The Role of Antioxidants in Human Health

Effects of Klotho protein, vitamin D, and oxidative stress parameters on urinary stone formation and recurrence

PURPOSE

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of α-Klotho and oxidative stress markers on urinary stone disease (USD) and demonstrate their use as biochemical markers in USD.

METHODS

Among the 90 individuals included, 30 individuals were healthy controls (Group 1), 30 individuals presented with USD for the first time (Group 2), and 30 individuals demonstrated recurrent USD (Group 3). Serum levels of α-Klotho, vitamin D, malondialdehyde (MDA), total oxidant status, and total antioxidant status were determined using spectrophotometry analysis. Serum calcium and parathormone levels and 24-h urine calcium levels were measured via biochemical analysis.

RESULTS

No significant intergroup difference was noted in terms of age and sex. The groups had significant differences regarding α-Klotho, oxidative stress index (OSI), MDA, and 24-h urine calcium levels. α-Klotho was a determinant of 24-h urine calcium level and OSI. An increase of 1 pg/mL in α-Klotho level appeared to result in a decrease of 8.55 mg in 24-h urine calcium level and a decrease of 0.04 Arbitrary Unit in OSI. In patients experiencing USD for the first time, α-Klotho values were < 21.83 pg/mL and showed 66% sensitivity and 64% specificity. In individuals with recurrent stone formation, α-Klotho values below 19.41 pg/mL had 60% sensitivity and 77% specificity.

CONCLUSIONS

The biochemical markers investigated herein, i.e., α-Klotho, OSI, and MDA, were involved in the pathogenesis of stone formation and can be used in day-to-day clinical practices of urology clinics to identify patients at risk for both first time and recurrent USD.

Progress in the Use of Hydrogels for Antioxidant Delivery in Skin Wounds

The skin is the largest organ of the body, and it acts as a protective barrier against external factors. Chronic wounds affect millions of people worldwide and are associated with significant morbidity and reduced quality of life. One of the main factors involved in delayed wound healing is oxidative injury, which is triggered by the overproduction of reactive oxygen species. Oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic wounds, where it is known to impair wound healing by causing damage to cellular components, delaying the inflammatory phase of healing, and inhibiting the formation of new blood vessels. Thereby, the treatment of chronic wounds requires a multidisciplinary approach that addresses the underlying causes of the wound, provides optimal wound care, and promotes wound healing. Among the promising approaches to taking care of chronic wounds, antioxidants are gaining interest since they offer multiple benefits related to skin health. Therefore, in this review, we will highlight the latest advances in the use of natural polymers with antioxidants to generate tissue regeneration microenvironments for skin wound healing.

Caciocavallo Podolico Cheese, a Traditional Agri-Food Product of the Region of Basilicata, Italy: Comparison of the Cheese's Nutritional, Health and Organoleptic Properties at 6 and 12 Months of Ripening, and Its Digital Communication

Traditional agri-food products (TAPs) are closely linked to the peculiarities of the territory of origin and are strategic tools for preserving culture and traditions; nutritional and organoleptic peculiarities also differentiate these products on the market. One such product is Caciocavallo Podolico Lucano (CPL), a stretched curd cheese made exclusively from raw milk from Podolian cows, reared under extensive conditions. The objective of this study was to characterise CPL and evaluate the effects of ripening (6 vs. 12 months) on the quality and organoleptic properties, using the technological "artificial senses" platform, of CPL produced and sold in the region of Basilicata, Italy. Additionally, this study represents the first analysis of cheese-related digital communication and trends online. The study found no significant differences between 6-month- and 12-month-ripened cheese, except for a slight increase in cholesterol levels in the latter. CPL aged for 6 and 12 months is naturally lactose-free, rich in bioactive components, and high in vitamin A and antioxidants and has a low PUFA-n6/n3 ratio. The "artificial sensory profile" was able to discriminate the organoleptic fingerprints of 6-month- and 12-month-ripened cheese. The application of a socio-semiotic methodology enabled us to identify the best drivers to create effective communication for this product. The researchers recommend focusing on creating a certification mark linked to the territory for future protection.

