1
|
Ahmad B, Friar EP, Vohra MS, Khan N, Serpell CJ, Garrett MD, Loo JSE, Fong IL, Wong EH. Hydroxylated polymethoxyflavones reduce the activity of pancreatic lipase, inhibit adipogenesis and enhance lipolysis in 3T3-L1 mouse embryonic fibroblast cells. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 379:110503. [PMID: 37084996 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxylated polymethoxyflavones (HPMFs) have been shown to possess various anti-disease effects, including against obesity. This study investigates the anti-obesity effects of HPMFs in further detail, aiming to gain understanding of their mechanism of action in this context. The current study demonstrates that two HPMFs; 3'-hydroxy-5,7,4',5'-tetramethoxyflavone (3'OH-TetMF) and 4'-hydroxy-5,7,3',5'-tetramethoxyflavone (4'OH-TetMF) possess anti-obesity effects. They both significantly reduced pancreatic lipase activity in a competitive manner as demonstrated by molecular docking and kinetic studies. In cell studies, it was revealed that both of the HPMFs suppress differentiation of 3T3-L1 mouse embryonic fibroblast cells during the early stages of adipogenesis. They also reduced expression of key adipogenic and lipogenic marker genes, namely peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α and β (C/EBP α and β), adipocyte binding protein 2 (aP2), fatty acid synthase (FASN), and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBF 1). They also enhanced the expression of cell cycle genes, i.e., cyclin D1 (CCND1) and C-Myc, and reduced cyclin A2 expression. When further investigated, it was also observed that these HPMFs accelerate lipid breakdown (lipolysis) and enhance lipolytic gene expression. Moreover, they also reduced the secretion of proteins (adipokines), including pro-inflammatory cytokines, from mature adipocytes. Taken together, this study concludes that these HPMFs have anti-obesity effects, which are worthy of further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Ahmad
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, No1 Jalan Taylor's, 47500, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Emily P Friar
- School of Chemistry and Forensic Science, Ingram Building, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NH, United Kingdom
| | - Muhammad Sufyan Vohra
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, No1 Jalan Taylor's, 47500, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Nasar Khan
- R3 Medical Research, 10045 East Dynamite Boulevard Suite 260, Scottsdale, AZ, 85262, United States
| | - Christopher J Serpell
- School of Chemistry and Forensic Science, Ingram Building, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NH, United Kingdom.
| | - Michelle D Garrett
- School of Biosciences, Stacey Building, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Siau Ee Loo
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, No1 Jalan Taylor's, 47500, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Isabel Lim Fong
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), 94300, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Eng Hwa Wong
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, No1 Jalan Taylor's, 47500, Subang Jaya, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Current Knowledge on Mammalian Phospholipase A1, Brief History, Structures, Biochemical and Pathophysiological Roles. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27082487. [PMID: 35458682 PMCID: PMC9031518 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27082487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase A1 (PLA1) is an enzyme that cleaves an ester bond at the sn-1 position of glycerophospholipids, producing a free fatty acid and a lysophospholipid. PLA1 activities have been detected both extracellularly and intracellularly, which are well conserved in higher eukaryotes, including fish and mammals. All extracellular PLA1s belong to the lipase family. In addition to PLA1 activity, most mammalian extracellular PLA1s exhibit lipase activity to hydrolyze triacylglycerol, cleaving the fatty acid and contributing to its absorption into the intestinal tract and tissues. Some extracellular PLA1s exhibit PLA1 activities specific to phosphatidic acid (PA) or phosphatidylserine (PS) and serve to produce lysophospholipid mediators such as lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and lysophosphatidylserine (LysoPS). A high level of PLA1 activity has been detected in the cytosol fractions, where PA-PLA1/DDHD1/iPLA1 was responsible for the activity. Many homologs of PA-PLA1 and PLA2 have been shown to exhibit PLA1 activity. Although much has been learned about the pathophysiological roles of PLA1 molecules through studies of knockout mice and human genetic diseases, many questions regarding their biochemical properties, including their genuine in vivo substrate, remain elusive.
Collapse
|
3
|
Substitution of L133 with Methionine in GXSXG Domain Significantly Changed the Activity of Penicillium expansum Lipase. Catal Letters 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-021-03795-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
4
|
Belhaj I, Amara S, Parsiegla G, Sutto-Ortiz P, Sahaka M, Belghith H, Rousset A, Lafont D, Carrière F. Galactolipase activity of Talaromyces thermophilus lipase on galactolipid micelles, monomolecular films and UV-absorbing surface-coated substrate. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1863:1006-1015. [PMID: 29859246 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Talaromyces thermophilus lipase (TTL) was found to hydrolyze monogalactosyl diacylglycerol (MGDG) and digalactosyl diacylglycerol (DGDG) substrates presented in various forms to the enzyme. Different assay techniques were used for each substrate: pHstat with dioctanoyl galactolipid-bile salt mixed micelles, barostat with dilauroyl galactolipid monomolecular films spread at the air-water interface, and UV absorption using a novel MGDG substrate containing α-eleostearic acid as chromophore and coated on microtiter plates. The kinetic properties of TTL were compared to those of the homologous lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus (TLL), guinea pig pancreatic lipase-related protein 2 and Fusarium solani cutinase. TTL was found to be the most active galactolipase, with a higher activity on micelles than on monomolecular films or surface-coated MGDG. Nevertheless, the UV absorption assay with coated MGDG was highly sensitive and allowed measuring significant activities with about 10 ng of enzymes, against 100 ng to 10 μg with the pHstat. TTL showed longer lag times than TLL for reaching steady state kinetics of hydrolysis with monomolecular films or surface-coated MGDG. These findings and 3D-modelling of TTL based on the known structure of TLL pointed out to two phenylalanine to leucine substitutions in TTL, that could be responsible for its slower adsorption at lipid-water interface. TTL was found to be more active on MGDG than on DGDG using both galactolipid-bile salt mixed micelles and galactolipid monomolecular films. These later experiments suggest that the second galactose on galactolipid polar head impairs the enzyme adsorption on its aggregated substrate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inès Belhaj
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Moléculaire des Eucaryotes, Centre de Biotechnologies de Sfax, Université de Sfax, BP "1177", 3018 Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Sawsan Amara
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines UMR 7281, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France; Lipolytech, Zone Luminy Biotech Entreprises Case 922, 163 avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - Goetz Parsiegla
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines UMR 7281, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Priscila Sutto-Ortiz
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines UMR 7281, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Moulay Sahaka
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines UMR 7281, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Hafedh Belghith
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Moléculaire des Eucaryotes, Centre de Biotechnologies de Sfax, Université de Sfax, BP "1177", 3018 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Audric Rousset
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique II-Glycochimie, ICBMS UMR 5246, CNRS-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Bâtiment Curien, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Dominique Lafont
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique II-Glycochimie, ICBMS UMR 5246, CNRS-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Bâtiment Curien, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Frédéric Carrière
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines UMR 7281, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
IR spectroscopy analysis of pancreatic lipase-related protein 2 interaction with phospholipids: 1. Discriminative recognition of mixed micelles versus liposomes. Chem Phys Lipids 2018; 211:52-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
