1
|
The transmembrane domain of the amyloid precursor protein is required for anti-amyloidogenic processing by α-secretase ADAM10. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101911. [PMID: 35398353 PMCID: PMC9127328 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotoxic amyloid β-peptides (Aβ) are thought to be a causative agent of Alzheimer's disease in humans. The production of Aβ from amyloid precursor protein (APP) could be diminished by enhancing α-processing; however, the physical interactions between APP and α-secretases are not well understood. In this study, we employed super-resolution light microscopy to examine in cell-free plasma membranes the abundance and association of APP and α-secretases ADAM10 and ADAM17. We found that both secretase molecules localize similarly closely to APP (within ≤ 50 nm). However, when cross-linking APP with antibodies directed against the GFP-tag of APP, in confocal microscopy we observed that only ADAM10 co-aggregated with APP. Furthermore, we mapped the involved protein domain by using APP variants with an exchanged transmembrane segment or lacking cytoplasmic/extracellular domains. We identified that APP's transmembrane domain is required for association with α-secretases and, as analysed by Western Blot, for α-processing. We propose that the APP transmembrane domain interacts either directly or indirectly with ADAM10, but not with ADAM17, explaining the dominant role of ADAM10 in α-processing of APP. Further understanding of this interaction may facilitate the development of a therapeutic strategy based on promoting APP cleavage by α-secretases.
Collapse
|
2
|
Neganova M, Aleksandrova Y, Suslov E, Mozhaitsev E, Munkuev A, Tsypyshev D, Chicheva M, Rogachev A, Sukocheva O, Volcho K, Klochkov S. Novel Multitarget Hydroxamic Acids with a Natural Origin CAP Group against Alzheimer's Disease: Synthesis, Docking and Biological Evaluation. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13111893. [PMID: 34834312 PMCID: PMC8623418 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydroxamic acids are one of the most promising and actively studied classes of chemical compounds in medicinal chemistry. In this study, we describe the directed synthesis and effects of HDAC6 inhibitors. Fragments of adamantane and natural terpenes camphane and fenchane, combined with linkers of various nature with an amide group, were used as the CAP groups. Accordingly, 11 original target compounds were developed, synthesized, and exposed to in vitro and in vivo biological evaluations, including in silico methods. In silico studies showed that all synthesized compounds were drug-like and could penetrate through the blood-brain barrier. According to the in vitro testing, hydroxamic acids 15 and 25, which effectively inhibited HDAC6 and exhibited anti-aggregation properties against β-amyloid peptides, were chosen as the most promising substances to study their neuroprotective activities in vivo. All in vivo studies were performed using 5xFAD transgenic mice simulating Alzheimer's disease. In these animals, the Novel Object Recognition and Morris Water Maze Test showed that the formation of hippocampus-dependent long-term episodic and spatial memory was deteriorated. Hydroxamic acid 15 restored normal memory functions to the level observed in control wild-type animals. Notably, this effect was precisely associated with the ability to restore lost cognitive functions, but not with the effect on motor and exploratory activities or on the level of anxiety in animals. Conclusively, hydroxamic acid 15 containing an adamantane fragment linked by an amide bond to a hydrocarbon linker is a possible potential multitarget agent against Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Neganova
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Moscow, Russia; (M.N.); (Y.A.); (M.C.)
| | - Yulia Aleksandrova
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Moscow, Russia; (M.N.); (Y.A.); (M.C.)
| | - Evgenii Suslov
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (E.S.); (E.M.); (A.M.); (D.T.); (A.R.); (K.V.)
| | - Evgenii Mozhaitsev
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (E.S.); (E.M.); (A.M.); (D.T.); (A.R.); (K.V.)
| | - Aldar Munkuev
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (E.S.); (E.M.); (A.M.); (D.T.); (A.R.); (K.V.)
| | - Dmitry Tsypyshev
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (E.S.); (E.M.); (A.M.); (D.T.); (A.R.); (K.V.)
| | - Maria Chicheva
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Moscow, Russia; (M.N.); (Y.A.); (M.C.)
| | - Artem Rogachev
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (E.S.); (E.M.); (A.M.); (D.T.); (A.R.); (K.V.)
| | - Olga Sukocheva
- Discipline of Health Sciences, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia;
| | - Konstantin Volcho
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (E.S.); (E.M.); (A.M.); (D.T.); (A.R.); (K.V.)
| | - Sergey Klochkov
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Moscow, Russia; (M.N.); (Y.A.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-(496)-5242525
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kwon N, Suh JM, Lim MH, Hirao H, Cho J. Mechanistic insight into hydroxamate transfer reaction mimicking the inhibition of zinc-containing enzymes. Chem Sci 2020; 11:9017-9021. [PMID: 34123156 PMCID: PMC8163387 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc02676j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A hydroxamate transfer reaction between metal complexes has been investigated by a combination of experimental and theoretical studies. A hydroxamate-bound cobalt(ii) complex bearing a tetradentate macrocyclic ligand, [CoII(TBDAP)(CH3C(-NHO)O)]+ (1), is prepared by the reduction of a hydroximatocobalt(iii) complex with a biological reductant. Alternatively, 1 is accessible via a synthetic route for the reaction between the cobalt(ii) complex and acetohydroxamic acid in the presence of a base. 1 was isolated and characterized by various physicochemical methods, including UV-vis, IR, ESI-MS, and X-ray crystallography. The hydroxamate transfer reactivity of 1 was examined with a zinc complex, which was followed by UV-vis and ESI-MS. Kinetic and activation parameter data suggest that the hydroxamate transfer reaction occurs via a bimolecular mechanism, which is also supported by DFT calculations. Moreover, 1 is able to inhibit the activity against a zinc enzyme, i.e., matrix metalloproteinase-9. Our overall investigations of the hydroxamate transfer using the synthetic model system provide considerable insight into the final step involved in the inhibition of zinc-containing enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nam Kwon
- Department of Emerging Materials Science, DGIST Daegu 42988 Korea
| | - Jong-Min Suh
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST Daejeon 34141 Korea
| | - Mi Hee Lim
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST Daejeon 34141 Korea
| | - Hajime Hirao
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Hong Kong
| | - Jaeheung Cho
- Department of Emerging Materials Science, DGIST Daegu 42988 Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wu Z, Palanimuthu D, Braidy N, Salikin NH, Egan S, Huang MLH, Richardson DR. Novel multifunctional iron chelators of the aroyl nicotinoyl hydrazone class that markedly enhance cellular NAD + /NADH ratios. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:1967-1987. [PMID: 31895471 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial condition leading to cognitive decline and represents a major global health challenge in ageing populations. The lack of effective AD therapeutics led us to develop multifunctional nicotinoyl hydrazones to target several pathological characteristics of AD. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We synthesised 20 novel multifunctional agents based on the nicotinoyl hydrazone scaffold, which acts as a metal chelator and a lipophilic delivery vehicle, donating a NAD+ precursor to cells, to target metal dyshomeostasis, oxidative stress, β-amyloid (Aβ) aggregation, and a decrease in the NAD+ /NADH ratio. KEY RESULTS The most promising compound, 6-methoxysalicylaldehyde nicotinoyl hydrazone (SNH6), demonstrated low cytotoxicity, potent iron (Fe)-chelation efficacy, significant inhibition of copper-mediated Aβ aggregation, oxidative stress alleviation, effective donation of NAD+ to NAD-dependent metabolic processes (PARP and sirtuin activity) and enhanced cellular NAD+ /NADH ratios, as well as significantly increased median Caenorhabditis elegans lifespan (to 1.46-fold of the control); partly decreased BACE1 expression, resulting in significantly lower soluble amyloid precursor protein-β (sAPPβ) and Aβ1-40 levels; and favourable blood-brain barrier-permeation properties. Structure-activity relationships demonstrated that the ability of these nicotinoyl hydrazones to increase NAD+ was dependent on the electron-withdrawing or electron-donating substituents on the aldehyde- or ketone-derived moiety. Aldehyde-derived hydrazones containing the ONO donor set and electron-donating groups were required for NAD+ donation and low cytotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The nicotinoyl hydrazones, particularly SNH6, have the potential to act as multifunctional therapeutic agents and delivery vehicles for NAD+ precursors for AD treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhixuan Wu
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Duraippandi Palanimuthu
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nady Braidy
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Schools of Medicine, Huzhou University, Huzhou Central Hospital, Huzhou, China
| | - Nor Hawani Salikin
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Suhelen Egan
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michael L H Huang
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Des R Richardson
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bulbake U, Singh A, Domb AJ, Khan W. Therapeutic Macromolecular Iron Chelators. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:323-334. [PMID: 30182850 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180904104318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Iron is a key element for every single living process. On a fundamental level, targeting iron is a valuable approach for the treatment of disorders caused by iron overload. Utilizing iron chelators as therapeutic agents has received expanding consideration in chelation therapy. Approved low molecular weight (MW) iron chelators to treat iron overload may experience short half-lives and toxicities prompting moderately high adverse effects. In recent years, polymeric/macromolecular iron chelators have received attention as therapeutic agents. Polymeric iron chelators show unique pharmaceutical properties that are different to their conventional small molecule counterparts. These polymeric iron chelators possess longer plasma half-lives and reduced toxicities, thus exhibiting a significant supplement to currently using low MW iron chelator therapy. In this review, we have briefly discussed polymeric iron chelators and factors to be considered when designing clinically valuable iron chelators. We have also discussed applications of polymeric iron chelators in the diseases caused by iron overload associated with transfusional hemosiderosis, neurodegenerative disorders, malaria and cancer. With this, research findings for new polymeric iron chelators are also covered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Upendra Bulbake
