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George J, Shafiq K, Kapadia M, Kalia LV, Kalia SK. High frequency electrical stimulation reduces α-synuclein levels and α-synuclein-mediated autophagy dysfunction. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16091. [PMID: 38997273 PMCID: PMC11245498 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64131-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of α-synuclein (α-Syn) has been implicated in proteasome and autophagy dysfunction in Parkinson's disease (PD). High frequency electrical stimulation (HFS) mimicking clinical parameters used for deep brain stimulation (DBS) in vitro or DBS in vivo in preclinical models of PD have been found to reduce levels of α-Syn and, in certain cases, provide possible neuroprotection. However, the mechanisms by which this reduction in α-Syn improves cellular dysfunction associated with α-Syn accumulation remains elusive. Using HFS parameters that recapitulate DBS in vitro, we found that HFS led to a reduction of mutant α-Syn and thereby limited proteasome and autophagy impairments due to α-Syn. Additionally, we observed that HFS modulates via the ATP6V0C subunit of V-ATPase and mitigates α-Syn mediated autophagic dysfunction. This study highlights a role for autophagy in reduction of α-Syn due to HFS which may prove to be a viable approach to decrease pathological protein accumulation in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy George
- Toronto Western Hospital, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5T 0S8, Canada
| | - Kashfia Shafiq
- Toronto Western Hospital, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5T 0S8, Canada
| | - Minesh Kapadia
- Toronto Western Hospital, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5T 0S8, Canada
| | - Lorraine V Kalia
- Toronto Western Hospital, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5T 0S8, Canada
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- CRANIA, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Suneil K Kalia
- Toronto Western Hospital, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5T 0S8, Canada.
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- KITE, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- CRANIA, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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2
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Mansuri S, Jain A, Singh R, Rawat S, Mondal D, Raychaudhuri S. Widespread nuclear lamina injuries defeat proteostatic purposes of α-synuclein amyloid inclusions. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261935. [PMID: 38477372 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Biogenesis of inclusion bodies (IBs) facilitates protein quality control (PQC). Canonical aggresomes execute degradation of misfolded proteins while non-degradable amyloids sequester into insoluble protein deposits. Lewy bodies (LBs) are filamentous amyloid inclusions of α-synuclein, but PQC benefits and drawbacks associated with LB-like IBs remain underexplored. Here, we report that crosstalk between filamentous LB-like IBs and aggresome-like IBs of α-synuclein (Syn-aggresomes) buffer the load, aggregation state, and turnover of the amyloidogenic protein in mouse primary neurons and HEK293T cells. Filamentous LB-like IBs possess unorthodox PQC capacities of self-quarantining α-synuclein amyloids and being degradable upon receding fresh amyloidogenesis. Syn-aggresomes equilibrate biogenesis of filamentous LB-like IBs by facilitating spontaneous degradation of α-synuclein and conditional turnover of disintegrated α-synuclein amyloids. Thus, both types of IB primarily contribute to PQC. Incidentally, the overgrown perinuclear LB-like IBs become degenerative once these are misidentified by BICD2, a cargo-adapter for the cytosolic motor-protein dynein. Microscopy indicates that microtubules surrounding the perinuclear filamentous inclusions are also distorted, misbalancing the cytoskeleton-nucleoskeleton tension leading to widespread lamina injuries. Together, nucleocytoplasmic mixing, DNA damage, and deregulated transcription of stress chaperones defeat the proteostatic purposes of the filamentous amyloids of α-synuclein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shemin Mansuri
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Aanchal Jain
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Richa Singh
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Shivali Rawat
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Debodyuti Mondal
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Swasti Raychaudhuri
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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3
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Pan Z, Yu CW, Zhao C, Shao M, Yang X, Liang X, Li H, Lu Y, Ye Q, Chern JW, Lu J, Zhou H, Lee SMY. Antagonizing pathological α-synuclein-mediated neurodegeneration by J24335 via the activation of immunoproteasome. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2023; 480:116745. [PMID: 37931757 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2023.116745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
The aggregation of misfolded proteins, such as α-synuclein in Parkinson's disease (PD), occurs intracellularly or extracellularly in the majority of neurodegenerative diseases. The immunoproteasome has more potent chymotrypsin-like activity than normal proteasome. Thus, degradation of α-synuclein aggregation via immunoproteasome is an attractive approach for PD drug development. Herein, we aimed to determine if novel compound, 11-Hydroxy-1-(8-methoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-2-yl)undecan-1-one oxime (named as J24335), is a promising candidate for disease-modifying therapy to prevent the pathological progression of neurodegenerative diseases, such as PD. The effects of J24335 on inducible PC12/A53T-α-syn cell viability and cytotoxicity were evaluated by MTT assay and LDH assay, respectively. Evaluation of various proteasome activities was done by measuring the luminescence of enzymatic activity after the addition of different amounts of aminoluciferin. Immunoblotting and real-time PCR were employed to detect the expression of various proteins and genes, respectively. We also used a transgenic mouse model for behavioral testing and immunochemical analysis, to assess the neuroprotective effects of J24335. J24335 inhibited wild-type and mutant α-synuclein aggregation without affecting the growth or death of neuronal cells. The inhibition of α-synuclein aggregation by J24335 was caused by activation of immunoproteasome, as mediated by upregulation of LMP7, and increased cellular chymotrypsin-like activity in 20S proteasome. J24335-enhanced immunoproteasome activity was mediated by PKA/Akt/mTOR pathway activation. Moreover, animal studies revealed that J24335 treatment markedly mitigated both the loss of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive (TH-) neurons and impaired motor skill development. This is the first report to use J24335 as an immunoproteasome enhancing agent to antagonize pathological α-synuclein-mediated neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijian Pan
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Chao-Wu Yu
- School of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10050, Taiwan, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Min Shao
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuanjun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China; Department of Biology, South University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaonan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Haitao Li
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Yucong Lu
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Qingqing Ye
- School of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10050, Taiwan, China
| | - Ji-Wang Chern
- School of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10050, Taiwan, China
| | - Jiahong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Hefeng Zhou
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China.
| | - Simon Ming-Yuen Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macao.
