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Bennett AL, Cranford KN, Bates AL, Sabatini CR, Lee HS. A molecular dynamics study of cell-penetrating peptide transportan-10 (TP10): Binding, folding and insertion to transmembrane state in zwitterionic membrane. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2024; 1866:184218. [PMID: 37634858 PMCID: PMC10843101 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2023.184218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Transportan 10 (TP10) is a 21-residue, cationic, α-helical cell-penetrating peptide that can be used as a delivery vector for various bioactive molecules. Based on recent confocal microscopy studies, it is believed that TP10 can translocate across neutral lipid membrane passively, possibly as a monomer, without the formation of permanent pore. Here, we performed extensive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of TP10W (Y3W variant of TP10) to find the microscopic details of binding, folding and insertion of TP10W to transmembrane state in POPC bilayer. Binding study with CHARMM36 force field showed that TP10W initially binds to the membrane surface in unstructured configuration, but it spontaneously folds into α-helical conformation under the lipid head groups. Further insertion of TP10W, changing from a surface bound state to a vertically oriented transmembrane state, was investigated via umbrella simulations. The resulting free energy profile shows a relatively small barrier between two states, suggesting a possible translocation pathway as a monomer. In fact, unbiased simulation of transmembrane TP10W revealed how a charged Lys side chain can move from one leaflet to the other without a significant free energy cost. Finally, we compared the results of TP10W simulations with those of point mutated variants (TP10W-K12A18 and TP10W-K19L) to understand the effect of charge distribution on the peptide. It was observed that such a conservative mutation can cause noticeable changes in the conformations of both surface bound and transmembrane states. The results of present study will be discussed in relation to the experimentally observed activities of TP10W against neutral membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L Bennett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina, Wilmington, NC 28403, United States of America
| | - Kristen N Cranford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina, Wilmington, NC 28403, United States of America
| | - Austin L Bates
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina, Wilmington, NC 28403, United States of America
| | - Christopher R Sabatini
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina, Wilmington, NC 28403, United States of America
| | - Hee-Seung Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina, Wilmington, NC 28403, United States of America.
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2
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Sadi M, Carvalho N, Léger C, Vitorge B, Ladant D, Guijarro JI, Chenal A. B2LiVe, a label-free 1D-NMR method to quantify the binding of amphitropic peptides or proteins to membrane vesicles. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2023; 3:100624. [PMID: 37909050 PMCID: PMC10694493 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2023.100624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Amphitropic proteins and peptides reversibly partition from solution to membrane, a key process that regulates their functions. Experimental approaches classically used to measure protein partitioning into lipid bilayers, such as fluorescence and circular dichroism, are hardly usable when the peptides or proteins do not exhibit significant polarity and/or conformational changes upon membrane binding. Here, we describe binding to lipid vesicles (B2LiVe), a simple, robust, and widely applicable nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) method to determine the solution-to-membrane partitioning of unlabeled proteins or peptides. B2LiVe relies on previously described proton 1D-NMR fast-pulsing techniques. Membrane partitioning induces a large line broadening, leading to a loss of protein signals; therefore, the decrease of the NMR signal directly measures the fraction of membrane-bound protein. The method uses low polypeptide concentrations and has been validated on several membrane-interacting polypeptides, ranging from 3 to 54 kDa, with membrane vesicles of different sizes and various lipid compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Sadi
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3528, Biochemistry of Macromolecular Interactions Unit, 75015 Paris, France; Université de Paris Cité, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Carvalho
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3528, Biochemistry of Macromolecular Interactions Unit, 75015 Paris, France; Université de Paris Cité, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Corentin Léger
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3528, Biochemistry of Macromolecular Interactions Unit, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Bruno Vitorge
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3528, Biological NMR and HDX-MS Technological Platform, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Daniel Ladant
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3528, Biochemistry of Macromolecular Interactions Unit, 75015 Paris, France
| | - J Iñaki Guijarro
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3528, Biological NMR and HDX-MS Technological Platform, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Alexandre Chenal
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3528, Biochemistry of Macromolecular Interactions Unit, 75015 Paris, France.
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3
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Li YX, Wang N, Hasan MM, Pang HB. Co-administration of Transportan Peptide Enhances the Cellular Entry of Liposomes in the Bystander Manner Both In Vitro and In Vivo. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:4123-4134. [PMID: 36070496 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Liposomes have been widely used as a drug delivery vector. One way to further improve its therapeutic efficacy is to increase the cell entry efficiency. Covalent conjugation with cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) and other types of ligands has been the mainstream strategy to tackle this issue. Although efficient, it requires additional chemical modifications on liposomes, which is undesirable for clinical translation. Our previous study showed that the transportan (TP) peptide, an amphiphilic CPP, was able to increase the cellular uptake of co-administered, but not covalently coupled, metallic nanoparticles (NPs). Termed bystander uptake, this process represents a simpler method to increase the cell entry of NPs without chemical modifications. Here, we extended our efforts to liposomes. Our results showed that co-administration with the TP peptide improved the internalization of liposome into a variety of cell lines in vitro. This effect was also observed in primary cells, ex vivo tumor slices, and in vivo tumor tissues. On the other hand, this peptide-assisted liposome internalization did not apply to cationic CPPs, which were the main inducers for bystander uptake in previous studies. We also found that TP-assisted bystander uptake of liposome is receptor dependent, and its activity is more sensitive to the inhibitors of the macropinocytosis pathway, underlining the potential cell entry mechanism. Overall, our study provides a simple strategy based on TP co-administration to increase the cell entry of liposomes, which may open up new avenues to apply TP peptides in nanotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Xuan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Nianwu Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - M Mahadi Hasan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Hong-Bo Pang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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4
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Oliva R, Campanile M, Del Vecchio P, Pizzo E, Bosso A, Winter R, Petraccone L. The C-terminus of the GKY20 antimicrobial peptide, derived from human thrombin, plays a key role in its membrane perturbation capability. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:7994-8002. [PMID: 35314853 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05857f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we characterized in detail the mechanism of action of the antimicrobial peptide GKY20, showing that it selectively perturbs the bacterial-like membrane employing peptide conformational changes, lipid segregation and domain formation as key steps in promoting membrane disruption. Here, we used a combination of biophysical techniques to similarly characterize the antimicrobial activity as well as the membrane perturbing capability of GKY10, a much shorter version of the GKY20 peptide. GKY10 is only half of the parent peptide and consists of the last 10 amino acids (starting from the C-terminus) of the full-length peptide. Despite a large difference in length, we found that GKY10, like the parent peptide, retains the ability to adopt a helical structure and to induce lipid segregation upon membrane binding. Overall, our results suggest that the amino acid sequence of GKY10 is responsible for most of the observed behaviors of GKY20. Our results shed further light on the mechanism of action of the full-length peptide and provide useful information for the design and development of new peptides that serve as antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Oliva
- Physical Chemistry I - Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn Street 4a, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.,Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Marco Campanile
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Pompea Del Vecchio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Elio Pizzo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Bosso
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Roland Winter
- Physical Chemistry I - Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn Street 4a, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Luigi Petraccone
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy.
