1
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Cheatham AM, Sharma NR, Satpute-Krishnan P. Competition for calnexin binding regulates secretion and turnover of misfolded GPI-anchored proteins. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202108160. [PMID: 37702712 PMCID: PMC10499038 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202108160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In mammalian cells, misfolded glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) are cleared out of the ER to the Golgi via a constitutive and a stress-inducible pathway called RESET. From the Golgi, misfolded GPI-APs transiently access the cell surface prior to rapid internalization for lysosomal degradation. What regulates the release of misfolded GPI-APs for RESET during steady-state conditions and how this release is accelerated during ER stress is unknown. Using mutants of prion protein or CD59 as model misfolded GPI-APs, we demonstrate that inducing calnexin degradation or upregulating calnexin-binding glycoprotein expression triggers the release of misfolded GPI-APs for RESET. Conversely, blocking protein synthesis dramatically inhibits the dissociation of misfolded GPI-APs from calnexin and subsequent turnover. We demonstrate an inverse correlation between newly synthesized calnexin substrates and RESET substrates that coimmunoprecipitate with calnexin. These findings implicate competition by newly synthesized substrates for association with calnexin as a key factor in regulating the release of misfolded GPI-APs from calnexin for turnover via the RESET pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber M. Cheatham
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nishi Raj Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Prasanna Satpute-Krishnan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
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2
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Eisner D, Neher E, Taschenberger H, Smith G. Physiology of intracellular calcium buffering. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:2767-2845. [PMID: 37326298 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00042.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium signaling underlies much of physiology. Almost all the Ca2+ in the cytoplasm is bound to buffers, with typically only ∼1% being freely ionized at resting levels in most cells. Physiological Ca2+ buffers include small molecules and proteins, and experimentally Ca2+ indicators will also buffer calcium. The chemistry of interactions between Ca2+ and buffers determines the extent and speed of Ca2+ binding. The physiological effects of Ca2+ buffers are determined by the kinetics with which they bind Ca2+ and their mobility within the cell. The degree of buffering depends on factors such as the affinity for Ca2+, the Ca2+ concentration, and whether Ca2+ ions bind cooperatively. Buffering affects both the amplitude and time course of cytoplasmic Ca2+ signals as well as changes of Ca2+ concentration in organelles. It can also facilitate Ca2+ diffusion inside the cell. Ca2+ buffering affects synaptic transmission, muscle contraction, Ca2+ transport across epithelia, and the killing of bacteria. Saturation of buffers leads to synaptic facilitation and tetanic contraction in skeletal muscle and may play a role in inotropy in the heart. This review focuses on the link between buffer chemistry and function and how Ca2+ buffering affects normal physiology and the consequences of changes in disease. As well as summarizing what is known, we point out the many areas where further work is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Eisner
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Erwin Neher
- Membrane Biophysics Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Holger Taschenberger
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Godfrey Smith
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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3
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Wong-Benito V, de Rijke J, Dixon B. Antigen presentation in vertebrates: Structural and functional aspects. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 144:104702. [PMID: 37116963 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Antigen presentation is a key process of the immune system and is responsible for the activation of T cells. The main characters are the major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) and class II (MHC-II) molecules, and accessory proteins that act as chaperones for these glycoproteins. Current knowledge of this process and also the elucidation of the structural features of these proteins, has been extensively reviewed in humans. Unfortunately, this is not the case for non-human species, wherein the function and structural characteristic of the antigen presentation proteins is far from being understood. The majority of previous studies in non-human species, especially in teleost fish and lower vertebrates, are limited to the transcriptomic level, which leads to gaps in the knowledge about the functional process of antigen presentation in these species. This review summarizes what is known so far about antigen presentation pathways in vertebrates from a structural and functional perspective. The focus is not only on the MHC receptors, but also, on the forgotten characters of these pathways such as the proteins of the peptide loading complex, and the MHC-II chaperone invariant chain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jill de Rijke
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Canada
| | - Brian Dixon
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Canada.
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4
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Esperante D, Flisser A, Mendlovic F. The many faces of parasite calreticulin. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1101390. [PMID: 36993959 PMCID: PMC10040973 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1101390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Calreticulin from parasites and its vertebrate hosts share ~50% identity and many of its functions are equally conserved. However, the existing amino acid differences can affect its biological performance. Calreticulin plays an important role in Ca2+ homeostasis and as a chaperone involved in the correct folding of proteins within the endoplasmic reticulum. Outside the endoplasmic reticulum, calreticulin is involved in several immunological functions such as complement inhibition, enhancement of efferocytosis, and immune upregulation or inhibition. Several parasite calreticulins have been shown to limit immune responses and promote infectivity, while others are strong immunogens and have been used for the development of potential vaccines that limit parasite growth. Furthermore, calreticulin is essential in the dialogue between parasites and hosts, inducing Th1, Th2 or regulatory responses in a species-specific manner. In addition, calreticulin participates as initiator of endoplasmic reticulum stress in tumor cells and promotion of immunogenic cell death and removal by macrophages. Direct anti-tumoral activity has also been reported. The highly immunogenic and pleiotropic nature of parasite calreticulins, either as positive or negative regulators of the immune response, render these proteins as valuable tools to modulate immunopathologies and autoimmune disorders, as well as a potential treatment of neoplasms. Moreover, the disparities in the amino acid composition of parasite calreticulins might provide subtle variations in the mechanisms of action that could provide advantages as therapeutic tools. Here, we review the immunological roles of parasite calreticulins and discuss possible beneficial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Esperante
- Plan de Estudios Combinados en Medicina (PECEM), Facultad de Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autonóma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ana Flisser
- Plan de Estudios Combinados en Medicina (PECEM), Facultad de Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autonóma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autonóma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Fela Mendlovic
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autonóma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anahuac Mexico Norte, Huixquilucan, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Fela Mendlovic,
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5
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Mamidi AS, Surolia A. Mixed mechanism of conformational selection and induced fit as a molecular recognition process in the calreticulin family of proteins. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1010661. [PMID: 36508460 PMCID: PMC9744295 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The fundamental question on the mechanism of molecular recognition during ligand binding has attracted a lot of scientific scrutiny. The two competing theories of ligand binding-"induced fit" and "conformational selection" have been proposed to explain biomolecular recognition. Since exploring a family of proteins with similar structural architectures and conserved functional roles can provide valuable insight into the significance of molecular structure and function, we performed molecular dynamics simulations on the calreticulin family of proteins, which specifically recognize monoglucosylated N-glycan during the protein folding process. Atomistic simulations of lectins in free and bound forms demonstrated that they exist in several conformations spanning from favorable to unfavorable for glycan binding. Our analysis was confined to the carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) of these lectins to demonstrate the degree of conservation in protein sequence and structure and relate them with their function. Furthermore, we computed the lectin-glycan binding affinity using the mmPBSA approach to identify the most favorable lectin conformation for glycan binding and compared the molecular interaction fields in terms of noncovalent bond interactions. We also demonstrated the involvement of Tyr and Trp residues in the CRD with the non-reducing end glucose and central mannose residues, which contribute to some of the specific interactions. Furthermore, we analyzed the conformational changes in the CRD through SASA, RMSFs and protein surface topography mapping of electrostatic and hydrophobic potentials. Our findings demonstrate a hybrid mechanism of molecular recognition, initially driven by conformational selection followed by glycan-induced fluctuations in the key residues to strengthen the glycan binding interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Avadhesha Surolia
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore–India
- * E-mail: (ASM); (AS)
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6
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Liang X, Xie J, Liu H, Zhao R, Zhang W, Wang H, Pan H, Zhou Y, Han W. STIM1 Deficiency In Intestinal Epithelium Attenuates Colonic Inflammation and Tumorigenesis by Reducing ER Stress of Goblet Cells. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 14:193-217. [PMID: 35367664 PMCID: PMC9130113 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS As an indispensable component of store-operated Ca2+ entry, stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) is known to promote colorectal cancer and T-cell-mediated inflammatory diseases. However, whether the intestinal mucosal STIM1 is involved in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) is unclear. This study aimed to investigate the role of intestinal epithelial STIM1 in IBD. METHODS Inflammatory and matched normal intestinal tissues were collected from IBD patients to investigate the expression of STIM1. Intestinal epithelium-specific STIM1 conditional knockout mice (STIM1ΔIEC) were generated and induced to develop colitis and colitis-associated colorectal cancer. The mucosal barrier, including the epithelial barrier and mucus barrier, was analyzed. The mechanisms by which STIM1 regulate goblet cell endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis were assessed. RESULTS STIM1 could regulate intestinal epithelial homeostasis. STIM1 was augmented in the inflammatory intestinal tissues of IBD patients. In dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis, STIM1 deficiency in intestinal epithelium reduced the loss of goblet cells through alleviating endoplasmic reticulum stress induced by disturbed Ca2+ homeostasis, resulting in the maintenance of the integrated mucus layer. These effects prevented commensal bacteria from contacting and stimulating the intestinal epithelium of STIM1ΔIEC mice and thereby rendered STIM1ΔIEC mice less susceptible to colitis and colitis-associated colorectal cancer. In addition, microbial diversity in dextran sodium sulfate-treated STIM1ΔIEC mice slightly shifted to an advantageous bacteria, which further protected the intestinal epithelium. CONCLUSIONS Our results establish STIM1 as a crucial regulator for the maintenance of the intestinal barrier during colitis and provide a potential target for IBD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Liang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiansheng Xie
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rongjie Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haidong Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongming Pan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yubin Zhou
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Weidong Han
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Weidong Han, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 3# East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China; fax: 86-571-86436673.