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4
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Liao EE, Yang M, Nathan Kochen N, Vunnam N, Braun AR, Ferguson DM, Sachs JN. Proteasomal Stimulation by MK886 and Its Derivatives Can Rescue Tau-Induced Neurite Pathology. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:6133-6144. [PMID: 37428404 PMCID: PMC10529599 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03417-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Proteasomal degradation of intrinsically disordered proteins, such as tau, is a critical component of proteostasis in both aging and neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we investigated proteasomal activation by MK886 (MK). We previously identified MK as a lead compound capable of modulating tau oligomerization in a cellular FRET assay and rescuing P301L tau-induced cytotoxicity. We first confirmed robust proteasomal activation by MK using 20S proteasomal assays and a cellular proteasomal tau-GFP cleavage assay. We then show that MK treatment can significantly rescue tau-induced neurite pathology in differentiated SHSY5Y neurospheres. Due to this compelling result, we designed a series of seven MK analogs to determine if proteasomal activity is sensitive to structural permutations. Using the proteasome as the primary MOA, we examined tau aggregation, neurite outgrowth, inflammation, and autophagy assays to identify two essential substituents of MK that are required for compound activity: (1) removal of the N-chlorobenzyl group from MK negated both proteasomal and autophagic activity and reduced neurite outgrowth; and (2) removal of the indole-5-isopropyl group significantly improved neurite outgrowth and autophagy activity but reduced its anti-inflammatory capacity. Overall, our results suggest that the combination of proteasomal/autophagic stimulation and anti-inflammatory properties of MK and its derivatives can decrease tau-tau interactions and help rebalance dysfunctional proteostasis. Further development of MK to optimize its proteasomal, autophagic, and anti-inflammatory targets may lead to a novel therapeutic that would be beneficial in aging and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elly E Liao
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Mu Yang
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Noah Nathan Kochen
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Nagamani Vunnam
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Anthony R Braun
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - David M Ferguson
- Dept. of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Jonathan N Sachs
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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5
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Zhao N, Li N, Wang T. PERK prevents rhodopsin degradation during retinitis pigmentosa by inhibiting IRE1-induced autophagy. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202208147. [PMID: 37022709 PMCID: PMC10082367 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202208147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is the underlying cause of many degenerative diseases, including autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (adRP). In adRP, mutant rhodopsins accumulate and cause ER stress. This destabilizes wild-type rhodopsin and triggers photoreceptor cell degeneration. To reveal the mechanisms by which these mutant rhodopsins exert their dominant-negative effects, we established an in vivo fluorescence reporter system to monitor mutant and wild-type rhodopsin in Drosophila. By performing a genome-wide genetic screen, we found that PERK signaling plays a key role in maintaining rhodopsin homeostasis by attenuating IRE1 activities. Degradation of wild-type rhodopsin is mediated by selective autophagy of ER, which is induced by uncontrolled IRE1/XBP1 signaling and insufficient proteasome activities. Moreover, upregulation of PERK signaling prevents autophagy and suppresses retinal degeneration in the adRP model. These findings establish a pathological role for autophagy in this neurodegenerative condition and indicate that promoting PERK activity could be used to treat ER stress-related neuropathies, including adRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhao
- Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Li
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
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6
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Wang W, Lu J, Yang WC, Spear ED, Michaelis S, Matunis MJ. Analysis of a degron-containing reporter protein GFP-CL1 reveals a role for SUMO1 in cytosolic protein quality control. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:102851. [PMID: 36587767 PMCID: PMC9898758 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Misfolded proteins are recognized and degraded through protein quality control (PQC) pathways, which are essential for maintaining proteostasis and normal cellular functions. Defects in PQC can result in disease, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegeneration. The small ubiquitin-related modifiers (SUMOs) were previously implicated in the degradation of nuclear misfolded proteins, but their functions in cytoplasmic PQC are unclear. Here, in a systematic screen of SUMO protein mutations in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we identified a mutant allele (Smt3-K38A/K40A) that sensitizes cells to proteotoxic stress induced by amino acid analogs. Smt3-K38A/K40A mutant strains also exhibited a defect in the turnover of a soluble PQC model substrate containing the CL1 degron (NES-GFP-Ura3-CL1) localized in the cytoplasm, but not the nucleus. Using human U2OS SUMO1- and SUMO2-KO cell lines, we observed a similar SUMO-dependent pathway for degradation of the mammalian degron-containing PQC reporter protein, GFP-CL1, also only in the cytoplasm but not the nucleus. Moreover, we found that turnover of GFP-CL1 in the cytoplasm was uniquely dependent on SUMO1 but not the SUMO2 paralogue. Additionally, we showed that turnover of GFP-CL1 in the cytoplasm is dependent on the AAA-ATPase, Cdc48/p97. Cellular fractionation studies and analysis of a SUMO1-GFP-CL1 fusion protein revealed that SUMO1 promotes cytoplasmic misfolded protein degradation by maintaining substrate solubility. Collectively, our findings reveal a conserved and previously unrecognized role for SUMO1 in regulating cytoplasmic PQC and provide valuable insights into the roles of sumoylation in PQC-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jian Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Wei-Chih Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Eric D Spear
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Susan Michaelis
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael J Matunis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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7
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Cannabinoid CB2 Receptors in Neurodegenerative Proteinopathies: New Insights and Therapeutic Potential. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123000. [PMID: 36551756 PMCID: PMC9775106 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Some of the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, are proteinopathies characterized by the accumulation of specific protein aggregates in the brain. Such misfolded protein aggregates can trigger modulation of the innate and adaptive immune systems and subsequently lead to chronic neuroinflammation that drives the onset and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Since there is still no effective disease-modifying treatment, new therapeutic targets for neurodegenerative proteinopathies have been sought. The endocannabinoid system, and in particular the cannabinoid CB2 receptors, have been extensively studied, due to their important role in neuroinflammation, especially in microglial cells. Several studies have shown promising effects of CB2 receptor activation on reducing protein aggregation-based pathology as well as on attenuating inflammation and several dementia-related symptoms. In this review, we discuss the available data on the role of CB2 receptors in neuroinflammation and the potential benefits and limitations of specific agonists of these receptors in the therapy of neurodegenerative proteinopathies.
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Sahoo S, Padhy AA, Kumari V, Mishra P. Role of Ubiquitin-Proteasome and Autophagy-Lysosome Pathways in α-Synuclein Aggregate Clearance. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:5379-5407. [PMID: 35699874 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02897-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Synuclein aggregation in neuronal cells is the primary underlying cause of synucleinopathies. Changes in gene expression patterns, structural modifications, and altered interactions with other cellular proteins often trigger aggregation of α-synuclein, which accumulates as oligomers or fibrils in Lewy bodies. Although fibrillar forms of α-synuclein are primarily considered pathological, recent studies have revealed that even the intermediate states of aggregates are neurotoxic, complicating the development of therapeutic interventions. Autophagy and ubiquitin-proteasome pathways play a significant role in maintaining the soluble levels of α-synuclein inside cells; however, the heterogeneous nature of the aggregates presents a significant bottleneck to its degradation by these cellular pathways. With studies focused on identifying the proteins that modulate synuclein aggregation and clearance, detailed mechanistic insights are emerging about the individual and synergistic effects of these degradation pathways in regulating soluble α-synuclein levels. In this article, we discuss the impact of α-synuclein aggregation on autophagy-lysosome and ubiquitin-proteasome pathways and the therapeutic strategies that target various aspects of synuclein aggregation or degradation via these pathways. Additionally, we also highlight the natural and synthetic compounds that have shown promise in alleviating the cellular damage caused due to synuclein aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhashree Sahoo
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Amrita Arpita Padhy
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Varsha Kumari
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Parul Mishra
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India.
