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Jayaraman S, Pérez A, Miñambres I, Sánchez-Quesada JL, Gursky O. LDL binding to cell receptors and extracellular matrix is proatherogenic in obesity but improves after bariatric surgery. J Lipid Res 2023; 64:100451. [PMID: 37777014 PMCID: PMC10665669 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2023.100451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a major global public health issue involving dyslipidemia, oxidative stress, inflammation, and increased risk of CVD. Weight loss reduces this risk, but the biochemical underpinnings are unclear. We explored how obesity and weight loss after bariatric surgery influence LDL interactions that trigger proatherogenic versus antiatherogenic processes. LDL was isolated from plasma of six patients with severe obesity before (basal) and 6-12 months after bariatric surgery (basal BMI = 42.7 kg/m2; 6-months and 12-months postoperative BMI = 34.1 and 30 kg/m2). Control LDL were from six healthy subjects (BMI = 22.6 kg/m2). LDL binding was quantified by ELISA; LDL size and charge were assessed by chromatography; LDL biochemical composition was determined. Compared to controls, basal LDL showed decreased nonatherogenic binding to LDL receptor, which improved postoperatively. Conversely, basal LDL showed increased binding to scavenger receptors LOX1 and CD36 and to glycosaminoglycans, fibronectin and collagen, which is proatherogenic. One year postoperatively, this binding decreased but remained elevated, consistent with elevated lipid peroxidation. Serum amyloid A and nonesterified fatty acids were elevated in basal and postoperative LDL, indicating obesity-associated inflammation. Aggregated and electronegative LDL remained elevated, suggesting proatherogenic processes. These results suggest that obesity-induced inflammation contributes to harmful LDL alterations that probably increase the risk of CVD. We conclude that in obesity, LDL interactions with cell receptors and extracellular matrix shift in a proatherogenic manner but are partially reversed upon postoperative weight loss. These results help explain why the risk of CVD increases in obesity but decreases upon weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shobini Jayaraman
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Biophysics, Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Antonio Pérez
- Endocrinology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Inka Miñambres
- Endocrinology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Sánchez-Quesada
- CIBER of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain; Cardiovascular Biochemistry Group, Research Institute of the Hospital de Sant Pau, CIBERDEM, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Olga Gursky
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Biophysics, Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
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Benitez S, Puig N, Rives J, Solé A, Sánchez-Quesada JL. Can Electronegative LDL Act as a Multienzymatic Complex? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087074. [PMID: 37108253 PMCID: PMC10138509 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Electronegative LDL (LDL(-)) is a minor form of LDL present in blood for which proportions are increased in pathologies with increased cardiovascular risk. In vitro studies have shown that LDL(-) presents pro-atherogenic properties, including a high susceptibility to aggregation, the ability to induce inflammation and apoptosis, and increased binding to arterial proteoglycans; however, it also shows some anti-atherogenic properties, which suggest a role in controlling the atherosclerotic process. One of the distinctive features of LDL(-) is that it has enzymatic activities with the ability to degrade different lipids. For example, LDL(-) transports platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH), which degrades oxidized phospholipids. In addition, two other enzymatic activities are exhibited by LDL(-). The first is type C phospholipase activity, which degrades both lysophosphatidylcholine (LysoPLC-like activity) and sphingomyelin (SMase-like activity). The second is ceramidase activity (CDase-like). Based on the complementarity of the products and substrates of these different activities, this review speculates on the possibility that LDL(-) may act as a sort of multienzymatic complex in which these enzymatic activities exert a concerted action. We hypothesize that LysoPLC/SMase and CDase activities could be generated by conformational changes in apoB-100 and that both activities occur in proximity to PAF-AH, making it feasible to discern a coordinated action among them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Benitez
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry Group, Research Institute of the Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER of Diabetes and Related Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Núria Puig
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry Group, Research Institute of the Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola, Spain
| | - José Rives
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry Group, Research Institute of the Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola, Spain
| | - Arnau Solé
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry Group, Research Institute of the Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola, Spain
| | - José Luis Sánchez-Quesada
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry Group, Research Institute of the Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER of Diabetes and Related Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Biomimetic Prussian blue nanozymes with enhanced bone marrow-targeting for treatment of radiation-induced hematopoietic injury. Biomaterials 2023; 293:121980. [PMID: 36580722 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
There is an urgent medical need to develop effective therapies that can ameliorate damage to the radiation-exposed hematopoietic system. Nanozymes with robust antioxidant properties have a therapeutic potential for mitigating radiation-induced hematopoietic injury. However, enhancing nanozyme recruitment to injured tissues in vivo while maintaining their catalytic activity remains a great challenge. Herein, we present the design and preparation of a biomimetic nanoparticle, a mesenchymal stem cell membrane camouflaged Prussian blue nanozyme (PB@MSCM), which exhibits biocompatible surface properties and demonstrates enhanced injury site-targeting towards the irradiated murine bone marrow niche. Notably, the constructed PB@MSCM possessed redox enzyme-mimic catalytic activity and could scavenge overproduced reactive oxygen species in the irradiated bone marrow cells, both in vitro and ex vivo. More importantly, the administration of PB@MSCM significantly mitigated hematopoietic cell apoptosis and accelerated the regeneration of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Our findings provide a new targeted strategy to improve nanozyme therapy in vivo and mitigate radiation-induced hematopoietic injury.