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7
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Ilca FT, Boyle LH. The glycosylation status of MHC class I molecules impacts their interactions with TAPBPR. Mol Immunol 2021; 139:168-176. [PMID: 34543843 PMCID: PMC8524320 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation plays a crucial role in the folding, structure, quality control and trafficking of glycoproteins. Here, we explored whether the glycosylation status of MHC class I (MHC-I) molecules impacts their affinity for the peptide editor, TAPBPR. We demonstrate that the interaction between TAPBPR and MHC-I is stronger when MHC-I lacks a glycan. Subsequently, TAPBPR can dissociate peptides, even those of high affinity, more easily from non-glycosylated MHC-I compared to their glycosylated counterparts. In addition, TAPBPR is more resistant to peptide-mediated allosteric release from non-glycosylated MHC-I compared to species with a glycan attached. Consequently, we find the glycosylation status of HLA-A*68:02, -A*02:01 and -B*27:05 influences their ability to undergo TAPBPR-mediated peptide exchange. The discovery that the glycan attached to MHC-I significantly influences the affinity of their interactions with TAPBPR has important implications, on both an experimental level and in a biological context.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Tudor Ilca
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Louise H Boyle
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK.
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8
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Intertwined and Finely Balanced: Endoplasmic Reticulum Morphology, Dynamics, Function, and Diseases. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092341. [PMID: 34571990 PMCID: PMC8472773 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an organelle that is responsible for many essential subcellular processes. Interconnected narrow tubules at the periphery and thicker sheet-like regions in the perinuclear region are linked to the nuclear envelope. It is becoming apparent that the complex morphology and dynamics of the ER are linked to its function. Mutations in the proteins involved in regulating ER structure and movement are implicated in many diseases including neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The ER is also hijacked by pathogens to promote their replication. Bacteria such as Legionella pneumophila and Chlamydia trachomatis, as well as the Zika virus, bind to ER morphology and dynamics-regulating proteins to exploit the functions of the ER to their advantage. This review covers our understanding of ER morphology, including the functional subdomains and membrane contact sites that the organelle forms. We also focus on ER dynamics and the current efforts to quantify ER motion and discuss the diseases related to ER morphology and dynamics.
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9
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Store-Operated Calcium Entry: Shaping the Transcriptional and Epigenetic Landscape in Pancreatic Cancer. Cells 2021; 10:cells10050966. [PMID: 33919156 PMCID: PMC8143176 DOI: 10.3390/cells10050966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) displays a particularly poor prognosis and low survival rate, mainly due to late diagnosis and high incidence of chemotherapy resistance. Genomic aberrations, together with changes in the epigenomic profile, elicit a shift in cellular signaling response and a transcriptional reprograming in pancreatic tumors. This endows them with malignant attributes that enable them to not only overcome chemotherapeutic challenges, but to also attain diverse oncogenic properties. In fact, certain genetic amplifications elicit a rewiring of calcium signaling, which can confer ER stress resistance to tumors while also aberrantly activating known drivers of oncogenic programs such as NFAT. While calcium is a well-known second messenger, the transcriptional programs driven by aberrant calcium signaling remain largely undescribed in pancreatic cancer. In this review, we focus on calcium-dependent signaling and its role in epigenetic programs and transcriptional regulation. We also briefly discuss genetic aberration events, exemplifying how genetic alterations can rewire cellular signaling cascades, including calcium-dependent ones.
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10
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Doğan C, Hänniger S, Heckel DG, Coutu C, Hegedus DD, Crubaugh L, Groves RL, Bayram Ş, Toprak U. Two calcium-binding chaperones from the fat body of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) involved in diapause. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 106:e21755. [PMID: 33118236 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Molecular chaperones are crucial for the correct folding of newly synthesized polypeptides, in particular, under stress conditions. Various studies have revealed the involvement of molecular chaperones, such as heat shock proteins, in diapause maintenance and starvation; however, the role of other chaperones in diapause and starvation relatively is unknown. In the current study, we identified two lectin-type chaperones with calcium affinity, a calreticulin (LdCrT) and a calnexin (LdCnX), that were present in the fat body of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) during diapause. Both proteins possessed an N-globular domain, a P-arm domain, and a highly charged C-terminal domain, while an additional transmembrane domain was present in LdCnX. Phylogenetic analysis revealed distinction at the order level. Both genes were expressed in multiple tissues in larval and adult stages, and constitutively throughout development, though a starvation response was detected only for LdCrT. In females, diapause-related expression analysis in the whole body revealed an upregulation of both genes by post-diapause, but a downregulation by diapause only for LdCrT. By contrast, males revealed no alteration in their diapause-related expression pattern in the entire body for both genes. Fat body-specific expression analysis of both genes in relation to diapause revealed the same expression pattern with no alteration in females and downregulation in males by post-diapause. This study suggests that calcium-binding chaperones play similar and possibly gender-specific roles during diapause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cansu Doğan
- Molecular Entomology Lab, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon Research Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Sabine Hänniger
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - David G Heckel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Cathy Coutu
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon Research Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Dwayne D Hegedus
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon Research Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Linda Crubaugh
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Russell L Groves
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Şerife Bayram
- Molecular Entomology Lab, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Umut Toprak
- Molecular Entomology Lab, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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11
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Adams BM, Canniff NP, Guay KP, Hebert DN. The Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperones in Protein Folding and Quality Control. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 59:27-50. [PMID: 34050861 PMCID: PMC9185992 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-67696-4_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Molecular chaperones assist the folding of nascent chains in the cell. Chaperones also aid in quality control decisions as persistent chaperone binding can help to sort terminal misfolded proteins for degradation. There are two major molecular chaperone families in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that assist proteins in reaching their native structure and evaluating the fidelity of the maturation process. The ER Hsp70 chaperone, BiP, supports adenine nucleotide-regulated binding to non-native proteins that possess exposed hydrophobic regions. In contrast, the carbohydrate-dependent chaperone system involving the membrane protein calnexin and its soluble paralogue calreticulin recognize a specific glycoform of an exposed hydrophilic protein modification for which the composition is controlled by a series of glycosidases and transferases. Here, we compare and contrast the properties, mechanisms of action and functions of these different chaperones systems that work in parallel, as well as together, to assist a large variety of substrates that traverse the eukaryotic secretory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Adams
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Nathan P Canniff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Kevin P Guay
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Daniel N Hebert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA.
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA.
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12
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Abstract
Folding of proteins is essential so that they can exert their functions. For proteins that transit the secretory pathway, folding occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and various chaperone systems assist in acquiring their correct folding/subunit formation. N-glycosylation is one of the most conserved posttranslational modification for proteins, and in eukaryotes it occurs in the ER. Consequently, eukaryotic cells have developed various systems that utilize N-glycans to dictate and assist protein folding, or if they consistently fail to fold properly, to destroy proteins for quality control and the maintenance of homeostasis of proteins in the ER.