6
|
El Alaoui M, Soulère L, Noiriel A, Queneau Y, Abousalham A. α-Eleostearic acid-containing triglycerides for a continuous assay to determine lipase sn -1 and sn -3 regio-preference. Chem Phys Lipids 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
7
|
El Alaoui M, Soulère L, Noiriel A, Popowycz F, Khatib A, Queneau Y, Abousalham A. A continuous spectrophotometric assay that distinguishes between phospholipase A1 and A2 activities. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:1589-97. [PMID: 27194811 PMCID: PMC4959851 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d065961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A new spectrophotometric assay was developed to measure, continuously and specifically, phospholipase A1 (PLA1) or phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activities using synthetic glycerophosphatidylcholines (PCs) containing α-eleostearic acid, either at the sn-1 position [1-α-eleostearoyl-2-octadecyl-rac-glycero-3-phosphocholine (EOPC)] or at the sn-2 position [1-octadecyl-2-α-eleostearoyl-rac-glycero-3-phosphocholine (OEPC)]. The substrates were coated onto the wells of microtiter plates. A nonhydrolyzable ether bond, with a non-UV-absorbing alkyl chain, was introduced at the other sn position to prevent acyl chain migration during lipolysis. Upon enzyme action, α-eleostearic acid is liberated and then solubilized into the micellar phase. The PLA1 or PLA2 activity was measured by the increase in absorbance at 272 nm due to the transition of α-eleostearic acid from the adsorbed to the soluble state. EOPC and OEPC differentiate, with excellent accuracy, between PLA1 and PLA2 activity. Lecitase(®), guinea pig pancreatic lipase-related protein 2 (known to be a PLA1 enzyme), bee venom PLA2, and porcine pancreatic PLA2 were all used to validate the assay. Compared with current assays used for continuously measuring PLA1 or PLA2 activities and/or their inhibitors, the development of this sensitive enzymatic method, using coated PC substrate analogs to natural lipids and based on the UV spectroscopic properties of α-eleostearic acid, is a significant improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meddy El Alaoui
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, UMR 5246, CNRS, INSA Lyon, CPE Lyon, Institut de Chimie et de Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires (ICBMS), Métabolismes, Enzymes et Mécanismes Moléculaires (MEM), F-69622 Villeurbanne, France Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, UMR 5246, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, Institut de Chimie et de Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires (ICBMS), Chimie Organique et Bioorganique (COB), F-69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Laurent Soulère
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, UMR 5246, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, Institut de Chimie et de Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires (ICBMS), Chimie Organique et Bioorganique (COB), F-69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Alexandre Noiriel
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, UMR 5246, CNRS, INSA Lyon, CPE Lyon, Institut de Chimie et de Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires (ICBMS), Métabolismes, Enzymes et Mécanismes Moléculaires (MEM), F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Florence Popowycz
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, UMR 5246, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, Institut de Chimie et de Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires (ICBMS), Chimie Organique et Bioorganique (COB), F-69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Abdallah Khatib
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, UMR 5246, CNRS, INSA Lyon, CPE Lyon, Institut de Chimie et de Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires (ICBMS), Métabolismes, Enzymes et Mécanismes Moléculaires (MEM), F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Yves Queneau
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, UMR 5246, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, Institut de Chimie et de Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires (ICBMS), Chimie Organique et Bioorganique (COB), F-69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Abdelkarim Abousalham
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, UMR 5246, CNRS, INSA Lyon, CPE Lyon, Institut de Chimie et de Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires (ICBMS), Métabolismes, Enzymes et Mécanismes Moléculaires (MEM), F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Xiao X, Lowe ME. The β5-Loop and Lid Domain Contribute to the Substrate Specificity of Pancreatic Lipase-related Protein 2 (PNLIPRP2). J Biol Chem 2015; 290:28847-56. [PMID: 26494624 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.683375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic triglyceride lipase (PNLIP) is essential for dietary fat digestion in children and adults, whereas a homolog, pancreatic lipase-related protein 2 (PNLIPRP2), is critical in newborns. The two lipases are structurally similar, yet they have different substrate specificities. PNLIP only cleaves neutral fats. PNLIPRP2 cleaves neutral and polar fats. To test the hypothesis that the differences in activity between PNLIP and PNLIPRP2 are governed by surface loops around the active site, we created multiple chimeras of both lipases by exchanging the surface loops singly or in combination. The chimeras were expressed, purified, and tested for activity against various substrates. The structural determinants of PNLIPRP2 galactolipase activity were contained in the N-terminal domain. Of the surface loops tested, the lid domain and the β5-loop influenced activity against triglycerides and galactolipids. Any chimera on PNLIP with the PNLIPRP2 lid domain or β5-loop had decreased triglyceride lipase activity similar to that of PNLIPRP2. The corresponding chimeras of PNLIPRP2 did not increase activity against neutral lipids. Galactolipase activity was abolished by the PNLIP β5-loop and decreased by the PNLIP lid domain. The source of the β9-loop had minimal effect on activity. We conclude that the lid domain and β5-loop contribute to substrate specificity but do not completely account for the differing activities of PNLIP and PNLIPRP2. Other regions in the N-terminal domain must contribute to the galactolipase activity of PNLIPRP2 through direct interactions with the substrate or by altering the conformation of the residues surrounding the hydrophilic cavity in PNLIPRP2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xunjun Xiao
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh at University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224
| | - Mark E Lowe
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh at University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Damodaran S. Beyond the hydrophobic effect: Critical function of water at biological phase boundaries--A hypothesis. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2015; 221:22-33. [PMID: 25888225 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Many life-sustaining processes in living cells occur at the membrane-water interface. The pertinent questions that need to be asked are what is the evolutionary reason for biology to choose the membrane-water interface as the site for performing and/or controlling crucial biological reactions and what is the key physical principle that is singular to the membrane-water interface that biology exploits for regulating metabolic processes in cells? In this review, a hypothesis is developed, which espouses that cells control activities of membrane-bound enzymes and receptor activated processes via manipulating the thermodynamic activity of water at the membrane-water interfacial region. In support of this hypothesis, first we establish that the surface pressure of a lipid monolayer is a direct measure of a reduction in the thermodynamic activity of interfacial water. Second, we show that the surface pressure-dependent activation/inactivation of interfacial enzymes is fundamentally related to their dependence on interfacial water activity. We extend this argument to infer that cells might manipulate activities of membrane-associated biological processes via manipulating the activity of interfacial water via localized compression or expansion of the interface. In this paper, we critically analyze literature data on mechano-activation of large pore ion channels in Escherichia coli spheroplasts and G-proteins in reconstituted lipid vesicles, and show that these pressure-induced activation processes are fundamentally and quantitatively related to changes in the thermodynamic state of interfacial water, caused by mechanical stretching of the bilayer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasan Damodaran