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Zhang B, Chen G, Wu X, Li Y, Xiao Y, Li J, He L, Li Y, Wang S, Zhao J, Liu C, Zhou H, Li Y, Pei X. Biomimetic Prussian blue nanozymes with enhanced bone marrow-targeting for treatment of radiation-induced hematopoietic injury. Biomaterials 2023; 293:121980. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
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Presence of Ceramidase Activity in Electronegative LDL. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010165. [PMID: 36613609 PMCID: PMC9820682 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Electronegative low-density lipoprotein (LDL(-)) is a minor modified fraction of human plasma LDL with several atherogenic properties. Among them is increased bioactive lipid mediator content, such as lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), ceramide (Cer), and sphingosine (Sph), which are related to the presence of some phospholipolytic activities, including platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH), phospholipase C (PLC), and sphingomyelinase (SMase), in LDL(-). However, these enzymes' activities do not explain the increased Sph content, which typically derives from Cer degradation. In the present study, we analyzed the putative presence of ceramidase (CDase) activity, which could explain the increased Sph content. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) and lipidomic analysis showed that Cer, Sph, and NEFA spontaneously increased in LDL(-) incubated alone at 37 °C, in contrast with native LDL(+). An inhibitor of neutral CDase prevented the formation of Sph and, in turn, increased Cer content in LDL(-). In addition, LDL(-) efficiently degraded fluorescently labeled Cer (NBD-Cer) to form Sph and NEFA. These observations defend the existence of the CDase-like activity's association with LDL(-). However, neither the proteomic analysis nor the Western blot detected the presence of an enzyme with known CDase activity. Further studies are thus warranted to define the origin of the CDase-like activity detected in LDL(-).
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Öörni K, Kovanen PT. Aggregation Susceptibility of Low-Density Lipoproteins-A Novel Modifiable Biomarker of Cardiovascular Risk. J Clin Med 2021; 10:1769. [PMID: 33921661 PMCID: PMC8074066 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10081769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles enter the arterial intima where they bind to the extracellular matrix and become modified by lipases, proteases, and oxidizing enzymes and agents. The modified LDL particles aggregate and fuse into larger matrix-bound lipid droplets and, upon generation of unesterified cholesterol, cholesterol crystals are also formed. Uptake of the aggregated/fused particles and cholesterol crystals by macrophages and smooth muscle cells induces their inflammatory activation and conversion into foam cells. In this review, we summarize the causes and consequences of LDL aggregation and describe the development and applications of an assay capable of determining the susceptibility of isolated LDL particles to aggregate when exposed to human recombinant sphingomyelinase enzyme ex vivo. Significant person-to-person differences in the aggregation susceptibility of LDL particles were observed, and such individual differences largely depended on particle lipid composition. The presence of aggregation-prone LDL in the circulation predicted future cardiovascular events in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. We also discuss means capable of reducing LDL particles' aggregation susceptibility that could potentially inhibit LDL aggregation in the arterial wall. Whether reductions in LDL aggregation susceptibility are associated with attenuated atherogenesis and a reduced risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases remains to be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katariina Öörni
- Wihuri Research Institute, 00290 Helsinki, Finland;
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Ke LY, Law SH, Mishra VK, Parveen F, Chan HC, Lu YH, Chu CS. Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Electronegative Lipoproteins in Cardiovascular Diseases. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8120550. [PMID: 33260304 PMCID: PMC7760527 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8120550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of glucose and lipid metabolism increases plasma levels of lipoproteins and triglycerides, resulting in vascular endothelial damage. Remarkably, the oxidation of lipid and lipoprotein particles generates electronegative lipoproteins that mediate cellular deterioration of atherosclerosis. In this review, we examined the core of atherosclerotic plaque, which is enriched by byproducts of lipid metabolism and lipoproteins, such as oxidized low-density lipoproteins (oxLDL) and electronegative subfraction of LDL (LDL(−)). We also summarized the chemical properties, receptors, and molecular mechanisms of LDL(−). In combination with other well-known markers of inflammation, namely metabolic diseases, we concluded that LDL(−) can be used as a novel prognostic tool for these lipid disorders. In addition, through understanding the underlying pathophysiological molecular routes for endothelial dysfunction and inflammation, we may reassess current therapeutics and might gain a new direction to treat atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases, mainly targeting LDL(−) clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Yin Ke
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan; (L.-Y.K.); (S.H.L.); (V.K.M.); (F.P.)
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine and Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan
- Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807377, Taiwan; (H.-C.C.); (Y.-H.L.)
| | - Shi Hui Law
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan; (L.-Y.K.); (S.H.L.); (V.K.M.); (F.P.)
| | - Vineet Kumar Mishra
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan; (L.-Y.K.); (S.H.L.); (V.K.M.); (F.P.)
| | - Farzana Parveen
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan; (L.-Y.K.); (S.H.L.); (V.K.M.); (F.P.)
| | - Hua-Chen Chan
- Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807377, Taiwan; (H.-C.C.); (Y.-H.L.)
| | - Ye-Hsu Lu
- Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807377, Taiwan; (H.-C.C.); (Y.-H.L.)
- Division of Cardiology, Department of International Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807377, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Sheng Chu
- Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807377, Taiwan; (H.-C.C.); (Y.-H.L.)
- Division of Cardiology, Department of International Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807377, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung 80145, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-73121101 (ext. 2297); Fax: +886-73111996
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Rivas-Urbina A, Rull A, Montoliu-Gaya L, Pérez-Cuellar M, Ordóñez-Llanos J, Villegas S, Sánchez-Quesada JL. Low-density lipoprotein aggregation is inhibited by apolipoprotein J-derived mimetic peptide D-[113-122]apoJ. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1865:158541. [PMID: 31672573 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.158541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mimetic peptides are promising therapeutic agents for atherosclerosis prevention. A 10-residue class G* peptide from apolipoprotein J (apoJ), namely, D-[113-122]apoJ, possesses anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic properties. This prompted us to determine its effect on the aggregation process of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles, an early event in the development of atherosclerosis. LDL particles with and without [113-122]apoJ peptide were incubated at 37 °C with sphingomyelinase (SMase) or were left to aggregate spontaneously at room temperature. The aggregation process was analyzed by size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), native gradient gel electrophoresis (GGE), absorbance at 405 nm, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and transmission electronic microscopy (TEM). In addition, circular dichroism was used to determine changes in the secondary structure of apoB, and SDS-PAGE was performed to assess apoB degradation. At an equimolar ratio of [113-122]apoJ peptide to apoB-100, [113-122]apoJ inhibited both SMase-induced or spontaneous LDL aggregation. All methods showed that [113-122]apoJ retarded the progression of SMase-induced LDL aggregation at long incubation times. No effect of [113-122]apoJ on apoB secondary structure was observed. Binding experiments showed that [113-122]apoJ presents low affinity for native LDL but binds readily to LDL during the first stages of aggregation. Laurdan fluorescence experiments showed that mild aggregation of LDL resulted in looser lipid packaging, which was partially prevented by D-[113-122]apoJ. These results demonstrate that [113-122]apoJ peptide prevents SMase-induced LDL aggregation at an equimolar ratio and opens the possibility for the use of this peptide as a therapeutic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Rivas-Urbina
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry Group, Research Institute of the Hospital de Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola, Spain
| | - Anna Rull
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry Group, Research Institute of the Hospital de Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laia Montoliu-Gaya
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola, Spain
| | - Montserrat Pérez-Cuellar
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry Group, Research Institute of the Hospital de Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Ordóñez-Llanos
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry Group, Research Institute of the Hospital de Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola, Spain
| | - Sandra Villegas
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola, Spain.