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13
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Jiang N, Xiao Y, Liu Y, Liu W, Liu S. Blood coagulation factor VIII D1241E polymorphism leads to a weak malectin interaction and reduction of factor VIII posttranslational modification and secretion. Exp Cell Res 2020; 397:112334. [PMID: 33144078 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Blood coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) is a key cofactor in regulation of blood coagulation. This study investigated the mechanism by which FVIII is translated and transported into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and processed in the Golgi apparatus before secretion using an in vitro cell model. HEK-293T cells were transfected with vectors carrying wild-type (WT) FVIII or polymorphic FVIII D1241E for coexpression with ER lectins and treatment with tunicamycin (an N-linked glycosylation inhibitor), 1-deoxynojirimycin (an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor), endoglycosidase H, or MG132 (Cbz-Leu-Leu-leucinal; a proteasome inhibitor). The data showed that the minor allele of FVIII D1241E was able to reduce FVIII secretion into the conditioned medium but maintain a normal level of procoagulation ability, although both FVIII WT and the minor allele of FVIII D1241E showed similar levels of transcription and translation capacities. Functionally, the D1241E polymorphism led to a reduced level of FVIII in the Golgi apparatus because of its reduced association with malectin, which interacts with newly synthesized glycoproteins in the ER for FVIII folding and trafficking, leading to degradation of the minor allele of FVIII D1241E in the cytosol. This study demonstrated that malectin is important for regulation of the FVIII posttranslational process and that the minor allele of FVIII D1241E had a reduced association with malectin but an increased capacity for proteasomal FVIII degradation. These data imply the role of the ER quality control in future recombinant FVIII development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Yanfeng Xiao
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China.
| | - Yuesheng Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Weihua Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Xi'an first people's Hospital, China
| | - Shanxi Liu
- Shaanxi Yida Haemophilia Institute, China
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14
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Kozlov G, Gehring K. Calnexin cycle - structural features of the ER chaperone system. FEBS J 2020; 287:4322-4340. [PMID: 32285592 PMCID: PMC7687155 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the major folding compartment for secreted and membrane proteins and is the site of a specific chaperone system, the calnexin cycle, for folding N-glycosylated proteins. Recent structures of components of the calnexin cycle have deepened our understanding of quality control mechanisms and protein folding pathways in the ER. In the calnexin cycle, proteins carrying monoglucosylated glycans bind to the lectin chaperones calnexin and calreticulin, which recruit a variety of function-specific chaperones to mediate protein disulfide formation, proline isomerization, and general protein folding. Upon trimming by glucosidase II, the glycan without an inner glucose residue is no longer able to bind to the lectin chaperones. For proteins that have not yet folded properly, the enzyme UDP-glucose:glycoprotein glucosyltransferase (UGGT) acts as a checkpoint by adding a glucose back to the N-glycan. This allows the misfolded proteins to re-associate with calnexin and calreticulin for additional rounds of chaperone-mediated refolding and prevents them from exiting the ERs. Here, we review progress in structural studies of the calnexin cycle, which reveal common features of how lectin chaperones recruit function-specific chaperones and how UGGT recognizes misfolded proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guennadi Kozlov
- From the Department of Biochemistry & Centre for Structural BiologyMcGill UniversityMontréalQCCanada
| | - Kalle Gehring
- From the Department of Biochemistry & Centre for Structural BiologyMcGill UniversityMontréalQCCanada
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15
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Guo XY, Liu YS, Gao XD, Kinoshita T, Fujita M. Calnexin mediates the maturation of GPI-anchors through ER retention. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:16393-16410. [PMID: 32967966 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.015577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The protein folding and lipid moiety status of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) are monitored in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), with calnexin playing dual roles in the maturation of GPI-APs. In the present study, we investigated the functions of calnexin in the quality control and lipid remodeling of GPI-APs in the ER. By directly binding the N-glycan on proteins, calnexin was observed to efficiently retain GPI-APs in the ER until they were correctly folded. In addition, sufficient ER retention time was crucial for GPI-inositol deacylation, which is mediated by post-GPI attachment protein 1 (PGAP1). Once the calnexin/calreticulin cycle was disrupted, misfolded and inositol-acylated GPI-APs could not be retained in the ER and were exposed on the plasma membrane. In calnexin/calreticulin-deficient cells, endogenous GPI-anchored alkaline phosphatase was expressed on the cell surface, but its activity was significantly decreased. ER stress induced surface expression of misfolded GPI-APs, but proper GPI-inositol deacylation occurred due to the extended time that they were retained in the ER. Our results indicate that calnexin-mediated ER quality control systems for GPI-APs are necessary for both protein folding and GPI-inositol deacylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yu Guo
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi-Shi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Taroh Kinoshita
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan; WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Morihisa Fujita
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.
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16
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Bechtel TJ, Li C, Kisty EA, Maurais AJ, Weerapana E. Profiling Cysteine Reactivity and Oxidation in the Endoplasmic Reticulum. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:543-553. [PMID: 31899610 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b01014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the initial site of biogenesis of secretory pathway proteins, including proteins localized to the ER, Golgi, lysosomes, intracellular vesicles, plasma membrane, and extracellular compartments. Proteins within the secretory pathway contain a high abundance of disulfide bonds to protect against the oxidative extracellular environment. These disulfide bonds are typically formed within the ER by a variety of oxidoreductases, including members of the protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) family. Here, we establish chemoproteomic platforms to identify oxidized and reduced cysteine residues within the ER. Subcellular fractionation methods were utilized to enrich for the ER and significantly enhance the coverage of ER-localized cysteine residues. Reactive-cysteine profiling ranked ∼900 secretory pathway cysteines by reactivity with an iodoacetamide-alkyne probe, revealing functional cysteines annotated to participate in disulfide bonds, or S-palmitoylation sites within proteins. Through application of a variation of the OxICAT protocol for quantifying cysteine oxidation, the percentages of oxidation for each of ∼700 ER-localized cysteines were calculated. Lastly, perturbation of ER function, through chemical induction of ER stress, was used to investigate the effect of initiation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) on ER-localized cysteine oxidation. Together, these studies establish a platform for identifying reactive and functional cysteine residues on proteins within the secretory pathway as well as for interrogating the effects of diverse cellular stresses on ER-localized cysteine oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J. Bechtel
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Chun Li
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Eleni A. Kisty
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Aaron J. Maurais
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Eranthie Weerapana
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
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17
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Trowitzsch S, Tampé R. Multifunctional Chaperone and Quality Control Complexes in Adaptive Immunity. Annu Rev Biophys 2020; 49:135-161. [PMID: 32004089 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biophys-121219-081643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The fundamental process of adaptive immunity relies on the differentiation of self from nonself. Nucleated cells are continuously monitored by effector cells of the immune system, which police the peptide status presented via cell surface molecules. Recent integrative structural approaches have provided insights toward our understanding of how sophisticated cellular machineries shape such hierarchical immune surveillance. Biophysical and structural achievements were invaluable for defining the interconnection of many key factors during antigen processing and presentation, and helped to solve several conundrums that persisted for many years. In this review, we illuminate the numerous quality control machineries involved in different steps during the maturation of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) proteins, from their synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum to folding and trafficking via the secretory pathway, optimization of antigenic cargo, final release to the cell surface, and engagement with their cognate receptors on cytotoxic T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Trowitzsch
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biocenter, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; ,
| | - Robert Tampé
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biocenter, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; ,
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18
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Calreticulin is a Critical Cell Survival Factor in Malignant Neoplasms. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000402. [PMID: 31568485 PMCID: PMC6768457 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Calreticulin (CRT) is a high-capacity Ca2+ protein whose expression is up-regulated during cellular transformation and is associated with disease progression in multiple types of malignancies. At the same time, CRT has been characterized as an important stress-response protein capable of inducing immunogenic cell death (ICD) when translocated to the cell surface. It remains unclear why CRT expression is preserved by malignant cells during the course of transformation despite its immunogenic properties. In this study, we identify a novel, critical function of CRT as a cell survival factor in multiple types of human solid-tissue malignancies. CRT knockdown activates p53, which mediates cell-death response independent of executioner caspase activity and accompanied full-length poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) cleavage. Mechanistically, we show that down-regulation of CRT results in mitochondrial Ca2+ overload and induction of mitochondria permeability transition pore (mPTP)-dependent cell death, which can be significantly rescued by the mPTP inhibitor, Cyclosporin A (CsA). The clinical importance of CRT expression was revealed in the analysis of the large cohort of cancer patients (N = 2,058) to demonstrate that high levels of CRT inversely correlates with patient survival. Our study identifies intracellular CRT as an important therapeutic target for tumors whose survival relies on its expression. This study reveals a novel role for the calcium-binding protein calreticulin in the survival of cancer cells; downregulation of calreticulin leads to mitochondrial calcium overload and an induction of non-apoptotic cell death. Calreticulin levels inversely correlate with the survival of patients diagnosed with various types of solid cancers.