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9
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Valek L, Tegeder I. Nucleoredoxin Knockdown in SH-SY5Y Cells Promotes Cell Renewal. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10030449. [PMID: 33805811 PMCID: PMC7999887 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10030449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleoredoxin (NXN) is a redox regulator of Disheveled and thereby of WNT signaling. Deficiency in mice leads to cranial dysmorphisms and defects of heart, brain, and bone, suggesting defects of cell fate determination. We used shRNA-mediated knockdown of NXN in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells to study its impact on neuronal cells. We expected that shNXN cells would easily succumb to redox stress, but there were no differences in viability on stimulation with hydrogen peroxide. Instead, the proliferation of naïve shNXN cells was increased with a higher rate of mitotic cells in cell cycle analyses. In addition, basal respiratory rates were higher, whereas the relative change in oxygen consumption upon mitochondrial stressors was similar to control cells. shNXN cells had an increased expression of redox-sensitive heat shock proteins, Hsc70/HSPA8 and HSP90, and autophagy markers suggested an increase in autophagosome formation upon stimulation with bafilomycin and higher flux under low dose rapamycin. A high rate of self-renewal, autophagy, and upregulation of redox-sensitive chaperones appears to be an attractive anti-aging combination if it were to occur in neurons in vivo for which SH-SY5Y cells are a model.
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10
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Le Guerroué F, Youle RJ. Ubiquitin signaling in neurodegenerative diseases: an autophagy and proteasome perspective. Cell Death Differ 2020; 28:439-454. [PMID: 33208890 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-00667-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin signaling is a sequence of events driving the fate of a protein based on the type of ubiquitin modifications attached. In the case of neurodegenerative diseases, ubiquitin signaling is mainly associated with degradation signals to process aberrant proteins, which form aggregates often fatal for the brain cells. This signaling is often perturbed by the aggregates themselves and leads to the accumulation of toxic aggregates and inclusion bodies that are deleterious due to a toxic gain of function. Decrease in quality control pathways is often seen with age and is a critical onset for the development of neurodegeneration. Many aggregates are now thought to propagate in a prion-like manner, where mutated proteins acting like seeds are transitioning from cell to cell, converting normal proteins to toxic aggregates. Modulation of ubiquitin signaling, by stimulating ubiquitin ligase activation, is a potential therapeutic strategy to treat patients with neurodegeneration diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Le Guerroué
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Richard J Youle
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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11
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Regulation of SETD2 stability is important for the fidelity of H3K36me3 deposition. Epigenetics Chromatin 2020; 13:40. [PMID: 33023640 PMCID: PMC7542105 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-020-00362-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The histone H3K36me3 mark regulates transcription elongation, pre-mRNA splicing, DNA methylation, and DNA damage repair. However, knowledge of the regulation of the enzyme SETD2, which deposits this functionally important mark, is very limited. Results Here, we show that the poorly characterized N-terminal region of SETD2 plays a determining role in regulating the stability of SETD2. This stretch of 1–1403 amino acids contributes to the robust degradation of SETD2 by the proteasome. Besides, the SETD2 protein is aggregate prone and forms insoluble bodies in nuclei especially upon proteasome inhibition. Removal of the N-terminal segment results in the stabilization of SETD2 and leads to a marked increase in global H3K36me3 which, uncharacteristically, happens in a Pol II-independent manner. Conclusion The functionally uncharacterized N-terminal segment of SETD2 regulates its half-life to maintain the requisite cellular amount of the protein. The absence of SETD2 proteolysis results in a Pol II-independent H3K36me3 deposition and protein aggregation.
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McKinnon C, De Snoo ML, Gondard E, Neudorfer C, Chau H, Ngana SG, O’Hara DM, Brotchie JM, Koprich JB, Lozano AM, Kalia LV, Kalia SK. Early-onset impairment of the ubiquitin-proteasome system in dopaminergic neurons caused by α-synuclein. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:17. [PMID: 32059750 PMCID: PMC7023783 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-0894-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterised by the accumulation of misfolded α-synuclein in selected brain regions, including the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), where marked loss of dopaminergic neurons is also observed. Yet, the relationship between misfolded α-synuclein and neurotoxicity currently remains unclear. As the principal route for degradation of misfolded proteins in mammalian cells, the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is critical for maintenance of cellular proteostasis. Misfolded α-synuclein impairs UPS function and contributes to neuronal death in vitro. Here, we examine its effects in vivo using adeno-associated viruses to co-express A53T α-synuclein and the ubiquitinated reporter protein UbG76V-GFP in rat SNpc. We found that α-synuclein over-expression leads to early-onset catalytic impairment of the 26S proteasome with associated UPS dysfunction, preceding the onset of behavioural deficits and dopaminergic neurodegeneration. UPS failure in dopaminergic neurons was also associated with selective accumulation of α-synuclein phosphorylated at the serine 129 residue, which has previously been linked to increased neurotoxicity. Our study highlights a role for α-synuclein in disturbing proteostasis which may contribute to neurodegeneration in vivo.
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13
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Cox D, Raeburn C, Sui X, Hatters DM. Protein aggregation in cell biology: An aggregomics perspective of health and disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 99:40-54. [PMID: 29753879 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining protein homeostasis (proteostasis) is essential for cellular health and is governed by a network of quality control machinery comprising over 800 genes. When proteostasis becomes imbalanced, proteins can abnormally aggregate or become mislocalized. Inappropriate protein aggregation and proteostasis imbalance are two of the central pathological features of common neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer, Parkinson, Huntington, and motor neuron diseases. How aggregation contributes to the pathogenic mechanisms of disease remains incompletely understood. Here, we integrate some of the key and emerging ideas as to how protein aggregation relates to imbalanced proteostasis with an emphasis on Huntington disease as our area of main expertise. We propose the term "aggregomics" be coined in reference to how aggregation of particular proteins concomitantly influences the spatial organization and protein-protein interactions of the surrounding proteome. Meta-analysis of aggregated interactomes from various published datasets reveals chaperones and RNA-binding proteins are common components across various disease contexts. We conclude with an examination of therapeutic avenues targeting proteostasis mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezerae Cox
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Australia; Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Australia
| | - Candice Raeburn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Australia; Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Australia
| | - Xiaojing Sui
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Australia; Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Australia
| | - Danny M Hatters
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Australia; Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Australia.
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14
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Tamaki Y, Shodai A, Morimura T, Hikiami R, Minamiyama S, Ayaki T, Tooyama I, Furukawa Y, Takahashi R, Urushitani M. Elimination of TDP-43 inclusions linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis by a misfolding-specific intrabody with dual proteolytic signals. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6030. [PMID: 29662239 PMCID: PMC5902603 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24463-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregation of TAR DNA-binding protein of 43 kDa (TDP-43) is implicated in the pathogenesis of sporadic and certain familial forms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), suggesting elimination of TDP-43 aggregates as a possible therapeutic strategy. Here we generated and investigated a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) derived from the 3B12A monoclonal antibody (MAb) that recognises D247 of the TDP-43 nuclear export signal, an epitope masked in the physiological state. In transfected HEK293A cells, 3B12A scFv recapitulated the affinity of the full-length MAb to mislocalised TDP-43 with a defective nuclear localising signal and to a TDP-43 inclusion mimic with cysteine-to-serine substitution at RRM1. Moreover, 3B12A scFv accelerated proteasome-mediated degradation of aggregated TDP-43, likely due to an endogenous PEST-like proteolytic signal sequence in the VH domain CDR2 region. Addition of the chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA)-related signal to 3B12A scFv induced HSP70 transcription, further enhancing TDP-43 aggregate clearance and cell viability. The 3B12A scFv also reduced TDP-43 aggregates in embryonic mouse brain following in utero electroporation while causing no overt postnatal brain pathology or developmental anomalies. These results suggest that a misfolding-specific intrabody prone to synergistic proteolysis by proteasomal and autophagic pathways is a promising strategy for mitigation of TDP-43 proteinopathy in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Tamaki
- Department of Neurology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akemi Shodai
- Department of Neurology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Morimura
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Ryota Hikiami
- Department of Neurology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sumio Minamiyama
- Department of Neurology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Ayaki
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ikuo Tooyama
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | | | - Ryosuke Takahashi
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Makoto Urushitani
- Department of Neurology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan. .,Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan.