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5
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Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide, and the search for specialised therapy options has been a challenge for decades. The emergence of active targeted therapies provides the opportunity to treat cancerous tissues without harming healthy ones due to peculiar physiological changes. Herein, peptides and peptide analogs have been gaining a lot of attention over the last decade, especially for the on-site delivery of therapeutics to target tissues in order to achieve efficient and reliable cancer treatment. Combining peptides with highly efficient drug delivery platforms could potentially eliminate off-target adverse effects encountered during active targeting of conventional chemotherapeutics. Small size, ease of production and characterisation, low immunogenicity and satisfactory binding affinity of peptides offer some advantages over other complex targeting moiety, no wonder the market of peptide-based drugs continues to expand expeditiously. It is estimated that the global peptide drug market will be worth around USD 48.04 billion by 2025, with a compound annual growth rate of 9.4%. In this review, the current state of art of peptide-based therapeutics with special interest on tumour targeting peptides has been discussed. Moreover, various active targeting strategies such as the use functionalised peptides or peptide analogs are also elaborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selin Seda Timur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - R Neslihan Gürsoy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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6
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Abstract
Nanometer-sized liposomes decorated with macromolecules are increasingly used as drug delivery vehicles due to their long lifetimes and target cell specificity, but surface characterization methods often change their properties, which leads to incorrect results. Ligand binding is commonly applied for characterizing these surface modifications. Here, we use a nanofluidic-based label-free sensor for real-time sensing of ligands binding to liposomes. The liposomes are trapped in a nanochannel with a salt concentration gradient, and as the trapping position depends on the liposomes' zeta potential, it changes when charged ligands bind to the liposomes. Our sensing method does not require immobilization of the liposomes or labeling of the ligands with fluorophores, which may both affect the sensing. The zeta potential sensing is demonstrated by measuring hybridization of DNA targets with complementary DNA probes on liposome surfaces. DNA hybridization is monitored for both ensembles and individual liposomes, the latter allows for analysis of ensemble heterogeneity, and we demonstrate sensitivity to changes in surface charge down to 1.5%. DNA hybridization is used to demonstrate label-free sensing, but the method also has potential applications within exosome characterization, where biorecognition of, e.g., surface DNA, proteins, and antibodies is a promising candidate for early stage cancer diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin K. Rasmussen
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jonas N. Pedersen
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Rodolphe Marie
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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7
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Lin CC, Bachmann M, Bachler S, Venkatesan K, Dittrich PS. Tunable Membrane Potential Reconstituted in Giant Vesicles Promotes Permeation of Cationic Peptides at Nanomolar Concentrations. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:41909-41916. [PMID: 30450894 PMCID: PMC6420060 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b12217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the influence of membrane potential on the permeation of cationic peptides. Therefore, we employ a microfluidic chip capable of capturing giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) in physical traps and fast exchange of chemical compounds. Control experiments with calcein proved that the vesicle membranes' integrity is not affected by the physical traps and applied shear forces. Combined with fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, permeation of fluorescently labeled peptides across vesicle membranes can be measured down to the nanomolar level. With the addition of a lipophilic ruthenium(II) complex Ru(C17)22+, GUVs consisting of mixed acyl phospholipids are prepared with a negative membrane potential, resembling the membrane asymmetry in cells. The membrane potential serves as a driving force for the permeation of cationic cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) nonaarginine (Arg9) and the human immunodeficiency virus trans-activator of transcription (TAT) peptide already at nanomolar doses. Hyperpolarization of the membrane by photo-oxidation of Ru(C17)22+ enhances permeation significantly from 55 to 78% for Arg9. This specific enhancement for Arg9 (cf. TAT) is ascribed to the higher affinity of the arginines to the phosphoserine head groups. On the other hand, permeation is decreased by introducing an additional negative charge in close proximity to the N-terminal arginine residue when changing the fluorophore. In short, with the capability to reconstitute membrane potential as well as shear stress, our system is a suitable platform for modeling the membrane permeability of pharmaceutics candidates. The results also highlight the membrane potential as a major cause of discrepancies between vesicular and cellular studies on CPP permeation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Chen Lin
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Bachmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Bachler
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Koushik Venkatesan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Petra S. Dittrich
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
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8
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Avci FG, Akbulut BS, Ozkirimli E. Membrane Active Peptides and Their Biophysical Characterization. Biomolecules 2018; 8:biom8030077. [PMID: 30135402 PMCID: PMC6164437 DOI: 10.3390/biom8030077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last 20 years, an increasing number of studies have been reported on membrane active peptides. These peptides exert their biological activity by interacting with the cell membrane, either to disrupt it and lead to cell lysis or to translocate through it to deliver cargos into the cell and reach their target. Membrane active peptides are attractive alternatives to currently used pharmaceuticals and the number of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and peptides designed for drug and gene delivery in the drug pipeline is increasing. Here, we focus on two most prominent classes of membrane active peptides; AMPs and cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs). Antimicrobial peptides are a group of membrane active peptides that disrupt the membrane integrity or inhibit the cellular functions of bacteria, virus, and fungi. Cell penetrating peptides are another group of membrane active peptides that mainly function as cargo-carriers even though they may also show antimicrobial activity. Biophysical techniques shed light on peptide–membrane interactions at higher resolution due to the advances in optics, image processing, and computational resources. Structural investigation of membrane active peptides in the presence of the membrane provides important clues on the effect of the membrane environment on peptide conformations. Live imaging techniques allow examination of peptide action at a single cell or single molecule level. In addition to these experimental biophysical techniques, molecular dynamics simulations provide clues on the peptide–lipid interactions and dynamics of the cell entry process at atomic detail. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in experimental and computational investigation of membrane active peptides with particular emphasis on two amphipathic membrane active peptides, the AMP melittin and the CPP pVEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Gizem Avci
- Bioengineering Department, Marmara University, Kadikoy, 34722 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | | | - Elif Ozkirimli
- Chemical Engineering Department, Bogazici University, Bebek, 34342 Istanbul, Turkey.
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9
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Oliva R, Chino M, Pane K, Pistorio V, De Santis A, Pizzo E, D'Errico G, Pavone V, Lombardi A, Del Vecchio P, Notomista E, Nastri F, Petraccone L. Exploring the role of unnatural amino acids in antimicrobial peptides. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8888. [PMID: 29892005 PMCID: PMC5995839 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27231-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs) are a promising alternative to treat multidrug-resistant bacteria, which have developed resistance to all the commonly used antimicrobial, and therefore represent a serious threat to human health. One of the major drawbacks of CAMPs is their sensitivity to proteases, which drastically limits their half-life. Here we describe the design and synthesis of three nine-residue CAMPs, which showed high stability in serum and broad spectrum antimicrobial activity. As for all peptides a very low selectivity between bacterial and eukaryotic cells was observed, we performed a detailed biophysical characterization of the interaction of one of these peptides with liposomes mimicking bacterial and eukaryotic membranes. Our results show a surface binding on the DPPC/DPPG vesicles, coupled with lipid domain formation, and, above a threshold concentration, a deep insertion into the bilayer hydrophobic core. On the contrary, mainly surface binding of the peptide on the DPPC bilayer was observed. These observed differences in the peptide interaction with the two model membranes suggest a divergence in the mechanisms responsible for the antimicrobial activity and for the observed high toxicity toward mammalian cell lines. These results could represent an important contribution to unravel some open and unresolved issues in the development of synthetic CAMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Oliva
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", via Cintia, I-80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Chino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", via Cintia, I-80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Katia Pane
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Cintia, I-80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Valeria Pistorio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Pansini, 5, I-80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Augusta De Santis
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", via Cintia, I-80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Elio Pizzo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Cintia, I-80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Gerardino D'Errico
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", via Cintia, I-80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Pavone
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", via Cintia, I-80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Lombardi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", via Cintia, I-80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Pompea Del Vecchio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", via Cintia, I-80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Eugenio Notomista
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Cintia, I-80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Flavia Nastri
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", via Cintia, I-80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Petraccone
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", via Cintia, I-80126, Naples, Italy.
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10
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Rádis-Baptista G, Campelo IS, Morlighem JÉRL, Melo LM, Freitas VJF. Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs): From delivery of nucleic acids and antigens to transduction of engineered nucleases for application in transgenesis. J Biotechnol 2017; 252:15-26. [PMID: 28479163 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) have been studied for their capacity to translocate across the lipid membrane of several cell types. In membrane translocation, these peptides can remarkably transport biologically active hydrophilic molecules, such as pharmaceuticals, nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) and even high-molecular-weight proteins, Fig. 3 into the cell cytoplasm and organelles. The development of CPPs as transduction agents includes the modification of gene and protein expression, the reprogramming and differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells and the preparation of cellular vaccines. A relatively recent field of CPP application is the transduction of plasmid DNA vectors and CPP-fusion proteins to modify genomes and introduce new traits in cells and organisms. CPP-mediated transduction of components for genome editing is an advantageous alternative to viral DNA vectors. Engineered site-specific nucleases, such as Cre recombinase, ZFN, TALENs and CRISPR associated protein (Cas), have been coupled to CPPs, and the fused proteins have been used to permeate targeted cells and tissues. The functionally active fusion CPP-nucleases subsequently home to the nucleus, incise genomic DNA at specific sites and induce repair and recombination. This review has the objective of discussing CPPs and elucidating the prospective use of CPP-mediated transduction technology, particularly in genome modification and transgenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gandhi Rádis-Baptista
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Institute for Marine Science, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 60.165-081, Brazil.
| | - Iana S Campelo
- Laboratory of Physiology and Control of Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 60.714-903, Brazil
| | - Jean-Étienne R L Morlighem
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Institute for Marine Science, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 60.165-081, Brazil; Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Post-graduation program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, 60.455-900, Brazil
| | - Luciana M Melo
- Laboratory of Physiology and Control of Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 60.714-903, Brazil
| | - Vicente J F Freitas
- Laboratory of Physiology and Control of Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 60.714-903, Brazil.