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19
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Ding Y, Tang J, You X, Zhang X, Wang G, Yao C, Lin M, Wang X, Cheng D. Study on the mechanism underlying Al-induced hepatotoxicity based on the identification of the Al-binding proteins in liver. Metallomics 2019; 11:1353-1362. [PMID: 31343013 DOI: 10.1039/c9mt00150f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) is the most abundant metal element in the earth's crust, and is implicated in the pathogenesis of liver lesions. However, the mechanisms underlying Al3+-induced hepatotoxicity are still largely elusive. Based on analysis with native gel electrophoresis, Al3+ plus 8-hydroxyquinoline staining and LC-MS/MS, the proteins with high Al3+ affinity were identified to be carbamoyl-phosphate synthase, adenosylhomocysteinase, heat shock protein 90-alpha, carbonic anhydrase 3, serum albumin and calreticulin. These proteins are involved in physiological processes such as the urea cycle, redox reactions, apoptosis and so on. Then we established an Al3+-treated rat model for biochemical tests, morphology observation and Ca2+ homeostasis analysis, in order to evaluate the extent of oxidative damage, hepatic histopathology and specific indicators of Al3+-related proteins in liver. Our findings indicated the high-affinity interactions with Al3+ perturbed the normal function of the above proteins, which could account for the mechanism underlying Al3+-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin Economy Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457, China.
| | - Jinlei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin Economy Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457, China.
| | - Xun You
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin Economy Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457, China.
| | - Xiongfeng Zhang
- Jiangxi Province Tobacco Science Research Institute, Nanchang, 330000, China
| | - Guangliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin Economy Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457, China.
| | - Congying Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin Economy Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457, China.
| | - Mibin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin Economy Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457, China.
| | - Xuerui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin Economy Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457, China.
| | - Dai Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin Economy Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457, China. and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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20
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Kotian V, Sarmah D, Kaur H, Kesharwani R, Verma G, Mounica L, Veeresh P, Kalia K, Borah A, Wang X, Dave KR, Yavagal DR, Bhattacharya P. Evolving Evidence of Calreticulin as a Pharmacological Target in Neurological Disorders. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:2629-2646. [PMID: 31017385 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Calreticulin (CALR), a lectin-like ER chaperone, was initially known only for its housekeeping function, but today it is recognized for many versatile roles in different compartments of a cell. Apart from canonical roles in protein folding and calcium homeostasis, it performs a variety of noncanonical roles, mostly in CNS development. In the past, studies have linked Calreticulin with various other biological components which are detrimental in deciding the fate of neurons. Many neurological disorders that differ in their etiology are commonly associated with aberrant levels of Calreticulin, that lead to modulation of apoptosis and phagocytosis, and impact on transcriptional pathways, impairment in proteostatis, and calcium imbalances. Such multifaceted properties of Calreticulin are the reason why it has been implicated in vital roles of the nervous system in recent years. Hence, understanding its role in the physiology of neurons would help to unearth its involvement in the spectrum of neurological disorders. This Review aims toward exploring the interplay of Calreticulin in neurological disorders which would aid in targeting Calreticulin for developing novel neurotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vignesh Kotian
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Deepaneeta Sarmah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Radhika Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Geetesh Verma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Leela Mounica
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Pabbala Veeresh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Kiran Kalia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Anupom Borah
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, Assam 788011, India
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Kunjan R. Dave
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
| | - Dileep R. Yavagal
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
| | - Pallab Bhattacharya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
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21
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Abstract
The site of protein folding and maturation for the majority of proteins that are secreted, localized to the plasma membrane or targeted to endomembrane compartments is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). It is essential that proteins targeted to the ER are properly folded in order to carry out their function, as well as maintain protein homeostasis, as accumulation of misfolded proteins could lead to the formation of cytotoxic aggregates. Because protein folding is an error-prone process, the ER contains protein quality control networks that act to optimize proper folding and trafficking of client proteins. If a protein is unable to reach its native state, it is targeted for ER retention and subsequent degradation. The protein quality control networks of the ER that oversee this evaluation or interrogation process that decides the fate of maturing nascent chains is comprised of three general types of families: the classical chaperones, the carbohydrate-dependent system, and the thiol-dependent system. The cooperative action of these families promotes protein quality control and protein homeostasis in the ER. This review will describe the families of the ER protein quality control network and discuss the functions of individual members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Adams
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, 240 Thatcher Road, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Michela E Oster
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, 240 Thatcher Road, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Daniel N Hebert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, 240 Thatcher Road, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
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22
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Marinko J, Huang H, Penn WD, Capra JA, Schlebach JP, Sanders CR. Folding and Misfolding of Human Membrane Proteins in Health and Disease: From Single Molecules to Cellular Proteostasis. Chem Rev 2019; 119:5537-5606. [PMID: 30608666 PMCID: PMC6506414 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Advances over the past 25 years have revealed much about how the structural properties of membranes and associated proteins are linked to the thermodynamics and kinetics of membrane protein (MP) folding. At the same time biochemical progress has outlined how cellular proteostasis networks mediate MP folding and manage misfolding in the cell. When combined with results from genomic sequencing, these studies have established paradigms for how MP folding and misfolding are linked to the molecular etiologies of a variety of diseases. This emerging framework has paved the way for the development of a new class of small molecule "pharmacological chaperones" that bind to and stabilize misfolded MP variants, some of which are now in clinical use. In this review, we comprehensively outline current perspectives on the folding and misfolding of integral MPs as well as the mechanisms of cellular MP quality control. Based on these perspectives, we highlight new opportunities for innovations that bridge our molecular understanding of the energetics of MP folding with the nuanced complexity of biological systems. Given the many linkages between MP misfolding and human disease, we also examine some of the exciting opportunities to leverage these advances to address emerging challenges in the development of therapeutics and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin
T. Marinko
- Department
of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States
- Center
for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States
| | - Hui Huang
- Department
of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States
- Center
for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States
| | - Wesley D. Penn
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - John A. Capra
- Center
for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37245, United States
| | - Jonathan P. Schlebach
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Charles R. Sanders
- Department
of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States
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23
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Trowitzsch S, Tampé R. ABC Transporters in Dynamic Macromolecular Assemblies. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:4481-4495. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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24
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Songprakhon P, Limjindaporn T, Perng GC, Puttikhunt C, Thaingtamtanha T, Dechtawewat T, Saitornuang S, Uthaipibull C, Thongsima S, Yenchitsomanus PT, Malasit P, Noisakran S. Human glucose-regulated protein 78 modulates intracellular production and secretion of nonstructural protein 1 of dengue virus. J Gen Virol 2018; 99:1391-1406. [PMID: 30102148 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus-host interactions play important roles in virus infection and host cellular response. Several viruses, including dengue virus (DENV), usurp host chaperones to support their amplification and survival in the host cell. We investigated the interaction of nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) of DENV with three endoplasmic reticulum-resident chaperones (i.e. GRP78, calnexin and calreticulin) to delineate their functional roles and potential binding sites for protein complex formation. GRP78 protein showed prominent association with DENV NS1 in virus-infected Huh7 cells as evidenced by co-localization and co-immunoprecipitation assays. Further studies on the functional interaction of GRP78 protein were performed by using siRNA-mediated gene knockdown in a DENV replicon transfection system. GRP78 knockdown significantly decreased intracellular NS1 production and delayed NS1 secretion but had no effect on viral RNA replication. Dissecting the important domain of GRP78 required for DENV NS1 interaction showed co-immunoprecipitation of DENV NS1 with a full-length and substrate-binding domain (SBD), but not an ATPase domain, of GRP78, confirming their interaction through SBD binding. Molecular dynamics simulations of DENV NS1 and human GRP78 complex revealed their potential binding sites through hydrogen and hydrophobic bonding. The majority of GRP78-binding sites were located in a β-roll domain and connector subdomains on the DENV NS1 structure involved in hydrophobic surface formation. Taken together, our findings demonstrated the roles of human GRP78 in facilitating the intracellular production and secretion of DENV NS1 as well as predicted potential binding sites between the DENV NS1 and GRP78 complex, which could have implications in the future development of target-based antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pucharee Songprakhon
- 1Division of Molecular Medicine, Research Department, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Thawornchai Limjindaporn
- 2Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Guey Chuen Perng
- 3Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, and Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chunya Puttikhunt
- 4Medical Biotechnology Research Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.,5Division of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Research, Research Department, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | | | - Thanyaporn Dechtawewat
- 1Division of Molecular Medicine, Research Department, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Sawanan Saitornuang
- 4Medical Biotechnology Research Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Chairat Uthaipibull
- 7Protein-Ligand Engineering and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Medical Molecular Biology Research Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Sissades Thongsima
- 8Biostatistics and Informatic Laboratory, Genome Institute, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Pa-Thai Yenchitsomanus
- 1Division of Molecular Medicine, Research Department, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Prida Malasit
- 4Medical Biotechnology Research Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.,5Division of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Research, Research Department, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Sansanee Noisakran
- 5Division of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Research, Research Department, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.,4Medical Biotechnology Research Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
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25
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Feng M, Marjon KD, Zhu F, Weissman-Tsukamoto R, Levett A, Sullivan K, Kao KS, Markovic M, Bump PA, Jackson HM, Choi TS, Chen J, Banuelos AM, Liu J, Gip P, Cheng L, Wang D, Weissman IL. Programmed cell removal by calreticulin in tissue homeostasis and cancer. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3194. [PMID: 30097573 PMCID: PMC6086865 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05211-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophage-mediated programmed cell removal (PrCR) is a process essential for the clearance of unwanted (damaged, dysfunctional, aged, or harmful) cells. The detection and recognition of appropriate target cells by macrophages is a critical step for successful PrCR, but its molecular mechanisms have not been delineated. Here using the models of tissue turnover, cancer immunosurveillance, and hematopoietic stem cells, we show that unwanted cells such as aging neutrophils and living cancer cells are susceptible to "labeling" by secreted calreticulin (CRT) from macrophages, enabling their clearance through PrCR. Importantly, we identified asialoglycans on the target cells to which CRT binds to regulate PrCR, and the availability of such CRT-binding sites on cancer cells correlated with the prognosis of patients in various malignancies. Our study reveals a general mechanism of target cell recognition by macrophages, which is the key for the removal of unwanted cells by PrCR in physiological and pathophysiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingye Feng
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.