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15
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Som Chaudhury S, Das Mukhopadhyay C. Functional amyloids: interrelationship with other amyloids and therapeutic assessment to treat neurodegenerative diseases. Int J Neurosci 2017; 128:449-463. [PMID: 29076790 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2017.1398153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sutapa Som Chaudhury
- Centre for Healthcare Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Chitrangada Das Mukhopadhyay
- Centre for Healthcare Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, West Bengal, India
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16
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Nonaka T, Masuda-Suzukake M, Hasegawa M. Molecular mechanisms of the co-deposition of multiple pathological proteins in neurodegenerative diseases. Neuropathology 2017; 38:64-71. [PMID: 28948653 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular inclusions composed of abnormal protein aggregates are one of the neuropathological features of neurodegenerative diseases, and the formation of intracellular aggregates is believed to be associated with neurodegeneration leading to the onset of these diseases. In typical or pure cases, characteristic pathologies with one particular protein, such as tau, alpha-synuclein or trans-activation response DNA protein 43 (TDP-43), can be observed in brains of patients. On the other hand, multiple protein pathologies co-exist in many cases, raising the possibility that they may influence each other reciprocally in the pathogenesis and progression of the diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms through which these proteins interact with each other and through which they are co-deposited in brains of patients remain poorly understood. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms of deposition of multiple pathological proteins, such as tau, alpha-synuclein and/or TDP-43, and on co-deposition models of these proteins in vitro and in vivo intended to recapitulate the multiple pathologies found in diseased brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nonaka
- Dementia Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masami Masuda-Suzukake
- Dementia Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Hasegawa
- Dementia Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
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17
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Bassil F, Guerin PA, Dutheil N, Li Q, Klugmann M, Meissner WG, Bezard E, Fernagut PO. Viral-mediated oligodendroglial alpha-synuclein expression models multiple system atrophy. Mov Disord 2017; 32:1230-1239. [PMID: 28556404 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MSA is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a combination of autonomic dysfunction, cerebellar ataxia, and l-dopa unresponsive parkinsonism. The hallmark of MSA is the accumulation of α-synuclein, forming cytoplasmic inclusions in oligodendrocytes. Adeno-associated viruses allow efficient targeting of disease-associated genes in selected cellular ensembles and have proven efficient for the neuronal overexpression of α-synuclein in the substantia nigra in the context of PD. OBJECTIVES We aimed to develop viral-based models of MSA. METHODS Chimeric viral vectors expressing either human wild-type α-synuclein or green fluorescent protein under the control of mouse myelin basic protein were injected in the striatum of rats and monkeys. Rats underwent a longitudinal motor assessment before histopathological analysis at 3 and 6 months. RESULTS Injection of vectors expressing α-synuclein in the striatum resulted in >80% oligodendroglial selectivity in rats and >60% in monkeys. Rats developed progressive motor deficits that were l-dopa unresponsive when assessed at 6 months. Significant loss of dopaminergic neurons occurred at 3 months, further progressing at 6 months, together with a loss of striatal neurons. Prominent α-synuclein accumulation, including phosphorylated and proteinase-K-resistant α-synuclein, was detected in the striatum and substantia nigra. CONCLUSIONS Viral-mediated oligodendroglial expression of α-synuclein allows replicating some of the key features of MSA. This flexible strategy can be used to investigate, in several species, how α-synuclein accumulation in selected oligodendroglial populations contributes to the pathophysiology of MSA and offers a new framework for preclinical validation of therapeutic strategies. © 2017 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fares Bassil
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France.,CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
| | - Paul A Guerin
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France.,CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
| | - Nathalie Dutheil
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France.,CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
| | - Qin Li
- China Academy of Medical Sciences, Institute of Lab Animal Sciences, Beijing, China.,Motac neuroscience Ltd, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Klugmann
- Translational Neuroscience Facility and Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Wassilios G Meissner
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France.,CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France.,Service de Neurologie, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Centre de référence atrophie multisystématisée, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Erwan Bezard
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France.,CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France.,China Academy of Medical Sciences, Institute of Lab Animal Sciences, Beijing, China.,Motac neuroscience Ltd, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre-Olivier Fernagut
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France.,CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
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18
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Prion-like mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets in neurodegenerative disorders. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 172:22-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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19
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Sweeney P, Park H, Baumann M, Dunlop J, Frydman J, Kopito R, McCampbell A, Leblanc G, Venkateswaran A, Nurmi A, Hodgson R. Protein misfolding in neurodegenerative diseases: implications and strategies. Transl Neurodegener 2017; 6:6. [PMID: 28293421 PMCID: PMC5348787 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-017-0077-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 370] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of neurodegenerative proteinopathies is the formation of misfolded protein aggregates that cause cellular toxicity and contribute to cellular proteostatic collapse. Therapeutic options are currently being explored that target different steps in the production and processing of proteins implicated in neurodegenerative disease, including synthesis, chaperone-assisted folding and trafficking, and degradation via the proteasome and autophagy pathways. Other therapies, like mTOR inhibitors and activators of the heat shock response, can rebalance the entire proteostatic network. However, there are major challenges that impact the development of novel therapies, including incomplete knowledge of druggable disease targets and their mechanism of action as well as a lack of biomarkers to monitor disease progression and therapeutic response. A notable development is the creation of collaborative ecosystems that include patients, clinicians, basic and translational researchers, foundations and regulatory agencies to promote scientific rigor and clinical data to accelerate the development of therapies that prevent, reverse or delay the progression of neurodegenerative proteinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Sweeney
- Discovery Services, Charles Rivers Laboratories, Wilmington, MA USA
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | - Hyunsun Park
- Health & Life Science Consulting, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Marc Baumann
- Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - John Dunlop
- Neuroscience Innovation Medicines, Astra Zeneca, Cambridge, MA USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Antti Nurmi
- Discovery Services, Charles Rivers Laboratories, Wilmington, MA USA
| | - Robert Hodgson
- Discovery Services, Charles Rivers Laboratories, Wilmington, MA USA
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20
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Xicoy H, Wieringa B, Martens GJM. The SH-SY5Y cell line in Parkinson's disease research: a systematic review. Mol Neurodegener 2017; 12:10. [PMID: 28118852 PMCID: PMC5259880 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-017-0149-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 542] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a devastating and highly prevalent neurodegenerative disease for which only symptomatic treatment is available. In order to develop a truly effective disease-modifying therapy, improvement of our current understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying PD pathogenesis and progression is crucial. For this purpose, standardization of research protocols and disease models is necessary. As human dopaminergic neurons, the cells mainly affected in PD, are difficult to obtain and maintain as primary cells, current PD research is mostly performed with permanently established neuronal cell models, in particular the neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y lineage. This cell line is frequently chosen because of its human origin, catecholaminergic (though not strictly dopaminergic) neuronal properties, and ease of maintenance. However, there is no consensus on many fundamental aspects that are associated with its use, such as the effects of culture media composition and of variations in differentiation protocols. Here we present the outcome of a systematic review of scientific articles that have used SH-SY5Y cells to explore PD. We describe the cell source, culture conditions, differentiation protocols, methods/approaches used to mimic PD and the preclinical validation of the SH-SY5Y findings by employing alternative cellular and animal models. Thus, this overview may help to standardize the use of the SH-SY5Y cell line in PD research and serve as a future user’s guide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Xicoy