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500037, India
| | - Alka Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500037, India
| | - Abraham J Domb
- School of Pharmacy-Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Wahid Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500037, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jarosz-Griffiths HH, Corbett NJ, Rowland HA, Fisher K, Jones AC, Baron J, Howell GJ, Cowley SA, Chintawar S, Cader MZ, Kellett KAB, Hooper NM. Proteolytic shedding of the prion protein via activation of metallopeptidase ADAM10 reduces cellular binding and toxicity of amyloid-β oligomers. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:7085-7097. [PMID: 30872401 PMCID: PMC6497954 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellular prion protein (PrPC) is a key neuronal receptor for β-amyloid oligomers (AβO), mediating their neurotoxicity, which contributes to the neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Similarly to the amyloid precursor protein (APP), PrPC is proteolytically cleaved from the cell surface by a disintegrin and metalloprotease, ADAM10. We hypothesized that ADAM10-modulated PrPC shedding would alter the cellular binding and cytotoxicity of AβO. Here, we found that in human neuroblastoma cells, activation of ADAM10 with the muscarinic agonist carbachol promotes PrPC shedding and reduces the binding of AβO to the cell surface, which could be blocked with an ADAM10 inhibitor. Conversely, siRNA-mediated ADAM10 knockdown reduced PrPC shedding and increased AβO binding, which was blocked by the PrPC-specific antibody 6D11. The retinoic acid receptor analog acitretin, which up-regulates ADAM10, also promoted PrPC shedding and decreased AβO binding in the neuroblastoma cells and in human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cortical neurons. Pretreatment with acitretin abolished activation of Fyn kinase and prevented an increase in reactive oxygen species caused by AβO binding to PrPC Besides blocking AβO binding and toxicity, acitretin also increased the nonamyloidogenic processing of APP. However, in the iPSC-derived neurons, Aβ and other amyloidogenic processing products did not exhibit a reciprocal decrease upon acitretin treatment. These results indicate that by promoting the shedding of PrPC in human neurons, ADAM10 activation prevents the binding and cytotoxicity of AβO, revealing a potential therapeutic benefit of ADAM10 activation in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heledd H Jarosz-Griffiths
- From the Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, AV Hill Building, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT
| | - Nicola J Corbett
- From the Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, AV Hill Building, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT
| | - Helen A Rowland
- From the Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, AV Hill Building, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT
| | - Kate Fisher
- From the Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, AV Hill Building, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT
| | - Alys C Jones
- From the Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, AV Hill Building, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT
| | - Jennifer Baron
- the Flow Cytometry Facility Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, CTF Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT
| | - Gareth J Howell
- the Flow Cytometry Facility Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, CTF Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT
| | - Sally A Cowley
- the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE.,the Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX
| | - Satyan Chintawar
- the Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, and.,the Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX1 3QX, United Kingdom
| | - M Zameel Cader
- the Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, and.,the Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX1 3QX, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine A B Kellett
- From the Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, AV Hill Building, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT
| | - Nigel M Hooper
- From the Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, AV Hill Building, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Braidy N, Essa MM, Poljak A, Selvaraju S, Al-Adawi S, Manivasagm T, Thenmozhi AJ, Ooi L, Sachdev P, Guillemin GJ. Consumption of pomegranates improves synaptic function in a transgenic mice model of Alzheimer's disease. Oncotarget 2018; 7:64589-64604. [PMID: 27486879 PMCID: PMC5323101 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by extracellular plaques containing abnormal Amyloid Beta (Aβ) aggregates, intracellular neurofibrillary tangles containing hyperphosphorylated tau protein, microglia-dominated neuroinflammation, and impairments in synaptic plasticity underlying cognitive deficits. Therapeutic strategies for the treatment of AD are currently limited. In this study, we investigated the effects of dietary supplementation of 4% pomegranate extract to a standard chow diet on neuroinflammation, and synaptic plasticity in APPsw/Tg2576 mice brain. Treatment with a custom mixed diet (pellets) containing 4% pomegranate for 15 months ameliorated the loss of synaptic structure proteins, namely PSD-95, Munc18-1, and SNAP25, synaptophysin, phosphorylation of Calcium/Calmodulin Dependent Protein Kinase IIα (p-CaMKIIα/ CaMKIIα), and phosphorylation of Cyclic AMP-Response Element Binding Protein (pCREB/CREB), inhibited neuroinflammatory activity, and enhanced autophagy, and activation of the phophoinositide-3-kinase-Akt-mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway. These neuroprotective effects were associated with reduced β-site cleavage of Amyloid Precursor Protein in APPsw/Tg2576 mice. Therefore, long-term supplementation with pomegranates can attenuate AD pathology by reducing inflammation, and altering APP-dependent processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nady Braidy
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Musthafa Mohamed Essa
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al Khoudh, Oman.,Ageing and Dementia Research Group, Sultan Qaboos University, Al Khoudh, Oman
| | - Anne Poljak
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al Khoudh, Oman
| | - Subash Selvaraju
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al Khoudh, Oman.,Ageing and Dementia Research Group, Sultan Qaboos University, Al Khoudh, Oman
| | - Samir Al-Adawi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al Khoudh, Oman.,College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al Khoudh, Oman
| | | | | | - Lezanne Ooi
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Perminder Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Neuropsychiatric Institute, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- Neuroinflammation Group, MND and Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Centre, Macquarie University, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Noh H, Jeong D, Ohta T, Ogura T, Valentine JS, Cho J. Distinct Reactivity of a Mononuclear Peroxocobalt(III) Species toward Activation of Nitriles. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:10960-10963. [PMID: 28758392 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b04479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A mononuclear side-on peroxocobalt(III) complex with a tetradentate macrocyclic ligand, [CoIII(TBDAP)(O2)]+ (1), shows a novel and facile mode of dioxygenase-like reactivity with nitriles (R-C≡N; R = Me, Et, and Ph) to produce the corresponding mononuclear hydroximatocobalt(III) complexes, [CoIII(TBDAP)(R-C(═NO)O)]+, in which the nitrile moiety is oxidized by two oxygen atoms of the peroxo group. The overall reaction proceeds in one-pot under ambient conditions (ca. 1 h, 40 °C). 18O-Labeling experiments confirm that both oxygen atoms are derived from the peroxo ligand. The structures of all products, hydroximatocobalt(III) complexes, were confirmed by X-ray crystallography and various spectroscopic techniques. Kinetic studies including the Hammett analysis and isotope labeling experiments suggest that the mechanistic mode of 1 for activation of nitriles occurs via a concerted mechanism. This novel reaction would be significantly valuable for expanding the chemistry for nitrile activation and utilization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonju Noh
- Department of Emerging Materials Science, DGIST , Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Donghyun Jeong
- Department of Emerging Materials Science, DGIST , Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Takehiro Ohta
- Picobiology Institute, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo , RSC-UH LP Center, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Takashi Ogura
- Picobiology Institute, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo , RSC-UH LP Center, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | | | - Jaeheung Cho
- Department of Emerging Materials Science, DGIST , Daegu 42988, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Valls-Comamala V, Guivernau B, Bonet J, Puig M, Perálvarez-Marín A, Palomer E, Fernàndez-Busquets X, Altafaj X, Tajes M, Puig-Pijoan A, Vicente R, Oliva B, Muñoz FJ. The antigen-binding fragment of human gamma immunoglobulin prevents amyloid β-peptide folding into β-sheet to form oligomers. Oncotarget 2017; 8:41154-41165. [PMID: 28467807 PMCID: PMC5522293 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The amyloid beta-peptide (Aβ) plays a leading role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) physiopathology. Even though monomeric forms of Aβ are harmless to cells, Aβ can aggregate into β-sheet oligomers and fibrils, which are both neurotoxic. Therefore, one of the main therapeutic approaches to cure or delay AD onset and progression is targeting Aβ aggregation. In the present study, we show that a pool of human gamma immunoglobulins (IgG) protected cortical neurons from the challenge with Aβ oligomers, as assayed by MTT reduction, caspase-3 activation and cytoskeleton integrity. In addition, we report the inhibitory effect of IgG on Aβ aggregation, as shown by Thioflavin T assay, size exclusion chromatography and atomic force microscopy. Similar results were obtained with Palivizumab, a human anti-sincitial virus antibody. In order to dissect the important domains, we cleaved the pool of human IgG with papain to obtain Fab and Fc fragments. Using these cleaved fragments, we functionally identified Fab as the immunoglobulin fragment inhibiting Aβ aggregation, a result that was further confirmed by an in silico structural model. Interestingly, bioinformatic tools show a highly conserved structure able to bind amyloid in the Fab region. Overall, our data strongly support the inhibitory effect of human IgG on Aβ aggregation and its neuroprotective role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victòria Valls-Comamala
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Biuse Guivernau
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Bonet
- Laboratory of Structural Bioinformatics (GRIB), Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Puig
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alex Perálvarez-Marín