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Food Science, 1605 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rivera-Perez C. Marine invertebrate lipases: Comparative and functional genomic analysis. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2015; 15:39-48. [PMID: 26114431 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Lipases are key enzymes involved in lipid digestion, storage and mobilization of reserves during fasting or heightened metabolic demand. This is a highly conserved process, essential for survival. The genomes of five marine invertebrate species with distinctive digestive system were screened for the six major lipase families. The two most common families in marine invertebrates, the neutral an acid lipases, are also the main families in mammals and insects. The number of lipases varies two-fold across analyzed genomes. A high degree of orthology with mammalian lipases was observed. Interestingly, 19% of the marine invertebrate lipases have lost motifs required for catalysis. Analysis of the lid and loop regions of the neutral lipases suggests that many marine invertebrates have a functional triacylglycerol hydrolytic activity as well as some acid lipases. A revision of the expression profiles and functional activity on sequences in databases and scientific literature provided information regarding the function of these families of enzymes in marine invertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Crisalejandra Rivera-Perez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), La Paz, B.C.S. 23096, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Camacho-Ruiz MDLA, Mateos-Díaz JC, Carrière F, Rodriguez JA. A broad pH range indicator-based spectrophotometric assay for true lipases using tributyrin and tricaprylin. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:1057-67. [PMID: 25748441 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d052837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A continuous assay is proposed for the screening of acidic, neutral, or alkaline lipases using microtiter plates, emulsified short- and medium-chain TGs, and a pH indicator. The lipase activity measurement is based on the decrease of the pH indicator optical density due to protonation which is caused by the release of FFAs during the hydrolysis of TGs and thus acidification. Purified lipases with distinct pH optima and an esterase were used to validate the method. The rate of lipolysis was found to be linear with time and proportional to the amount of enzyme added in each case. Specific activities measured with this microplate assay method were lower than those obtained by the pH-stat technique. Nevertheless, the pH-dependent profiles of enzymatic activity were similar with both assays. In addition, the substrate preference of each enzyme tested was not modified and this allowed discriminating lipase and esterase activities using tributyrin (low water solubility) and tricaprylin (not water soluble) as substrates. This continuous lipase assay is compatible with a high sample throughput and can be applied for the screening of lipases and lipase inhibitors from biological samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Frédéric Carrière
- CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 7282 Enzymologie Interfaciale et Physiologie de la Lipolyse, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Jorge A Rodriguez
- Biotecnología Industrial, CIATEJ A.C., 44270 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Water at Biological Phase Boundaries: Its Role in Interfacial Activation of Enzymes and Metabolic Pathways. Subcell Biochem 2015; 71:233-61. [PMID: 26438268 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-19060-0_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Many life-sustaining activities in living cells occur at the membrane-water interface. The pertinent questions that we need to ask are, what are the evolutionary reasons in biology for choosing the membrane-water interface as the site for performing and/or controlling crucial biological reactions, and what is the key physical principle that is very singular to the membrane-water interface that biology exploits for regulating metabolic processes in cells? In this chapter, a hypothesis is developed, which espouses that cells control activities of membrane-bound enzymes through manipulation of the thermodynamic activity of water in the lipid-water interfacial region. The hypothesis is based on the fact that the surface pressure of a lipid monolayer is a direct measure of the thermodynamic activity of water at the lipid-water interface. Accordingly, the surface pressure-dependent activation or inactivation of interfacial enzymes is directly related to changes in the thermodynamic activity of interfacial water. Extension of this argument suggests that cells may manipulate conformations (and activities) of membrane-bound enzymes by manipulating the (re)activity of interfacial water at various locations in the membrane by localized compression or expansion of the interface. In this respect, cells may use the membrane-bound hormone receptors, lipid phase transition, and local variations in membrane lipid composition as effectors of local compression and/or expansion of membrane, and thereby local water activity. Several experimental data in the literature will be reexamined in the light of this hypothesis.
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhou X, Gao L, Yang G, Liu D, Bai A, Li B, Deng Z, Feng Y. Design of hyperthermophilic lipase chimeras by key motif-directed recombination. Chembiochem 2014; 16:455-62. [PMID: 25530200 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Recombination of diverse natural evolved domains within a superfamily offers greater opportunity for enzyme function leaps. How to recombine protein modules from distant parents with less disruption in cross-interfaces is a challenging issue. Here, we identified the existence of a key motif, the sequence VVSVN(D)YR, within a structural motif ψ loop in the α/β-hydrolase fold superfamily, by using a MEME server and the PROMOTIF program. To obtain thermostable lipase-like enzymes, two chimeras were engineered at the key motif regions through recombination of domains from a mesophilic lipase and a hyperthermophilic esterase/peptidase with amino acid identity less than 21 %. The chimeras retained the desirable substrate preference of their mesophilic parent and exhibited more than 100-fold increased thermostability at 50 °C. Through site-directed mutation, we further improved activity of the chimera by 4.6-fold. The recombination strategy presented here enables the creation of novel catalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240 (P. R. China); Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130023 (P. R. China)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ali MB, Gargouri Y, Ali YB. β5′ Loop of turkey pancreatic lipase: Involvement in the resistance to interfacial denaturation. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201400279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Madiha Bou Ali
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Génie Enzymatique des LipasesUniversité de Sfax, BPWSfaxTunisia
| | - Youssef Gargouri
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Génie Enzymatique des LipasesUniversité de Sfax, BPWSfaxTunisia
| | - Yassine Ben Ali
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Génie Enzymatique des LipasesUniversité de Sfax, BPWSfaxTunisia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Roussel A, Amara S, Nyyssölä A, Mateos-Diaz E, Blangy S, Kontkanen H, Westerholm-Parvinen A, Carrière F, Cambillau C. A Cutinase from Trichoderma reesei with a lid-covered active site and kinetic properties of true lipases. J Mol Biol 2014; 426:3757-3772. [PMID: 25219509 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cutinases belong to the α/β-hydrolase fold family of enzymes and degrade cutin and various esters, including triglycerides, phospholipids and galactolipids. Cutinases are able to degrade aggregated and soluble substrates because, in contrast with true lipases, they do not have a lid covering their catalytic machinery. We report here the structure of a cutinase from the fungus Trichoderma reesei (Tr) in native and inhibitor-bound conformations, along with its enzymatic characterization. A rare characteristic of Tr cutinase is its optimal activity at acidic pH. Furthermore, Tr cutinase, in contrast with classical cutinases, possesses a lid covering its active site and requires the presence of detergents for activity. In addition to the presence of the lid, the core of the Tr enzyme is very similar to other cutinase cores, with a central five-stranded β-sheet covered by helices on either side. The catalytic residues form a catalytic triad involving Ser164, His229 and Asp216 that is covered by the two N-terminal helices, which form the lid. This lid opens in the presence of surfactants, such as β-octylglucoside, and uncovers the catalytic crevice, allowing a C11Y4 phosphonate inhibitor to bind to the catalytic serine. Taken together, these results reveal Tr cutinase to be a member of a new group of lipolytic enzymes resembling cutinases but with kinetic and structural features of true lipases and a heightened specificity for long-chain triglycerides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alain Roussel