| | - Kristopher D Marjon
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Fangfang Zhu
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Rachel Weissman-Tsukamoto
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Aaron Levett
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Katie Sullivan
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Kevin S Kao
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Maxim Markovic
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Paul A Bump
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Hannah M Jackson
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Timothy S Choi
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Allison M Banuelos
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jie Liu
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Phung Gip
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Lei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Denong Wang
- SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Irving L Weissman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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26
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Lin YC, Chen CC, Chen WM, Lu KY, Shen TL, Jou YC, Shen CH, Ohbayashi N, Kanaho Y, Huang YL, Lee H. LPA 1/3 signaling mediates tumor lymphangiogenesis through promoting CRT expression in prostate cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1863:1305-1315. [PMID: 30053596 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive lipid growth factor which is present in high levels in serum and platelets. LPA binds to its specific G-protein-coupled receptors, including LPA1 to LPA6, thereby regulating various physiological functions, including cancer growth, angiogenesis, and lymphangiogenesis. Our previous study showed that LPA promotes the expression of the lymphangiogenic factor vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C in prostate cancer (PCa) cells. Interestingly, LPA has been shown to regulate the expression of calreticulin (CRT), a multifunctional chaperone protein, but the roles of CRT in PCa progression remain unclear. Here we investigated the involvement of CRT in LPA-mediated VEGF-C expression and lymphangiogenesis in PCa. Knockdown of CRT significantly reduced LPA-induced VEGF-C expression in PC-3 cells. Moreover, LPA promoted CRT expression through LPA receptors LPA1 and LPA3, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α). Tumor-xenografted mouse experiments further showed that CRT knockdown suppressed tumor growth and lymphangiogenesis. Notably, clinical evidence indicated that the LPA-producing enzyme autotaxin (ATX) is related to CRT and that CRT level is highly associated with lymphatic vessel density and VEGF-C expression. Interestingly, the pharmacological antagonist of LPA receptors significantly reduced the lymphatic vessel density in tumor and lymph node metastasis in tumor-bearing nude mice. Together, our results demonstrated that CRT is critical in PCa progression through the mediation of LPA-induced VEGF-C expression, implying that targeting the LPA signaling axis is a potential therapeutic strategy for PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueh-Chien Lin
- Department of Life Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Chien-Chin Chen
- Department of Pathology, Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 600, Taiwan; Department of Cosmetic Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 71710, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Min Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Ying Lu
- Department of Life Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Tang-Long Shen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yeong-Chin Jou
- Department of Urology, Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 600, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Huang Shen
- Department of Urology, Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 600, Taiwan
| | - Norihiko Ohbayashi
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yasunori Kanaho
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yuan-Li Huang
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Hsinyu Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; Institute of Biomedical Electronic and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; Center for Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
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27
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Cardiac-derived CTRP9 protects against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury via calreticulin-dependent inhibition of apoptosis. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:723. [PMID: 29925877 PMCID: PMC6010444 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0726-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cardiokines play an essential role in maintaining normal cardiac functions and responding to acute myocardial injury. Studies have demonstrated the heart itself is a significant source of C1q/TNF-related protein 9 (CTRP9). However, the biological role of cardiac-derived CTRP9 remains unclear. We hypothesize cardiac-derived CTRP9 responds to acute myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury as a cardiokine. We explored the role of cardiac-derived CTRP9 in MI/R injury via genetic manipulation and a CTRP9-knockout (CTRP9-KO) animal model. Inhibition of cardiac CTRP9 exacerbated, whereas its overexpression ameliorated, left ventricular dysfunction and myocardial apoptosis. Endothelial CTRP9 expression was unchanged while cardiomyocyte CTRP9 levels decreased after simulated ischemia/`reperfusion (SI/R) in vitro. Cardiomyocyte CTRP9 overexpression inhibited SI/R-induced apoptosis, an effect abrogated by CTRP9 antibody. Mechanistically, cardiac-derived CTRP9 activated anti-apoptotic signaling pathways and inhibited endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related apoptosis in MI/R injury. Notably, CTRP9 interacted with the ER molecular chaperone calreticulin (CRT) located on the cell surface and in the cytoplasm of cardiomyocytes. The CTRP9-CRT interaction activated the protein kinase A-cAMP response element binding protein (PKA-CREB) signaling pathway, blocked by functional neutralization of the autocrine CTRP9. Inhibition of either CRT or PKA blunted cardiac-derived CTRP9's anti-apoptotic actions against MI/R injury. We further confirmed these findings in CTRP9-KO rats. Together, these results demonstrate that autocrine CTRP9 of cardiomyocyte origin protects against MI/R injury via CRT association, activation of the PKA-CREB pathway, ultimately inhibiting cardiomyocyte apoptosis.
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Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the site of maturation for roughly one-third of all cellular proteins. ER-resident molecular chaperones and folding catalysts promote folding and assembly in a diverse set of newly synthesized proteins. Because these processes are error-prone, all eukaryotic cells have a quality-control system in place that constantly monitors the proteins and decides their fate. Proteins with potentially harmful nonnative conformations are subjected to assisted folding or degraded. Persistent folding-defective proteins are distinguished from folding intermediates and targeted for degradation by a specific process involving clearance from the ER. Although the basic principles of these processes appear conserved from yeast to animals and plants, there are distinct differences in the ER-associated degradation of misfolded glycoproteins. The general importance of ER quality-control events is underscored by their involvement in the biogenesis of diverse cell surface receptors and their crucial maintenance of protein homeostasis under diverse stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Strasser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria;
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29
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Bansil R, Turner BS. The biology of mucus: Composition, synthesis and organization. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 124:3-15. [PMID: 28970050 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this review we discuss mucus, the viscoelastic secretion from goblet or mucous producing cells that lines the epithelial surfaces of all organs exposed to the external world. Mucus is a complex aqueous fluid that owes its viscoelastic, lubricating and hydration properties to the glycoprotein mucin combined with electrolytes, lipids and other smaller proteins. Electron microscopy of mucosal surfaces reveals a highly convoluted surface with a network of fibers and pores of varying sizes. The major structural and functional component, mucin is a complex glycoprotein coded by about 20 mucin genes which produce a protein backbone having multiple tandem repeats of Serine, Threonine (ST repeats) where oligosaccharides are covalently O-linked. The N- and C-terminals of this apoprotein contain other domains with little or no glycosylation but rich in cysteines leading to dimerization and further multimerization via SS bonds. The synthesis of this complex protein starts in the endoplasmic reticulum with the formation of the apoprotein and is further modified via glycosylation in the cis and medial Golgi and packaged into mucin granules via Ca2+ bridging of the negative charges on the oligosaccharide brush in the trans Golgi. The mucin granules fuse with the plasma membrane of the secretory cells and following activation by signaling molecules release Ca2+ and undergo a dramatic change in volume due to hydration of the highly negatively charged polymer brush leading to exocytosis from the cells and forming the mucus layer. The rheological properties of mucus and its active component mucin and its mucoadhesivity are briefly discussed in light of their importance to mucosal drug delivery.