- Unitat de Biofísica, Departament de Bioquímica i de Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ernest Palomer
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Fernàndez-Busquets
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona, Spain
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Altafaj
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL) - Unit of Neuropharmacology and Pain, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Tajes
- Heart Diseases Biomedical Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Puig-Pijoan
- Servei de Neurologia, Hospital del Mar-IMIM-Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rubén Vicente
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Baldomero Oliva
- Laboratory of Structural Bioinformatics (GRIB), Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Muñoz
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Nigam SM, Xu S, Kritikou JS, Marosi K, Brodin L, Mattson MP. Exercise and BDNF reduce Aβ production by enhancing α-secretase processing of APP. J Neurochem 2017; 142:286-296. [PMID: 28382744 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder characterized by aggregation of toxic forms of amyloid β peptide (Aβ). Treatment strategies have largely been focused on inhibiting the enzymes (β- and γ-secretases) that liberate Aβ from the amyloid precursor protein (APP). While evidence suggests that individuals who exercise regularly are at reduced risk for AD and studies of animal models demonstrate that running can ameliorate brain Aβ pathology and associated cognitive deficits, the underlying mechanisms are unknown. However, considerable evidence suggests that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mediates beneficial effects of exercise on neuroplasticity and cellular stress resistance. Here, we tested the hypothesis that BDNF promotes non-amyloidogenic APP processing. Using a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease and cultured human neural cells, we demonstrate that exercise and BDNF reduce production of toxic Aβ peptides through a mechanism involving enhanced α-secretase processing of APP. This anti-amyloidogenic APP processing involves subcellular redistribution of α-secretase and an increase in intracellular neuroprotective APP peptides capable of binding and inhibiting β-secretase. Moreover, our results suggest that BDNF's ability to promote neurite outgrowth is primarily exerted through pathways other than APP processing. Exercise and other factors that enhance BDNF signaling may therefore have both therapeutic and prophylactic value in the battle against AD. Read the Editorial Highlight for this article on page 191.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saket M Nigam
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shaohua Xu
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joanna S Kritikou
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Krisztina Marosi
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lennart Brodin
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mark P Mattson
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Metal ion binding capability of secondary (N-methyl) versus primary (N–H) dipeptide hydroxamic acids. Polyhedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2016.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
12
|
Diorganotin(IV) derivatives of N-methyl p-fluorobenzo-hydroxamic acid: preparation, spectral characterization, X-ray diffraction studies and antitumor activity. Molecules 2013; 18:8696-711. [PMID: 23881054 PMCID: PMC6270222 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18078696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Three diorganotin(IV) complexes of the general formula R2Sn[RcC(O)N(RN)O] (Rc = aryl, RN = Alkyl) have been synthesized by refluxing in toluene the corresponding diorganotin(IV) oxides with the free ligand N-methyl p-fluorobenzohydroxamic acid, using a Dean and Stark water separator. The ligand was derived from the reaction of the corresponding p-fluorobenzoyl chloride and N-methylhydroxylamine hydrochloride in the presence of sodium hydrogen carbonate. The isolated free ligand and its respective diorganotin compounds have been characterized by elemental analysis, IR and 1H-, 13C-, 119Sn-NMR spectroscopies. The crystal structures of the diorganotin complexes have been confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction methods. The investigations carried out on the diorganotin(IV) complexes of N-methyl p-fluorobenzohydroxamic acid confirmed a 1:2 stoichiometry. The complex formation took place through the O,O-coordination via the carbonyl oxygen and subsequent deprotonated hydroxyl group to the tin atom. The crystal structures of three diorganotin complexes were determined and were found to adopt six coordination geometries at the tin centre with coordination to two ligand moieties.
Collapse
|
13
|
Mok NY, Chadwick J, Kellett KAB, Casas-Arce E, Hooper NM, Johnson AP, Fishwick CWG. Discovery of Biphenylacetamide-Derived Inhibitors of BACE1 Using de Novo Structure-Based Molecular Design. J Med Chem 2013; 56:1843-52. [DOI: 10.1021/jm301127x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Yi Mok
- School of Chemistry and School of Molecular and Cellular
Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - James Chadwick
- School of Chemistry and School of Molecular and Cellular
Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Katherine A. B. Kellett
- School of Chemistry and School of Molecular and Cellular
Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Eva Casas-Arce
- School of Chemistry and School of Molecular and Cellular
Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Nigel M. Hooper
- School of Chemistry and School of Molecular and Cellular
Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - A. Peter Johnson
- School of Chemistry and School of Molecular and Cellular
Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Colin W. G. Fishwick
- School of Chemistry and School of Molecular and Cellular
Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cal M, Jaremko M, Jaremko Ł, Stefanowicz P. Solid phase synthesis of peptide hydroxamic acids on poly(ethylene glycol)-based support. J Pept Sci 2012; 19:9-15. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Cal
- Institute Chemistry; University of Wrocław; 50-383, Joliot-Curie 14; Wrocław; Poland
| | - Mariusz Jaremko
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics; Polish Academy of Sciences; 02-106, Pawińskiego 5a; Warsaw; Poland
| | | | - Piotr Stefanowicz
- Institute Chemistry; University of Wrocław; 50-383, Joliot-Curie 14; Wrocław; Poland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Liu Y, Zhang W, Li L, Salvador LA, Chen T, Chen W, Felsenstein KM, Ladd TB, Price AR, Golde TE, He J, Xu Y, Li Y, Luesch H. Cyanobacterial Peptides as a Prototype for the Design of Potent β-Secretase Inhibitors and the Development of Selective Chemical Probes for Other Aspartic Proteases. J Med Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/jm301630s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610,
United States
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610,
United States
- School of
Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203,
China
| | - Li Li
- Drug Discovery and
Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lilibeth A. Salvador
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610,
United States
| | - Tiantian Chen
- Drug Discovery and
Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wuyan Chen
- Drug Discovery and
Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Kevin M. Felsenstein
- Department of Neuroscience,
Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610,
United States
| | - Thomas B. Ladd
- Department of Neuroscience,
Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610,
United States
| | - Ashleigh R. Price
- Department of Neuroscience,
Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610,
United States
| | - Todd E. Golde
- Department of Neuroscience,
Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610,
United States
| | - Jianhua He
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai
201800, China
| | - Yechun Xu
- Drug Discovery and
Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yingxia Li
- School of
Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203,
China
| | - Hendrik Luesch
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610,
United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Belyaev ND, Kellett KAB, Beckett C, Makova NZ, Revett TJ, Nalivaeva NN, Hooper NM, Turner AJ. The transcriptionally active amyloid precursor protein (APP) intracellular domain is preferentially produced from the 695 isoform of APP in a {beta}-secretase-dependent pathway. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:41443-54. [PMID: 20961856 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.141390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloidogenic processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β- and γ-secretases generates several biologically active products, including amyloid-β (Aβ) and the APP intracellular domain (AICD). AICD regulates transcription of several neuronal genes, especially the Aβ-degrading enzyme, neprilysin (NEP). APP exists in several alternatively spliced isoforms, APP(695), APP(751), and APP(770). We have examined whether each isoform can contribute to AICD generation and hence up-regulation of NEP expression. Using SH-SY5Y neuronal cells stably expressing each of the APP isoforms, we observed that only APP(695) up-regulated nuclear AICD levels (9-fold) and NEP expression (6-fold). Increased NEP expression was abolished by a β- or γ-secretase inhibitor but not an α-secretase inhibitor. This correlated with a marked increase in both Aβ(1-40) and Aβ(1-42) in APP(695) cells as compared with APP(751) or APP(770) cells. Similar phenomena were observed in Neuro2a but not HEK293 cells. SH-SY5Y cells expressing the Swedish mutant of APP(695) also showed an increase in Aβ levels and NEP expression as compared with wild-type APP(695) cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed that AICD was associated with the NEP promoter in APP(695), Neuro2a, and APP(Swe) cells but not APP(751) nor APP(770) cells where AICD was replaced by histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1). AICD occupancy of the NEP promoter was replaced by HDAC1 after treatment of the APP(695) cells with a β- but not an α-secretase inhibitor. The increased AICD and NEP levels were significantly reduced in cholesterol-depleted APP(695) cells. In conclusion, Aβ and functional AICD appear to be preferentially synthesized through β-secretase action on APP(695).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai D Belyaev
- Proteolysis Research Group, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gough M, Parr-Sturgess C, Parkin E. Zinc metalloproteinases and amyloid Beta-Peptide metabolism: the positive side of proteolysis in Alzheimer's disease. Biochem Res Int 2010; 2011:721463. [PMID: 21152187 PMCID: PMC2989646 DOI: 10.1155/2011/721463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative condition characterized by an accumulation of toxic amyloid beta- (Aβ-)peptides in the brain causing progressive neuronal death. Aβ-peptides are produced by aspartyl proteinase-mediated cleavage of the larger amyloid precursor protein (APP). In contrast to this detrimental "amyloidogenic" form of proteolysis, a range of zinc metalloproteinases can process APP via an alternative "nonamyloidogenic" pathway in which the protein is cleaved within its Aβ region thereby precluding the formation of intact Aβ-peptides. In addition, other members of the zinc metalloproteinase family can degrade preformed Aβ-peptides. As such, the zinc metalloproteinases, collectively, are key to downregulating Aβ generation and enhancing its degradation. It is the role of zinc metalloproteinases in this "positive side of proteolysis in Alzheimer's disease" that is discussed in the current paper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mallory Gough