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Aix Marseille Université, 13284 Marseille Cedex 09, France; Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, UMR7257, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - Sawsan Amara
- Aix Marseille Université, UMR7282, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Antti Nyyssölä
- VTT Biotechnology, P. O. Box 1000, FIN-02044 VTT, Finland
| | - Eduardo Mateos-Diaz
- Aix Marseille Université, UMR7282, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Stéphanie Blangy
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Aix Marseille Université, 13284 Marseille Cedex 09, France; Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, UMR7257, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | | | | | - Frédéric Carrière
- Aix Marseille Université, UMR7282, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Christian Cambillau
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Aix Marseille Université, 13284 Marseille Cedex 09, France; Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, UMR7257, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Cheng M, Angkawidjaja C, Koga Y, Kanaya S. Calcium-independent opening of lid1 of a family I.3 lipase by a single Asp to Arg mutation at the calcium-binding site. Protein Eng Des Sel 2014; 27:169-76. [DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzu009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
17
|
Aloulou A, Frikha F, Noiriel A, Bou Ali M, Abousalham A. Kinetic and structural characterization of triacylglycerol lipases possessing phospholipase A1 activity. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1841:581-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
18
|
Partial deletion of beta9 loop in pancreatic lipase-related protein 2 reduces enzyme activity with a larger effect on long acyl chain substrates. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1831:1293-301. [PMID: 24046870 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Structural studies on pancreatic lipase have revealed a complex architecture of surface loops surrounding the enzyme active site and potentially involved in interactions with lipids. Two of them, the lid and beta loop, expose a large hydrophobic surface and are considered as acyl chain binding sites based on their interaction with an alkyl phosphonate inhibitor. While the role of the lid in substrate recognition and selectivity has been extensively studied, the implication of beta9 loop in acyl chain stabilization remained hypothetical. The characterization of an enzyme with a natural deletion of the lid, guinea pig pancreatic lipase-related protein 2 (GPLRP2), suggests however an essential contribution of the beta9 loop in the stabilization of the acyl enzyme intermediate formed during the lipolysis reaction. A GPLRP2 mutant with a seven-residue deletion of beta9 loop (GPLRP2-deltabeta9) was produced and its enzyme activity was measured using various substrates (triglycerides, monoglycerides, galactolipids, phospholipids, vinyl esters) with short, medium and long acyl chains. Whatever the substrate tested, GPLRP2-deltabeta9 activity is drastically reduced compared to that of wild-type GPLRP2 and this effect is more pronounced as the length of substrate acyl chain increases. Changes in relative substrate selectivity and stereoselectivity remained however weak. The deletion within beta9 loop has also a negative effect on the rate of enzyme inhibition by alkyl phosphonates. All these findings indicate that the reduced enzyme turnover observed with GPLRP2-deltabeta9 results from a weaker stabilization of the acyl enzyme intermediate due to a loss of hydrophobic interactions.
Collapse
|
19
|
Engineering of Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase Lip: creation of novel biocatalyst for efficient biosynthesis of chiral intermediate of Pregabalin. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 98:2473-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5136-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
20
|
The Lipases from Y. lipolytica: Genetics, Production, Regulation, and Biochemical Characterization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-38583-4_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
|
21
|
Amara S, Lafont D, Parsiegla G, Point V, Chabannes A, Rousset A, Carrière F. The galactolipase activity of some microbial lipases and pancreatic enzymes. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201300004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
22
|
Tuning the substrate selectivity of meta-cleavage product hydrolase by domain swapping. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 97:5343-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4405-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
23
|
Cheng M, Angkawidjaja C, Koga Y, Kanaya S. Requirement of lid2 for interfacial activation of a family I.3 lipase with unique two lid structures. FEBS J 2012; 279:3727-3737. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08734.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cheng
- Department of Material and Life Science; Graduate School of Engineering; Osaka University Japan
| | - Clement Angkawidjaja
- Department of Material and Life Science; Graduate School of Engineering; Osaka University Japan
- International College; Osaka University; Japan
| | - Yuichi Koga
- Department of Material and Life Science; Graduate School of Engineering; Osaka University Japan
| | - Shigenori Kanaya
- Department of Material and Life Science; Graduate School of Engineering; Osaka University Japan
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Fickers P, Marty A, Nicaud JM. The lipases from Yarrowia lipolytica: Genetics, production, regulation, biochemical characterization and biotechnological applications. Biotechnol Adv 2011; 29:632-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
25
|
Berdichevets IN, Tyazhelova TV, Shimshilashvili KR, Rogaev EI. Lysophosphatidic acid is a lipid mediator with wide range of biological activities. Biosynthetic pathways and mechanism of action. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2011; 75:1088-97. [PMID: 21077828 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297910090026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a lipid mediator required for maintaining homeostasis of numerous physiological functions and also involved in development of some pathological processes through interactions with G protein-coupled receptors. Recently many data have appeared about the role of this phospholipid in humans, but pathways of LPA biosynthesis and mechanisms of its action remain unclear. This review presents modern concepts about biosynthesis, reception, and biological activity of LPA in humans. Natural and synthetic LPA analogs are considered in the view of their possible use in pharmacology as agonists and/or antagonists of G protein-coupled receptors of LPA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I N Berdichevets
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Shu Z, Wu J, Xue L, Lin R, Jiang Y, Tang L, Li X, Huang J. Construction of Aspergillus niger lipase mutants with oil-water interface independence. Enzyme Microb Technol 2010; 48:129-33. [PMID: 22112821 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2010.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Revised: 10/25/2010] [Accepted: 10/31/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Based on previous bioinformational analytical results [Shu ZY, et al. Biotechnol Prog 2009;25:409-16], four A. niger lipase (ANL) mutants, ANL-Ser84Gly, ANL-Asp99Pro, ANL-Lys108Glu and ANL-EαH (obtained by replacing the lid domain of ANL with the corresponding domain from A. niger feruloyl esterase), were constructed to screen out ANL mutants with oil-water interface independence. ANL-S84G displayed a pronounced interfacial activation, while ANL-D99P and ANL-K108E displayed no interfacial activation. The specific activity of ANL-S84G towards p-nitrophenyl esters decreased from 29.8% to 76.5% compared with that of ANL, while the specific activity of ANL-D99P towards p-nitrophenyl palmitate increased 2.2-fold. The thermostability of ANL-K108E was almost unchanged, while the thermostability of ANL-S84G and ANL-D99P significantly decreased compared with that of ANL. The construction of oil-water interface-independent ANL mutants would help to further understand the mechanism of lipase interfacial activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyu Shu
- Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, PR China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Fervidobacterium changbaicum Lip1: identification, cloning, and characterization of the thermophilic lipase as a new member of bacterial lipase family V. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 89:1463-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2971-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2010] [Revised: 10/17/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
28
|
van Aken GA. Relating Food Emulsion Structure and Composition to the Way It Is Processed in the Gastrointestinal Tract and Physiological Responses: What Are the Opportunities? FOOD BIOPHYS 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11483-010-9160-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