| | - Jose Luis Sánchez-Quesada
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry Group, Research Institute of the Hospital de Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Spain.
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Puig N, Estruch M, Jin L, Sanchez-Quesada JL, Benitez S. The Role of Distinctive Sphingolipids in the Inflammatory and Apoptotic Effects of Electronegative LDL on Monocytes. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9080300. [PMID: 31344975 PMCID: PMC6722802 DOI: 10.3390/biom9080300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Electronegative low-density lipoprotein (LDL(-)) is a minor LDL subfraction that is present in blood with inflammatory and apoptotic effects. We aimed to evaluate the role of sphingolipids ceramide (Cer), sphingosine (Sph), and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) in the LDL(-)-induced effect on monocytes. Total LDL was subfractioned into native LDL and LDL(-) by anion-exchange chromatography and their sphingolipid content evaluated by mass spectrometry. LDL subfractions were incubated with monocytes in the presence or absence of enzyme inhibitors: chlorpromazine (CPZ), d-erythro-2-(N-myristoyl amino)-1-phenyl-1-propanol (MAPP), and N,N-dimethylsphingosine (DMS), which inhibit Cer, Sph, and S1P generation, respectively. After incubation, we evaluated cytokine release by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and apoptosis by flow cytometry. LDL(-) had an increased content in Cer and Sph compared to LDL(+). LDL(-)-induced cytokine release from cultured monocytes was inhibited by CPZ and MAPP, whereas DMS had no effect. LDL(-) promoted monocyte apoptosis, which was inhibited by CPZ, but increased with the addition of DMS. LDL enriched with Sph increased cytokine release in monocytes, and when enriched with Cer, reproduced both the apoptotic and inflammatory effects of LDL(-). These observations indicate that Cer content contributes to the inflammatory and apoptotic effects of LDL(-) on monocytes, whereas Sph plays a more important role in LDL(-)-induced inflammation, and S1P counteracts apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Puig
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry. Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain. C/Sant Quinti 77-79, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB) Faculty of Medicine. Building M. Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Estruch
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry. Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain. C/Sant Quinti 77-79, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lei Jin
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry. Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain. C/Sant Quinti 77-79, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Sanchez-Quesada
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry. Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain. C/Sant Quinti 77-79, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Benitez
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry. Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain. C/Sant Quinti 77-79, 08041 Barcelona, Spain.
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Rivas-Urbina A, Rull A, Ordóñez-Llanos J, Sánchez-Quesada JL. Electronegative LDL: An Active Player in Atherogenesis or a By- Product of Atherosclerosis? Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:1665-1679. [PMID: 29600751 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180330093953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) are the major plasma carriers of cholesterol. However, LDL particles must undergo various molecular modifications to promote the development of atherosclerotic lesions. Modified LDL can be generated by different mechanisms, but as a common trait, show an increased electronegative charge of the LDL particle. A subfraction of LDL with increased electronegative charge (LDL(-)), which can be isolated from blood, exhibits several pro-atherogenic characteristics. LDL(-) is heterogeneous, due to its multiple origins but is strongly related to the development of atherosclerosis. Nevertheless, the implication of LDL(-) in a broad array of pathologic conditions is complex and in some cases anti-atherogenic LDL(-) properties have been reported. In fact, several molecular modifications generating LDL(-) have been widely studied, but it remains unknown as to whether these different mechanisms are specific or common to different pathological disorders. In this review, we attempt to address these issues examining the most recent findings on the biology of LDL(-) and discussing the relationship between this LDL subfraction and the development of different diseases with increased cardiovascular risk. Finally, the review highlights the importance of minor apolipoproteins associated with LDL(-) which would play a crucial role in the different properties displayed by these modified LDL particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Rivas-Urbina
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry Group, Research Institute of the Hospital de Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain.,Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola, Spain
| | - Anna Rull
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry Group, Research Institute of the Hospital de Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain.,Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Jordi Ordóñez-Llanos
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry Group, Research Institute of the Hospital de Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain.,Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola, Spain
| | - José Luis Sánchez-Quesada
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry Group, Research Institute of the Hospital de Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERDEM. Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
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11
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de Freitas MCP, Fernandez DGE, Cohen D, Figueiredo-Neto AM, Maranhão RC, Damasceno NRT. Oxidized and electronegative low-density lipoprotein as potential biomarkers of cardiovascular risk in obese adolescents. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2018; 73:e189. [PMID: 30365817 PMCID: PMC6172975 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2018/e189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate biomarkers associated with early cardiometabolic risk in obese adolescents. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 137 adolescents of both sexes aged 10 to 19 years divided into a normal weight group (NW) (n=69) and an obese group (OB) (n=68). RESULTS As expected, obesity showed positive associations with homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), triacylglycerol, insulin, plasma levels of non-esterified fatty acids, and cholesterol ester transfer protein activity and negative associations with plasma antioxidant levels. Plasma oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) and electronegative low-density lipoprotein [LDL(-)] levels were significantly higher in the OB group. Higher tertiles of oxLDL were associated with increased values of body mass index; waist circumference; fatty mass percentage (%FM); and the atherogenic lipids non-high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), apolipoprotein B and triacylglycerol. Higher tertiles of LDL(-) were robustly associated with body mass index and waist circumference. Logistic regression models (odds ratios) confirmed that increased values of lipids and apolipoprotein B were associated with increased risk of oxLDL. For LDL(-), these associations were not significant, suggesting that another mechanism is involved in generating this particle in obese adolescents. CONCLUSIONS Obese adolescents showed increased plasma LDL(-) and oxLDL, and obese girls had more LDL(-) than obese boys. Therefore, oxLDL is strongly and independently associated with classical cardiovascular risk factors, while increased levels of LDL(-) were influenced by body mass index, waist circumference and demographic parameters in obese adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diana Gabriela Estevez Fernandez