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, School of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Catherine Parr-Sturgess
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, School of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Edward Parkin
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, School of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Marks N, Berg MJ. BACE and gamma-secretase characterization and their sorting as therapeutic targets to reduce amyloidogenesis. Neurochem Res 2009; 35:181-210. [PMID: 19760173 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-009-0054-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2009] [Accepted: 08/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Secretases are named for enzymes processing amyloid precursor protein (APP), a prototypic type-1 membrane protein. This led directly to discovery of novel Aspartyl proteases (beta-secretases or BACE), a tetramer complex gamma-secretase (gamma-SC) containing presenilins, nicastrin, aph-1 and pen-2, and a new role for metalloprotease(s) of the ADAM family as a alpha-secretases. Recent advances in defining pathways that mediate endosomal-lysosomal-autophagic-exosomal trafficking now provide targets for new drugs to attenuate abnormal production of fibril forming products characteristic of AD. A key to success includes not only characterization of relevant secretases but mechanisms for sorting and transport of key metabolites to abnormal vesicles or sites for assembly of fibrils. New developments we highlight include an important role for an 'early recycling endosome' coated in retromer complex containing lipoprotein receptor LRP-II (SorLA) for switching APP to a non-amyloidogenic pathway for alpha-secretases processing, or to shuttle APP to a 'late endosome compartment' to form Abeta or AICD. LRP11 (SorLA) is of particular importance since it decreases in sporadic AD whose etiology otherwise is unknown.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neville Marks
- Center for Neurochemistry, Nathan S Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Quiroz-Baez R, Rojas E, Arias C. Oxidative stress promotes JNK-dependent amyloidogenic processing of normally expressed human APP by differential modification of alpha-, beta- and gamma-secretase expression. Neurochem Int 2009; 55:662-70. [PMID: 19560504 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2009.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2008] [Revised: 05/26/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease (AD) is complex and is certain to involve diverse etiological factors, but a central role has been strongly suggested for amyloid beta-protein (Abeta), based on genetic, biochemical and neurotoxicological evidence. In contrast with the well-documented effect of genetic mutations in Abeta overproduction, not much is known about the mechanisms involved in sporadic AD (SAD) which account for more than 95% of cases. Extensive data from patients and in vivo animal models indicate that oxidative stress is one of the cardinal factors most frequently associated with this neurodegenerative disease. The aim of the present study was to explore the effect of oxidative stress on the normally expressed wild-type amyloid precursor protein (APP) in human neuroblastoma cells, which represents a more physiological model of neuronal Abeta generation. Since H(2)O(2) is the main source of the highly reactive hydroxyl radical in the brain, and FeCl(2) can stimulate oxidative stress, including the formation of the hydroxyl radical from H(2)O(2), in the present work we studied the effect of these two pro-oxidant molecules on the levels and processing of human APP by alpha-, beta- and gamma-secretase, and the role of the stress-activated kinase c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). We provide evidence for a dual modulation of amyloid precursor protein metabolism in differentiated human neuroblastoma cells related with a down-regulation of alpha-secretase and up-regulation of gamma-secretase, and particularly of beta-secretase and also a JNK depending Abeta generation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Quiroz-Baez
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, DF, Mexico
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kong Q, Peterson TS, Baker O, Stanley E, Camden J, Seye CI, Erb L, Simonyi A, Wood WG, Sun GY, Weisman GA. Interleukin-1beta enhances nucleotide-induced and alpha-secretase-dependent amyloid precursor protein processing in rat primary cortical neurons via up-regulation of the P2Y(2) receptor. J Neurochem 2009; 109:1300-10. [PMID: 19317852 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06048.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The heterologous expression and activation of the human P2Y(2) nucleotide receptor (P2Y(2)R) in human 1321N1 astrocytoma cells stimulates alpha-secretase-dependent cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP), causing extracellular release of the non-amyloidogenic protein secreted amyloid precursor protein (sAPPalpha). To determine whether a similar response occurs in a neuronal cell, we analyzed whether P2Y(2)R-mediated production of sAPPalpha occurs in rat primary cortical neurons (rPCNs). In rPCNs, P2Y(2)R mRNA and receptor activity were virtually absent in quiescent cells, whereas overnight treatment with the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) up-regulated both P2Y(2)R mRNA expression and receptor activity by four-fold. The up-regulation of the P2Y(2)R was abrogated by pre-incubation with Bay 11-7085, an IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation inhibitor, which suggests that P2Y(2)R mRNA transcript levels are regulated through nuclear factor-kappa-B (NFkappaB) signaling. Furthermore, the P2Y(2)R agonist Uridine-5'-triphosphate (UTP) enhanced the release of sAPPalpha in rPCNs treated with IL-1beta or transfected with P2Y(2)R cDNA. UTP-induced release of sAPPalpha from rPCNs was completely inhibited by pre-treatment of the cells with the metalloproteinase inhibitor TACE inhibitor (TAPI-2) or the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor LY294002, and was partially inhibited by the MAPK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase inhibitor U0126 and the protein kinase C inhibitor GF109203. These data suggest that P2Y(2)R-mediated release of sAPPalpha from cortical neurons is directly dependent on a disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM) 10/17 and PI3K activity, whereas extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and PI3K activity may indirectly regulate APP processing. These results demonstrate that elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines associated with neurodegenerative diseases, such as IL-1beta, can enhance non-amyloidogenic APP processing through up-regulation of the P2Y(2)R in neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiongman Kong
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Klein DM, Felsenstein KM, Brenneman DE. Cathepsins B and L differentially regulate amyloid precursor protein processing. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008; 328:813-21. [PMID: 19064719 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.108.147082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that cathepsins control amyloid beta (Abeta) levels in chromaffin cells via a regulated secretory pathway. In the present study, this concept was extended to investigations in primary hippocampal neurons to test whether Abeta release was coregulated by cathepsins and electrical activity, proposed components of a regulated secretory pathway. Inhibition of cathepsin B (catB) activity with CA074Me or attenuation of catB expression through small interfering RNA produced decreases in Abeta release, similar to levels produced with suppression of beta-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) expression. To test whether the catB-dependent release of Abeta was linked to ongoing electrical activity, neurons were treated with tetrodotoxin (TTX) and CA074Me. These comparisons demonstrated no additivity between decreases in Abeta release produced by TTX and CA074Me. In contrast, pharmacological inhibition of cathepsin L (catL) selectively elevated Abeta42 levels but not Abeta40 or total Abeta. Mechanistic studies measuring C-terminal fragments of amyloid precursor protein (APP) suggested that catL elevated alpha-secretase activity, thereby suppressing Abeta42 levels. The mechanism of catB-mediated regulation of Abeta release remains unclear but may involve elevation of beta-secretase. In summary, these studies provide evidence for a significant alternative pathway for APP processing that involves catB and activity-dependent release of Abeta in a regulated secretory pathway for primary neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donna M Klein
- Drug Discovery, Johnson and Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, L.L.C., Welsh and McKean Roads, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Marks N, Berg MJ. Neurosecretases provide strategies to treat sporadic and familial Alzheimer disorders. Neurochem Int 2008; 52:184-215. [PMID: 17719698 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2007.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2007] [Revised: 06/05/2007] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent discoveries on neurosecretases and their trafficking to release fibril-forming neuropeptides or other products, are of interest to pathology, cell signaling and drug discovery. Nomenclature arose from the use of amyloid precursor protein (APP) as a prototypic type-1 substrate leading to the isolation of beta-secretase (BACE), multimeric complexes (gamma-secretase, gamma-SC) for intramembranal cleavage, and attributing a new function to well-characterized metalloproteases of the ADAM family (alpha-secretase) for normal APP turnover. While purified alpha/beta-secretases facilitate drug discovery, gamma-SC presents greater challenges for characterization and mechanisms of catalysis. The review comments on links between mutation or polymorphisms in relation to enzyme mechanisms and disease. The association between lipoprotein receptor LRP11 variants and sporadic Alzheimer's disease (SAD) offers scope to integrate components of pre- and post-Golgi membranes, or brain clathrin-coated vesicles within pathways for trafficking as targets for intervention. The presence of APP and metabolites in brain clathrin-coated vesicles as significant cargo with lipoproteins and adaptors focuses attention as targets for therapeutic intervention. This overview emphasizes the importance to develop new therapies targeting neurosecretases to treat a major neurological disorder that has vast economic and social implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neville Marks
- Center for Neurochemistry, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, United States.