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bé Wieringa
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard J M Martens
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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21
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Trader DJ, Simanski S, Dickson P, Kodadek T. Establishment of a suite of assays that support the discovery of proteasome stimulators. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:892-899. [PMID: 28065760 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The proteasome catalyzes the degradation of many mis-folded proteins, which are otherwise cytotoxic. There is interest in the discovery of proteasome agonists, but previous efforts to do so have been disappointing. METHODS The cleavage of small fluorogenic peptides is used routinely as an assay to screen for proteasome modulators. We have developed follow-on assays that employ more physiologically relevant substrates. RESULTS To demonstrate the efficacy of this workflow, the NIH Clinical Collection (NCC) was screened. While many compounds stimulated proteasome-mediated proteolysis of the pro-fluorogenic peptide substrates, most failed to evince activity in assays with larger peptide or protein substrates. We also show that two molecules claimed previously to be proteasome agonists, oleuropein and betulinic acid, indeed accelerate hydrolysis of the fluorogenic substrate, but have no effect on the turnover of a mis-folded protein in vitro or in cellulo. However, two small molecules from the NCC, MK-866 and AM-404, stimulate the proteasome-mediated turnover of a mis-folded protein in living cells by 3- to 4-fold. CONCLUSION Assays that monitor the proteasome-mediated degradation of larger peptides and proteins can distinguish bona fide agonists from compounds only able to stimulate the cleavage of short, non-physiologically relevant peptides. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE A suite of assays has been established that allows the discovery of bona fide proteasome agonists. AM-404 and MK-866 can be useful tools for cell culture experiments, and can serve as scaffolds to generate more potent 20S stimulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darci J Trader
- Departments of Chemistry and Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States
| | - Scott Simanski
- Departments of Chemistry and Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States
| | - Paige Dickson
- Departments of Chemistry and Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States
| | - Thomas Kodadek
- Departments of Chemistry and Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States.
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22
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Tanaka Y, Nonaka T, Suzuki G, Kametani F, Hasegawa M. Gain-of-function profilin 1 mutations linked to familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis cause seed-dependent intracellular TDP-43 aggregation. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:1420-33. [PMID: 26908597 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Profilin 1 (PFN1) is an actin monomer-binding protein essential for regulating cytoskeletal dynamics in all cell types. Recently, mutations in the PFN1 gene have been identified as a cause of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The co-aggregation of PFN1 bearing mutations that cause ALS with TDP-43 (a key molecule in both sporadic and some familial forms of ALS), together with the classical TDP-43 pathology detected in post-mortem tissues of patients with autosomal dominant PFN1 mutation, imply that gain-of-toxic-function of PFN1 mutants is associated with the onset of ALS. However, it remains unknown how PFN1 mutants cause ALS. We found mutant PFN1 that causes ALS formed cytoplasmic aggregates positive for ubiquitin and p62, and these aggregates sequestered endogenous TDP-43. In cells harboring PFN1 aggregates, formation of aggresome-like structures was inhibited in the presence of proteasome inhibitor, and conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II was suppressed in the presence of lysosome inhibitor. Further, insoluble TDP-43 was increased in both cases. Co-expression of ALS-linked mutant PFN1 and TDP-43 increased insoluble and phosphorylated TDP-43 levels. The C-terminal region of TDP-43, essential for aggregation of TDP-43, was also indispensable for the interaction with PFN1. Interestingly, insoluble fractions prepared from cells expressing ALS-linked mutant PFN1 functioned as a seed to induce accumulation and phosphorylation of TDP-43, indicating that TDP-43 accumulated in the presence of the PFN1 mutants is converted to prion-like species. These findings provide new insight into the mechanisms of neurodegeneration in ALS, suggesting that gain-of-toxic-function PFN1 gene mutation leads to conformational change of TDP-43.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Tanaka
- Dementia Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6, Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Takashi Nonaka
- Dementia Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6, Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Genjiro Suzuki
- Dementia Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6, Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Fuyuki Kametani
- Dementia Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6, Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Masato Hasegawa
- Dementia Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6, Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
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23
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Tanaka H, Takahashi T, Xie Y, Minami R, Yanagi Y, Hayashishita M, Suzuki R, Yokota N, Shimada M, Mizushima T, Kuwabara N, Kato R, Kawahara H. A conserved island of BAG6/Scythe is related to ubiquitin domains and participates in short hydrophobicity recognition. FEBS J 2015; 283:662-77. [PMID: 26663859 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BAG6 (also called Scythe) interacts with the exposed hydrophobic regions of newly synthesized proteins and escorts them to the degradation machinery through mechanisms that remain to be elucidated. In this study, we provide evidence that BAG6 physically interacts with the model defective protein substrate CL1 in a manner that depends directly on its short hydrophobicity. We found that the N terminus of BAG6 contains an evolutionarily conserved island tentatively designated the BAG6 ubiquitin-linked domain. Partial deletion of this domain in the BAG6 N-terminal fragment abolished in cell recognition of polyubiquitinated polypeptides as well as the hydrophobicity-mediated recognition of the CL1 degron in cell and in vitro. These observations suggest a mechanism whereby the BAG6 ubiquitin-linked domain provides a platform for discriminating substrates with shorter hydrophobicity stretches as a signal for defective proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Tanaka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan
| | - Toshiki Takahashi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan
| | - Yiming Xie
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Minami
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuko Yanagi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan
| | | | - Rigel Suzuki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan
| | - Naoto Yokota
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan
| | - Masumi Shimada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tsunehiro Mizushima
- Picobiology Institute, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Kuwabara
- Structural Biology Research Center, Photon Factory, IMSS, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Kato
- Structural Biology Research Center, Photon Factory, IMSS, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kawahara
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan
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24
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Mechanisms of alpha-synuclein action on neurotransmission: cell-autonomous and non-cell autonomous role. Biomolecules 2015; 5:865-92. [PMID: 25985082 PMCID: PMC4496700 DOI: 10.3390/biom5020865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations and duplication/triplication of the alpha-synuclein (αSyn)-coding gene have been found to cause familial Parkinson’s disease (PD), while genetic polymorphisms in the region controlling the expression level and stability of αSyn have been identified as risk factors for idiopathic PD, pointing to the importance of wild-type (wt) αSyn dosage in the disease. Evidence that αSyn is present in the cerebrospinal fluid and interstitial brain tissue and that healthy neuronal grafts transplanted into PD patients often degenerate suggests that extracellularly-released αSyn plays a role in triggering the neurodegenerative process. αSyn’s role in neurotransmission has been shown in various cell culture models in which the protein was upregulated or deleted and in knock out and transgenic animal, with different results on αSyn’s effect on synaptic vesicle pool size and mobilization, αSyn being proposed as a negative or positive regulator of neurotransmitter release. In this review, we discuss the effect of αSyn on pre- and post-synaptic compartments in terms of synaptic vesicle trafficking, calcium entry and channel activity, and we focus on the process of exocytosis and internalization of αSyn and on the spreading of αSyn-driven effects due to the presence of the protein in the extracellular milieu.