- Programa de Interunidades em Nutricao Humana Aplicada, Faculdade de Ciencias Farmaceuticas da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Danielle Cohen
- Programa de Interunidades em Nutricao Humana Aplicada, Faculdade de Ciencias Farmaceuticas da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | | | - Raul Cavalcante Maranhão
- Laboratorio de Metabolismo de Lipides do Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- Departamento de Analises Clinicas, Faculdade de Ciencias Farmaceuticas da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Nágila Raquel Teixeira Damasceno
- Departamento de Nutricao, Faculdade de Saude Publica da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- Programa de Interunidades em Nutricao Humana Aplicada, Faculdade de Ciencias Farmaceuticas da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- *Corresponding author. E-mail:
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12
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Thermal stability of human plasma electronegative low-density lipoprotein: A paradoxical behavior of low-density lipoprotein aggregation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:1015-1024. [PMID: 27233433 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) aggregation is central in triggering atherogenesis. A minor fraction of electronegative plasma LDL, termed LDL(-), plays a special role in atherogenesis. To better understand this role, we analyzed the kinetics of aggregation, fusion and disintegration of human LDL and its fractions, LDL(+) and LDL(-). Thermal denaturation of LDL was monitored by spectroscopy and electron microscopy. Initially, LDL(-) aggregated and fused faster than LDL(+), but later the order reversed. Most LDL(+) disintegrated and precipitated upon prolonged heating. In contrast, LDL(-) partially retained lipoprotein morphology and formed soluble aggregates. Biochemical analysis of all fractions showed no significant degradation of major lipids, mild phospholipid oxidation, and an increase in non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) upon thermal denaturation. The main baseline difference between LDL subfractions was higher content of NEFA in LDL(-). Since NEFA promote lipoprotein fusion, increased NEFA content can explain rapid initial aggregation and fusion of LDL(-) but not its resistance to extensive disintegration. Partial hydrolysis of apoB upon heating was similar in LDL subfractions, suggesting that minor proteins importantly modulate LDL disintegration. Unlike LDL(+), LDL(-) contains small amounts of apoA-I and apoJ. Addition of exogenous apoA-I to LDL(+) hampered lipoprotein aggregation, fusion and precipitation, while depletion of endogenous apoJ had an opposite effect. Therefore, the initial rapid aggregation of LDL(-) is apparently counterbalanced by the stabilizing effects of minor proteins such as apoA-I and apoJ. These results help identify key determinants for LDL aggregation, fusion and coalescence into lipid droplets in vivo.
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Ke LY, Chan HC, Chen CC, Lu J, Marathe GK, Chu CS, Chan HC, Wang CY, Tung YC, McIntyre TM, Yen JH, Chen CH. Enhanced Sphingomyelinase Activity Contributes to the Apoptotic Capacity of Electronegative Low-Density Lipoprotein. J Med Chem 2016; 59:1032-40. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Yin Ke
- Vascular
and Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Hua-Chen Chan
- Vascular
and Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Chih-Chieh Chen
- Institute
of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 80424
| | - Jonathan Lu
- Vascular
and Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Gopal K. Marathe
- Departments of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, United States
- Department
of Studies in Biochemistry, Manasagangothri, University of Mysore, Mysore-570006, India
| | | | | | | | | | - Thomas M. McIntyre
- Departments of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, United States
| | | | - Chu-Huang Chen
- Vascular
and Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
- New York Heart Research
Foundation, Mineola, New York 11501, United States
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Maiolino G, Bisogni V, Rossitto G, Rossi GP. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 prognostic role in atherosclerotic complications. World J Cardiol 2015; 7:609-620. [PMID: 26516415 PMCID: PMC4620072 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v7.i10.609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis manifests itself clinically at advanced stages when plaques undergo hemorrhage and/or rupture with superimposed thrombosis, thus abruptly stopping blood supply. Identification of markers of plaque destabilization at a pre-clinical stage is, therefore, a major goal of cardiovascular research. Promising results along this line were provided by studies investigating the lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2), a member of phospholipase A2 proteins family that plays a key role in the metabolism of pro-inflammatory phospholipids, as oxidized low-density lipoproteins, and in the generation of pro-atherogenic metabolites, including lysophosphatidylcholine and oxidized free fatty acids. We herein review the experimental and clinical studies supporting use of Lp-PLA2 activity for predicting cardiovascular events. To his end we considered not only Lp-PLA2 activity and mass, but also Lp-PLA2 gene variations and their association with incident coronary artery disease, stroke, and cardiovascular mortality. Based on these evidences the major scientific societies have included in their guidelines the measurement of Lp-PLA2 activity among the biomarkers that are useful in risk stratification of adult asymptomatic patients at intermediate cardiovascular risk. The results of two recently published major clinical trials with the Lp-PLA2 inhibitor darapladib, which seem to challenge the pathogenic role of Lp-PLA2, will also be discussed.
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Plasma PAF-AH (PLA2G7): Biochemical Properties, Association with LDLs and HDLs, and Regulation of Expression. Enzymes 2015; 38:71-93. [PMID: 26612648 DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This chapter is focused on the plasma form of PAF-acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH), a lipoprotein-bound, calcium-independent phospholipase A2 activity also referred to as lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 and PLA2G7. PAF-AH catalyzes the removal of the acyl group at the sn-2 position of PAF and truncated phospholipids generated in settings of inflammation and oxidant stress. Here, I discuss current knowledge related to the structural features of this enzyme, including the molecular basis for association with lipoproteins and susceptibility to oxidative inactivation. The circulating form of PAF-AH is constitutively active and its expression is upregulated by mediators of inflammation at the transcriptional level. Several new mechanisms of regulation have been identified in recent years, including effects mediated by PPARs, VEGFR, and the state of cellular differentiation. Moreover, I discuss recent studies describing significant variations in the structure and regulation of PAF-AH from diverse species, which is likely to have important implications for the function of this enzyme in vivo.