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11
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Lee MW, Han M, Bossa GV, Snell C, Song Z, Tang H, Yin L, Cheng J, May S, Luijten E, Wong GCL. Interactions between Membranes and "Metaphilic" Polypeptide Architectures with Diverse Side-Chain Populations. ACS NANO 2017; 11:2858-2871. [PMID: 28212487 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b07981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
At physiological conditions, most proteins or peptides can fold into relatively stable structures that present on their molecular surfaces specific chemical patterns partially smeared out by thermal fluctuations. These nanoscopically defined patterns of charge, hydrogen bonding, and/or hydrophobicity, along with their elasticity and shape stability (folded proteins have Young's moduli of ∼1 × 108 Pa), largely determine and limit the interactions of these molecules, such as molecular recognition and allosteric regulation. In this work, we show that the membrane-permeating activity of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) can be significantly enhanced using prototypical peptides with "molten" surfaces: metaphilic peptides with quasi-liquid surfaces and adaptable shapes. These metaphilic peptides have a bottlebrush-like architecture consisting of a rigid helical core decorated with mobile side chains that are terminated by cationic or hydrophobic groups. Computer simulations show that these flexible side chains can undergo significant rearrangement in response to different environments, giving rise to adaptable surface chemistry of the peptide. This quality makes it possible to control their hydrophobicity over a broad range while maintaining water solubility, unlike many AMPs and CPPs. Thus, we are able to show how the activity of these peptides is amplified by hydrophobicity and cationic charge, and rationalize these results using a quantitative mean-field theory. Computer simulations show that the shape-changing properties of the peptides and the resultant adaptive presentation of chemistry play a key enabling role in their interactions with membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guilherme Volpe Bossa
- Department of Physics, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Carly Snell
- Department of Physics, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Ziyuan Song
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Haoyu Tang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Lichen Yin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jianjun Cheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Sylvio May
- Department of Physics, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
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12
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Sautrey G, El Khoury M, Dos Santos AG, Zimmermann L, Deleu M, Lins L, Décout JL, Mingeot-Leclercq MP. Negatively Charged Lipids as a Potential Target for New Amphiphilic Aminoglycoside Antibiotics: A BIOPHYSICAL STUDY. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:13864-74. [PMID: 27189936 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.665364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial membranes are highly organized, containing specific microdomains that facilitate distinct protein and lipid assemblies. Evidence suggests that cardiolipin molecules segregate into such microdomains, probably conferring a negative curvature to the inner plasma membrane during membrane fission upon cell division. 3',6-Dinonyl neamine is an amphiphilic aminoglycoside derivative active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, including strains resistant to colistin. The mechanisms involved at the molecular level were identified using lipid models (large unilamellar vesicles, giant unilamelllar vesicles, and lipid monolayers) that mimic the inner membrane of P. aeruginosa The study demonstrated the interaction of 3',6-dinonyl neamine with cardiolipin and phosphatidylglycerol, two negatively charged lipids from inner bacterial membranes. This interaction induced membrane permeabilization and depolarization. Lateral segregation of cardiolipin and membrane hemifusion would be critical for explaining the effects induced on lipid membranes by amphiphilic aminoglycoside antibiotics. The findings contribute to an improved understanding of how amphiphilic aminoglycoside antibiotics that bind to negatively charged lipids like cardiolipin could be promising antibacterial compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Sautrey
- From the Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Pharmacologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Avenue E. Mounier 73, UCL B1.73.05 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Micheline El Khoury
- From the Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Pharmacologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Avenue E. Mounier 73, UCL B1.73.05 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Andreia Giro Dos Santos
- From the Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Pharmacologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Avenue E. Mounier 73, UCL B1.73.05 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Louis Zimmermann
- the Département de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire, Université de Grenoble, Alpes/CNRS, UMR 5063, ICMG FR 2607, 470 Rue de la Chimie, BP 53, F-38041 Grenoble, France, and
| | - Magali Deleu
- the Laboratoire de Biophysique Moleculaire aux Interfaces, Université de Liège, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Passage des Déportés, 2, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Laurence Lins
- the Laboratoire de Biophysique Moleculaire aux Interfaces, Université de Liège, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Passage des Déportés, 2, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Jean-Luc Décout
- the Département de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire, Université de Grenoble, Alpes/CNRS, UMR 5063, ICMG FR 2607, 470 Rue de la Chimie, BP 53, F-38041 Grenoble, France, and
| | - Marie-Paule Mingeot-Leclercq
- From the Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Pharmacologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Avenue E. Mounier 73, UCL B1.73.05 Bruxelles, Belgium,
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13
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Di Pisa M, Chassaing G, Swiecicki JM. Translocation Mechanism(s) of Cell-Penetrating Peptides: Biophysical Studies Using Artificial Membrane Bilayers. Biochemistry 2014; 54:194-207. [DOI: 10.1021/bi501392n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Di Pisa
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7203, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, F-75005 Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 7203, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, F-75005 Paris, France
- ENS, UMR 7203, Laboratoire des Biomolécules,
Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 24 Rue Lhomond, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Gérard Chassaing
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7203, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, F-75005 Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 7203, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, F-75005 Paris, France
- ENS, UMR 7203, Laboratoire des Biomolécules,
Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 24 Rue Lhomond, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marie Swiecicki
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7203, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, F-75005 Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 7203, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, F-75005 Paris, France
- ENS, UMR 7203, Laboratoire des Biomolécules,
Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 24 Rue Lhomond, F-75005 Paris, France
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Abstract
The transacting activator of transduction (TAT) protein plays a key role in the progression of AIDS. Studies have shown that a +8 charged sequence of amino acids in the protein, called the TAT peptide, enables the TAT protein to penetrate cell membranes. To probe mechanisms of binding and translocation of the TAT peptide into the cell, investigators have used phospholipid liposomes as cell membrane mimics. We have used the method of surface potential sensitive second harmonic generation (SHG), which is a label-free and interface-selective method, to study the binding of TAT to anionic 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-1'-rac-glycerol (POPG) and neutral 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) liposomes. It is the SHG sensitivity to the electrostatic field generated by a charged interface that enabled us to obtain the interfacial electrostatic potential. SHG together with the Poisson-Boltzmann equation yielded the dependence of the surface potential on the density of adsorbed TAT. We obtained the dissociation constants Kd for TAT binding to POPC and POPG liposomes and the maximum number of TATs that can bind to a given liposome surface. For POPC Kd was found to be 7.5 ± 2 μM, and for POPG Kd was 29.0 ± 4.0 μM. As TAT was added to the liposome solution the POPC surface potential changed from 0 mV to +37 mV, and for POPG it changed from -57 mV to -37 mV. A numerical calculation of Kd, which included all terms obtained from application of the Poisson-Boltzmann equation to the TAT liposome SHG data, was shown to be in good agreement with an approximated solution.