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25
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Mbefo MK, Fares MB, Paleologou K, Oueslati A, Yin G, Tenreiro S, Pinto M, Outeiro T, Zweckstetter M, Masliah E, Lashuel HA. Parkinson disease mutant E46K enhances α-synuclein phosphorylation in mammalian cell lines, in yeast, and in vivo. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:9412-27. [PMID: 25657004 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.610774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although α-synuclein (α-syn) phosphorylation has been considered as a hallmark of sporadic and familial Parkinson disease (PD), little is known about the effect of PD-linked mutations on α-syn phosphorylation. In this study, we investigated the effects of the A30P, E46K, and A53T PD-linked mutations on α-syn phosphorylation at residues Ser-87 and Ser-129. Although the A30P and A53T mutants slightly affected Ser(P)-129 levels compared with WT α-syn, the E46K mutation significantly enhanced Ser-129 phosphorylation in yeast and mammalian cell lines. This effect was not due to the E46K mutant being a better kinase substrate nor due to alterations in endogenous kinase levels, but was mostly linked with enhanced nuclear and endoplasmic reticulum accumulation. Importantly, lentivirus-mediated overexpression in mice also showed enhanced Ser-129 phosphorylation of the E46K mutant compared to WT α-syn, thus providing in vivo validation of our findings. Altogether, our findings suggest that the different PD-linked mutations may contribute to PD pathogenesis via different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martial Kamdem Mbefo
- From the Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Station 15, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mohamed-Bilal Fares
- From the Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Station 15, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Katerina Paleologou
- From the Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Station 15, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Abid Oueslati
- From the Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Station 15, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Guowei Yin
- the Department of NMR-based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sandra Tenreiro
- the Cell and Molecular Neuroscience Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, and
| | - Madalena Pinto
- the Cell and Molecular Neuroscience Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, and
| | - Tiago Outeiro
- the Cell and Molecular Neuroscience Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, and Instituto de Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal, the Department of NeuroDegeneration and Restorative Research, University Medical Center Goettingen and
| | - Markus Zweckstetter
- the Department of NMR-based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany, the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany, and
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- the Departments of Pathology and Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California 92103
| | - Hilal A Lashuel
- From the Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Station 15, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland,
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Wiemer M, Osiewacz HD. The proteasome activity reporter GFP-Cl1 is degraded by autophagy in the aging model Podospora anserina. F1000Res 2014; 3:230. [PMID: 25520781 PMCID: PMC4264638 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.5337.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The degradation of damaged proteins is an important vital function especially during aging and stress. The ubiquitin proteasome system is one of the major cellular machineries for protein degradation. Health and longevity are associated with high proteasome activity. To demonstrate such a role in aging of Podospora anserina, we first analyzed the transcript and protein abundance of selected proteasome components in wild-type cultures of different age. No significant differences were observed. Next, in order to increase the overall proteasome abundance we generated strains overexpressing the catalytic proteasome subunits PaPRE2 and PaPRE3. Although transcript levels were strongly increased, no substantial effect on the abundance of the corresponding proteins was observed. Finally, the analysis of the P. anserina strains expressing the sequence coding for the CL1 degron fused to the Gfp gene revealed no evidence for degradation of the GFP-CL1 fusion protein by the proteasome. Instead, our results demonstrate the degradation of the CL1-degron sequence via autophagy, indicating that basal autophagy appears to be a very effective protein quality control pathway in P. anserina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Wiemer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences and Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt Macromolecular Complexes; Department of Biosciences, J W Goethe University, Frankfurt, 60438, Germany
| | - Heinz D Osiewacz
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences and Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt Macromolecular Complexes; Department of Biosciences, J W Goethe University, Frankfurt, 60438, Germany
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Ouzounoglou E, Kalamatianos D, Emmanouilidou E, Xilouri M, Stefanis L, Vekrellis K, Manolakos ES. In silico modeling of the effects of alpha-synuclein oligomerization on dopaminergic neuronal homeostasis. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2014; 8:54. [PMID: 24885905 PMCID: PMC4062111 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-8-54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Alpha-synuclein (ASYN) is central in Parkinson’s disease (PD) pathogenesis. Converging pieces of evidence suggest that the levels of ASYN expression play a critical role in both familial and sporadic Parkinson’s disease. ASYN fibrils are the main component of inclusions called Lewy Bodies (LBs) which are found mainly in the surviving neurons of the substantia nigra. Despite the accumulated knowledge regarding the involvement of ASYN in molecular mechanisms underlying the development of PD, there is much information missing which prevents understanding the causes of the disease and how to stop its progression. Results Using a Systems Biology approach, we develop a biomolecular reactions model that describes the intracellular ASYN dynamics in relation to overexpression, post-translational modification, oligomerization and degradation of the protein. Especially for the proteolysis of ASYN, the model takes into account the biological knowledge regarding the contribution of Chaperone Mediated Autophagy (CMA), macro-autophagic and proteasome pathways in the protein’s degradation. Importantly, inhibitory phenomena, caused by ASYN, concerning CMA (more specifically the lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2a, abbreviated as Lamp2a receptor, which is the rate limiting step of CMA) and the proteasome are carefully modeled. The model is validated by simulation studies of known experimental overexpression data from SH-SY5Y cells and the unknown model parameters are estimated either computationally or by experimental fitting. The calibrated model is then tested under three hypothetical intervention scenarios and in all cases predicts increased cell viability that agrees with experimental evidence. The biomodel has been annotated and is made available in SBML format. Conclusions The mathematical model presented here successfully simulates the dynamic phenomena of ASYN overexpression and oligomerization and predicts the biological system’s behavior in a number of scenarios not used for model calibration. It allows, for the first time, to qualitatively estimate the protein levels that are capable of deregulating proteolytic homeostasis. In addition, it can help form new hypotheses for intervention that could be tested experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Elias S Manolakos
- Department of Informatics and Telecommunications, Graduate Program "Information Technologies in Medicine and Biology", National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 15784, Greece.
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Measuring activity in the ubiquitin-proteasome system: from large scale discoveries to single cells analysis. Cell Biochem Biophys 2014; 67:75-89. [PMID: 23686610 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-013-9621-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is the primary pathway responsible for the recognition and degradation of misfolded, damaged, or tightly regulated proteins in addition to performing essential roles in DNA repair, cell cycle regulation, cell migration, and the immune response. While traditional biochemical techniques have proven useful in the identification of key proteins involved in this pathway, the implementation of novel reporters responsible for measuring enzymatic activity of the UPS has provided valuable insight into the effectiveness of therapeutics and role of the UPS in various human diseases such as multiple myeloma and Huntington's disease. These reporters, usually consisting of a recognition sequence fused to an analytical handle, are designed to specifically evaluate enzymatic activity of certain members of the UPS including the proteasome, E3 ubiquitin ligases, and deubiquitinating enzymes. This review highlights the more commonly used reporters employed in a variety of scenarios ranging from high-throughput screening of novel inhibitors to single cell microscopy techniques measuring E3 ligase or proteasome activity. Finally, a recent study is presented highlighting the development of a novel degron-based substrate designed to overcome the limitations of current reporting techniques in measuring E3 ligase and proteasome activity in patient samples.