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Rull A, Ordóñez-Llanos J, Sánchez-Quesada JL. The role of LDL-bound apoJ in the development of atherosclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.15.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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17
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Revuelta-López E, Cal R, Julve J, Rull A, Martínez-Bujidos M, Perez-Cuellar M, Ordoñez-Llanos J, Badimon L, Sanchez-Quesada JL, Llorente-Cortés V. Hypoxia worsens the impact of intracellular triglyceride accumulation promoted by electronegative low-density lipoprotein in cardiomyocytes by impairing perilipin 5 upregulation. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 65:257-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Orekhov AN, Bobryshev YV, Sobenin IA, Melnichenko AA, Chistiakov DA. Modified low density lipoprotein and lipoprotein-containing circulating immune complexes as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of atherosclerosis and type 1 diabetes macrovascular disease. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:12807-41. [PMID: 25050779 PMCID: PMC4139876 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150712807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Revised: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In atherosclerosis; blood low-density lipoproteins (LDL) are subjected to multiple enzymatic and non-enzymatic modifications that increase their atherogenicity and induce immunogenicity. Modified LDL are capable of inducing vascular inflammation through activation of innate immunity; thus, contributing to the progression of atherogenesis. The immunogenicity of modified LDL results in induction of self-antibodies specific to a certain type of modified LDL. The antibodies react with modified LDL forming circulating immune complexes. Circulating immune complexes exhibit prominent immunomodulatory properties that influence atherosclerotic inflammation. Compared to freely circulating modified LDL; modified LDL associated with the immune complexes have a more robust atherogenic and proinflammatory potential. Various lipid components of the immune complexes may serve not only as diagnostic but also as essential predictive markers of cardiovascular events in atherosclerosis. Accumulating evidence indicates that LDL-containing immune complexes can also serve as biomarker for macrovascular disease in type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander N Orekhov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow 125315, Russia.
| | - Yuri V Bobryshev
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow 125315, Russia.
| | - Igor A Sobenin
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow 125315, Russia.
| | - Alexandra A Melnichenko
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow 125315, Russia.
| | - Dimitry A Chistiakov
- Department of Medical Nanobiotechnology, Pirogov Russian State Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia.
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Ceramide-enriched LDL induces cytokine release through TLR4 and CD14 in monocytes. Similarities with electronegative LDL. CLINICA E INVESTIGACION EN ARTERIOSCLEROSIS 2014; 26:131-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arteri.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Abstract
At least 468 individual genes have been manipulated by molecular methods to study their effects on the initiation, promotion, and progression of atherosclerosis. Most clinicians and many investigators, even in related disciplines, find many of these genes and the related pathways entirely foreign. Medical schools generally do not attempt to incorporate the relevant molecular biology into their curriculum. A number of key signaling pathways are highly relevant to atherogenesis and are presented to provide a context for the gene manipulations summarized herein. The pathways include the following: the insulin receptor (and other receptor tyrosine kinases); Ras and MAPK activation; TNF-α and related family members leading to activation of NF-κB; effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on signaling; endothelial adaptations to flow including G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and integrin-related signaling; activation of endothelial and other cells by modified lipoproteins; purinergic signaling; control of leukocyte adhesion to endothelium, migration, and further activation; foam cell formation; and macrophage and vascular smooth muscle cell signaling related to proliferation, efferocytosis, and apoptosis. This review is intended primarily as an introduction to these key signaling pathways. They have become the focus of modern atherosclerosis research and will undoubtedly provide a rich resource for future innovation toward intervention and prevention of the number one cause of death in the modern world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul N Hopkins
- Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
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Electronegative LDL: a circulating modified LDL with a role in inflammation. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:181324. [PMID: 24062611 PMCID: PMC3766570 DOI: 10.1155/2013/181324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Electronegative low density lipoprotein (LDL(−)) is a minor modified fraction of LDL found in blood. It comprises a heterogeneous population of LDL particles modified by various mechanisms sharing as a common feature increased electronegativity. Modification by oxidation is one of these mechanisms. LDL(−) has inflammatory properties similar to those of oxidized LDL (oxLDL), such as inflammatory cytokine release in leukocytes and endothelial cells. However, in contrast with oxLDL, LDL(−) also has some anti-inflammatory effects on cultured cells. The inflammatory and anti-inflammatory properties ascribed to LDL(−) suggest that it could have a dual biological effect.
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Estruch M, Bancells C, Beloki L, Sanchez-Quesada JL, Ordóñez-Llanos J, Benitez S. CD14 and TLR4 mediate cytokine release promoted by electronegative LDL in monocytes. Atherosclerosis 2013; 229:356-62. [PMID: 23880187 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Electronegative LDL (LDL(-)), a minor modified LDL present in the circulation, induces cytokine release in monocytes. We aimed to determine the role of the receptor CD14 and toll-like receptors 2 and 4 (TLR2, TLR4) in the inflammatory action promoted by LDL(-) in human monocytes. METHODS AND RESULTS Monocytes were preincubated with antibodies to neutralize CD14, TLR2 and TLR4. The release of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1), and interleukin 6 and 10 (IL6 and IL10) promoted by LDL(-) was inhibited 70-80% by antiCD14 and antiTLR4, and 15-25% by antiTLR2. The involvement of CD14 and TLR4 was confirmed by gene silencing experiments. The human monocytic THP1 cell line overexpressing CD14 released more cytokines in response to LDL(-) than the same THP1 cell line without expressing CD14. VIPER, a specific inhibitor of the TLR4 signaling pathway, blocked 75-90% the cytokine release promoted by LDL(-). Cell binding experiments showed that monocytes preincubated with neutralizing antibodies presented lesser LDL(-) binding than non-preincubated monocytes The inhibitory capacity was antiCD14>antiTLR4>>antiTLR2. Cell-free experiments performed in CD14-coated microtiter wells confirmed that CD14 was involved in LDL(-) binding. When LDL(-) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were added simultaneously to monocytes, cytokine release was similar to that promoted by LDL(-) alone. Binding experiments showed that LDL(-) and LPS competed for binding to monocytes and to CD14 coated-wells. CONCLUSIONS CD14 and TLR4 mediate cytokine release induced by LDL(-) in human monocytes. The cross-competition between LPS and LDL(-) for the same receptors could be a counteracting action of LDL(-) in inflammatory situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Estruch
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sant Pau (IIB SantPau), Barcelona, Spain.