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Nisar SP, Lordkipanidzé M, Jones ML, Dawood BB, Murden S, Cunningham MR, Mumford AD, Wilde JT, Watson SP, Lowe GC, Mundell SJ. A novel thromboxane A2 receptor N42S variant results in reduced surface expression and platelet dysfunction. Thromb Haemost 2017; 111:923-32. [DOI: 10.1160/th13-08-0672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
SummaryA small number of thromboxane receptor variants have been described in patients with a bleeding history that result in platelet dysfunction. We have identified a patient with a history of significant bleeding, who expresses a novel heterozygous thromboxane receptor variant that predicts an asparagine to serine substitution (N42S). This asparagine is conserved across all class A GPCRs, suggesting a vital role for receptor structure and function. We investigated the functional consequences of the TP receptor heterozygous N42S substitution by performing platelet function studies on platelet-rich plasma taken from the patient and healthy controls. We investigated the N42S mutation by expressing the wild-type (WT) and mutant receptor in human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells. Aggregation studies showed an ablation of arachidonic acid responses in the patient, whilst there was right-ward shift of the U46619 concentration response curve (CRC). Thromboxane generation was unaffected. Calcium mobilisation studies in cells lines showed a rightward shift of the U46619 CRC in N42S–expressing cells compared to WT. Radioligand binding studies revealed a reduction in BMax in platelets taken from the patient and in N42S–expressing cells, whilst cell studies confirmed poor surface expression. We have identified a novel thromboxane receptor variant, N42S, which results in platelet dysfunction due to reduced surface expression. It is associated with a significant bleeding history in the patient in whom it was identified. This is the first description of a naturally occurring variant that results in the substitution of this highly conserved residue and confirms the importance of this residue for correct GPCR function.
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31
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Migliaccio AR, Uversky VN. Dissecting physical structure of calreticulin, an intrinsically disordered Ca 2+-buffering chaperone from endoplasmic reticulum. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2017; 36:1617-1636. [PMID: 28504081 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2017.1330224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Calreticulin (CALR) is a Ca2+ binding multifunctional protein that mostly resides in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and plays a number of important roles in various physiological and pathological processes. Although the major functions ascribed to CALR are controlling the Ca2+ homeostasis in ER and acting as a lectin-like ER chaperon for many glycoproteins, this moonlighting protein can be found in various cellular compartments where it has many non-ER functions. To shed more light on the mechanisms underlying polyfunctionality of this moonlighting protein that can be found in different cellular compartments and that possesses a wide spectrum of unrelated biological activities, being able to interact with Ca2+ (and potentially other metal ions), RNA, oligosaccharides, and numerous proteins, we used a set of experimental and computational tools to evaluate the intrinsic disorder status of CALR and the role of calcium binding on structural properties and conformational stability of the full-length CALR and its isolated P- and C-domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rita Migliaccio
- a Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (ISMMS) , New York , NY , USA.,b Department of Biomedical and Neuromotorial Sciences , Alma Mater University , Bologna , Italy
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- c Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute , Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida , Tampa , FL , USA.,d Laboratory of New Methods in Biology , Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences , Pushchino , Moscow Region 142290 , Russia
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De Almeida I, Oliveira NMM, Randall RA, Hill CS, McCoy JM, Stern CD. Calreticulin is a secreted BMP antagonist, expressed in Hensen's node during neural induction. Dev Biol 2017; 421:161-170. [PMID: 27919666 PMCID: PMC5231319 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Hensen's node is the "organizer" of the avian and mammalian early embryo. It has many functions, including neural induction and patterning of the ectoderm and mesoderm. Some of the signals responsible for these activities are known but these do not explain the full complexity of organizer activity. Here we undertake a functional screen to discover new secreted factors expressed by the node at this time of development. Using a Signal Sequence Trap in yeast, we identify several candidates. Here we focus on Calreticulin. We show that in addition to its known functions in intracellular Calcium regulation and protein folding, Calreticulin is secreted, it can bind to BMP4 and act as a BMP antagonist in vivo and in vitro. Calreticulin is not sufficient to account for all organizer functions but may contribute to the complexity of its activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene De Almeida
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Nidia M M Oliveira
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | | | | | - Claudio D Stern
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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33
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Wang G, Jiang Z, Zhang M, Yang N, Zhu D. Identification of a new calreticulin homolog from Yesso scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis) and its role in innate immunity. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 58:108-115. [PMID: 27633681 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Calreticulin (CRT) is a multifunctional and highly conserved Ca2+-binding protein shared among vertebrates and invertebrates. In this study, we cloned and characterized a CRT gene, PyCRT, from Yesso scallop, Patinopecten yessoensis. The full-length cDNA of PyCRT was 1830 bp, including a 1242 bp open reading frame (ORF), a 29 bp 5'-untranslated region and a 559 bp 3'-untranslated region. PyCRT was consisted of three distinct structural and functional domains (N-, P- and C-domains), a signal peptide and an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retrieval signal sequence (HDEL). Tissue specific expression analysis showed that PyCRT was distributed widely in Yesso scallop, and was highly expressed in the mantle and hemocytes. After Vibrio anguillarum challenge, the expression of PyCRT in hemocytes had a significant increase and reached the maximum level at 12 h post-infection. We also demonstrated for the first time in mollusc that the recombinant PyCRT (rPyCRT) could bind to the Gram-negative bacterium V. anguillarum, Escherichia coli and the Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus. Our results suggested that the CRT gene from Yesso scallop possessed immune-related regulatory functions in the innate immune system in scallops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghua Wang
- School of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Zengjie Jiang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Ning Yang
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Dongfa Zhu
- School of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
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34
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Quality control of glycoprotein folding and ERAD: the role of N-glycan handling, EDEM1 and OS-9. Histochem Cell Biol 2016; 147:269-284. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-016-1513-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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35
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Abstract
Thyroglobulin (Tg) is a vertebrate secretory protein synthesized in the thyrocyte endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where it acquires N-linked glycosylation and conformational maturation (including formation of many disulfide bonds), leading to homodimerization. Its primary functions include iodide storage and thyroid hormonogenesis. Tg consists largely of repeating domains, and many tyrosyl residues in these domains become iodinated to form monoiodo- and diiodotyrosine, whereas only a small portion of Tg structure is dedicated to hormone formation. Interestingly, evolutionary ancestors, dependent upon thyroid hormone for development, synthesize thyroid hormones without the complete Tg protein architecture. Nevertheless, in all vertebrates, Tg follows a strict pattern of region I, II-III, and the cholinesterase-like (ChEL) domain. In vertebrates, Tg first undergoes intracellular transport through the secretory pathway, which requires the assistance of thyrocyte ER chaperones and oxidoreductases, as well as coordination of distinct regions of Tg, to achieve a native conformation. Curiously, regions II-III and ChEL behave as fully independent folding units that could function as successful secretory proteins by themselves. However, the large Tg region I (bearing the primary T4-forming site) is incompetent by itself for intracellular transport, requiring the downstream regions II-III and ChEL to complete its folding. A combination of nonsense mutations, frameshift mutations, splice site mutations, and missense mutations in Tg occurs spontaneously to cause congenital hypothyroidism and thyroidal ER stress. These Tg mutants are unable to achieve a native conformation within the ER, interfering with the efficiency of Tg maturation and export to the thyroid follicle lumen for iodide storage and hormonogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Di Jeso
- Laboratorio di Patologia Generale (B.D.J.), Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; and Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes (P.A.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Peter Arvan
- Laboratorio di Patologia Generale (B.D.J.), Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; and Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes (P.A.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
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36
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Lamriben L, Graham JB, Adams BM, Hebert DN. N-Glycan-based ER Molecular Chaperone and Protein Quality Control System: The Calnexin Binding Cycle. Traffic 2016; 17:308-26. [PMID: 26676362 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Helenius and colleagues proposed over 20-years ago a paradigm-shifting model for how chaperone binding in the endoplasmic reticulum was mediated and controlled for a new type of molecular chaperone- the carbohydrate-binding chaperones, calnexin and calreticulin. While the originally established basics for this lectin chaperone binding cycle holds true today, there has been a number of important advances that have expanded our understanding of its mechanisms of action, role in protein homeostasis, and its connection to disease states that are highlighted in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Lamriben
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Jill B Graham
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Benjamin M Adams
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Daniel N Hebert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
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37
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Okudera M, Gojoubori T, Tsujino I, Asano M. Effect of ionomycin on interaction of calnexin with vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein is cell type-specific. J Oral Sci 2015; 57:305-12. [PMID: 26666853 DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.57.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Ionomycin is a calcium ionophore that induces release of calcium ions (Ca(2+)) from cellular storage to cytoplasm and Ca(2+) influx from the outside of the cell. We investigated the effect of ionomycin on endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi transport in the vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSV-G) system. Ionomycin inhibited transport of VSV-G in a concentration-dependent manner in baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells and HeLa cells. Half-maximum inhibition was observed at 5 μM. The inhibitory effect of ionomycin was not dependent on the cytoplasmic portion. Chelation of Ca(2+) in culture medium did not affect transport efficiency, but co-incubation with ionomycin completely shut off transport. These findings highlight the importance of Ca(2+) release from cellular storage. Because the inhibitory effect of ionomycin was expected to be dependent on mutual interaction of VSV-G and the ER chaperone calnexin, we further investigated interaction kinetics. In HeLa cells but not BHK cells the interaction of VSV-G and calnexin was prolonged in the presence of ionomycin. Taken together, the present results indicate that, by releasing Ca(2+) from cellular storage, ionomycin inhibits ER-Golgi transport by interfering with the release of VSV-G from calnexin in HeLa cells. A mechanism of cell type-dependent ER-Golgi transport regulation was revealed.