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Marxreiter F, Ettle B, May VE, Esmer H, Patrick C, Kragh CL, Klucken J, Winner B, Riess O, Winkler J, Masliah E, Nuber S. Glial A30P alpha-synuclein pathology segregates neurogenesis from anxiety-related behavior in conditional transgenic mice. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 59:38-51. [PMID: 23867236 PMCID: PMC4324756 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2013] [Revised: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In Parkinson's disease (PD) patients, alpha-synuclein (α-syn) pathology advances in form of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites throughout the brain. Clinically, PD is defined by motor symptoms that are predominantly attributed to the dopaminergic cell loss in the substantia nigra. However, motor deficits are frequently preceded by smell deficiency or neuropsychological symptoms, including increased anxiety and cognitive dysfunction. Accumulating evidence indicates that aggregation of α-syn impairs synaptic function and neurogenic capacity that may be associated with deficits in memory, learning and mood. Whether and how α-syn accumulation contributes to neuropathological events defining these earliest signs of PD is presently poorly understood. We used a tetracycline-suppressive (tet-off) transgenic mouse model that restricts overexpression of human A30P α-syn to neurons owing to usage of the neuron-specific CaMKIIα promoter. Abnormal accumulation of A30P correlated with a decreased survival of newly generated neurons in the hippocampus and olfactory bulb. Furthermore, when A30P α-syn expression was suppressed, we observed reduction of the human protein in neuronal soma. However, residual dox resistant A30P α-syn was detected in glial cells within the hippocampal neurogenic niche, concomitant with the failure to fully restore hippocampal neurogenesis. This finding is indicative to a potential spread of pathology from neuron to glia. In addition, mice expressing A30P α-syn show increased anxiety-related behavior that was reversed after dox treatment. This implies that glial A30P α-synucleinopathy within the dentate gyrus is part of a process leading to impaired hippocampal neuroplasticity, which is, however, not a sole critical event for circuits implicated in anxiety-related behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Marxreiter
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Ettle
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Verena E.L. May
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hakan Esmer
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Christina Patrick
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0624, USA
| | - Christine Lund Kragh
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0624, USA
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jochen Klucken
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Beate Winner
- IZKF Junior Research Group III and BMBF Research Group Neuroscience, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Olaf Riess
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Winkler
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0624, USA
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0624, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0624, USA
| | - Silke Nuber
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0624, USA
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A comparative analysis of the ubiquitination kinetics of multiple degrons to identify an ideal targeting sequence for a proteasome reporter. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78082. [PMID: 24205101 PMCID: PMC3812159 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) is the primary pathway responsible for the recognition and degradation of misfolded, damaged, or tightly regulated proteins. The conjugation of a polyubiquitin chain, or polyubiquitination, to a target protein requires an increasingly diverse cascade of enzymes culminating with the E3 ubiquitin ligases. Protein recognition by an E3 ligase occurs through a specific sequence of amino acids, termed a degradation sequence or degron. Recently, degrons have been incorporated into novel reporters to monitor proteasome activity; however only a limited few degrons have successfully been incorporated into such reporters. The goal of this work was to evaluate the ubiquitination kinetics of a small library of portable degrons that could eventually be incorporated into novel single cell reporters to assess proteasome activity. After an intensive literary search, eight degrons were identified from proteins recognized by a variety of E3 ubiquitin ligases and incorporated into a four component degron-based substrate to comparatively calculate ubiquitination kinetics. The mechanism of placement of multiple ubiquitins on the different degron-based substrates was assessed by comparing the data to computational models incorporating first order reaction kinetics using either multi-monoubiquitination or polyubiquitination of the degron-based substrates. A subset of three degrons was further characterized to determine the importance of the location and proximity of the ubiquitination site lysine with respect to the degron. Ultimately, this work identified three candidate portable degrons that exhibit a higher rate of ubiquitination compared to peptidase-dependent degradation, a desired trait for a proteasomal targeting motif.
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Nonaka T, Masuda-Suzukake M, Arai T, Hasegawa Y, Akatsu H, Obi T, Yoshida M, Murayama S, Mann D, Akiyama H, Hasegawa M. Prion-like Properties of Pathological TDP-43 Aggregates from Diseased Brains. Cell Rep 2013; 4:124-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Lee KM, Lee J, Park CS. Cereblon inhibits proteasome activity by binding to the 20S core proteasome subunit beta type 4. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 427:618-22. [PMID: 23026050 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.09.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In humans, mutations in the gene encoding cereblon (CRBN) are associated with mental retardation. Although CRBN has been investigated in several cellular contexts, its function remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that CRBN plays a role in regulating the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). Heterologous expression of CRBN inhibited proteasome activity in a human neuroblastoma cell line. Furthermore, proteasome subunit beta type 4 (PSMB4), the β7 subunit of the 20S core complex, was identified as a direct binding partner of CRBN. These findings suggest that CRBN may modulate proteasome activity by directly interacting with the β7 subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Min Lee
- School of Life Sciences and Cell Dynamics Research Center and National Leading Research Laboratory for Ion Channels, Gwangju Institute Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
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Sibley CR, Wood MJA. Identification of allele-specific RNAi effectors targeting genetic forms of Parkinson's disease. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26194. [PMID: 22031823 PMCID: PMC3198729 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurological disorder affecting an estimated 5-10 million people worldwide. Recent evidence has implicated several genes that directly cause or increase susceptibility to PD. As well as advancing understanding of the genetic aetiology of PD these findings suggest new ways to modify the disease course, in some cases through genetic manipulation. Here we generated a 'walk-through' series of RNA Pol III-expressed shRNAs targeting both the α-synuclein A30P and LRRK2 G2019S PD-associated mutations. Allele-specific discrimination of the α-synuclein A30P mutation was achieved with alignments at position 10, 13 and 14 in two model systems, including a heterozygous model mimicking the disease setting, whilst 5'RACE was used to confirm stated alignments. Discrimination of the most common PD-linked LRRK2 G2019S mutation was assessed in hemizygous dual-luciferase assays and showed that alignment of the mutation opposite position 4 of the antisense species produced robust discrimination of alleles at all time points studied. Discrimination at this position was subsequently confirmed using siRNAs, where up to 10-fold discrimination was seen. The results suggest that RNAi-mediated silencing of PD-associated autosomal dominant genes could be a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of the relevant clinical cases of PD in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. Sibley
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J. A. Wood
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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34