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The Induction of Cytokine Release in Monocytes by Electronegative Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Is Related to Its Higher Ceramide Content than Native LDL. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:2601-16. [PMID: 23358250 PMCID: PMC3588005 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14022601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 01/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Electronegative low-density lipoprotein (LDL(−)) is a minor modified LDL subfraction that is present in blood. LDL(−) promotes inflammation and is associated with the development of atherosclerosis. We previously reported that the increase of cytokine release promoted by this lipoprotein subfraction in monocytes is counteracted by high-density lipoprotein (HDL). HDL also inhibits a phospholipase C-like activity (PLC-like) intrinsic to LDL(−). The aim of this work was to assess whether the inhibition of the PLC-like activity by HDL could decrease the content of ceramide (CER) and diacylglycerol (DAG) generated in LDL(−). This knowledge would allow us to establish a relationship between these compounds and the inflammatory activity of LDL(−). LDL(−) incubated at 37 °C for 20 h increased its PLC-like activity and, subsequently, the amount of CER and DAG. We found that incubating LDL(−) with HDL decreased both products in LDL(−). Native LDL was modified by lipolysis with PLC or by incubation with CER-enriched or DAG-enriched liposomes. The increase of CER in native LDL significantly increased cytokine release, whereas the enrichment in DAG did not show these inflammatory properties. These data point to CER, a resultant product of the PLC-like activity, as a major determinant of the inflammatory activity induced by LDL(−) in monocytes.
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Sánchez-Quesada JL, Villegas S, Ordóñez-Llanos J. Electronegative low-density lipoprotein. A link between apolipoprotein B misfolding, lipoprotein aggregation and proteoglycan binding. Curr Opin Lipidol 2012; 23:479-86. [PMID: 22964994 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0b013e328357c933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Subendothelial retention of lipoproteins is considered the first step in the development of atherosclerosis, but the molecular mechanisms involved are poorly understood. Recent findings on the atherogenic properties of a minor electronegative fraction of LDL (LDL(-)) could contribute to a better understanding of this process. RECENT FINDINGS Circular dichroism, Trp-fluorescence and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance have shown that apolipoprotein B (apoB) in LDL(-) has an abnormal, misfolded conformation. Immunochemical analysis revealed a different conformation, mainly in the N-terminal and C-terminal extremes. These alterations contribute to the high susceptibility to aggregation of LDL(-). Moreover, LDL(-) can seed the aggregation of native LDL, suggesting an amyloidogenic character that has been attributed to the amphipathic helix cluster in the α2-domain. A phospholipase C (PLC)-like activity associated to LDL(-) seems to play a major role in the LDL(-)-induced aggregation. The aggregation of LDL(-) increases its binding to proteoglycans because of the abnormal conformation of the N-terminal extreme of apoB. SUMMARY LDL(-) could play a relevant role in atherogenesis by acting as a priming factor that stimulates lipoprotein aggregation. This process, which appears to be mediated by a PLC-like activity intrinsic to LDL(-), increases the binding of LDL to proteoglycans and could promote subendothelial retention of these lipoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L Sánchez-Quesada
- Biochemistry Department, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain.
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26
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Sánchez-Quesada JL, Estruch M, Benítez S, Ordóñez-Llanos J. Electronegative LDL: a useful biomarker of cardiovascular risk? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.12.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Bancells C, Benítez S, Ordóñez-Llanos J, Öörni K, Kovanen PT, Milne RW, Sánchez-Quesada JL. Immunochemical analysis of the electronegative LDL subfraction shows that abnormal N-terminal apolipoprotein B conformation is involved in increased binding to proteoglycans. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:1125-33. [PMID: 21078674 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.175315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Electronegative LDL (LDL(-)) is a minor subfraction of modified LDL present in plasma. Among its atherogenic characteristics, low affinity to the LDL receptor and high binding to arterial proteoglycans (PGs) could be related to abnormalities in the conformation of its main protein, apolipoprotein B-100 (apoB-100). In the current study, we have performed an immunochemical analysis using monoclonal antibody (mAb) probes to analyze the conformation of apoB-100 in LDL(-). The study, performed with 28 anti-apoB-100 mAbs, showed that major differences of apoB-100 immunoreactivity between native LDL and LDL(-) concentrate in both terminal extremes. The mAbs Bsol 10, Bsol 14 (which recognize the amino-terminal region), Bsol 2, and Bsol 7 (carboxyl-terminal region) showed increased immunoreactivity in LDL(-), suggesting that both terminal extremes are more accessible in LDL(-) than in native LDL. The analysis of in vitro-modified LDLs, including LDL lipolyzed with sphingomyelinase (SMase-LDL) or phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)-LDL) and oxidized LDL (oxLDL), suggested that increased amino-terminal immunoreactivity was related to altered conformation due to aggregation. This was confirmed when the aggregated subfractions of LDL(-) (agLDL(-)) and oxLDL (ag-oxLDL) were isolated and analyzed. Thus, Bsol 10 and Bsol 14 immunoreactivity was high in SMase-LDL, ag-oxLDL, and agLDL(-). The altered amino-terminal apoB-100 conformation was involved in the increased PG binding affinity of agLDL(-) because Bsol 10 and Bsol 14 blocked its high PG-binding. These observations suggest that an abnormal conformation of the amino-terminal region of apoB-100 is responsible for the increased PG binding affinity of agLDL(-).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Bancells
- Biochemistry Department, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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Faulin TDES, Cavalcante MF, Abdalla DSP. Role of electronegative LDL and its associated antibodies in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.10.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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29