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Parkin ET, Watt NT, Hussain I, Eckman EA, Eckman CB, Manson JC, Baybutt HN, Turner AJ, Hooper NM. Cellular prion protein regulates beta-secretase cleavage of the Alzheimer's amyloid precursor protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:11062-7. [PMID: 17573534 PMCID: PMC1904148 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0609621104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteolytic processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by beta-secretase, beta-site APP cleaving enzyme (BACE1), is the initial step in the production of the amyloid beta (Abeta) peptide, which is involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. The normal cellular function of the prion protein (PrP(C)), the causative agent of the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans, remains enigmatic. Because both APP and PrP(C) are subject to proteolytic processing by the same zinc metalloproteases, we tested the involvement of PrP(C) in the proteolytic processing of APP. Cellular overexpression of PrP(C) inhibited the beta-secretase cleavage of APP and reduced Abeta formation. Conversely, depletion of PrP(C) in mouse N2a cells by siRNA led to an increase in Abeta peptides secreted into the medium. In the brains of PrP knockout mice and in the brains from two strains of scrapie-infected mice, Abeta levels were significantly increased. Two mutants of PrP, PG14 and A116V, that are associated with familial human prion diseases failed to inhibit the beta-secretase cleavage of APP. Using constructs of PrP, we show that this regulatory effect of PrP(C) on the beta-secretase cleavage of APP required the localization of PrP(C) to cholesterol-rich lipid rafts and was mediated by the N-terminal polybasic region of PrP(C) via interaction with glycosaminoglycans. In conclusion, this is a mechanism by which the cellular production of the neurotoxic Abeta is regulated by PrP(C) and may have implications for both Alzheimer's and prion diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward T. Parkin
- *Proteolysis Research Group, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, and
- Leeds Institute of Genetics, Health and Therapeutics, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole T. Watt
- *Proteolysis Research Group, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, and
- Leeds Institute of Genetics, Health and Therapeutics, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Ishrut Hussain
- Neurodegeneration Research, Neurology and Gastrointestinal Centre of Excellence for Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development Limited, Third Avenue, Harlow, Essex CM19 5AW, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Jean C. Manson
- Roslin Institute, Neuropathogenesis Unit, Edinburgh EH9 3JF, United Kingdom
| | - Herbert N. Baybutt
- Roslin Institute, Neuropathogenesis Unit, Edinburgh EH9 3JF, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony J. Turner
- *Proteolysis Research Group, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, and
| | - Nigel M. Hooper
- *Proteolysis Research Group, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, and
- Leeds Institute of Genetics, Health and Therapeutics, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
- **To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hiraoka Y, Ohno M, Yoshida K, Okawa K, Tomimoto H, Kita T, Nishi E. Enhancement of alpha-secretase cleavage of amyloid precursor protein by a metalloendopeptidase nardilysin. J Neurochem 2007; 102:1595-1605. [PMID: 17555553 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04685.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-beta (Abeta) peptide, the principal component of senile plaques in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease, is derived from proteolytic cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by beta- and gamma-secretases. Alternative cleavage of APP by alpha-secretase occurs within the Abeta domain and precludes generation of Abeta peptide. Three members of the ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloprotease) family of proteases, ADAM9, 10 and 17, are the main candidates for alpha-secretases. However, the mechanism that regulates alpha-secretase activity remains unclear. We have recently demonstrated that nardilysin (EC 3.4.24.61, N-arginine dibasic convertase; NRDc) enhances ectodomain shedding of heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor through activation of ADAM17. In this study, we show that NRDc enhances the alpha-secretase activity of ADAMs, which results in a decrease in the amount of Abeta generated. When expressed with ADAMs in cells, NRDc dramatically increased the secretion of alpha-secretase-cleaved soluble APP and reduced the amount of Abeta peptide generated. A peptide cleavage assay in vitro also showed that recombinant NRDc enhances ADAM17-induced cleavage of the peptide substrate corresponding to the alpha-secretase cleavage site of APP. A reduction of endogenous NRDc by RNA interference was accompanied by a decrease in the cleavage by alpha-secretase of APP and increase in the amount of Abeta generated. Notably, NRDc is clearly expressed in cortical neurons in human brain. Our results indicate that NRDc is involved in the metabolism of APP through regulation of the alpha-secretase activity of ADAMs, which may be a novel target for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Hiraoka
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Horizontal Medical Research Organization, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, JapanDepartment of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, JapanBiomolecular Characterization Unit, Horizontal Medical Research Organization, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, JapanDepartment of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mikiko Ohno
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Horizontal Medical Research Organization, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, JapanDepartment of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, JapanBiomolecular Characterization Unit, Horizontal Medical Research Organization, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, JapanDepartment of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yoshida
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Horizontal Medical Research Organization, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, JapanDepartment of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, JapanBiomolecular Characterization Unit, Horizontal Medical Research Organization, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, JapanDepartment of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Katsuya Okawa
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Horizontal Medical Research Organization, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, JapanDepartment of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, JapanBiomolecular Characterization Unit, Horizontal Medical Research Organization, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, JapanDepartment of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Tomimoto
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Horizontal Medical Research Organization, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, JapanDepartment of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, JapanBiomolecular Characterization Unit, Horizontal Medical Research Organization, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, JapanDepartment of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toru Kita
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Horizontal Medical Research Organization, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, JapanDepartment of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, JapanBiomolecular Characterization Unit, Horizontal Medical Research Organization, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, JapanDepartment of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Eiichiro Nishi
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Horizontal Medical Research Organization, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, JapanDepartment of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, JapanBiomolecular Characterization Unit, Horizontal Medical Research Organization, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, JapanDepartment of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
New insights into the metal ion–peptide hydroxamate interactions: Metal complexes of primary hydroxamic acid derivatives of common dipeptides in aqueous solution. Polyhedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2006.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
26
|
Peng Y, Jiang L, Lee DYW, Schachter SC, Ma Z, Lemere CA. Effects of huperzine A on amyloid precursor protein processing and beta-amyloid generation in human embryonic kidney 293 APP Swedish mutant cells. J Neurosci Res 2006; 84:903-11. [PMID: 16862548 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The amyloid precursor protein (APP) is cleaved enzymatically by nonamyloidogenic and amyloidogenic pathways. alpha-Secretase (alpha-secretase), cleaves APP within the beta-amyloid (Abeta) sequence, resulting in the release of a secreted fragment of APP (alphaAPPs) and precluding Abeta generation. In this study, we investigated the effects of an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, huperzine A (Hup A), on APP processing and Abeta generation in human embryonic kidney 293 cells transfected with human APP bearing the Swedish mutation (HEK293 APPsw). Hup A dose dependently (0-10 microM) increased alphaAPPs release and membrane-coupled APP CTF-C83, suggesting increased APP metabolism toward the nonamyloidogenic alpha-secretase pathway. The metalloprotease inhibitor TAPI-2 inhibited the Hup A-induced increase in alphaAPPs release, further suggesting a modulatory effect of Hup A on alpha-secretase activity. The synthesis of full-length APP and cell viability were unchanged after Hup A incubation, whereas the level of Abeta(Total) was significantly decreased, suggesting an inhibitory effect of Hup A on Abeta production. Hup A-induced alphaAPPs release was significantly reduced by the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors GF109203X and Calphostin C. These data, together with the finding that the PKCalpha level was enhanced prior to the increase of alphaAPPs secretion, indicate that PKC may be involved in Hup A-induced alphaAPPs secretion by HEK293 APPsw cells. Our data suggest alternative pharmacological mechanisms of Hup A relevant to the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Peng
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Tousseyn T, Jorissen E, Reiss K, Hartmann D. (Make) stick and cut loose--disintegrin metalloproteases in development and disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 78:24-46. [PMID: 16622847 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.20066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
"A disintegrin and metalloprotease" (ADAM) proteases form a still growing family of about 40 type 1 transmembrane proteins. They are defined by a common modular ectodomain architecture that combines cell deadhesion/adhesion and fusion motifs (disintegrin and cysteine-rich domains), with a Zn-protease domain capped by a large prodomain. Their ectodomain thus strikingly resembles snake venom disintegrin proteases, which by combined integrin blocking and extracellular proteolysis, can cause extensive tissue damage after snake bites. A surprisingly large proportion (13 ADAMs) is exclusively expressed in the male gonads, and only a minority can be found throughout all tissues. As predicted by their amino acid sequence, a major proportion of this family has not maintained a functional protease domain, most probably rendering them into pure adhesion and/or fusion proteins. For most ADAMs, the respective key function has remained elusive. Despite their overall conserved ectodomain structure, ADAMs appear to be subdivided into those with a predominant role in direct adhesion (e.g., ADAMs 1, 2, and 3) and those mainly acting as proteases (e.g., ADAMs 10 and 17). Only for a few of them are functions of more than one domain documented (e.g., ADAM9 in cell fusion and proteolysis). Several ADAMs exist in both membrane-resident and secreted isoforms; the functional significance of this dichotomy is in most cases still unclear. Knockout phenotypes have been informative only in a few cases (ADAMs 1, 2, 10, 12, 15, 17, and 19) and are mainly related to their protease function. A common denominator of ADAM-mediated proteolysis is the ectodomain shedding of a broad spectrum of substrates, including paracrine growth factors like epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) ligands, cell adhesion molecules like CD44 or cadherins, and the initiation of regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP), whereby the transmembrane fragment of the respective substrate is further cleaved by an intramembrane cleaving protease to release an intracellular domain acting as a nuclear transcription regulator. Most ADAMs feature a significant overlap of substrate specificities, explaining why an inactivation of individual ADAMs only rarely causes major phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Tousseyn