29
|
Chen B, Cai Z, Wu W, Huang Y, Pleiss J, Lin Z. Morphing activity between structurally similar enzymes: from heme-free bromoperoxidase to lipase. Biochemistry 2009; 48:11496-504. [PMID: 19883129 DOI: 10.1021/bi9014727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, to explore the plasticity of the alpha/beta-hydrolase fold family, we converted bromoperoxidase A2 (BPO-A2) from Streptomyces aureofaciens to a lipase by structure comparison with lipase A (LipA) from Bacillus subtilis. These two enzymes have similar structures (2.1 A rmsd) and a very low level of sequence identity ( approximately 18%). A variant BL1 was constructed by deleting the caplike domain of BPO-A2 and further fine-tuning the newly formed substrate binding site. The lipase activity was successfully transplanted on BL1, while the halogenation activity was totally lost. BL1 also showed higher hydrolytic activities toward long chain p-nitrophenyl esters, such as p-nitrophenyl caprylate (3.7-fold) and p-nitrophenyl palmitate (7.0-fold), while its activity toward a short chain ester (p-nitrophenyl acetate) decreased dramatically, to only 1.2% of that of BPO-A2. After two rounds of directed evolution and site-directed mutagenesis on selected residues, several mutants with both improved hydrolytic activities and substrate preferences toward long chain substrates were obtained. The highest hydrolytic activity toward p-nitrophenyl palmitate of the best mutant BL1-2-E8-plusI was improved by 40-fold compared with that of BL1. These results demonstrate the possibility of manipulating the caplike domain of alpha/beta-hydrolase fold enzymes and provide further understanding of the structure-function relationship of the alpha/beta-hydrolase fold enzymes. The design strategy used in this study could serve as a useful approach for constructing variants with targeted catalytic properties using the alpha/beta-hydrolase fold.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Tsinghua Garden Road 1, 100084 Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Karray A, Frikha F, Ben Bacha A, Ben Ali Y, Gargouri Y, Bezzine S. Biochemical and molecular characterization of purified chicken pancreatic phospholipase A2. FEBS J 2009; 276:4545-54. [PMID: 19645724 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07160.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aida Karray
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Génie Enzymatique des Lipases, ENIS, Sfax, Tunisia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Shu Z, Duan M, Yang J, Xu L, Yan Y. Aspergillus nigerlipase: Heterologous expression inPichia pastoris, molecular modeling prediction and the importance of the hinge domains at both sides of the lid domain to interfacial activation. Biotechnol Prog 2009; 25:409-16. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
32
|
Chou CC, Hou MH. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of phospholipase A1 isolated from hornet (Vespa basalis) venom. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2008; 64:1118-20. [PMID: 19052363 PMCID: PMC2593704 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309108030182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2008] [Accepted: 09/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase A(1) (PLA(1)) isolated from the black-bellied hornet (Vespa basalis) catalyzes the hydrolysis of emulsified phospholipids in addition to the potent haemolytic activity responsible for its lethal effect. In this study, the crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis of PLA(1) from hornet venom with a molecular weight of 32 kDa are reported. PLA(1) was crystallized at 277 K using PEG 4000 as precipitant and a 96.5% complete native data set was collected from a frozen crystal to 2.5 A resolution at 100 K with an overall R(merge) of 6.8%. The crystal belongs to the triclinic space group P1, with unit-cell parameters a = 57.2, b = 70.2, c = 81.6 A, alpha = 107.0, beta = 109.9, gamma = 100.9 degrees . In each asymmetric unit, three or four subunits of PLA(1) are present according to the calculation of the solvent content.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Cheng Chou
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hon Hou
- Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Institute of Bioinformatics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Department of Life Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Eydoux C, Spinelli S, Davis TL, Walker JR, Seitova A, Dhe-Paganon S, De Caro A, Cambillau C, Carrière F. Structure of Human Pancreatic Lipase-Related Protein 2 with the Lid in an Open Conformation,. Biochemistry 2008; 47:9553-64. [DOI: 10.1021/bi8005576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cécilia Eydoux
- CNRS UPR9025 Laboratoire d’Enzymologie Interfaciale et de Physiologie de la Lipolyse, Marseille, France, Laboratoire d’Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, CNRS UMR6098, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France, and Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Silvia Spinelli
- CNRS UPR9025 Laboratoire d’Enzymologie Interfaciale et de Physiologie de la Lipolyse, Marseille, France, Laboratoire d’Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, CNRS UMR6098, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France, and Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tara L. Davis
- CNRS UPR9025 Laboratoire d’Enzymologie Interfaciale et de Physiologie de la Lipolyse, Marseille, France, Laboratoire d’Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, CNRS UMR6098, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France, and Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John R. Walker
- CNRS UPR9025 Laboratoire d’Enzymologie Interfaciale et de Physiologie de la Lipolyse, Marseille, France, Laboratoire d’Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, CNRS UMR6098, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France, and Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alma Seitova
- CNRS UPR9025 Laboratoire d’Enzymologie Interfaciale et de Physiologie de la Lipolyse, Marseille, France, Laboratoire d’Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, CNRS UMR6098, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France, and Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sirano Dhe-Paganon
- CNRS UPR9025 Laboratoire d’Enzymologie Interfaciale et de Physiologie de la Lipolyse, Marseille, France, Laboratoire d’Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, CNRS UMR6098, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France, and Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alain De Caro
- CNRS UPR9025 Laboratoire d’Enzymologie Interfaciale et de Physiologie de la Lipolyse, Marseille, France, Laboratoire d’Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, CNRS UMR6098, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France, and Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christian Cambillau
- CNRS UPR9025 Laboratoire d’Enzymologie Interfaciale et de Physiologie de la Lipolyse, Marseille, France, Laboratoire d’Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, CNRS UMR6098, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France, and Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Frédéric Carrière
- CNRS UPR9025 Laboratoire d’Enzymologie Interfaciale et de Physiologie de la Lipolyse, Marseille, France, Laboratoire d’Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, CNRS UMR6098, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France, and Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Boersma YL, Pijning T, Bosma MS, van der Sloot AM, Godinho LF, Dröge MJ, Winter RT, van Pouderoyen G, Dijkstra BW, Quax WJ. Loop Grafting of Bacillus subtilis Lipase A: Inversion of Enantioselectivity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 15:782-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2008.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2008] [Revised: 05/06/2008] [Accepted: 06/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
35
|