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Bancells C, Canals F, Benítez S, Colomé N, Julve J, Ordóñez-Llanos J, Sánchez-Quesada JL. Proteomic analysis of electronegative low-density lipoprotein. J Lipid Res 2010; 51:3508-15. [PMID: 20699421 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m009258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Low density lipoprotein is a heterogeneous group of lipoproteins that differs in lipid and protein composition. One copy of apolipoprotein (apo)B accounts for over 95% of the LDL protein, but the presence of minor proteins could disturb its biological behavior. Our aim was to study the content of minor proteins in LDL subfractions separated by anion exchange chromatography. Electropositive LDL [LDL(+)] is the native form, whereas electronegative LDL [LDL⁻] is a minor atherogenic fraction present in blood. LC-ESI MS/MS analysis of both LDL fractions identified up to 28 different proteins. Of these, 13 proteins, including apoB, were detected in all the analyzed samples. LDL⁻ showed a higher content of most minor proteins. Statistical analysis of proteomic data indicated that the content of apoE, apoA-I, apoC-III, apoA-II, apoD, apoF, and apoJ was higher in LDL⁻ than in LDL(+). Immunoturbidimetry, ELISA, or Western blot analysis confirmed these differences. ApoJ and apoF presented the highest difference between LDL(+) and LDL⁻ (>15-fold). In summary, the increased content of several apolipoproteins, and specifically of apoF and apoJ, could be related to the physicochemical characteristics of LDL⁻, such as apoB misfolding, aggregation, and abnormal lipid composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Bancells
- Servei de Bioquímica, Institut de Recerca, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
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Bancells C, Villegas S, Blanco FJ, Benítez S, Gállego I, Beloki L, Pérez-Cuellar M, Ordóñez-Llanos J, Sánchez-Quesada JL. Aggregated electronegative low density lipoprotein in human plasma shows a high tendency toward phospholipolysis and particle fusion. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:32425-35. [PMID: 20670941 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.139691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aggregation and fusion of lipoproteins trigger subendothelial retention of cholesterol, promoting atherosclerosis. The tendency of a lipoprotein to form fused particles is considered to be related to its atherogenic potential. We aimed to isolate and characterize aggregated and nonaggregated subfractions of LDL from human plasma, paying special attention to particle fusion mechanisms. Aggregated LDL was almost exclusively found in electronegative LDL (LDL(-)), a minor modified LDL subfraction, but not in native LDL (LDL(+)). The main difference between aggregated (agLDL(-)) and nonaggregated LDL(-) (nagLDL(-)) was a 6-fold increased phospholipase C-like activity in agLDL(-). agLDL(-) promoted the aggregation of LDL(+) and nagLDL(-). Lipoprotein fusion induced by α-chymotrypsin proteolysis was monitored by NMR and visualized by transmission electron microscopy. Particle fusion kinetics was much faster in agLDL(-) than in nagLDL(-) or LDL(+). NMR and chromatographic analysis revealed a rapid and massive phospholipid degradation in agLDL(-) but not in nagLDL(-) or LDL(+). Choline-containing phospholipids were extensively degraded, and ceramide, diacylglycerol, monoacylglycerol, and phosphorylcholine were the main products generated, suggesting the involvement of phospholipase C-like activity. The properties of agLDL(-) suggest that this subfraction plays a major role in atherogenesis by triggering lipoprotein fusion and cholesterol accumulation in the arterial wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Bancells
- Departament de Bioquímica, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
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Bancells C, Sánchez-Quesada JL, Birkelund R, Ordóñez-Llanos J, Benítez S. HDL and electronegative LDL exchange anti- and pro-inflammatory properties. J Lipid Res 2010; 51:2947-56. [PMID: 20647593 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m005777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Electronegative LDL [LDL(-)] is a minor modified LDL subfraction present in blood with inflammatory effects. One of the antiatherogenic properties of HDL is the inhibition of the deleterious effects of in vitro modified LDL. However, the effect of HDL on the inflammatory activity of LDL(-) isolated from plasma is unknown. We aimed to assess the putative protective role of HDL against the cytokine released induced in monocytes by LDL(-). Our results showed that LDL(-) cytokine release was inhibited when LDL(-) was coincubated with HDL and human monocytes and also when LDL(-) was preincubated with HDL and reisolated prior to cell incubation. The addition of apoliprotein (apo)AI instead of HDL reproduced the protective behavior of HDL. HDL preincubated with LDL(-) promoted greater cytokine release than native HDL. Incubation of LDL(-) with HDL decreased the electronegative charge, phospholipase C-like activity, susceptibility to aggregation and nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) content of LDL(-), whereas these properties increased in HDL. NEFA content in LDL appeared to be related to cytokine production because NEFA-enriched LDL induced cytokine release. HDL, at least in part through apoAI, inhibits phospholipase-C activity and cytokine release in monocytes, thereby counteracting the inflammatory effect of LDL(-). In turn, HDL acquires these properties and becomes inflammatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Bancells
- Institut de Recerca, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
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Levitan I, Volkov S, Subbaiah PV. Oxidized LDL: diversity, patterns of recognition, and pathophysiology. Antioxid Redox Signal 2010; 13:39-75. [PMID: 19888833 PMCID: PMC2877120 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.2733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2009] [Revised: 10/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative modification of LDL is known to elicit an array of pro-atherogenic responses, but it is generally underappreciated that oxidized LDL (OxLDL) exists in multiple forms, characterized by different degrees of oxidation and different mixtures of bioactive components. The variable effects of OxLDL reported in the literature can be attributed in large part to the heterogeneous nature of the preparations employed. In this review, we first describe the various subclasses and molecular composition of OxLDL, including the variety of minimally modified LDL preparations. We then describe multiple receptors that recognize various species of OxLDL and discuss the mechanisms responsible for the recognition by specific receptors. Furthermore, we discuss the contentious issues such as the nature of OxLDL in vivo and the physiological oxidizing agents, whether oxidation of LDL is a prerequisite for atherogenesis, whether OxLDL is the major source of lipids in foam cells, whether in some cases it actually induces cholesterol depletion, and finally the Janus-like nature of OxLDL in having both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects. Lastly, we extend our review to discuss the role of LDL oxidation in diseases other than atherosclerosis, including diabetes mellitus, and several autoimmune diseases, such as lupus erythematosus, anti-phospholipid syndrome, and rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Levitan