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Hadley KC, Borrelli MJ, Lepock JR, McLaurin J, Croul SE, Guha A, Chakrabartty A. Multiphoton ANS fluorescence microscopy as an in vivo sensor for protein misfolding stress. Cell Stress Chaperones 2011; 16:549-61. [PMID: 21484286 PMCID: PMC3156256 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-011-0266-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The inability of cells to maintain protein folding homeostasis is implicated in the development of neurodegenerative diseases, malignant transformation, and aging. We find that multiphoton fluorescence imaging of 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonate (ANS) can be used to assess cellular responses to protein misfolding stresses. ANS is relatively nontoxic and enters live cells and cells or tissues fixed in formalin. In an animal model of Alzheimer's disease, ANS fluorescence imaging of brain tissue sections reveals the binding of ANS to fibrillar deposits of amyloid peptide (Aβ) in amyloid plaques and in cerebrovascular amyloid. ANS imaging also highlights non-amyloid deposits of glial fibrillary acidic protein in brain tumors. Cultured cells under normal growth conditions possess a number of ANS-binding structures. High levels of ANS fluorescence are associated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi, and lysosomes-regions of protein folding and degradation. Nuclei are virtually devoid of ANS binding sites. Additional ANS binding is triggered by hyperthermia, thermal lesioning, proteasome inhibition, and induction of ER stress. We also use multiphoton imaging of ANS binding to follow the in vivo recovery of cells from protein-damaging insults over time. We find that ANS fluorescence tracks with the binding of the molecular chaperone Hsp70 in compartments where Hsp70 is present. ANS highlights the sensitivity of specific cellular targets, including the nucleus and particularly the nucleolus, to thermal stress and proteasome inhibition. Multiphoton imaging of ANS binding should be a useful probe for monitoring protein misfolding stress in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C. Hadley
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto. Ontario Cancer Institute, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7 Canada
| | - Michael J. Borrelli
- Department of Radiology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., Little Rock, AR 72205 USA
| | - James R. Lepock
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto. Ontario Cancer Institute, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7 Canada
| | - JoAnne McLaurin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, 6 Queen’s Park Cres. W., Toronto, ON M5S 3H2 Canada
| | - Sidney E. Croul
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, UHN Path 11E426 Toronto General Hospital, 200 Elizabeth St., Toronto, ON M5G 2C4 Canada
| | - Abhijit Guha
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Centre, Hospital for Sick Children’s Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8 Canada
| | - Avijit Chakrabartty
- Campbell Family Institute for Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
- Toronto Medical Discovery Tower 4-307, MaRS Center 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7 Canada
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Mitochondrial Dysfunction Precedes Other Sub-Cellular Abnormalities in an In Vitro Model Linked with Cell Death in Parkinson’s Disease. Neurotox Res 2011; 21:185-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-011-9259-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Esteves AR, Arduíno DM, Silva DFF, Oliveira CR, Cardoso SM. Mitochondrial Dysfunction: The Road to Alpha-Synuclein Oligomerization in PD. PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2011; 2011:693761. [PMID: 21318163 PMCID: PMC3026982 DOI: 10.4061/2011/693761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Revised: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
While the etiology of Parkinson's disease remains largely elusive, there is accumulating evidence suggesting that mitochondrial dysfunction occurs prior to the onset of symptoms in Parkinson's disease. Mitochondria are remarkably primed to play a vital role in neuronal cell survival since they are key regulators of energy metabolism (as ATP producers), of intracellular calcium homeostasis, of NAD(+)/NADH ratio, and of endogenous reactive oxygen species production and programmed cell death. In this paper, we focus on mitochondrial dysfunction-mediated alpha-synuclein aggregation. We highlight some of the findings that provide proof of evidence for a mitochondrial metabolism control in Parkinson's disease, namely, mitochondrial regulation of microtubule-dependent cellular traffic and autophagic lysosomal pathway. The knowledge that microtubule alterations may lead to autophagic deficiency and may compromise the cellular degradation mechanisms that culminate in the progressive accumulation of aberrant protein aggregates shields new insights to the way we address Parkinson's disease. In line with this knowledge, an innovative window for new therapeutic strategies aimed to restore microtubule network may be unlocked.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. R. Esteves
- Centro de Neurociências e Biologia Celular, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - D. M. Arduíno
- Centro de Neurociências e Biologia Celular, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - D. F. F. Silva
- Centro de Neurociências e Biologia Celular, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - C. R. Oliveira
- Centro de Neurociências e Biologia Celular, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - S. M. Cardoso
- Centro de Neurociências e Biologia Celular, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000 Coimbra, Portugal
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Nonaka T, Watanabe ST, Iwatsubo T, Hasegawa M. Seeded aggregation and toxicity of {alpha}-synuclein and tau: cellular models of neurodegenerative diseases. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:34885-98. [PMID: 20805224 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.148460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The deposition of amyloid-like filaments in the brain is the central event in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Here we report cellular models of intracytoplasmic inclusions of α-synuclein, generated by introducing nucleation seeds into SH-SY5Y cells with a transfection reagent. Upon introduction of preformed seeds into cells overexpressing α-synuclein, abundant, highly filamentous α-synuclein-positive inclusions, which are extensively phosphorylated and ubiquitinated and partially thioflavin-positive, were formed within the cells. SH-SY5Y cells that formed such inclusions underwent cell death, which was blocked by small molecular compounds that inhibit β-sheet formation. Similar seed-dependent aggregation was observed in cells expressing four-repeat Tau by introducing four-repeat Tau fibrils but not three-repeat Tau fibrils or α-synuclein fibrils. No aggregate formation was observed in cells overexpressing three-repeat Tau upon treatment with four-repeat Tau fibrils. Our cellular models thus provide evidence of nucleation-dependent and protein-specific polymerization of intracellular amyloid-like proteins in cultured cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nonaka
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Tokyo Institute of Psychiatry, Tokyo 156-8585, USA.
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Harrington AJ, Hamamichi S, Caldwell GA, Caldwell KA. C. elegans as a model organism to investigate molecular pathways involved with Parkinson's disease. Dev Dyn 2010; 239:1282-95. [PMID: 20108318 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is an age-related movement disorder resulting, in part, from selective loss of dopaminergic neurons. Both invertebrate and mammalian models have been developed to study the cellular mechanisms altered during disease progression; nevertheless there are limitations within each model. Mammalian models remain invaluable in studying PD, but are expensive and time consuming. Here, we review genetic and environmental factors associated with PD, and describe how the nematode roundworm, Caenorhabditis elegans, has been used as a model organism for studying various aspects of this neurodegenerative disease. Both genetic and chemical screens have been conducted in C. elegans to identify molecular pathways, proteins, and small molecules that can impact PD pathology. Lastly, we highlight future areas of investigation, in the context of emerging fields in biology, where the nematode can be exploited to provide mechanistic insights and potential strategies to accelerate the path toward possible therapeutic intervention for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Harrington
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0344, USA
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Rogers N, Paine S, Bedford L, Layfield R. Review: the ubiquitin-proteasome system: contributions to cell death or survival in neurodegeneration. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2010; 36:113-24. [PMID: 20202119 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2010.01063.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The significance of the accumulation of ubiquitin-positive intraneuronal inclusions in the brains of those affected with different neurodegenerative diseases is currently unclear. While one interpretation is that the disease mechanism(s) involves dysfunction of an ubiquitin-mediated process, such as the ubiquitin-proteasome system, the inclusions are also found in surviving neurones, suggesting a possible neuroprotective role. Here we review recent evidence in support of these seemingly opposing notions gleaned from cell and animal models as well as investigations of patient samples, with particular emphasis on studies relevant to Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Rogers
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
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