Coordinated Axial Ligand and d-π Conjugated Network Makes the Difference: Engineered 2D Mn-Based Antioxidase Mimic for Enhancing Stem Cell Protection

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) refer to various partially reduced oxygen moieties that are naturally generated due to biochemical processes. Elevated formation of ROS leads to damage to biomolecules, resulting in oxidative stress and cell death. The increased level of ROS also affects therapeutics based on stem cell transplantation. Nanomaterials-based enzyme mimetics have attracted immense attention, but there are several challenges to be addressed in terms of selectivity, efficiency, and biocompatibility. This highlight focuses on a recent investigation by Cheng and coworkers, who engineered an Mn-superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD)-inspired material with Mn-N5 sites having an axial ligand and 2D d-π-conjugated network. This engineering approach enhances antioxidase-like function and effectively rescues stem cells from ROS. In addition, it also protects osteogenesis-related gene transcription, ensuring survival rates and osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs under ROS environment. This versatile and robust artificial antioxidase holds promise for stem cell therapies and ROS-originated diseases.

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Supplementation Enhance Skin Antioxidant Capacity in Hyperglycemic Rats

The fundamental reasons for delayed wound healing in diabetic animals include inadequate production of growth factors or their increased devastation. Vascular Growth Factor (VEGF) has a biological role in the healing process of mucosal and skin wounds, especially in the process of new vessel formation. We planned to examine the oxidant-antioxidant events that occur during healing with topical VEGF application in diabetic rats. Experiments were performed 36 adults female Wistar albino rat diabetes induced by streptozotocin. The incisional wounds were made on the dorsal region in the rats. Rats were separated to 3 groups: the untreated (negative control) group (n=12), the chitosan group (n=12), the chitosan + VEGF group (n=12). The treatments were continued for 3 and 7 days, excluding the control and negative control groups. Then, the animals were sacrificed on the 3rd and 7th days of wound healing. Antioxidant and oxidant parameters in skin tissue were measured using biochemical methods. Topical VEGF application was decreased the NOx levels on the 3rd day compared to other groups. Moreover, it increased wound tissue GSH and AA levels, subsequently contributing to the enhance tissue antioxidant capacity. In conclusion, VEGF application increases the antioxidant capacity of the tissue and simultaneously reduces the oxidative stress and thus gives a positive acceleration to the wound healing process.

Antioxidant activities in relation to the transport of heavy metals from the soil to different parts of Betula pendula (Roth.)

BACKGROUND

Birch is a tree with a common occurrence in the environment and its organs are used in the form of herbal material. An important aspect of this study is birch pollen, which is a problem for allergy sufferers, and due to a variety of environmental conditions, its allergenicity may increase. Among the organs studied, inflorescences deserve attention, which, as seen from an overview of the literature, are analysed for the content of heavy metals for the first time in this study.

RESULTS

This paper investigated the relationship between antioxidant properties and the content of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Ni and Cr) as the plant's response to stress, taking into account both the vegetative and generative organs of the tree Betula pendula. While studying the accumulation of elements in individual organs, the research was extended to include the aspect of different environmental conditions, reflected in two soil types of differing physicochemical properties: sandy and silty soils. In order to thoroughly analyse the transport of the studied heavy metals from the soil to individual organs (leaves, inflorescences and pollen), ecotoxicological indicators were used. A modified translocation factor (TF) index into sTF (sap translocation factor) was presented as a novelty in research, calculated based on the content of selected heavy metals in the sap flowing to individual birch organs. This allowed for a more complete description of the transport of elements in the aerial parts of plants, indicating the accumulation of zinc and cadmium, especially in leaves. Among the studied environmental conditions which may affect the accumulation of heavy metals, sandy soil is of particular significance, conditioning lower pH values, among other things. However, analysis of the reaction of birch to the conditions of the soil environment and the content of heavy metals, based on antioxidant properties, demonstrated an evident reaction to stress, but without an unambiguous response among the studied vegetative and generative organs.

CONCLUSIONS

As birch is a plant with wide utility values, monitoring studies are advisable to exclude the risk of accumulation of heavy metals in its organs, and for this purpose it may be useful to use the sTF indicator and assess the antioxidant potential.