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
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Blanco FJ, Villegas S, Benítez S, Bancells C, Diercks T, Ordóñez-Llanos J, Sánchez-Quesada JL. 2D-NMR reveals different populations of exposed lysine residues in the apoB-100 protein of electronegative and electropositive fractions of LDL particles. J Lipid Res 2010; 51:1560-5. [PMID: 20110441 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d002642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Several potentially atherogenic LDL subfractions present low affinity for the LDL receptor, which result in impaired plasma clearance. Electronegative LDL [LDL(-)] is one of these minor subfractions and the molecular basis for its reduced receptor affinity is not well understood. In the present study, high-resolution 2D-NMR spectroscopy has been employed to characterize the surface-exposed lysine residues of the apolipoprotein (apo)B-100 protein in both LDL(-) and LDL(+) subfractions. LDL(+) showed two populations of lysine residues, similar to those previously described in total LDL. "Normal" Lys have a pk(a) of 10.4 whereas "active" Lys have a pk(a) of 8.8 and have been suggested to be involved in receptor binding. In contrast to LDL(+), the LDL(-) subfraction presented a third type of Lys, named as "intermediate" Lys, with a different microenvironment and higher basicity (pk(a) 10.7). These intermediate Lys cannot be reliably identified by 1D-NMR. Because the abundance of normal Lys is similar in LDL(+) and LDL(-), the intermediate Lys in the apoB-100 molecule of LDL(-) should come from a group of active Lys in LDL(+) particles that have a less basic microenvironment in the LDL(-) particle. These differences between LDL(+) and LDL(-) are indicative of a distinct conformation of apoB-100 that could be related to loss of affinity of LDL(-) for the LDL receptor.
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Bancells C, Benítez S, Jauhiainen M, Ordóñez-Llanos J, Kovanen PT, Villegas S, Sánchez-Quesada JL, O¨o¨rni K. High binding affinity of electronegative LDL to human aortic proteoglycans depends on its aggregation level. J Lipid Res 2009; 50:446-455. [DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m800318-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Lu J, Yang JH, Burns AR, Chen HH, Tang D, Walterscheid JP, Suzuki S, Yang CY, Sawamura T, Chen CH. Mediation of electronegative low-density lipoprotein signaling by LOX-1: a possible mechanism of endothelial apoptosis. Circ Res 2009; 104:619-27. [PMID: 19150883 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.108.190116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor LOX-1 mediates endothelial cell (EC) uptake of experimentally prepared copper-oxidized LDL (oxLDL). To confirm the atherogenic role of this receptor cloned against copper-oxLDL, we examined whether it mediates EC uptake of L5, an electronegative LDL abundant in dyslipidemic but not normolipidemic human plasma. Hypercholesterolemic (LDL-cholesterol, >160 mg/dL) human LDL was fractionated into L1-L5, increasingly electronegative, by ion-exchange chromatography. In cultured bovine aortic ECs (BAECs), L5 upregulated LOX-1 and induced apoptosis. Transfection of BAECs with LOX-1-specific small interfering RNAs (siLOX-1) minimized baseline LOX-1 production and restrained L5-induced LOX-1 upregulation. Internalization of labeled L1-L5 was monitored in BAECs and human umbilical venous ECs by fluorescence microscopy. LOX-1 knockdown with siLOX-1 impeded the endocytosis of L5 but not L1-L4. In contrast, blocking LDL receptor with RAP (LDL receptor-associated protein) stopped the internalization of L1-L4 but not L5. Although chemically different, L5 and oxLDL competed for EC entry through LOX-1. Via LOX-1, L5 signaling hampered Akt phosphorylation and suppressed EC expression of fibroblast growth factor-2 and Bcl-2. L5 also selectively inhibited Bcl-xL expression and endothelial nitric oxide synthase phosphorylation but increased synthesis of Bax, Bad, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Blocking Akt phosphorylation with wortmannin increased LOX-1 expression, suggesting a modulatory role of Akt in LOX-1 synthesis; L5 upregulated LOX-1 by dephosphorylating Akt. Because endothelial nitric oxide synthase and Bcl-2 activities are Akt-dependent, L5 impairs Akt-mediated growth and survival signals in vascular ECs by way of LOX-1. Thus, the L5/LOX-1 complex may play a critical role in atherogenesis and illuminate important targets for disease intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Lu
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Stafforini DM. Biology of platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH, lipoprotein associated phospholipase A2). Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2008; 23:73-83. [PMID: 18949548 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-008-6133-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2008] [Accepted: 08/06/2008] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This article is focused on platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH), a lipoprotein bound, calcium-independent phospholipase A(2) activity also referred to as lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2) or PLA(2)G7. PAF-AH catalyzes the removal of the acyl group at the sn-2 position of PAF and truncated phospholipids generated in settings of inflammation and oxidant stress. DISCUSSION Here, I discuss current knowledge related to the structural features of this enzyme, including the molecular basis for association with lipoproteins and susceptibility to oxidative inactivation. The circulating form of PAF-AH is constitutively active and its expression is upregulated by mediators of inflammation at the transcriptional level. This mechanism is likely responsible for the observed up-regulation of PAF-AH during atherosclerosis and suggests that increased expression of this enzyme is a physiological response to inflammatory stimuli. Administration of recombinant forms of PAF-AH attenuate inflammation in a variety of experimental models. Conversely, genetic deficiency of PAF-AH in defined human populations increases the severity of atherosclerosis and other syndromes. Recent advances pointing to an interplay among oxidized phospholipid substrates, Lp(a), and PAF-AH could hold the key to a number of unanswered questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Stafforini
- Huntsman Cancer Institute and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope, Suite 3364, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5550, USA.
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