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15
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Copolovici DM, Langel K, Eriste E, Langel Ü. Cell-penetrating peptides: design, synthesis, and applications. ACS NANO 2014; 8:1972-94. [PMID: 24559246 DOI: 10.1021/nn4057269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 669] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The intrinsic property of cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) to deliver therapeutic molecules (nucleic acids, drugs, imaging agents) to cells and tissues in a nontoxic manner has indicated that they may be potential components of future drugs and disease diagnostic agents. These versatile peptides are simple to synthesize, functionalize, and characterize yet are able to deliver covalently or noncovalently conjugated bioactive cargos (from small chemical drugs to large plasmid DNA) inside cells, primarily via endocytosis, in order to obtain high levels of gene expression, gene silencing, or tumor targeting. Typically, CPPs are often passive and nonselective yet must be functionalized or chemically modified to create effective delivery vectors that succeed in targeting specific cells or tissues. Furthermore, the design of clinically effective systemic delivery systems requires the same amount of attention to detail in both design of the delivered cargo and the cell-penetrating peptide used to deliver it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Maria Copolovici
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Technology, Tartu University , 504 11 Tartu, Estonia
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16
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Hillyar CRT, Cornelissen B, Vallis KA. Uptake, internalization and nuclear translocation of radioimmunotherapeutic agents. Ther Deliv 2014; 5:319-35. [PMID: 24592956 DOI: 10.4155/tde.14.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Radioimmunotherapy (RIT) agents that incorporate short-range particle-emitting radionuclides exploit the high linear energy transfer of α-particles and Auger electrons. Both are densely ionizing, generate complex DNA double-strand breaks and so are profoundly cytotoxic. Internalizing RIT agents enter tumor cells through receptor-mediated endocytosis and by incorporation of cell-penetrating peptides. Once internalized, some RIT agents mediate escape from endosomes and/or translocate to the nucleus. In the classical nuclear import pathway, α/β-importins recognize nuclear localization sequences in RIT agents. Translocation through nuclear pores enables RIT agents to bind to nuclear targets induced by, for example, cellular stress, growth factors or anticancer therapy, such as γH2AX or p27(KIP-1). This review discusses RIT agents designed to exploit the mechanisms underlying these complex processes and compares them with noninternalizing RIT agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R T Hillyar
- Cancer Research UK/Medical Research Council Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology & Biology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
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17
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Subrini O, Sotomayor-Pérez AC, Hessel A, Spiaczka-Karst J, Selwa E, Sapay N, Veneziano R, Pansieri J, Chopineau J, Ladant D, Chenal A. Characterization of a membrane-active peptide from the Bordetella pertussis CyaA toxin. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:32585-32598. [PMID: 24064217 PMCID: PMC3820891 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.508838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis, the pathogenic bacteria responsible for whooping cough, secretes several virulence factors, among which is the adenylate cyclase toxin (CyaA) that plays a crucial role in the early stages of human respiratory tract colonization. CyaA invades target cells by translocating its catalytic domain directly across the plasma membrane and overproduces cAMP, leading to cell death. The molecular process leading to the translocation of the catalytic domain remains largely unknown. We have previously shown that the catalytic domain per se, AC384, encompassing residues 1-384 of CyaA, did not interact with lipid bilayer, whereas a longer polypeptide, AC489, spanning residues 1-489, binds to membranes and permeabilizes vesicles. Moreover, deletion of residues 375-485 within CyaA abrogated the translocation of the catalytic domain into target cells. Here, we further identified within this region a peptidic segment that exhibits membrane interaction properties. A synthetic peptide, P454, corresponding to this sequence (residues 454-485 of CyaA) was characterized by various biophysical approaches. We found that P454 (i) binds to membranes containing anionic lipids, (ii) adopts an α-helical structure oriented in plane with respect to the lipid bilayer, and (iii) permeabilizes vesicles. We propose that the region encompassing the helix 454-485 of CyaA may insert into target cell membrane and induce a local destabilization of the lipid bilayer, thus favoring the translocation of the catalytic domain across the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orso Subrini
- From the Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, Unité de Biochimie des Interactions Macromoléculaires, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Ana-Cristina Sotomayor-Pérez
- From the Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, Unité de Biochimie des Interactions Macromoléculaires, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Audrey Hessel
- From the Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, Unité de Biochimie des Interactions Macromoléculaires, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Johanna Spiaczka-Karst
- From the Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, Unité de Biochimie des Interactions Macromoléculaires, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Edithe Selwa
- the Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, Unité de Bio-Informatique Structurale, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Nicolas Sapay
- the Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Direction des Sciences de la Vie, Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux, CEA Grenoble, 17 Rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Rémi Veneziano
- the Institut Charles Gerhardt, UMR 5253 CNRS/ENSCM/UM2/UM1, Equipe "Matériaux Avancés pour la Catalyse et la Santé", UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault-BP 14 491, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
| | - Jonathan Pansieri
- the Institut Charles Gerhardt, UMR 5253 CNRS/ENSCM/UM2/UM1, Equipe "Matériaux Avancés pour la Catalyse et la Santé", UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault-BP 14 491, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
| | - Joel Chopineau
- the Institut Charles Gerhardt, UMR 5253 CNRS/ENSCM/UM2/UM1, Equipe "Matériaux Avancés pour la Catalyse et la Santé", UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault-BP 14 491, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 05, France; the Université de Nîmes, Rue Docteur Georges Salan, 30021 Nîmes, France
| | - Daniel Ladant
- From the Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, Unité de Biochimie des Interactions Macromoléculaires, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France,.
| | - Alexandre Chenal
- From the Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, Unité de Biochimie des Interactions Macromoléculaires, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France,.
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18
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Katayama S, Nakase I, Yano Y, Murayama T, Nakata Y, Matsuzaki K, Futaki S. Effects of pyrenebutyrate on the translocation of arginine-rich cell-penetrating peptides through artificial membranes: Recruiting peptides to the membranes, dissipating liquid-ordered phases, and inducing curvature. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1828:2134-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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19
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Chen X, Sa'adedin F, Deme B, Rao P, Bradshaw J. Insertion of TAT peptide and perturbation of negatively charged model phospholipid bilayer revealed by neutron diffraction. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1828:1982-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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20
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Bechara C, Sagan S. Cell-penetrating peptides: 20 years later, where do we stand? FEBS Lett 2013; 587:1693-702. [PMID: 23669356 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 630] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Twenty years ago, the discovery of peptides able to cross cellular membranes launched a novel field in molecular delivery based on these non-invasive vectors, most commonly called cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) or protein transduction domains (PTDs). These peptides were shown to efficiently transport various biologically active molecules inside living cells, and thus are considered promising devices for medical and biotechnological developments. Moreover, CPPs emerged as potential tools to study the prime mechanisms of cellular entry across the plasma membrane. This review is dedicated to CPP fundamentals, with an emphasis on the molecular requirements and mechanism of their entry into eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chérine Bechara
- UPMC-Univ Paris 6, Laboratoire des BioMolecules, cc 182, UMR 7203 CNRS, ENS, Paris, France.