Santos LD, Santos KS, de Souza BM, Arcuri HA, Cunha-Neto E, Castro FM, Kalil JE, Palma MS. Purification, sequencing and structural characterization of the phospholipase A1 from the venom of the social wasp Polybia paulista (Hymenoptera, Vespidae). Toxicon 2007; 50:923-37. [PMID: 17761205 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2007] [Revised: 06/25/2007] [Accepted: 06/27/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The biochemical and functional characterization of wasp venom toxins is an important prerequisite for the development of new tools both for the therapy of the toxic reactions due to envenomation caused by multiple stinging accidents and also for the diagnosis and therapy of allergic reactions caused by this type of venom. PLA(1) was purified from the venom of the neotropical social wasp Polybia paulista by using molecular exclusion and cation exchange chromatographies; its amino acid sequence was determined by using automated Edman degradation and compared to the sequences of other vespid venom PLA(1)'s. The enzyme exists as a 33,961.40 Da protein, which was identified as a lipase of the GX class, liprotein lipase superfamily, pancreatic lipases (ab20.3) homologous family and RP2 sub-group of phospholipase. P. paulista PLA(1) is 53-82% identical to the phospholipases from wasp species from Northern Hemisphere. The use restrained-based modeling permitted to describe the 3-D structure of the enzyme, revealing that its molecule presents 23% alpha-helix, 28% beta-sheet and 49% coil. The protein structure has the alpha/beta fold common to many lipases; the core consists of a tightly packed beta-sheet constituted of six-stranded parallel and one anti-parallel beta-strand, surrounded by four alpha-helices. P. paulista PLA(1) exhibits direct hemolytic action against washed red blood cells with activity similar to the Cobra cardiotoxin from Naja naja atra. In addition to this, PLA(1) was immunoreactive to specific IgE from the sera of P. paulista-sensitive patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucilene D Santos
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Rio Claro, Center of the Study of Social Insects, University of São Paulo State (UNESP), Av. 24A no. 1515, Bela Vista, Rio Claro, SP CEP 13506-900, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Berton A, Sebban-Kreuzer C, Crenon I. Role of the structural domains in the functional properties of pancreatic lipase-related protein 2. FEBS J 2007; 274:6011-23. [PMID: 17961181 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.06123.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Although structurally similar, classic pancreatic lipase (PL) and pancreatic lipase-related protein (PLRP)2, expressed in the pancreas of several species, differ in substrate specificity, sensitivity to bile salts and colipase dependence. In order to investigate the role of the two domains of PLRP2 in the function of the protein, two chimeric proteins were designed by swapping the N and C structural domains between the horse PL (Nc and Cc domains) and the horse PLRP2 (N2 and C2 domains). NcC2 and N2Cc proteins were expressed in insect cells, purified by one-step chromatography, and characterized. NcC2 displays the same specific activity as PL, whereas N2Cc has the same as that PLRP2. In contrast to N2Cc, NcC2 is highly sensitive to interfacial denaturation. The lipolytic activity of both chimeric proteins is inhibited by bile salts and is not restored by colipase. Only N2Cc is found to be a strong inhibitor of PL activity, due to competition for colipase binding. Active site-directed inhibition experiments demonstrate that activation of N2Cc occurs in the presence of bile salt and does not require colipase, as does PLRP2. The inability of PLRP2 to form a high-affinity complex with colipase is only due to the C-terminal domain. Indeed, the N-terminal domain can interact with the colipase. PLRP2 properties such as substrate selectivity, specific activity, bile salt-dependent activation and interfacial stability depend on the nature of the N-terminal domain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Berton
- UMR, INSERM 476, INRA 1260, Université de Méditerranée, Nutrition Humaine et Lipides, Faculté de Médecine de Timone, Marseille, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Eydoux C, De Caro J, Ferrato F, Boullanger P, Lafont D, Laugier R, Carrière F, De Caro A. Further biochemical characterization of human pancreatic lipase-related protein 2 expressed in yeast cells. J Lipid Res 2007; 48:1539-49. [PMID: 17401110 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m600486-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant human pancreatic lipase-related protein 2 (rHPLRP2) was produced in the protease A-deficient yeast Pichia pastoris. A major protein with a molecular mass of 50 kDa was purified from the culture medium using SP-Sepharose and Mono Q chromatography. The protein was found to be highly sensitive to the proteolytic cleavage of a peptide bond in the lid domain. The proteolytic cleavage process occurring in the lid affected both the lipase and phospholipase activities of rHPLRP2. The substrate specificity of the nonproteolyzed rHPLRP2 was investigated using pH-stat and monomolecular film techniques and various substrates (glycerides, phospholipids, and galactolipids). All of the enzyme activities were maximum at alkaline pH values and decreased in the pH 5-7 range corresponding to the physiological conditions occurring in the duodenum. rHPLRP2 was found to act preferentially on substrates forming small aggregates in solution (monoglycerides, egg phosphatidylcholine, and galactolipids) rather than on emulsified substrates such as triolein and diolein. The activity of rHPLRP2 on monogalactosyldiglyceride and digalactosyldiglyceride monomolecular films was determined and compared with that of guinea pig pancreatic lipase-related protein 2, which shows a large deletion in the lid domain. The presence of a full-length lid domain in rHPLRP2 makes it possible for enzyme activity to occur at higher surface pressures. The finding that the inhibition of nonproteolyzed rHPLRP2 by tetrahydrolipstatin and diethyl-p-nitrophenyl phosphate does not involve any bile salt requirements suggests that the rHPLRP2 lid adopts an open conformation in aqueous media.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cécilia Eydoux
- Laboratoire d'Enzymologie Interfaciale et de Physiologie de la Lipolyse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut de Biologie Structurale et Microbiologie, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Aoki J, Inoue A, Makide K, Saiki N, Arai H. Structure and function of extracellular phospholipase A1 belonging to the pancreatic lipase gene family. Biochimie 2007; 89:197-204. [PMID: 17101204 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2006.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2006] [Accepted: 09/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase A1 (PLA1) is an enzyme that hydrolyzes phospholipids and produces 2-acyl-lysophospholipids and fatty acids and is conserved in a wide range of organisms. Mammals have several enzymes that exhibit PLA1 activity in vitro. The extracellular PLA1s include phosphatidylserine (PS)-specific PLA1 (PS-PLA1), membrane-associated phosphatidic acid (PA)-selective PLA1s (mPA-PLA1alpha and mPA-PLA1beta), hepatic lipase (HL), endothelial lipase (EL) and pancreatic lipase-related protein 2 (PLRP2), all of which belong to the pancreatic lipase gene family. The former three PLA1s differ from other members in their substrate specificities, structural features and gene organizations, and form a subfamily in the pancreatic lipase gene family. PS-PLA1, mPA-PLA1alpha and mPA-PLA1beta exhibit only PLA1 activity, while HL, EL and PLRP2 show triacylglycerol-hydrolyzing activity in addition to PLA1 activity. The tertiary structures of lipases have two surface loops, the lid and the beta9 loop. The lid and the beta9 loop cover the active site in its closed conformation. An alignment of amino acid sequences of the pancreatic lipase gene family members revealed two molecular characteristics of PLA1s in the two surface loops. First, lipase members exhibiting PLA1 activity (PS-PLA1, mPA-PLA1alpha and mPA-PLA1beta, EL, guinea pig PLRP2 and PLA1 from hornet venom (DolmI)) have short lids. Second, PS-PLA1, mPA-PLA1alpha, mPA-PLA1beta and DolmI, which exhibit only PLA(1) activity, have short beta9 loops. Thus, the two surface loops appear to be involved in the ligand recognition. PS-PLA1 and mPA-PLA1s specifically hydrolyze PS and PA, respectively, producing their corresponding lysophospholipids. Lysophosphatidylserine and lysophosphatidic acid have been defined as lipid mediators with multiple biological functions. Thus, these PLA1s have a role in the production of these lysophospholipid mediators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junken Aoki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Aloulou A, Rodriguez JA, Fernandez S, van Oosterhout D, Puccinelli D, Carrière F. Exploring the specific features of interfacial enzymology based on lipase studies. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2006; 1761:995-1013. [PMID: 16931141 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2006.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2006] [Revised: 06/17/2006] [Accepted: 06/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Many enzymes are active at interfaces in the living world (such as in the signaling processes at the surface of cell membranes, digestion of dietary lipids, starch and cellulose degradation, etc.), but fundamental enzymology remains largely focused on the interactions between enzymes and soluble substrates. The biochemical and kinetic characterization of lipolytic enzymes has opened up new paths of research in the field of interfacial enzymology. Lipases are water-soluble enzymes hydrolyzing insoluble triglyceride substrates, and studies on these enzymes have led to the development of specific interfacial kinetic models. Structure-function studies on lipases have thrown light on the interfacial recognition sites present in the molecular structure of these enzymes, the conformational changes occurring in the presence of lipids and amphiphiles, and the stability of the enzymes present at interfaces. The pH-dependent activity, substrate specificity and inhibition of these enzymes can all result from both "classical" interactions between a substrate or inhibitor and the active site, as well as from the adsorption of the enzymes at the surface of aggregated substrate particles such as oil drops, lipid bilayers or monomolecular lipid films. The adsorption step can provide an alternative target for improving substrate specificity and developing specific enzyme inhibitors. Several data obtained with gastric lipase, classical pancreatic lipase, pancreatic lipase-related protein 2 and phosphatidylserine-specific phospholipase A1 were chosen here to illustrate these specific features of interfacial enzymology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Aloulou
