in vitro and in vivo fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bart M Gadella
- Department of Farm Animal Health and of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
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30
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Iaea DB, Gale SE, Bielska AA, Krishnan K, Fujiwara H, Jiang H, Maxfield FR, Schlesinger PH, Covey DF, Schaffer JE, Ory DS. A novel intrinsically fluorescent probe for study of uptake and trafficking of 25-hydroxycholesterol. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:2408-19. [PMID: 26497473 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d064287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol homeostasis is regulated not only by cholesterol, but also by oxygenated cholesterol species, referred to as oxysterols. Side-chain oxysterols, such as 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC), regulate cholesterol homeostasis through feedback inhibition and feed-forward activation of transcriptional pathways that govern cholesterol synthesis, uptake, and elimination, as well as through direct nongenomic actions that modulate cholesterol accessibility in membranes. Elucidating the cellular distribution of 25-HC is required to understand its biological activity at the molecular level. However, studying oxysterol distribution and behavior within cells has proven difficult due to the lack of fluorescent analogs of 25-HC that retain its chemical and physical properties. To address this, we synthesized a novel intrinsically fluorescent 25-HC mimetic, 25-hydroxycholestatrienol (25-HCTL). We show that 25-HCTL modulates sterol homeostatic responses in a similar manner as 25-HC. 25-HCTL associates with lipoproteins in media and is taken up by cells through LDL-mediated endocytosis. In cultured cells, 25-HCTL redistributes among cellular membranes and, at steady state, has a similar distribution as cholesterol, being enriched in both the endocytic recycling compartment as well as the plasma membrane. Our findings indicate that 25-HCTL is a faithful fluorescent 25-HC mimetic that can be used to investigate the mechanisms through which 25-HC regulates sterol homeostatic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Iaea
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
| | - Sarah E Gale
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Agata A Bielska
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Kathiresan Krishnan
- Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Hideji Fujiwara
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Hui Jiang
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | | | - Paul H Schlesinger
- Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Douglas F Covey
- Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Jean E Schaffer
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Daniel S Ory
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
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31
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Singaravelu R, Srinivasan P, Pezacki JP. Armand-Frappier Outstanding Student Award--The emerging role of 25-hydroxycholesterol in innate immunity. Can J Microbiol 2015; 61:521-30. [PMID: 26182401 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2015-0292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic interplay between hosts and viruses plays a crucial role in determining the outcome of viral infection. Viruses reorchestrate the host's primary metabolic gene networks, including genes associated with mevalonate and isoprenoid synthesis, to acquire the necessary energy and structural components for their viral life cycles. Recent work has demonstrated that the interferon-mediated antiviral response suppresses the sterol pathway through production of a signalling molecule, 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC). This oxysterol has been shown to exert multiple effects, both through incorporation into host cellular membranes as well as through transcriptional control. Herein, we summarize our current understanding of the multifunctional roles of 25HC in the mammalian innate antiviral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragunath Singaravelu
- a Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.,b Life Sciences Division, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Prashanth Srinivasan
- a Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.,b Life Sciences Division, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - John Paul Pezacki
- a Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.,b Life Sciences Division, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada.,c Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
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32
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Róg T, Vattulainen I. Cholesterol, sphingolipids, and glycolipids: what do we know about their role in raft-like membranes? Chem Phys Lipids 2014; 184:82-104. [PMID: 25444976 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lipids rafts are considered to be functional nanoscale membrane domains enriched in cholesterol and sphingolipids, characteristic in particular of the external leaflet of cell membranes. Lipids, together with membrane-associated proteins, are therefore considered to form nanoscale units with potential specific functions. Although the understanding of the structure of rafts in living cells is quite limited, the possible functions of rafts are widely discussed in the literature, highlighting their importance in cellular functions. In this review, we discuss the understanding of rafts that has emerged based on recent atomistic and coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulation studies on the key lipid raft components, which include cholesterol, sphingolipids, glycolipids, and the proteins interacting with these classes of lipids. The simulation results are compared to experiments when possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Róg
- Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ilpo Vattulainen
- Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland; MEMPHYS-Center for Biomembrane Physics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
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