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21
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Wei L, Zhao X, Chen B, Li H, Xiao L, Yeung ES. Frozen Translational and Rotational Motion of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Transacting Activator of Transcription Peptide-Modified Nanocargo on Neutral Lipid Bilayer. Anal Chem 2013; 85:5169-75. [DOI: 10.1021/ac400503z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wei
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongchang Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lehui Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, People’s Republic of China
| | - Edward S. Yeung
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, People’s Republic of China
- Ames Laboratory, United States Department of Energy and Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, United States
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22
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Erazo-Oliveras A, Muthukrishnan N, Baker R, Wang TY, Pellois JP. Improving the endosomal escape of cell-penetrating peptides and their cargos: strategies and challenges. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2012; 5:1177-1209. [PMID: 24223492 PMCID: PMC3816665 DOI: 10.3390/ph5111177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) can deliver cell-impermeable therapeutic cargos into cells. In particular, CPP-cargo conjugates tend to accumulate inside cells by endocytosis. However, they often remain trapped inside endocytic organelles and fail to reach the cytosolic space of cells efficiently. In this review, the evidence for CPP-mediated endosomal escape is discussed. In addition, several strategies that have been utilized to enhance the endosomal escape of CPP-cargos are described. The recent development of branched systems that display multiple copies of a CPP is presented. The use of viral or synthetic peptides that can disrupt the endosomal membrane upon activation by the low pH of endosomes is also discussed. Finally, we survey how CPPs labeled with chromophores can be used in combination with light to stimulate endosomal lysis. The mechanisms and challenges associated with these intracellular delivery methodologies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jean-Philippe Pellois
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +1-979-845-0101; Fax: +1-979-862-4718
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23
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Tiriveedhi V, Miller M, Butko P, Li M. Autonomous transmembrane segment S4 of the voltage sensor domain partitions into the lipid membrane. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2012; 1818:1698-705. [PMID: 22465069 PMCID: PMC3412939 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2012.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2011] [Revised: 02/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The S4 transmembrane segment in voltage-gated ion channels, a highly basic alpha helix, responds to changes in membrane potential and induces channel opening. Earlier work by others indicates that the S4 segment interacts with lipids in plasma membrane, but its mechanism is unclear. Working with synthetic tryptophan-labeled S4 peptides, we characterized binding of autonomous S4 to lipid membranes. The binding free energy (5.2 +/- 0.2 kcal/mol) of the peptide-lipid interaction was estimated from the apparent dissociation constants, determined from the changes in anisotropy of tryptophan fluorescence induced by addition of lipid vesicles with 30 mol% phosphatidylglycerol. The results are in good agreement with the prediction based on the Wimley-White hydrophobicity scale for interfacial (IF) binding of an alpha-helical peptide to the lipid bilayer (6.98 kcal/mol). High salt inhibited the interaction, thus indicating that the peptide/membrane interaction has both electrostatic and non-electrostatic components. Furthermore, the synthetic S4 corresponding to the Shaker potassium channel was found to spontaneously penetrate into the negatively charged lipid membrane to a depth of about 9 A. Our results revealed important biophysical parameters that influence the interaction of S4 with the membrane: they include fluidity, surface charge, and surface pressure of the membrane, and the at helicity and regular spacing of basic amino-acid residues in the S4 sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkataswarup Tiriveedhi
- Department of Neuroscience and High Throughput Biology Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, U.S.A
| | - Melissa Miller
- Department of Neuroscience and High Throughput Biology Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, U.S.A
| | - Peter Butko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, U.S.A
| | - Min Li
- Department of Neuroscience and High Throughput Biology Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, U.S.A
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Zhang X, Zhang X, Wang F. Intracellular transduction and potential of Tat PTD and its analogs: from basic drug delivery mechanism to application. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2012; 9:457-72. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2012.663351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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25
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Exploring transduction mechanisms of protein transduction domains (PTDs) in living cells utilizing single-quantum dot tracking (SQT) technology. SENSORS 2012; 12:549-72. [PMID: 22368485 PMCID: PMC3279229 DOI: 10.3390/s120100549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 12/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Specific protein domains known as protein transduction domains (PTDs) can permeate cell membranes and deliver proteins or bioactive materials into living cells. Various approaches have been applied for improving their transduction efficacy. It is, therefore, crucial to clarify the entry mechanisms and to identify the rate-limiting steps. Because of technical limitations for imaging PTD behavior on cells with conventional fluorescent-dyes, how PTDs enter the cells has been a topic of much debate. Utilizing quantum dots (QDs), we recently tracked the behavior of PTD that was derived from HIV-1 Tat (TatP) in living cells at the single-molecule level with 7-nm special precision. In this review article, we initially summarize the controversy on TatP entry mechanisms; thereafter, we will focus on our recent findings on single-TatP-QD tracking (SQT), to identify the major sequential steps of intracellular delivery in living cells and to discuss how SQT can easily provide direct information on TatP entry mechanisms. As a primer for SQT study, we also discuss the latest findings on single particle tracking of various molecules on the plasma membrane. Finally, we discuss the problems of QDs and the challenges for the future in utilizing currently available QD probes for SQT. In conclusion, direct identification of the rate-limiting steps of PTD entry with SQT should dramatically improve the methods for enhancing transduction efficiency.
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Walrant A, Bechara C, Alves ID, Sagan S. Molecular partners for interaction and cell internalization of cell-penetrating peptides: how identical are they? Nanomedicine (Lond) 2012; 7:133-43. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.11.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides are short basic peptide sequences that might display amphipathic properties. These positively charged peptides internalize into all cell types, albeit with different efficiency. Cell-penetrating peptides use all routes of pinocytosis to internalize, in addition to direct membrane translocation that requires interaction with lipid membrane domains. These differences in internalization efficiency according to the peptide sequence and cell type suggest that the cell-penetrating peptides interact with different molecular partners at the cell surface. This review will first report on data that describe the molecular interaction of the most popular cell-penetrating peptides (penetratin, Tat and oligoarginine) with carbohydrates and lipids. The second part of the review will be dedicated to cell studies that have reported how cell surface composition influences cell internalization. Discussion will focus on the gap between in vitro and in cellulo studies, and more specifically to which extent the interaction with molecules found in membranes reflect the internalization efficiency of the peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Walrant
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7203, LBM, 75005 Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 7203, LBM, 75005 Paris, France
- ENS, UMR 7203, LBM, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Chérine Bechara
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7203, LBM, 75005 Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 7203, LBM, 75005 Paris, France
- ENS, UMR 7203, LBM, 75005 Paris, France
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27
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Greiner VJ, Shvadchak V, Fritz J, Arntz Y, Didier P, Frisch B, Boudier C, Mély Y, de Rocquigny H. Characterization of the mechanisms of HIV-1 Vpr(52–96) internalization in cells. Biochimie 2011; 93:1647-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2011.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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28
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Papadopoulou LC, Tsiftsoglou AS. Transduction of human recombinant proteins into mitochondria as a protein therapeutic approach for mitochondrial disorders. Pharm Res 2011; 28:2639-56. [PMID: 21874377 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-011-0546-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Protein therapy is considered an alternative approach to gene therapy for treatment of genetic-metabolic disorders. Human protein therapeutics (PTs), developed via recombinant DNA technology and used for the treatment of these illnesses, act upon membrane-bound receptors to achieve their pharmacological response. On the contrary, proteins that normally act inside the cells cannot be developed as PTs in the conventional way, since they are not able to "cross" the plasma membrane. Furthermore, in mitochondrial disorders, attributed either to depleted or malfunctioned mitochondrial proteins, PTs should also have to reach the subcellular mitochondria to exert their therapeutic potential. Nowadays, there is no effective therapy for mitochondrial disorders. The development of PTs, however, via the Protein Transduction Domain (PTD) technology offered new opportunities for the deliberate delivery of human recombinant proteins inside eukaryotic subcellular organelles. To this end, mitochondrial disorders could be clinically encountered with the delivery of human mitochondrial proteins (engineered via recombinant DNA and PTD technologies) at specific intramitochondrial sites to exert their function. Overall, PTD-mediated Protein Replacement Therapy emerges as a suitable model system for the therapeutic approach for mitochondrial disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lefkothea C Papadopoulou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GR54124, Macedonia, Greece.