- Laboratory for Neuronal Cell Biology and Gene Transfer, Department for Human Genetics, K.U. Leuven and Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, Leuven/Flanders, Belgium
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Siemes C, Quast T, Kummer C, Wehner S, Kirfel G, Müller U, Herzog V. Keratinocytes from APP/APLP2-deficient mice are impaired in proliferation, adhesion and migration in vitro. Exp Cell Res 2006; 312:1939-49. [PMID: 16584729 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2006.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2006] [Revised: 02/22/2006] [Accepted: 02/23/2006] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence shows that the soluble N-terminal form (sAPPalpha) of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) represents an epidermal growth factor fostering keratinocyte proliferation, migration and adhesion. APP is a member of a protein family including the two mammalian amyloid precursor-like proteins APLP1 and APLP2. In the mammalian epidermis, only APP and APLP2 are expressed. APP and APLP2-deficient mice die shortly after birth but do not display a specific epidermal phenotype. In this report, we investigated the epidermis of APP and/or APLP2 knockout mice. Basal keratinocytes showed reduced proliferation in vivo by about 40%. Likewise, isolated keratinocytes exhibited reduced proliferation rates in vitro, which could be completely rescued by either exogenously added recombinant sAPPalpha, or by co-culture with dermal fibroblasts derived from APP knockout mice. Moreover, APP-knockout keratinocytes revealed reduced migration velocity resulting from severely compromised cell substrate adhesion. Keratinocytes from double knockout mice died within the first week of culture, indicating essential functions of APP-family members for survival in vitro. Our data indicate that sAPPalpha has to be considered as an essential epidermal growth factor which, however, in vivo can be functionally compensated to a certain extent by other growth factors, e.g., factors released from dermal fibroblasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Siemes
- Institute of Cell Biology and Bonner Forum Biomedizin, University of Bonn, Ulrich-Haberlandstr. 61A, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Peña F, Gutiérrez-Lerma A, Quiroz-Baez R, Arias C. The role of beta-amyloid protein in synaptic function: implications for Alzheimer's disease therapy. Curr Neuropharmacol 2006; 4:149-63. [PMID: 18615129 PMCID: PMC2430670 DOI: 10.2174/157015906776359531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2005] [Revised: 10/25/2005] [Accepted: 01/05/2006] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive and irreversible loss of memory and other cognitive functions. Substantial evidence based on genetic, neuropathological and biochemical data has established the central role of beta-amyloid protein (betaAP) in this pathology. Although the precise etiology of AD is not well understood yet, strong evidence for some of the molecular events that lead to progressive brain dysfunction and neurodegeneration in AD has been afforded by identification of biochemical pathways implicated in the generation of betaAP, development of transgenic models exhibiting progressive disease pathology and by data on the effects of betaAP at the neuronal network level. However, the mechanisms by which betaAP causes cognitive decline have not been determined, nor is it clear if the degree of dementia correlates in time with the degree of neuronal loss. Hence, it is of interest to understand the biochemical processes involved in the mechanisms of betaAP-induced neurotoxicity and the mechanisms involved in electrophysiological effects of this protein on different parameters of synaptic transmission and on neuronal firing properties. In this review we analyze recent evidence suggesting a complex role of betaAP in the molecular events that lead to progressive loss of function and eventually to neurodegeneration in AD as well as the therapeutic implications based on betaAP metabolism inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Peña
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Cinvestav-Coapa, México D.F. 14330, México.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Lambert DW, Yarski M, Warner FJ, Thornhill P, Parkin ET, Smith AI, Hooper NM, Turner AJ. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha convertase (ADAM17) mediates regulated ectodomain shedding of the severe-acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2). J Biol Chem 2005; 280:30113-9. [PMID: 15983030 PMCID: PMC8062222 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m505111200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 536] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2005] [Revised: 06/24/2005] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) is a critical regulator of heart function and a cellular receptor for the causative agent of severe-acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), SARS-CoV (coronavirus). ACE2 is a type I transmembrane protein, with an extracellular N-terminal domain containing the active site and a short intracellular C-terminal tail. A soluble form of ACE2, lacking its cytosolic and transmembrane domains, has been shown to block binding of the SARS-CoV spike protein to its receptor. In this study, we examined the ability of ACE2 to undergo proteolytic shedding and investigated the mechanisms responsible for this shedding event. We demonstrated that ACE2, heterologously expressed in HEK293 cells and endogenously expressed in Huh7 cells, undergoes metalloproteinase-mediated, phorbol ester-inducible ectodomain shedding. By using inhibitors with differing potency toward different members of the ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase) family of proteases, we identified ADAM17 as a candidate mediator of stimulated ACE2 shedding. Furthermore, ablation of ADAM17 expression using specific small interfering RNA duplexes reduced regulated ACE2 shedding, whereas overexpression of ADAM17 significantly increased shedding. Taken together, these data provided direct evidence for the involvement of ADAM17 in the regulated ectodomain shedding of ACE2. The identification of ADAM17 as the protease responsible for ACE2 shedding may provide new insight into the physiological roles of ACE2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Lambert
- Proteolysis Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
The amyloid precursor protein (APP) was initially detected in cells of the central nervous system where it is considered to be involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. However, APP is also found in peripheral organs with exceptionally strong expression in the mammalian epidermis where it fulfils a variety of distinct biological roles. Full length APP appears to facilitate keratinocyte adhesion due to its ability to interact with the extracellular matrix. The C-terminus of APP also serves as adapter protein for binding the motor protein kinesin thereby mediating the centripetal transport of melanosomes in epidermal melanocytes. By the action of alpha-secretase sAPPalpha, the soluble N-terminal portion of APP, is released. sAPPalpha has been shown to be a potent epidermal growth factor thus stimulating proliferation and migration of keratinocytes as well as the exocytic release of melanin by melanocytes. The release of sAPPalpha can be almost completely blocked by inhibiting alpha-secretase with hydroxamic acid-based zinc metalloproteinase inhibitors. In hyperproliferative keratinocytes from psoriatic skin this inhibition results in normalized growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Volker Herzog
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Ma G, Chen S, Wang X, Ba M, Yang H, Lu G. Short-term interleukin-1β increases the release of secreted APPα via MEK1/2-dependent and JNK-dependent α-secretase cleavage in neuroglioma U251 cells. J Neurosci Res 2005; 80:683-92. [PMID: 15880353 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Several lines of neuroimmunological evidence correlate the development of the inflammatory responses of the brain with the formation of amyloid plaques associated with the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. Within this context, we tested the ability of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) to regulate the processing of beta-amyloid precursor protein (beta-APP) in neuroglioma U251 cells. Our findings have shown that short-term treatment with IL-1beta (2 hr) resulted in a concentration-dependent decrease in the amount of the cell-associated form of beta-APP in U251 cells as compared to untreated cells, whereas a 2-hr treatment with IL-1beta led to increased release of secreted APP(alpha) fragment (sAPP(alpha)) into the conditioned media of the cells. The fact that sAPP(alpha) is an alpha-secretase cleavage metabolite of the cell-associated form of beta-APP, and the observation that IL-1beta-induced sAPP(alpha) release could be blocked by tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases-1 (alpha-secretase inhibitors), suggested that alpha-secretase might be involved in IL-1beta-induced-sAPP(alpha) release. Moreover, to determine whether an intracellular signaling pathway mediates the IL-1beta-induced increase in sAPP(alpha) secretion, we used various specific signaling inhibitors and found that sAPP(alpha) release is significantly blocked by the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK1/2) inhibitor PD98059 and the c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor SP600125. These findings suggested that the mechanism of IL-1beta-induced-sAPP(alpha) release is dependent on MEK1/2- and JNK-activated alpha-secretase cleavage in neuroglioma U251 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guozhao Ma
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Second Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Emmerling MR, Spiegel K, D Hall E, LeVine H, Walker LC, Schwarz RD, Gracon S. Emerging strategies for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease at the Millennium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/14728214.4.1.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
34
|
Kaczor A, Szczepanski J, Vala M, Proniewicz LM. Matrix-isolation and computational study of salicylhydroxamic acid and its photochemical degradation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2005; 7:1960-5. [DOI: 10.1039/b418033j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
35
|
Kojro E, Fahrenholz F. The non-amyloidogenic pathway: structure and function of alpha-secretases. Subcell Biochem 2005; 38:105-27. [PMID: 15709475 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-23226-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