- Laboratoire d'Enzymologie Interfaciale et de Physiologie de la Lipolyse, CNRS UPR 9025, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13009 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Griffon N, Budreck EC, Long CJ, Broedl UC, Marchadier DHL, Glick JM, Rader DJ. Substrate specificity of lipoprotein lipase and endothelial lipase: studies of lid chimeras. J Lipid Res 2006; 47:1803-11. [PMID: 16682746 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m500552-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The triglyceride (TG) lipase gene subfamily, consisting of LPL, HL, and endothelial lipase (EL), plays a central role in plasma lipoprotein metabolism. Compared with LPL and HL, EL is relatively more active as a phospholipase than as a TG lipase. The amino acid loop or "lid" covering the catalytic site has been implicated as the basis for the difference in substrate specificity between HL and LPL. To determine the role of the lid in the substrate specificity of EL, we studied EL in comparison with LPL by mutating specific residues of the EL lid and exchanging their lids. Mutation studies showed that amphipathic properties of the lid contribute to substrate specificity. Exchanging lids between LPL and EL only partially shifted the substrate specificity of the enzymes. Studies of a double chimera possessing both the lid and the C-terminal domain (C-domain) of EL in the LPL backbone showed that the role of the lid in determining substrate specificity does not depend on the nature of the C-domain of the lipase. Using a kinetic assay, we showed an additive effect of the EL lid on the apparent affinity for HDL(3) in the presence of the EL C-domain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Griffon
- Department of Medicine and Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, 19104, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Halimi H, De Caro J, Carrière F, De Caro A. Closed and open conformations of the lid domain induce different patterns of human pancreatic lipase antigenicity and immunogenicity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2005; 1753:247-56. [PMID: 16203189 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2005.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2005] [Revised: 08/01/2005] [Accepted: 08/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Epitope mapping was performed on human pancreatic lipase (HPL) using the SPOTscan method. A set of 146 short (12 amino acid residues) synthetic overlapping peptides covering the entire amino acid sequence of HPL were used to systematically assess the immunoreactivity of antisera raised in rabbits against native HPL, HPL without a lid (HPL(-lid)) and HPL covalently inhibited by diethyl p-nitrophenyl phosphate (DP-HPL). In the latter form of HPL, the lid domain controlling the access to the active site was assumed to exist in the open conformation. All the anti-lipase sera were tested in a direct ELISA, anti-HPL serum showing the greatest antibody titer. Although from the structural point of view, the differences between the various forms of HPL were restricted to the lid domain, differences in the antigenic properties of HPL were observed with the SPOTscan method, and the anti-DP-HPL antibodies showed the strongest reactivity. Most of the peptide stretches recognized included amino acid residues which are accessible at the surface of the lipase, except for those located near the active site. Two small peptides (T173-P180, V199-A207) were identified in the vicinity of the active site, their antipeptide antibodies were produced and their reactivity towards the various forms of HPL was tested in a double sandwich ELISA. No reactivity was observed under these conditions. Two antipeptide antibodies directed against two other selected peptides, P208-V221 (belonging to the beta9 loop) and I245-F258 (belonging to the lid domain) were prepared and found to react much more strongly with DP-HPL than with HPL or HPL(-lid) in a double sandwich ELISA. These antibodies should provide useful tools for monitoring the conformational changes taking place during the opening of the HPL lid domain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Halimi
- Laboratoire d'Enzymologie Interfaciale et de Physiologie de la Lipolyse, UPR 9025, CNRS-Institut de Biologie Structurale et Microbiologie, 31, Chemin JosephBAiguier, 13402, Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Rao CS, Damodaran S. Activation of sphingomyelinase in lipid monolayer is related to interfacial water activity. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2005; 45:49-55. [PMID: 16118048 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2005.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2004] [Accepted: 03/24/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Recently it has been hypothesized that surface pressure of a lipid monolayer is a direct measure of thermodynamic activity of interfacial water and therefore surface pressure-dependent processes in lipid bilayers and monolayers are modulated essentially by interfacial water activity [S. Damodaran, Colloids Surf. B: Biointerf. 11 (1998) 231; C.S. Rao, S. Damodaran, Colloids Surf. B: Biointerf. 34 (2004) 197]. If the hypothesis is true, then it should be a general one and ought to be system independent. To further test this hypothesis, the specific activity of sphingomyelinase (SMase) was studied in two disparate systems, one involving sphingomyelin (SM) monolayer at various surface pressures at the air-water interface and the other involving a solid-state SMase-SM system exposed to various equilibrium relative humidity (ERH). The results were examined in terms of thermodynamic activity of water in the interfacial region (a(w)s) and in the hydrated solid phase (ERH). In both these physically different systems, the dependence of specific activity of SMase on ERH and a(w)s was very similar. In both cases, the specific activity exhibited a maximum at ERH (or a(w)s) approximately 0.3, which suggested that the apparent surface pressure-dependence of interfacial activation of lipolytic enzymes might be actually related to modulation of the hydration state of the enzyme through the control of thermodynamic activity of water in the lipid-water interfacial region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chetan S Rao
- Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Cherukuvada SL, Seshasayee ASN, Raghunathan K, Anishetty S, Pennathur G. Evidence of a double-lid movement in Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipase: insights from molecular dynamics simulations. PLoS Comput Biol 2005; 1:e28. [PMID: 16110344 PMCID: PMC1187864 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.0010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2005] [Accepted: 07/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipase is a 29-kDa protein that, following the determination of its crystal structure, was postulated to have a lid that stretched between residues 125 and 148. In this paper, using molecular dynamics simulations, we propose that there exists, in addition to the above-mentioned lid, a novel second lid in this lipase. We further show that the second lid, covering residues 210–222, acts as a triggering lid for the movement of the first. We also investigate the role of hydrophobicity in the movement of the lids and show that two residues, Phe214 and Ala217, play important roles in lid movement. To our knowledge, this is the first time that a double-lid movement of the type described in our manuscript has been presented to the scientific community. This work also elucidates the interplay of hydrophobic interactions in the dynamics, and hence the function, of an enzyme. Lipases hydrolyse long-chain fatty acid esters at water-oil interfaces through the mechanism of interfacial activation mediated by the movement of a lid subdomain that covers the active site. Studying lid movement is an area of active research in the field of protein dynamics. The lipase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a 29-kDa protein that was previously crystallized in the open conformation, and as expected, an approximately 20-residue lid subdomain was identified. In the present study, the authors report extensive molecular dynamics simulations of the P. aeruginosa lipase. They show that this protein has two lids covering the substrate-binding pocket. The first lid is the one proposed from the known crystal structure. The second lid, a much shorter one, lies over the binding pocket facing the first lid. Furthermore, using position-restrained simulations, these authors show that movement of the second lid may actually be a trigger for the movement of the first, and that this triggering action is driven by hydrophobic contacts between the two lids. This computational study paves a way for experimentalists to study the structure and dynamics of this protein in greater detail in order to understand coupled subdomain movements in a comprehensive fashion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Gautam Pennathur