Anthocyanins: Metabolic Digestion, Bioavailability, Therapeutic Effects, Current Pharmaceutical/Industrial Use, and Innovation Potential

In this work, various concepts and features of anthocyanins have been comprehensively reviewed, taking the benefits of the scientific publications released mainly within the last five years. Within the paper, common topics such as anthocyanin chemistry and occurrence, including the biosynthesis of anthocyanins emphasizing the anthocyanin formation pathway, anthocyanin chemistry, and factors influencing the anthocyanins' stability, are covered in detail. By evaluating the recent in vitro and human experimental studies on the absorption and bioavailability of anthocyanins present in typical food and beverages, this review elucidates the significant variations in biokinetic parameters based on the model, anthocyanin source, and dose, allowing us to make basic assumptions about their bioavailability. Additionally, special attention is paid to other topics, such as the therapeutic effects of anthocyanins. Reviewing the recent in vitro, in vivo, and epidemiological studies on the therapeutic potential of anthocyanins against various diseases permits a demonstration of the promising efficacy of different anthocyanin sources at various levels, including the neuroprotective, cardioprotective, antidiabetic, antiobesity, and anticancer effects. Additionally, the studies on using plant-based anthocyanins as coloring food mediums are extensively investigated in this paper, revealing the successful use of anthocyanins in coloring various products, such as dietary and bakery products, mixes, juices, candies, beverages, ice cream, and jams. Lastly, the successful application of anthocyanins as prebiotic ingredients, the innovation potential of anthocyanins in industry, and sustainable sources of anthocyanins, including a quantitative research literature and database analysis, is performed.

Using leaf spectroscopy and pigment estimation to monitor indoor grown lettuce dynamic response to spectral light intensity

Rising urban food demand is being addressed by plant factories, which aim at producing quality food in closed environment with optimised use of resources. The efficiency of these new plant production systems could be further increased by automated control of plant health and nutritious composition during cultivation, allowing for increased produce value and closer match between plant needs and treatment application with potential energy savings. We hypothesise that certain leaf pigments, including chlorophylls, carotenoids and anthocyanins, which are responsive to light, may be good indicator of plant performance and related healthy compounds composition and, that the combination of leaf spectroscopy and mathematical modelling will allow monitoring of plant cultivation through noninvasive estimation of leaf pigments. Plants of two lettuce cultivars (a green- and a red-leaf) were cultivated in hydroponic conditions for 18 days under white light spectrum in climate controlled growth chamber. After that period, plant responses to white light spectrum ('W') with differing blue wavelengths ('B', 420 - 450 nm) percentage (15% 'B15', and 40% 'B40') were investigated for a 14 days period. The two light spectral treatments were applied at photon flux densities (PFDs) of 160 and 240 µmol m^-2 s^-1, resulting in a total of four light treatments (160WB15, 160WB40, 240WB15, 240WB40). Chlorophyll a fluorescence measurements and assessment of foliar pigments, through destructive (in vitro) and non-destructive (in vivo) spectrophotometry, were performed at 1, 7 and 14 days after treatment initiation. Increase in measured and estimated pigments in response to WB40 and decrease in chlorophyll:carotenoid ratio in response to higher PFD were found in both cultivars. Cultivar specific behavior in terms of specific pigment content stimulation in response to time was observed. Content ranges of modelled and measured pigments were comparable, though the correlation between both needs to be improved. In conclusion, leaf pigment estimation may represent a potential noninvasive and real-time technique to monitor, and control, plant growth and nutritious quality in controlled environment agriculture.