The amyloid cascade hypothesis is the most accepted explanation for the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). APP is the precursor of the amyloid beta peptide (Abeta), the principal proteinaceous component of amyloid plaques in brains of Alzheimer's disease patients. Proteolytic cleavage of APP by the alpha-secretase within the Abeta sequence precludes formation of amyloidogenic peptides and leads to a release of soluble APPsalpha which has neuroprotective properties. In several studies, a decreased amount of APPsalpha in the cerebrospinal fluid of AD patients has been observed. Three members of the ADAM family (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase) ADAM-10, ADAM-17 (TACE) and ADAM-9 have been proposed as alpha-secretases. We review the evidence for each of these enzymes acting as a physiologically relevant alpha-secretase. In particular, we focus on ADAM-10, which recently was shown in a transgenic mouse model for AD, to act as an alpha-secretase in vivo. We also discuss the pharmacological up-regulation of alpha-secretases as a possible therapeutic treatment for AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta Kojro
- Institute of Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Züchner T, Perez-Polo JR, Schliebs R. Beta-secretase BACE1 is differentially controlled through muscarinic acetylcholine receptor signaling. J Neurosci Res 2004; 77:250-7. [PMID: 15211591 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The beta-amyloid peptides derived by proteolytic cleavage from the amyloid precursor protein (APP) play a major role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) by forming aggregated, fibrillary complexes that have been shown to be neurotoxic. The beta-site APP-cleaving enzyme (BACE1) has been identified as the key enzyme leading to beta-amyloid formation, and cholinergic mechanisms have been shown to control APP processing. The present study sought to determine whether BACE1 expression is controlled by muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) subtypes in the neuroblastoma cell line SK-SH-SY5Y. Stimulation of cells with the M1/M3-selective mAChR agonist talsaclidine for 1 hr resulted in a dose-dependent increase in BACE1 expression up to twofold over basal levels. Similar effects of BACE1 up-regulation were observed when protein kinase C was directly activated by phorbol esters. However, when the MAP kinases MEK/ERK were inhibited, BACE1 expression was no longer up-regulated by the activation of M1-mAChR. In contrast, BACE1 expression was suppressed by stimulation of M2-mediated pathways via selective M2-agonist binding or direct activation of adenylate cyclase with forskolin, an effect that was prevented by inhibiting protein kinase A. These results may explain the observed deterioration of AD patients after initial improvements with AChE inhibitor or M1-mAChR agonist treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thole Züchner
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, Department of Neurochemistry, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
The structural study of acetohydroxamic and oxalodihydroxamic acids in DMSO solution based on the DFT calculations of NMR spectra. J Mol Struct 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2004.01.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
38
|
Siemes C, Quast T, Klein E, Bieber T, Hooper NM, Herzog V. Normalized proliferation of normal and psoriatic keratinocytes by suppression of sAPPalpha-release. J Invest Dermatol 2004; 123:556-63. [PMID: 15304096 DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-202x.2004.23320.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The soluble form of the beta-amyloid precursor protein (sAPPalpha) is known to function in the autocrine regulation of epidermal growth and repair. Here we show that its proteolytic release by alpha-secretase in normal human keratinocytes is susceptible to hydroxamic-acid-based zinc metalloproteinase inhibitors and suppressed by these inhibitors by 80%-90%. As various other growth factors participate in regulating epidermal growth we investigated whether the inhibitor-induced sAPPalpha-deficiency would affect keratinocyte proliferation. At optimal inhibitor concentrations the suppression of sAPPalpha-release was followed by a decline in proliferation by 50%-60%, indicating that sAPPalpha is a major growth factor that cannot be compensated for by other growth factors. This finding was the basis for the treatment of human lesional psoriatic keratinocytes with these inhibitors, which resulted in the normalization of their increased proliferation rates. The reversibility of these effects and the lack of toxicity underline the value of these inhibitors and suggest their therapeutic application in psoriatic skin diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Siemes
- Institute of Cell Biology and Bonner Forum Biomedizin, University of Bonn, Ulrich-Haberland-Strasse 61A, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Allinson TMJ, Parkin ET, Condon TP, Schwager SLU, Sturrock ED, Turner AJ, Hooper NM. The role of ADAM10 and ADAM17 in the ectodomain shedding of angiotensin converting enzyme and the amyloid precursor protein. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 271:2539-47. [PMID: 15182369 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.2004.04184.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Numerous transmembrane proteins, including the blood pressure regulating angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and the Alzheimer's disease amyloid precursor protein (APP), are proteolytically shed from the plasma membrane by metalloproteases. We have used an antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) approach to delineate the role of ADAM10 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha converting enzyme (TACE; ADAM17) in the ectodomain shedding of ACE and APP from human SH-SY5Y cells. Although the ADAM10 ASO and TACE ASO significantly reduced (> 81%) their respective mRNA levels and reduced the alpha-secretase shedding of APP by 60% and 30%, respectively, neither ASO reduced the shedding of ACE. The mercurial compound 4-aminophenylmercuric acetate (APMA) stimulated the shedding of ACE but not of APP. The APMA-stimulated secretase cleaved ACE at the same Arg-Ser bond in the juxtamembrane stalk as the constitutive secretase but was more sensitive to inhibition by a hydroxamate-based compound. The APMA-activated shedding of ACE was not reduced by the ADAM10 or TACE ASOs. These results indicate that neither ADAM10 nor TACE are involved in the shedding of ACE and that APMA, which activates a distinct ACE secretase, is the first pharmacological agent to distinguish between the shedding of ACE and APP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias M J Allinson
- Proteolysis Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Leeds, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Caillé I, Allinquant B, Dupont E, Bouillot C, Langer A, Müller U, Prochiantz A. Soluble form of amyloid precursor protein regulates proliferation of progenitors in the adult subventricular zone. Development 2004; 131:2173-81. [PMID: 15073156 DOI: 10.1242/dev.01103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a type I transmembrane protein of unknown physiological function. Its soluble secreted form (sAPP) shows similarities with growth factors and increases the in vitro proliferation of embryonic neural stem cells. As neurogenesis is an ongoing process in the adult mammalian brain, we have investigated a role for sAPP in adult neurogenesis. We show that the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricle, the largest neurogenic area of the adult brain, is a major sAPP binding site and that binding occurs on progenitor cells expressing the EGF receptor. These EGF-responsive cells can be cultured as neurospheres (NS). In vitro, EGF provokes soluble APP (sAPP) secretion by NS and anti-APP antibodies antagonize the EGF-induced NS proliferation. In vivo, sAPP infusions increase the number of EGF-responsive progenitors through their increased proliferation. Conversely, blocking sAPP secretion or downregulating APP synthesis decreases the proliferation of EGF-responsive cells, which leads to a reduction of the pool of progenitors. These results reveal a new function for sAPP as a regulator of SVZ progenitor proliferation in the adult central nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Caillé
- CNRS UMR 8542, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 46 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Chen M, Fernandez HL. Stimulation of β-amyloid precursor protein α-processing by phorbol ester involves calcium and calpain activation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 316:332-40. [PMID: 15020222 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Normal processing of Alzheimer's beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP) is markedly stimulated by phorbol esters, but the underlying mechanisms have yet to be fully understood. In this study, we observed that: (a) Phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu)-stimulated APP secretion in cultured SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma and fibroblast cells was blocked by EGTA and calpain inhibitors in a concentration-dependent manner, but not by other protease inhibitors. (b) Secretion of fibronectin, another secretory protein tested for comparison, was enhanced by PDBu, but insensitive to calpain inhibitors. (c) PDBu stimulated intracellular calpain activity as measured by the hydrolysis of a fluorogenic calpain substrate. (d) PDBu also induced rapid proteolysis of two endogenous substrates of calpains, i.e., tau and microtubule-associated protein-2 (MAP-2) and the proteolysis was blocked by EGTA and calpain inhibitors. Taken together, these results suggest that stimulation of APP alpha-processing by PDBu is through a mechanism that involves the activation of Ca(2+) and, most notably, calpain. The implications of the findings are discussed in relation to the regulatory mechanism of APP alpha-processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chen
- Neurobiology of Aging Research Laboratory, Medical Research Service, Bay Pines VA Medical Center, FL 33744, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Eggert S, Paliga K, Soba P, Evin G, Masters CL, Weidemann A, Beyreuther K. The proteolytic processing of the amyloid precursor protein gene family members APLP-1 and APLP-2 involves alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and epsilon-like cleavages: modulation of APLP-1 processing by n-glycosylation. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:18146-56. [PMID: 14970212 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m311601200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing is of major interest in Alzheimer's disease research, since sequential cleavages by beta- and gamma-secretase lead to the formation of the 4-kDa amyloid Abeta protein peptide that accumulates in Alzheimer's disease brain. The processing of APP involves proteolytic conversion by different secretases leading to alpha-, beta-, gamma-, delta-, and epsilon-cleavages. Since modulation of these cleavages represents a rational therapeutic approach to control amyloid formation, its interference with the processing of the members of the APP gene family is of considerable importance. By using C-terminally tagged constructs of APLP-1 and APLP-2 and the untagged proteins, we have characterized their proteolytic C-terminal fragments produced in stably transfected SH-SY5Y cells. Pharmacological manipulation with specific protease inhibitors revealed that both homologues are processed by alpha- and gamma-secretase-like cleavages, and that their intracellular domains can be released by cleavage at epsilon-sites. APLP-2 processing appears to be the most elaborate and to involve alternative cleavage sites. We show that APLP-1 is the only member of the APP gene family for which processing can be influenced by N-glycosylation. Additionally, we were able to detect p3-like fragments of APLP-1 and p3-like and Abeta-like fragments of APLP-2 in the media of stably transfected SH-SY5Y cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Eggert