- Centre for Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai, India
- AU-KBC Research Centre, Madras Institute of Technology, Chennai, India
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Otero C, Fernández-Pérez M, Hermoso JA, Ripoll MM. Activation in the family of Candida rugosa isolipases by polyethylene glycol. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2004.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
45
|
De Caro J, Sias B, Grandval P, Ferrato F, Halimi H, Carrière F, De Caro A. Characterization of pancreatic lipase-related protein 2 isolated from human pancreatic juice. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2004; 1701:89-99. [PMID: 15450178 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2004.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2004] [Revised: 06/01/2004] [Accepted: 06/16/2004] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Human pancreatic lipase-related protein 2 (HPLRP2) was identified for the first time in pancreatic juice using specific anti-peptide antibodies and purified to homogeneity. Antibodies were raised in the rabbit using a synthetic peptide from the HPLRP2 protein sequence deduced from cDNA. Western blotting analysis showed that these antibodies did not react with classical human pancreatic lipase (HPL) or human pancreatic lipase-related protein 1 (HPLRP1) but cross-reacted with native rat PLRP2 (RPLRP2), as well as with recombinant rat and guinea-pig PLRP2 (GPLRP2). Immunoaffinity chromatography was performed on immobilized anti-recombinant HPLRP2 polyclonal antibodies to purify native HPLRP2 after conventional chromatographic steps including gel filtration and chromatrography on an anion-exchanger. The substrate specificity of HPLRP2 was investigated using various triglycerides, phospholipids and galactolipids as substrates. The lipase activity on triglycerides was inhibited by bile salts and weakly restored by colipase. The phospholipase activity of HPLRP2 on phospholipid micelles was very low. A significant level of galactolipase activity was measured using monogalactosyldiglyceride monomolecular films. These data suggest that the main physiological function of HPLRP2 is the hydrolysis of galactolipids, which are the main lipids present in vegetable food.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josiane De Caro
- Laboratoire d'Enzymologie Interfaciale et de Physiologie de la Lipolyse, UPR 9025 CNRS-Institut de Biologie Structurale et Microbiologie, 31, Chemin Joseph-Aiguier, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Rao CS, Damodaran S. Surface pressure dependence of phospholipase A2 activity in lipid monolayers is linked to interfacial water activity. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2004; 34:197-204. [PMID: 15261075 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2004.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2003] [Revised: 11/21/2003] [Accepted: 01/20/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The specific activity of pancreatic phospholipase A2 (PLA2) was studied in two disparate systems, one involving phosphatidylcholine monolayer at various surface pressures at the air-water interface and the other involving a solid-state system exposed to various equilibrium relative humidity (ERH). The results were examined in terms of thermodynamic activity of water in the interfacial region (aws*) and in the hydrated solid phase (aw). In both these physically different systems, the specific activity versus aw and aws* profiles of PLA2 were remarkably similar. In both cases, the specific activity exhibited a maximum at aw (or aws*) approximately 0.3. These results suggested that the mechanism of control of PLA2 activity at the lipid-water interface might involve modulation of the hydration state of the enzyme through control of the thermodynamic activity of water in the interfacial region. Extension of these results to biomembranes suggests that one of the functions of lipid bilayer might be the control of local water activity at the lipid-water interface. In biological membranes, localized subtle changes in interfacial water activity may occur as a result of local stretching or compression of the membrane facilitated by conformational changes in membrane-bound receptor proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chetan S Rao
- Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Shmulevitz M, Epand RF, Epand RM, Duncan R. Structural and functional properties of an unusual internal fusion peptide in a nonenveloped virus membrane fusion protein. J Virol 2004; 78:2808-18. [PMID: 14990700 PMCID: PMC353762 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.6.2808-2818.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2003] [Accepted: 11/13/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The avian and Nelson Bay reoviruses are two of only a limited number of nonenveloped viruses capable of inducing cell-cell membrane fusion. These viruses encode the smallest known membrane fusion proteins (p10). We now show that a region of moderate hydrophobicity we call the hydrophobic patch (HP), present in the small N-terminal ectodomain of p10, shares the following characteristics with the fusion peptides of enveloped virus fusion proteins: (i) an abundance of glycine and alanine residues, (ii) a potential amphipathic secondary structure, (iii) membrane-seeking characteristics that correspond to the degree of hydrophobicity, and (iv) the ability to induce lipid mixing in a liposome fusion assay. The p10 HP is therefore predicted to provide a function in the mechanism of membrane fusion similar to those of the fusion peptides of enveloped virus fusion peptides, namely, association with and destabilization of opposing lipid bilayers. Mutational and biophysical analysis suggested that the internal fusion peptide of p10 lacks alpha-helical content and exists as a disulfide-stabilized loop structure. Similar kinked structures have been reported in the fusion peptides of several enveloped virus fusion proteins. The preservation of a predicted loop structure in the fusion peptide of this unusual nonenveloped virus membrane fusion protein supports an imperative role for a kinked fusion peptide motif in biological membrane fusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maya Shmulevitz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4H7
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Chahinian H, Belle V, Fournel A, Carrière F. The role of pancreatic lipase C2-like domain in enzyme interaction with a lipid-water interface. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.200300809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
49
|
Abstract
Pancreatic triglyceride lipase (PTL) and its protein cofactor, colipase, are required for efficient dietary triglyceride digestion. In addition to PTL, pancreatic acinar cells synthesize two pancreatic lipase related proteins (PLRP1 and PLRP2), which have a high degree of sequence and structural homology with PTL. PLRP1 has no known activity. PTL and PLRP2 differ in substrate specificity, behavior in bile salts and dependence on colipase. Each protein has a globular amino-terminal (N-terminal) domain, which contains the catalytic site for PTL and PLRP2, and a beta-sandwich carboxyl-terminal (C-terminal) domain, which includes the predominant colipase-binding site for PTL. Inactive and active conformations of PTL have been described. They differ in the position of a surface loop, the lid domain, and of the beta5-loop. In the inactive conformation, the lid covers the active site and, upon activation by bile salt micelles and colipase or by lipid-water interfaces, the lid moves dramatically to open and configure the active site. After the lid movement, PTL and colipase create a large hydrophobic plateau that can interact with the lipid-water interface. A hydrophobic surface loop in the C-terminal domain, the beta5' loop, may also contribute to the interfacial-binding domain of the PTL-colipase complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Lowe
- Departments of Pediatrics and of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Tiss A, Carrière F, Douchet I, Patkar S, Svendsen A, Verger R. Interfacial binding and activity of lipases at the lipid–water interface: effects of Gum Arabic and surface pressure. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0927-7765(01)00315-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|