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29
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Boll A, Jatho A, Czudnochowski N, Geyer M, Steinem C. Mechanistic insights into the translocation of full length HIV-1 Tat across lipid membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2011; 1808:2685-93. [PMID: 21819963 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2011.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Revised: 06/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of how full length Tat (aa 1-86) crosses artificial lipid membranes was elucidated by means of fluorescence spectroscopy and fluorescence microscopy. It was shown that full length Tat (aa 1-86) neither forms pores in large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) nor in giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) composed of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC). In contrast, an N-terminally truncated Tat protein (aa 35-86) that lacks the structurally defined proline- and cysteine-rich region as well as the highly conserved tryptophan residue at position 11 generates pores in artificial POPC-membranes, through which a water-soluble dye up to a size of 10kDa can pass. By means of fluorescence microscopy, the transfer of fluorescently labeled full length Tat across POPC-bilayers was unambiguously visualized with a concomitant accumulation of the protein in the membrane interface. However, if the dye was attached to the protein, also pore formation was induced. The size of the pores was, however smaller than the protein size, i.e. the labeled protein with a mass of 11.6kDa passed the membrane, while a fluorescent dye with a mass of 10kDa was excluded from the vesicles' interior. The results demonstrate that pore formation is not the prime mechanism by which full length Tat crosses a membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annegret Boll
- Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Tammannstr. 2, Göttingen, Germany
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Takechi Y, Yoshii H, Tanaka M, Kawakami T, Aimoto S, Saito H. Physicochemical mechanism for the enhanced ability of lipid membrane penetration of polyarginine. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:7099-7107. [PMID: 21526829 DOI: 10.1021/la200917y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Arginine-rich, cell-penetrating peptides (e.g., Tat-peptide, penetratin, and polyarginine) are used to carry therapeutic molecules such as oligonucleotides, DNA, peptides, and proteins across cell membranes. Two types of processes are being considered to cross the cell membranes: one is an endocytic pathway, and another is an energy-independent, nonendocytic pathway. However, the latter is still not known in detail. Here, we studied the effects of the chain length of polyarginine on its interaction with an anionic phospholipid large unilamellar vesicle (LUV) or a giant vesicle using poly-l-arginine composed of 69 (PLA69), 293 (PLA293), or 554 (PLA554) arginine residues, together with octaarginine (R8). ζ-potential measurements confirmed that polyarginine binds to LUV via electrostatic interactions. Circular dichroism analysis demonstrated that the transition from the random coil to the α-helix structure upon binding to LUV occurred for PLA293 and PLA554, whereas no structural change was observed for PLA69 and R8. Fluorescence studies using membrane probes revealed that the binding of polyarginine to LUV affects the hydration and packing of the membrane interface region, in which the degree of membrane insertion is greater for the longer polyarginine. Isothermal titration calorimetry measurements demonstrated that although the binding affinity (i.e., the Gibbs free energy of binding) per arginine residue is similar among all polyarginines the contribution of enthalpy to the energetics of binding of polyarginine increases with increasing polymer chain length. In addition, confocal laser scanning microscopy showed that all polyarginines penetrate across giant vesicle membranes, and the order of the amount of membrane penetration is R8 ≈ PLA69 < PLA293 ≈ PLA554. These results suggest that the formation of α-helical structure upon lipid binding drives the insertion of polyarginine into the membrane interior, which appears to enhance the membrane penetration of polyarginine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Takechi
- Institute of Health Biosciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
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Lee YJ, Johnson G, Peltier GC, Pellois JP. A HA2-Fusion tag limits the endosomal release of its protein cargo despite causing endosomal lysis. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2011; 1810:752-8. [PMID: 21664431 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Revised: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein transduction domains (PTDs) can be fused to a protein to render it cell-permeable. The delivery efficiencies of PTDs are, however, often poor because PTD-protein conjugates cannot escape from endosomes. A potential solution to this problem consists in adding HA2 analogs to the PTD-protein construct as these peptides can cause endosomal lysis upon acidification of the endosomal lumen. To date, however, the utility of HA2-based PTDs has not been clearly established. METHODS We investigate the biophysical and cellular properties of the glutamate-rich HA2 analog E5 fused to the model protein TAT-mCherry. RESULTS E5-TAT-mCherry causes the release of fluorescent dextrans trapped with the protein inside endosomes. Yet, E5-TAT-mCherry itself is not released in the cytosol of cells, indicating that the protein remained trapped inside endosomes even after endosomal lysis takes place. Cytosolic delivery of the protein could be achieved, however, by insertion of a disulfide bond between E5 and its cargo. CONCLUSIONS These results show that E5 causes the retention of its fused protein inside endosomes even after lysis takes place. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE These data establish that HA2 analogs might not be useful PTDs unless cleavable linkers are engineered between PTD and protein cargo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jung Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Reig F, Ortiz A, Alsina MA. Physicochemical characterisation of four peptide sequences related to thrombospondin-1B. J Colloid Interface Sci 2011; 358:167-74. [PMID: 21420687 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2011.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Revised: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) is a protein involved in angiogenesis and tumor metastasis. In a previous study, a tridecapeptide sequence of TSP-1B [KRFKQDGGWSHWG] was synthesized and its biological activity was determined as well as the activity of three related sequences TSPB-(E), TSPB-(S), and TSPB-(Abu)(6). These peptides were tested for activity on the cell growth of three human carcinoma cells lines and only TSPB-(Abu)(6) increased proliferation of MCF7 and HT-29. The main aim of this study was to perform physicochemical measurements, in a comparative way, to determine if the differences in activity could be related to physicochemical properties. Peptides were characterised by HPLC capacity factors, UV, fluorescence, and CD spectra (either in buffer solution or in the presence of lipid vesicles), surface activity, and aggregation. Moreover, the interaction of these peptides with phospholipids was determined through their penetration in monolayers of DPPC, PG, or PS as well as their miscibility in mixed monolayers. Besides, using liposomes as model membranes, the affinity of these peptides for phosphatidylcholine was measured with vesicles labeled with fluorescent markers (TMA-DPH, laurdan, pyrene). Results show that these molecules are highly hydrophilic and their surface activity is low. Mixed monolayers indicate that there is almost no miscibility. Besides, its presence does not modify noticeably the microviscosity of bilayers. Moreover, UV and fluorescence spectra of peptides were not affected by the presence of lipids in the media but CD spectra recorded in TFE/water (1/1) resulted in small changes for TSPB, TSPB-(E), and TSPB-(S) peptides. On the contrary CD spectra of TSPB-(Abu)(6) derivatives were clearly much more sensitive to the polarity of the environment. According to these data the biological activity of peptide with a cyclic aspartimide moiety at position 6 could be related to a specific conformational change in the peptide chain promoted by a hydrophobic membrane-like environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Reig
- Peptides Department, Institut for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain.
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Sauder R, Seelig J, Ziegler A. Thermodynamics of lipid interactions with cell-penetrating peptides. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 683:129-155. [PMID: 21053127 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-919-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Cationic peptides are efficiently taken up by biological cells through different pathways, which can be exploited for delivery of intracellular drugs. For example, their endocytosis is known since 1967, and this typically produces entrapment of the peptides in endocytotic vesicles. The resulting peptide (and cargo) degradation in lysosomes is of little therapeutic interest. Beside endocytosis (and various subtypes thereof), cationic cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) may also gain access to cytosol and nucleus of livings cells. This process is known since 1988, but it is poorly understood whether the cytosolic CPP appearance requires an active cellular machinery with membrane proteins and signaling molecules, or whether this translocation occurs by passive diffusion and thus can be mimicked with model membranes devoid of proteins or glycans. In the present chapter, protocols are presented that allow for testing the membrane binding and disturbance of CPPs on model membranes with special focus on particular CPP properties. Protocols include vesicle preparation, lipid quantification, and analysis of membrane leakage, lipid polymorphism ((31)P NMR), and membrane binding (isothermal titration calorimetry). Using these protocols, a major difference among CPPs is observed: At low micromolar concentration, nonamphipathic CPPs, such as nona-arginine (WR(9)) and penetratin, have only a poor affinity for model membranes with a lipid composition typical of eukaryotic membranes. No membrane leakage is induced by these compounds at low micromolar concentration. In contrast, their amphipathic derivatives, such as acylated WR(9) (C(14), C(16), C(18)) or amphipathic penetratin mutant p2AL (Drin et al., Biochemistry 40:1824-1834, 2001), bind and disturb lipid model membranes already at low micromolar peptide concentration. This suggests that the mechanism for cytosolic CPP delivery (and potential toxicity) differs among CPPs despite their common name.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reto Sauder
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Biozentrum of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Kinetic analysis of the interaction between poly(amidoamine) dendrimers and model lipid membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2011; 1808:209-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2010.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Revised: 08/11/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Lee YJ, Johnson G, Pellois JP. Modeling of the endosomolytic activity of HA2-TAT peptides with red blood cells and ghosts. Biochemistry 2010; 49:7854-66. [PMID: 20704453 DOI: 10.1021/bi1008408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