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38
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Tannous A, Pisoni GB, Hebert DN, Molinari M. N-linked sugar-regulated protein folding and quality control in the ER. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 41:79-89. [PMID: 25534658 PMCID: PMC4474783 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Asparagine-linked glycans (N-glycans) are displayed on the majority of proteins synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Removal of the outermost glucose residue recruits the lectin chaperone malectin possibly involved in a first triage of defective polypeptides. Removal of a second glucose promotes engagement of folding and quality control machineries built around the ER lectin chaperones calnexin (CNX) and calreticulin (CRT) and including oxidoreductases and peptidyl-prolyl isomerases. Deprivation of the last glucose residue dictates the release of N-glycosylated polypeptides from the lectin chaperones. Correctly folded proteins are authorized to leave the ER. Non-native polypeptides are recognized by the ER quality control key player UDP-glucose glycoprotein glucosyltransferase 1 (UGT1), re-glucosylated and re-addressed to the CNX/CRT chaperone binding cycle to provide additional opportunity for the protein to fold in the ER. Failure to attain the native structure determines the selection of the misfolded polypeptides for proteasome-mediated degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abla Tannous
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | | | - Daniel N Hebert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Maurizio Molinari
- Università della Svizzera italiana, CH-6900 Lugano, Switzerland; Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Protein Folding and Quality Control, CH-6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, School of Life Sciences, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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39
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Functional roles of calreticulin in cancer biology. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:526524. [PMID: 25918716 PMCID: PMC4396016 DOI: 10.1155/2015/526524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Calreticulin is a highly conserved endoplasmic reticulum chaperone protein which participates in various cellular processes. It was first identified as a Ca2+-binding protein in 1974. Accumulated evidences indicate that calreticulin has great impacts for the development of different cancers and the effect of calreticulin on tumor formation and progression may depend on cell types and clinical stages. Cell surface calreticulin is considered as an “eat-me” signal and promotes phagocytic uptake of cancer cells by immune system. Moreover, several reports reveal that manipulation of calreticulin levels profoundly affects cancer cell proliferation and angiogenesis as well as differentiation. In addition to immunogenicity and tumorigenesis, interactions between calreticulin and integrins have been described during cell adhesion, which is an essential process for cancer metastasis. Integrins are heterodimeric transmembrane receptors which connect extracellular matrix and intracellular cytoskeleton and trigger inside-out or outside-in signaling transduction. More and more evidences reveal that proteins binding to integrins might affect integrin-cytoskeleton interaction and therefore influence ability of cell adhesion. Here, we reviewed the biological roles of calreticulin and summarized the potential mechanisms of calreticulin in regulating mRNA stability and therefore contributed to cancer metastasis.
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Changes in the glucocorticoid receptor and Ca²⁺/calreticulin-dependent signalling pathway in the medial prefrontal cortex of rats with post-traumatic stress disorder. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 56:24-34. [PMID: 25407822 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0464-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The glucocorticoid receptor (GR), calreticulin (CRT) and protein kinase C (PKC) have all been implicated in the Ca(2+)-dependent signalling pathway, which plays an important role in the plasticity of the central nervous system, learning and memory. The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is known to be involved in mechanisms of learning and memory. In the present study, single prolonged stress (SPS) was used as an animal model of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The Morris water maze test was used to detect rats' ability for spatial memory and learning. A fluorescence spectrophotometer was used to measure the concentration of intracellular Ca(2+) in mPFC. Immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, western blot and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction were used to explore changes in GR, CRT and PKC in mPFC of SPS rats. The concentration of Ca(2+) in mPFC was increased in the SPS rats. We found increased intensity of GR and CRT immunoreactivity and increased messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of GR, CRT and PKC in mPFC of the SPS groups, although the degree and time of increase was different among them. The protein levels of cytoplasmic GR, cytoplasmic CRT and cytoplasmic pPKC increased in mPFC of the SPS groups, whereas the protein level of nuclear GR decreased in comparison with the control group. As a conclusion, changed CRT and GR/PKC were involved in the mechanism of SPS-induced dysfunctional mPFC.
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Li HH, Huang ZY, Ye SP, Lu CY, Cheng PC, Chen SH, Chen CS. Membrane labeling of coral gastrodermal cells by biotinylation: the proteomic identification of surface proteins involving cnidaria-dinoflagellate endosymbiosis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85119. [PMID: 24409319 PMCID: PMC3883709 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular and molecular-scale processes underlying the stability of coral-Symbiodinium endosymbioses remain unclear despite decades of investigation. As the coral gastroderm is the only tissue layer characterized by this unique symbiotic association, the membranes of these symbiotic gastrodermal cells (SGCs) may play important roles in the initiation and maintenance of the endosymbiosis. In order to elucidate the interactions between the endosymbiotic dinoflagellates and their coral hosts, a thorough characterization of SGC membranes is therefore required. Cell surface proteins of isolated SGCs were biotinylated herein by a cell impermeant agent, biotin-XX sulfosuccinimidyl ester. The in situ distribution of these biotinylated proteins was uncovered by both fluorescence and transmission electron microscopic imaging of proteins bound to Alexa Fluor® 488-conjugated streptavidin. The identity of these proteins was then determined by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Nineteen (19) proteins were identified, and they are known to be involved in the molecular chaperone/stress response, cytoskeletal remodeling, and energy metabolism. These results not only reveal the molecular characters of the host SGC membrane, but also provide critical insight into understanding the possible role of host membranes in this ecologically important endosymbiotic association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsing-Hui Li
- Graduate Institute of Marine Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Taiwan Coral Research Center, National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Zi-Yu Huang
- Graduate Institute of Marine Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Png Ye
- Graduate Institute of Marine Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Yu Lu
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pai-Chiao Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hwa Chen
- Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chii-Shiarng Chen
- Graduate Institute of Marine Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Taiwan Coral Research Center, National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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CD1d(hi)CD5⁺ B cells differentiate into antibody-secreting cells under the stimulation with calreticulin fragment. Protein Cell 2013; 4:872-81. [PMID: 24214877 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-013-3062-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Calreticulin (CRT) is a multifunctional molecule in both intracellular and extracellular environment. We have previously found that a recombinant CRT fragment (rCRT/39-272) could modulate T cell-mediated immunity in mice via activation and expansion of CD1d(hi)CD5⁺ B cells as well as induction of CRT-specific regulatory antibodies. Antibody secreting cells (ASCs) are terminally differentiated B cells responsible for producing antibodies to participate in positive immune response as well as immune regulation. In this study, we demonstrate that rCRT/39-272 differentiates murine CD1d(hi)CD5⁺ B cells into ASCs marked by increased expression of plasma cell-associated transcription factors and production of polyreactive antibodies against DNA and CRT in vitro. Intraperitoneal administration of rCRT/39-272 augmented differentiation of CD1d(hi)CD5⁺ B cells into ASCs in naïve mice or mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Thus, we propose that ASC differentiation and subsequent antibody production of CD1d(hi)CD5⁺ B cells are key steps in CRT-mediated immunoregulation on inflammatory T cell responses.