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie Heidelberg, ZMBH, INF 282, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Allinson TMJ, Parkin ET, Turner AJ, Hooper NM. ADAMs family members as amyloid precursor protein alpha-secretases. J Neurosci Res 2003; 74:342-52. [PMID: 14598310 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.10737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In the non-amyloidogenic pathway, the Alzheimer's amyloid precursor protein (APP) is cleaved within the amyloid-beta domain by alpha-secretase precluding deposition of intact amyloid-beta peptide. The large ectodomain released from the cell surface by the action of alpha-secretase has several neuroprotective properties. Studies with protease inhibitors have shown that alpha-secretase is a zinc metalloproteinase, and several members of the adamalysin family of proteins, tumour necrosis factor-alpha convertase (TACE, ADAM17), ADAM10, and ADAM9, all fulfil some of the criteria required of alpha-secretase. We review the evidence for each of these ADAMs acting as the alpha-secretase. What seems to be emerging from numerous studies, including those with mice in which each of the ADAMs has been knocked out, is that there is a team of zinc metalloproteinases able to cleave APP at the alpha-secretase site. We also discuss how upregulation of alpha-secretase activity by muscarinic agonists, cholesterol-lowering drugs, steroid hormones, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and metal ions may explain some of the therapeutic actions of these agents in Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias M J Allinson
- Proteolysis Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Wolfe
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Kaczor A, Proniewicz LM. NMR spectra of salicylohydroxamic acid in DMSO-d6 solution: a DFT study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2003.08.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
46
|
Walmsley AR, Zeng F, Hooper NM. The N-terminal region of the prion protein ectodomain contains a lipid raft targeting determinant. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:37241-8. [PMID: 12865430 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m302036200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The association of the prion protein (PrP) with sphingolipid- and cholesterol-rich lipid rafts is instrumental in the pathogenesis of the neurodegenerative prion diseases. Although the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor is an exoplasmic determinant of raft association, PrP remained raft-associated in human neuronal cells even when the GPI anchor was deleted or substituted for a transmembrane anchor indicating that the ectodomain contains a raft localization signal. The raft association of transmembrane-anchored PrP occurred independently of Cu(II) binding as it failed to be abolished by either deletion of the octapeptide repeat region (residues 51-90) or treatment of cells with a Cu(II) chelator. Raft association of transmembrane-anchored PrP was only abolished by the deletion of the N-terminal region (residues 23-90) of the ectodomain. This region was sufficient to confer raft localization when fused to the N terminus of a non-raft transmembrane-anchored protein and suppressed the clathrin-coated pit localization signal in the cytoplasmic domain of the amyloid precursor protein. These data indicate that the N-terminal region of PrP acts as a cellular raft targeting determinant and that residues 23-90 of PrP represent the first proteinaceous raft targeting signal within the ectodomain of a GPI-anchored protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian R Walmsley
- School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Hussain I, Hawkins J, Shikotra A, Riddell DR, Faller A, Dingwall C. Characterization of the ectodomain shedding of the beta-site amyloid precursor protein-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1). J Biol Chem 2003; 278:36264-8. [PMID: 12857759 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m304186200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Generation of the amyloid peptide through proteolytic processing of the amyloid precursor protein by beta- and gamma-secretases is central to the etiology of Alzheimer's disease. beta-secretase, known more widely as the beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), has been identified as a transmembrane aspartic proteinase, and its ectodomain has been reported to be cleaved and secreted from cells in a soluble form. The extracellular domains of many diverse proteins are known to be cleaved and secreted from cells by a process known as ectodomain shedding. Here we confirm that the ectodomain of BACE1 is secreted from cells and that this processing is up-regulated by agents that activate protein kinase C. A metalloproteinase is involved in the cleavage of BACE1 as hydroxamic acid-based metalloproteinase inhibitors abolish the release of shed BACE1. Using potent and selective inhibitors, we demonstrate that ADAM10 is a strong candidate for the BACE1 sheddase. In addition, we show that the BACE1 sheddase is distinct from alpha-secretase and, importantly, that inhibition of BACE1 shedding does not influence amyloid precursor protein processing at the beta-site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ishrut Hussain
- Neurology and Gastrointestinal Centre of Excellence for Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development Limited, New Frontiers Science Park, Third Avenue, Harlow, Essex, CM19 5AW, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Kehoe PG. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and Alzheimer s disease? J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2003; 4:80-93. [PMID: 12806589 DOI: 10.3317/jraas.2003.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies from the last decade have begun to produce evidence that the perceived joint occurrence of vascular disease and Alzheimer's disease (AD), both common elderly disorders more often believed to occur by chance due to their high prevalence, may now actually have a more pathological significance. The following review discusses some of this evidence and the implications for cognitive decline and the development of AD and how a well-known cardiovascular risk factor gene, the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene, plays a significant role in the molecular genetics of AD. It also introduces and discusses recent and compelling evidence for the involvement of another well-known cardiovascular risk factor gene, the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE1) gene, in the pathogenesis of AD. This role is suggested in terms of recent molecular genetic association evidence implicating the ACE1 insertion/deletion (indel) polymorphism, a more recent large haplotype study that greatly extends the ACE1 indel evidence and incorporates knowledge accrued from previous cardiovascular disease-focused ACE1 haplotype studies. Finally, this paper discusses very recent biological evidence that further supports a role for ACE1 and hypothesises a number of readily testable mechanisms by which the ACE1 enzyme and other components of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system may be implicated in increased risk and/or the progression of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick G Kehoe
- Department of Care of the Elderly, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS16 1LE, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Turner PR, O'Connor K, Tate WP, Abraham WC. Roles of amyloid precursor protein and its fragments in regulating neural activity, plasticity and memory. Prog Neurobiol 2003; 70:1-32. [PMID: 12927332 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-0082(03)00089-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 483] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP) is a membrane-spanning protein with a large extracellular domain and a much smaller intracellular domain. It is the source of the amyloid-beta (Abeta) peptide found in neuritic plaques of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Because Abeta shows neurotoxic properties, and because familial forms of AD promote Abeta accumulation, a massive international research effort has been aimed at understanding the mechanisms of Abeta generation, catabolism and toxicity. APP, however, is an extremely complex molecule that may be a functionally important molecule in its full-length configuration, as well as being the source of numerous fragments with varying effects on neural function. For example, one fragment derived from the non-amyloidogenic processing pathway, secreted APPalpha (sAPPalpha), is neuroprotective, neurotrophic and regulates cell excitability and synaptic plasticity, while Abeta appears to exert opposing effects. Less is known about the neural functions of other fragments, but there is a growing interest in understanding the basic biology of APP as it has become recognized that alterations in the functional activity of the APP fragments during disease states will have complex effects on cell function. Indeed, it has been proposed that reductions in the level or activity of certain APP fragments, in addition to accumulation of Abeta, may play a critical role in the cognitive dysfunction associated with AD, particularly early in the course of the disease. To test and modify this hypothesis, it is important to understand the roles that full-length APP and its fragments normally play in neuronal structure and function. Here we review evidence addressing these fundamental questions, paying particular attention to the contributions that APP fragments play in synaptic transmission and neural plasticity, as these may be key to understanding their effects on learning and memory. It is clear from this literature that APP fragments, including Abeta, can exert a powerful regulation of key neural functions including cell excitability, synaptic transmission and long-term potentiation, both acutely and over the long-term. Furthermore, there is a small but growing literature confirming that these fragments correspondingly regulate behavioral learning and memory. These data indicate that a full account of cognitive dysfunction in AD will need to incorporate the actions of the full complement of APP fragments. To this end, there is an urgent need for a dedicated research effort aimed at understanding the behavioral consequences of altered levels and activity of the different APP fragments as a result of experience and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Turner
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Youdim MBH, Amit T, Bar-Am O, Weinstock M, Yogev-Falach M. Amyloid processing and signal transduction properties of antiparkinson-antialzheimer neuroprotective drugs rasagiline and TV3326. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2003; 993:378-86; discussion 387-93. [PMID: 12853332 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb07548.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Two novel neuroprotective cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitors, TV3326 and TV3279 [(N-propargyl-(3R) and (3S) aminoindan-5-yl)-ethyl methyl carbamate], respectively were derived from rasagiline, for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). TV3326 also inhibits monoamine oxidase (MAO)-A and B, while its S-isomer, TV3279, lacks MAO-inhibitory activity. The actions of these drugs in the regulation of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing using rat PC12 and human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells were examined. Both isomers stimulated the release of the non-amyloidogenic alpha-secretase form of soluble APP (sAPPalpha) from these cell lines. The increases in sAPPalpha, induced by TV3326 and TV3279, were dose-dependent (0.1-100 micro M) and blocked by the hydroxamic acid-based metalloprotease inhibitor, Ro31-9790, suggesting mediation via alpha-secretase activity. Using several signal transduction inhibitors, the involvement of protein kinase C (PKC), mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase, and tyrosine kinase-dependent pathways in the enhancement of sAPPalpha release by TV3326 and TV3279 was identified. In addition, both drugs directly induced the phosphorylation of p44 and p42 MAP kinase, which was abolished by the specific inhibitors of MAP kinase activation, PD98059 and U0126. These data suggest a novel pharmacological mechanism, whereby these ChE inhibitors regulate the secretary processes of APP via activation of the MAP kinase pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moussa B H Youdim
- Department of Pharmacology, Technion-Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|