HA2-TAT is a peptide-based delivery agent that combines the pH-sensitive HA2 fusion peptide from influenza and the cell-penetrating peptide TAT from HIV. This chimeric peptide is engineered to induce the cellular uptake of macromolecules into endosomes via the TAT moiety and to respond to the acidifying lumen of endosomes to cause membrane leakage and release of macromolecules into cells via the HA2 moiety. The question of how HA2 and TAT affect the properties of one another remains, however, unanswered, and the behavior of the peptide inside endosomes is mostly uncharacterized. To address these issues, the binding and membrane leakage activity of a glutamic acid-enriched analogue E5-TAT was assessed with red blood cells and giant unilamellar vesicles as membrane models for endosomes. Hemolysis and microscopy assays reveal that E5-TAT binds to membranes in a pH-dependent manner and causes membrane leakage by inducing the formation of pores through which macromolecules can escape. The TAT moiety contributes to this activity by causing a shift in the pH response of E5 and by binding to negatively charged phospholipids. On the other hand, TAT binding to glycosaminoglycans reduces the lytic activity of E5-TAT. Addition of TAT to the C-terminus of E5 can therefore either increase or inhibit the activity of E5 depending on the cellular components present at the membrane. Taken together, these results suggest a model for the endosomolytic activity of the peptide and provide the basis for the molecular design of future delivery agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jung Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
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Ciobanasu C, Siebrasse JP, Kubitscheck U. Cell-penetrating HIV1 TAT peptides can generate pores in model membranes. Biophys J 2010; 99:153-62. [PMID: 20655843 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2010.03.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Revised: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides like the cationic human immunodeficiency virus-1 trans-acting activator of transcription (TAT) peptide have the capability to traverse cell membranes and to deliver large molecular cargoes into the cellular interior. We used optical sectioning and state-of-the-art single-molecule microscopy to examine the passive membrane permeation of fluorescently labeled TAT peptides across the membranes of giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs). In GUVs formed by phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol only, no translocation of TAT up to a concentration of 2 microM into the GUVs could be observed. At the same peptide concentration, but with 40 mol % of anionic phosphatidylserine in the membrane, rapid translocation of TAT peptides across the bilayers was detected. Efficient translocation of TAT peptides was observed across GUVs containing 20 mol % of phosphatidylethanolamine, which is known to induce a negative curvature into membranes. We discovered that TAT peptides are not only capable of penetrating membranes directly in a passive manner, but they were also able to form physical pores with sizes in the nanometer range, which could be passed by small dye tracer molecules. Lipid topology and anionic charge of the lipid bilayer are decisive parameters for pore formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina Ciobanasu
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Sinkeldam RW, Greco NJ, Tor Y. Fluorescent analogs of biomolecular building blocks: design, properties, and applications. Chem Rev 2010; 110:2579-619. [PMID: 20205430 PMCID: PMC2868948 DOI: 10.1021/cr900301e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 658] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Renatus W. Sinkeldam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0358
| | | | - Yitzhak Tor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0358
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Peetla C, Rao KS, Labhasetwar V. Relevance of biophysical interactions of nanoparticles with a model membrane in predicting cellular uptake: study with TAT peptide-conjugated nanoparticles. Mol Pharm 2009; 6:1311-20. [PMID: 19243206 DOI: 10.1021/mp900011h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to test the hypothesis that the biophysical interactions of the trans-activating transcriptor (TAT) peptide-conjugated nanoparticles (NPs) with a model cell membrane could predict the cellular uptake of the encapsulated therapeutic agent. To test the above hypothesis, the biophysical interactions of ritonavir-loaded poly(l-lactide) nanoparticles (RNPs), conjugated to either a TAT peptide (TAT-RNPs) or a scrambled TAT peptide (sc-TAT-RNPs), were studied with an endothelial cell model membrane (EMM) using a Langmuir film balance, and the corresponding human vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) were used to study the uptake of the encapsulated therapeutic. Biophysical interactions were determined from the changes in surface pressure (SP) of the EMM as a function of time following interaction with NPs, and the compression isotherm (pi-A) of the EMM lipid mixture in the presence of NPs. In addition, the EMMs were transferred onto a silicon substrate following interactions with NPs using the Langmuir-Schaeffer (LS) technique. The transferred LS films were imaged by atomic force microscopy (AFM) to determine the changes in lipid morphology and to characterize the NP-membrane interactions. TAT-RNPs showed an increase in SP of the EMM, which was dependent upon the amount of the peptide bound to NPs and the concentration of NPs, whereas sc-TAT-RNPs and RNPs did not show any significant change in SP. The isotherm experiment showed a shift toward higher mean molecular area (mmA) in the presence of TAT-RNPs, indicating their interactions with the lipids of the EMM, whereas sc-TAT-RNPs and RNPs did not show any significant change. The AFM images showed condensation of the lipids following interaction with TAT-RNPs, indicating their penetration into the EMM, whereas RNPs did not cause any change. Surface analysis and 3-D AFM images of the EMM further confirmed penetration of TAT-RNPs into the EMM, whereas RNPs were seen anchored loosely to the membrane, and were significantly less in number than TAT-RNPs. We speculate that hydrophobic tyrosine of the TAT that forms the NP-interface drives the initial interactions of TAT-RNPs with the EMM, followed by electrostatic interactions with the anionic phospholipids of the membrane. In the case of sc-TAT-RNPs, hydrophilic arginine forms the NP-interface that does not interact with the EMM, despite having the similar cationic charge on these NPs as TAT-RNPs. TAT peptide alone did not show any change in SP, suggesting that the interaction occurs when the peptide is conjugated to a carrier system. HUVECs showed higher uptake of the drug with TAT-RNPs as compared to that with sc-TAT-RNPs or RNPs, suggesting that the biophysical interactions of NPs with cell membrane lipids play a role in cellular internalization of NPs. In conclusion, TAT peptide sequence and the amount of TAT conjugated to NPs significantly affect the biophysical interactions of NPs with the EMM, and these interactions correlate with the cellular delivery of the encapsulated drug. Biophysical interactions with a model membrane thus could be effectively used in developing efficient functionalized nanocarrier systems for drug delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiranjeevi Peetla
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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39
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Arginine-rich cell-penetrating peptides. FEBS Lett 2009; 584:1806-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2009.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 388] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Revised: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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40
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Ciobanasu C, Harms E, Tünnemann G, Cardoso MC, Kubitscheck U. Cell-penetrating HIV1 TAT peptides float on model lipid bilayers. Biochemistry 2009; 48:4728-37. [PMID: 19400584 DOI: 10.1021/bi900365s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides like the cationic HIV1 TAT peptide are able to translocate across cell membranes and to carry molecular cargoes into the cellular interior. For most of these peptides, the biophysical mechanism of the membrane translocation is still quite unknown. We analyzed HIV1 TAT peptide binding and mobility within biological model membranes. To this end, we generated neutral and anionic giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) containing DPPC, DOPC, and cholesterol and containing DPPC, DOPC, cholesterol, and DPPS (DOPS), respectively. First, we characterized the mobility of fluorescently labeled lipids (TR-DHPE) within liquid-ordered and liquid-disordered lipid phases by single-molecule tracking, yielding a D(LO) of 0.6 +/- 0.05 microm(2)/s and a D(LD) of 2.5 +/- 0.05 microm(2)/s, respectively, as a reference. Fluorescently labeled TAT peptides accumulated on neutral GUVs but bound very efficiently to anionic GUVs. Single-molecule tracking revealed that HIV1 TAT peptides move on neutral and anionic GUV surfaces with a D(N,TAT) of 5.3 +/- 0.2 microm(2)/s and a D(A,TAT) of 3.3 +/- 0.2 mum(2)/s, respectively. TAT peptide diffusion was faster than fluorescent lipid diffusion, and also independent of the phase state of the membrane. We concluded that TAT peptides are not incorporated into but rather floating on lipid bilayers, but they immerged deeper into the headgroup domain of anionic lipids. The diffusion constants were not dependent on the TAT concentration ranging from 150 pM to 2 microM, indicating that the peptides were not aggregated on the membrane and not forming any "carpet".
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina Ciobanasu
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn, Wegelerstrasse 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
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Membrane interactions of a self-assembling model peptide that mimics the self-association, structure and toxicity of Abeta(1-40). BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2009; 1788:1714-21. [PMID: 19393615 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2009.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2008] [Revised: 03/20/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Beta-amyloid peptide (Abeta) is a primary protein component of senile plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and plays an important, but not fully understood role in neurotoxicity. Model peptides with the demonstrated ability to mimic the structural and toxicity behavior of Abeta could provide a means to evaluate the contributions to toxicity that are common to self-associating peptides from many disease states. In this work, we have studied the peptide-membrane interactions of a model beta-sheet peptide, P(11-2) (CH(3)CO-Gln-Gln-Arg-Phe-Gln-Trp-Gln-Phe-Glu-Gln-Gln-NH(2)), by fluorescence, infrared spectroscopy, and hydrogen-deuterium exchange. Like Abeta(1-40), the peptide is toxic, and conditions which produce intermediate oligomers show higher toxicity against cells than either monomeric forms or higher aggregates of the peptide. Further, P(11-2) also binds to both zwitterionic (POPC) and negatively charged (POPC:POPG) liposomes, acquires a partial beta-sheet conformation in presence of lipid, and is protected against deuterium exchange in the presence of lipids. The results show that a simple rationally designed model beta-sheet peptide recapitulates many important features of Abeta peptide structure and function, reinforcing the idea that toxicity arises, at least in part, from a common mode of action on membranes that is independent of specific aspects of the amino acid sequence. Further studies of such well-behaved model peptide systems will facilitate the investigation of the general principles that govern the molecular interactions of aggregation-prone disease-associated peptides with cell and/or membrane surfaces.