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Gidalevitz T, Stevens F, Argon Y. Orchestration of secretory protein folding by ER chaperones. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2013; 1833:2410-24. [PMID: 23507200 PMCID: PMC3729627 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum is a major compartment of protein biogenesis in the cell, dedicated to production of secretory, membrane and organelle proteins. The secretome has distinct structural and post-translational characteristics, since folding in the ER occurs in an environment that is distinct in terms of its ionic composition, dynamics and requirements for quality control. The folding machinery in the ER therefore includes chaperones and folding enzymes that introduce, monitor and react to disulfide bonds, glycans, and fluctuations of luminal calcium. We describe the major chaperone networks in the lumen and discuss how they have distinct modes of operation that enable cells to accomplish highly efficient production of the secretome. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Functional and structural diversity of endoplasmic reticulum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tali Gidalevitz
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Drexel University, 418 Papadakis Integrated Science Bldg, 3245 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | | | - Yair Argon
- Division of Cell Pathology, Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the University of Pennsylvania, 3615 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, , Phone: 267-426-5131, Fax: 267-426-5165)
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Hong C, Zhang T, Gao XM. Recombinant murine calreticulin fragment 39-272 expands CD1dhiCD5+ IL-10-secreting B cells that modulate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in C57BL/6 mice. Mol Immunol 2013; 55:237-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Lee JH, Kwon EJ, Kim DH. Calumenin has a role in the alleviation of ER stress in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 439:327-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.08.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Liu X, Xu N, Zhang S. Calreticulin is a microbial-binding molecule with phagocytosis-enhancing capacity. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:776-784. [PMID: 23791863 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Calreticulin (CRT) is a highly conserved calcium-binding protein mainly involved in directing proper conformation of proteins and controlling calcium level. Accumulating data also show that CRT is emerging as an immune-relevant molecule. In this study, we demonstrated that the CRT gene from the amphioxus Branchiostoma japonicum, named Bjcrt, consisted of a signal peptide, three domains (N-, P-, C-domains) and an ER retrieval signal sequence (KDEL), which appears to be the ancient form of vertebrate CRTs, and Bjcrt was expressed in a tissue-specific manner, with the most abundant expression in the notochord. We also demonstrated for the first time that the recombinant BjCRT (rBjCRT) was able to bind the Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli and the Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus. Moreover, both BjCRT as well as human recombinant calreticulin were able to promote the phagocytosis of E. coli and S. aureus by sea bass macrophages. These results indicate that CRT is a microbial-binding molecule and possesses an ability to enhance phagocytosis, a novel function assigned to CRT, reenforcing the notion that CRT is an immune-relevant molecule associated with host immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Liu
- Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity and Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
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Huang SH, Zhao LX, Hong C, Duo CC, Guo BN, Zhang LJ, Gong Z, Xiong SD, Gong FY, Gao XM. Self-oligomerization is essential for enhanced immunological activities of soluble recombinant calreticulin. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64951. [PMID: 23762269 PMCID: PMC3677884 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently reported that calreticulin (CRT), a luminal resident protein, can be found in the sera of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and also that recombinant CRT (rCRT) exhibits extraordinarily strong immunological activities. We herein further demonstrate that rCRT fragments 18-412 (rCRT/18-412), rCRT/39-272, rCRT/120-308 and rCRT/120-250 can self-oligomerize in solution and are 50-100 fold more potent than native CRT (nCRT, isolated from mouse livers) in activating macrophages in vitro. We narrowed down the active site of CRT to residues 150-230, the activity of which also depends on dimerization. By contrast, rCRT/18-197 is almost completely inactive. When rCRT/18-412 is fractionated into oligomers and monomers by gel filtration, the oligomers maintain most of their immunological activities in terms of activating macrophages in vitro and inducing specific antibodies in vivo, while the monomers were much less active by comparison. Additionally, rCRT/18-412 oligomers are much better than monomers in binding to, and uptake by, macrophages. Inhibition of macrophage endocytosis partially blocks the stimulatory effect of rCRT/18-412. We conclude that the immunologically active site of CRT maps between residues 198-230 and that soluble CRT could acquire potent immuno-pathological activities in microenvironments favoring its oligomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Hui Huang
- Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Li-Xiang Zhao
- Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chao Hong
- Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Cui-Cui Duo
- Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Bing-Nan Guo
- Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Li-Juan Zhang
- Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zheng Gong
- Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Si-Dong Xiong
- Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Fang-Yuan Gong
- Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- * E-mail: (XMG); (FYG)
| | - Xiao-Ming Gao
- Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- * E-mail: (XMG); (FYG)
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Adjuvanticity of a recombinant calreticulin fragment in assisting anti-β-glucan IgG responses in T cell-deficient mice. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2013; 20:582-9. [PMID: 23408527 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00689-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Polysaccharide-encapsulated fungi are the chief source of diseases in immunocompromised hosts such as those infected with human immunodeficiency virus or neutropenia patients. Currently available polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines are mainly T cell dependent and are usually ineffective in weakened immune systems. In this study, laminarin, a well-characterized β-1,3-glucan, was conjugated with a prokaryotically expressed recombinant fragment (amino acids [aa] 39 to 272) of calreticulin (rCRT/39-272), which exhibits extraordinarily potent immunogenicity and adjuvanticity in experimental animals. The resultant conjugate reserves the immunostimulatory effect of rCRT/39-272 on naïve murine B cells and is capable of eliciting anti-β-glucan IgG (mostly IgG1) responses in not only BALB/c mice but also athymic nude mice. Laminarin-CRT-induced mouse antibodies (Abs) are able to bind with Candida albicans and inhibit its growth in vitro. In addition, vaccination with laminarin-CRT partially protects mice from lethal C. albicans challenge. These results imply that rCRT/39-272 could be used as an ideal carrier or adjuvant for carbohydrate vaccines aimed at inducing or boosting IgG responses to fungal infections in immunodeficient hosts.
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Chiang WF, Hwang TZ, Hour TC, Wang LH, Chiu CC, Chen HR, Wu YJ, Wang CC, Wang LF, Chien CY, Chen JH, Hsu CT, Chen JYF. Calreticulin, an endoplasmic reticulum-resident protein, is highly expressed and essential for cell proliferation and migration in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2013; 49:534-41. [PMID: 23375593 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 12/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has emerged as one of the major malignant tumors of the head and neck cancers. However, the molecular mechanism behind tumorigenesis of OSCC is not fully understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of calreticulin (CRT), an endoplasmic reticulum-resident protein, in OSCC cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixteen paired samples of tumor and non-cancerous matched tissue (NCMT), six OSCC cell lines and normal human oral keratinocytes (NHOKs), and oral tissue microarray were used to reveal the expression of CRT by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Later, shRNA-mediated stable knockdown of CRT in OSCC cells was generated. The knockdown cell line was used to analyze cell proliferation, colony formation, anchorage-independent growth and cell migration in vitro. RESULTS CRT was differentially expressed in fresh tumor samples and six OSCC cell lines but not adjacent NCMTs and NHOKs. In oral tissue microarray, we showed that there was positive CRT staining in the vast majority of tumor cases (99/103), in sharp contrast to that in NCMT cases (29/92) (p<0.001). Stable knockdown of CRT in oral cancer cells resulted in significantly reduced growth rate, colony-forming capacity and anchorage-independent growth. This may be attributed to the induction of G0/G1 cell cycle arrest when CRT was depleted in the cells. Both horizontal and vertical movements of the CRT-knockdown stable line were markedly impaired. The phosphorylation levels of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), paxillin and ERK1/2 and the activity of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 (MMP-2 and MMP-9) were decreased in the CRT-knockdown cells. These results suggest that CRT can regulate oral cancer cell migration through activation of the FAK signaling pathway accompanied with proteolytic degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) by MMP-2 and MMP-9. CONCLUSION Together, this study has defined a novel biological role for CRT in oral cancer. CRT is a potential biomarker and may contribute to the malignant phenotypes of OSCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Fan Chiang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Liouying, Taiwan
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Qiu X, Hong C, Zhong Z, Li Y, Zhang T, Bao W, Xiong S, Gao XM. Modulation of cellular immunity by antibodies against calreticulin. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:2419-30. [PMID: 22685035 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201142320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Although caltreticulin (CRT) is mainly a residential ER protein, it is also expressed on the membrane surface of various types of cells exhibiting multiple functions. We report here that intraperitoneal administration of a soluble recombinant CRT fragment (rCRT/39-272) led to a substantial decrease in delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses in BALB/c mice and EAE in C57BL/6 mice. In the recall response against keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) in vitro, draining lymph node cells from the rCRT/39-272-treated mice produced less IFN-γ but more IL-4 as compared with the cells from the control group. The immunomodulating effect of intraperitoneally administered rCRT/39-272 was attributed to anti-CRT Abs thereby induced, because, in passive transfer experiments, the CRT-specific antiserum could suppress DTH in BALB/c mice. B-cell-deficient μMT mice were not susceptible to rCRT/39-272-mediated DTH suppression. Furthermore, CRT appears on the surface of murine T cells soon after activation and remains detectable (at relatively low level) by flow cytometry for approximately 5 days in vitro. Anti-CRT Abs were able to inhibit AKT phosphorylation, proliferation, and cytokine production by activated murine T cells. We propose that cell surface CRT could play a role in the function of effector T cells and may be considered a target for immunological manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Qiu
- Department of Immunology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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