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Neves P, Lopes SCDN, Sousa I, Garcia S, Eaton P, Gameiro P. Characterization of membrane protein reconstitution in LUVs of different lipid composition by fluorescence anisotropy. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 49:276-81. [PMID: 19121912 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2008] [Revised: 09/30/2008] [Accepted: 11/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A major requirement to perform structural studies with membrane proteins is not only to define efficient reconstitution protocols, that assure a high incorporation degree in preformed liposomes, but also a protein directionality and topology that mimics its in vivo conditions. For this kind of studies, protein reconstitution in membranes systems via a detergent-mediated pathway is usually successfully adopted, since detergents are generally used in the initial isolation and purification of membrane proteins. In this study we report the reconstitution of OmpF in preformed DMPC and E. coli liposomes using two different techniques for detergent removal: (1) exclusion chromatography and (2) incubation with detergent-adsorbing beads. The incorporation degree was determined by bicinchoninic acid assay and fluorescence anisotropy was used to determine OmpF effect on the structural order of membrane lipids. These results show that protein insertion in membranes depends both on the technique used to remove detergent and on the lipids used to prepare the liposomes. Furthermore, it is possible to state that although the insertion is directly related to the size distributions of proteoliposomes, it could be efficiently recognized by steady-state fluorescence anisotropy. This technique, more popular among cell biologists, can be a very practical and straightforward alternative to DLS to confirm membrane protein insertion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Neves
- Requimte, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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Matos PM, Gonçalves S, Santos NC. Interaction of peptides with biomembranes assessed by potential-sensitive fluorescent probes. J Pept Sci 2008; 14:407-15. [PMID: 18189333 DOI: 10.1002/psc.1005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Peptide-membrane interaction is an important step to be evaluated in a study of the activity and mode of action of several bioactive peptides. A variety of methods are available; however, few of them satisfy the criteria of being sensitive, biocompatible, versatile, easy to perform, and allowing real-time monitoring as the use of potential-sensitive fluorescent probes. Here we review methods for detecting the effects of membrane-active peptides, even those that are not intrinsically fluorescent, on the different types of membrane potentials, with a special emphasis on studies conducted with living cells. FPE is a probe sensitive to surface potential and detects electrostatic interactions at the water-lipid interface. Di-8-ANEPPS is sensitive to dipole potential and detects membrane incorporations. Transmembrane potential changes reveal major membrane destabilizations, such as in pore formation. The combination of the information obtained from the three potential variations can lead to a more elucidative picture of the mechanisms of the interaction of relevant peptides with biomembranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro M Matos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
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Tiriveedhi V, Butko P. Soluble Glycosaminoglycans Inhibit the Interaction of TAT−PTD with Lipid Vesicles. Int J Pept Res Ther 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-008-9131-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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45
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Abstract
The pH-dependent insertion of pHLIP across membranes is proving to be a useful property for targeting acidic tissues or tumors and delivering drugs attached to its C-terminus. It also serves as a model peptide for studies of protein insertion into membranes, so further elucidation of the insertion mechanism of pHLIP and its features is desirable. We examine how the peptide perturbs a model phosphatidylcholine membrane and how it associates with the lipid bilayer using an array of fluorescence techniques, including fluorescence anisotropy measurements of TMA-DPH anchored in bilayers, quenching of pHLIP fluorescence by brominated lipids and acrylamide, and measurements of energy transfer between aromatic residues of pHLIP and TMA-DPH. When pHLIP is bound to the surface of bilayers near neutral pH, the membrane integrity is preserved whereas the elastic properties of bilayers are changed as reported by an increase of membrane viscosity. When it is inserted, there is little perturbation of the lipids. The results also suggest that pHLIP can bind to the membrane surface in a shallow or a deep mode depending on the phase state of the lipids. Using parallax analysis, the change of the penetration depth of pHLIP was estimated to be 0.4 A from the bilayer center and 2.8 A from the membrane surface after the liquid-to-gel phase transition.
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46
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Ziegler A. Thermodynamic studies and binding mechanisms of cell-penetrating peptides with lipids and glycosaminoglycans. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2008; 60:580-97. [PMID: 18045730 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2007.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2007] [Accepted: 10/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) traverse the membrane of biological cells at low micromolar concentrations and are able to take various cargo molecules along with. Despite large differences in their chemical structure, CPPs share the structural similarity of a high cationic charge density. This property confers to them the ability to bind electrostatically membrane constituents such as anionic lipids and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Controversies exist, however, about the biological response after the interaction of CPPs with such membrane constituents. Present review compares thermodynamic binding studies with conditions of the biological CPP uptake. It becomes evident that CPPs enter biological cells by different and probably competing mechanisms. For example, some amphipathic CPPs traverse pure lipid model membranes at low micromolar concentrations--at least in the absence of cargos. In contrast, no direct translocation at these conditions is observed for non-amphipathic CPPs. Finally, CPPs bind GAGs at low micromolar concentrations with potential consequences for endocytotic pathways.
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Dennison SR, Baker RD, Nicholl ID, Phoenix DA. Interactions of cell penetrating peptide Tat with model membranes: A biophysical study. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 363:178-82. [PMID: 17854767 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.08.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2007] [Accepted: 08/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The protein transduction domain of the HIV-1 transactivator of transcription, Tat (Tat((48-60))), has been shown to transport P10, a cytotoxic peptide mimic of the cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor p21WAF1/CIP1, into the nucleus of cancerous cells and induce apoptosis. Here, monolayer studies were used to investigate the membrane interactions of Tat((48-60)), P10 and the construct Tat((48-60))P10. It was found that Tat((48-60)) showed no significant surface activity but that both P10 and Tat((48-60))P10, were highly surface active, inducing surface pressure changes of 9.7 and 8.9mNm(-1), respectively, with DMPS monolayers. The comparison of Tat((48-60))P10 and P10 surface interactions would be consistent with a hypothesis that the cargo attachment influences the capacity of the Tat-protein transduction domain to mediate transport across membranes either directly or via localisation of the construct at the membrane interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Dennison
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK
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Popovic M, De Biasio A, Pintar A, Pongor S. The intracellular region of the Notch ligand Jagged-1 gains partial structure upon binding to synthetic membranes. FEBS J 2007; 274:5325-36. [PMID: 17892488 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.06053.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Notch ligands are membrane-spanning proteins made of a large extracellular region, a transmembrane segment, and a approximately 100-200 residue cytoplasmic tail. The intracellular region of Jagged-1, one of the five ligands to Notch receptors in man, mediates protein-protein interactions through the C-terminal PDZ binding motif, is involved in receptor/ligand endocytosis triggered by mono-ubiquitination, and, as a consequence of regulated intramembrane proteolysis, can be released into the cytosol as a signaling fragment. The intracellular region of Jagged-1 may then exist in at least two forms: as a membrane-tethered protein located at the interface between the membrane and the cytoplasm, and as a soluble nucleocytoplasmic protein. Here, we report the characterization, in different environments, of a recombinant protein corresponding to the human Jagged-1 intracellular region (J1_tmic). In solution, J1_tmic behaves as an intrinsically disordered protein, but displays a significant helical propensity. In the presence of SDS micelles and phospholipid vesicles, used to mimick the interface between the plasma membrane and the cytosol, J1_tmic undergoes a substantial conformational change. We show that the interaction of J1_tmic with SDS micelles drives partial helix formation, as measured by circular dichroism, and that the helical content depends on pH in a reversible manner. An increase in the helical content is observed also in the presence of vesicles made of negatively charged, but not zwitterionic, phospholipids. We propose that this partial folding may have implications in the interactions of J1_tmic with its binding partners, as well as in its post-translational modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matija Popovic
- Protein Structure and Bioinformatics Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Padriciano, Trieste, Italy
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