The Azadirachta indica (Neem) Seed Oil Reduced Chronic Redox-Homeostasis Imbalance in a Mice Experimental Model on Ochratoxine A-Induced Hepatotoxicity

Liver damage severity depends on both the dose and the exposure duration. Oxidative stress may increase the Ochratoxine-A (OTA) hepatotoxicity and many antioxidants may counteract toxic liver function. The present study aims to investigate the hepatoprotective potential of Azadirachta indicaA (A. indica; neem oil) seed oil to reduce acute oxidative disorders and residual OTA toxicity in a 28-day experimental model. The activity of antioxidant and hepatic enzymes, cytokines and the levels of oxidative stress biomarkers –MDA, GSPx, Hydroxiproline, GST, PCC, AGEs, PGC-1, and STIR-1 were analyzed by ELISA. The free radicals ROS and RNS levels were measured by EPR. The protective effects were studied in BALB/C mice treated with A. indica seed oil (170 mg/kg), alone and in combination with OTA (1.25 mg/kg), by gavage daily for 28 days. At the end of the experiment, mice treated with OTA showed changes in liver and antioxidant enzymes, and oxidative stress parameters in the liver and blood. A. indica oil significantly reduced oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation compared to the OTA group. In addition, the hepatic histological evaluation showed significant adipose tissue accumulation in OTA-treated tissues, while treatment with 170 mg/kg A. indica oil showed moderate adipose tissue accumulation.

Nаtural Antioxidants and their Effect on Human Health

Fruit, vegetables and spice antioxidants are recognized for their important role in human health against some diseases for instance cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Phenolic antioxidants, vitamins (C and E), flavonoids, and cаtеchins are among the major nаturally bioavailable antioxidants. Nаtural antioxidants positive impact on human health can be summarized on their potential to act against inflammation, bacteria, aging, oxidаtive stress and cаncer. The evaluation of antioxidants bioavailability in food and medicinal plants are essential to understand the best antioxidant sources and to elevate their use in food, pharmaceuticals and food additives.

Nutritional Composition and Bioactive Compounds of Basil, Thyme and Sage Plant Additives and Their Functionality on Broiler Thigh Meat Quality

Meat industries across the world are constantly focusing to find natural low-cost additives for the development of novel meat products to meet consumer demand for improving the health benefits. In this study, we investigated the chemical composition and the bioactive compounds of some herbal plants, namely basil, thyme, sage, and their functionality on broiler chicken thigh meat quality. Chemical composition, as well as total antioxidant activity, polyphenols, vitamin E lutein and zeaxanthin and the fatty acids of the plants, were analyzed. According to findings, total polyphenols was 21.53 mg gallic acid/g in basil, 31.73 mg gallic acid/g in thyme and 38.87 mg gallic acid/g in sage. The antioxidant capacity was 19.91 mM Trolox in basil, 54.09 mM Trolox in thyme and 54.09 mM Trolox in sage. Lutein and zeaxanthin from basil was 267.91 mg/kg, 535.79 mg/kg in thyme and 99.89 mg/kg, and vitamin E ranged from 291.71 mg/kg in basil to 379.37 mg/kg in thyme and 148.07 mg/kg in sage, respectively. After, we developed a trial on 120 unsexed broiler chickens (n = 30) which were separated into four groups with six replications of five chickens each: control (C); 1% basil (B); 1% thyme (T) and 1% sage (S). The B, T and S groups deposited significantly higher (p < 0.05) concentration of zinc, polyphenols, antioxidant capacity and vitamin E in meat samples compared with the C group. In the experimental groups, the proportion of total polyunsaturated fatty acids, the ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids, and the ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids in the thigh muscles were significantly improved (p < 0.05). The tested plants exhibited a significant (p = 0.0007) hypocholesterolemic effect in the meat of the B (45.90 mg/g), T (41.60 mg/g) and S (48.80 mg/kg) experimental groups compared with the C (60.50 mg/g) group. These results support the application of the studied plants as natural sources of additives which could be effective in improving meat quality, from the human consumption perspective.

Accumulation Pattern of Flavonoids during Fruit Development of Lonicera maackii Determined by Metabolomics

Lonicera maackii (Caprifoliaceae) is a large, upright shrub with fruits that contain many bioactive compounds. Flavonoids are common active substances in L. maackii. However, there is a dearth of information about the accumulation of these flavonoids and their possible medicinal value. We used targeted metabolomics analysis based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) to analyze five developmental stages of L. maackii fruit. A total of 438 metabolites were identified in the five developmental stages, including 81 flavonoids and derivatives. The 81 flavonoids included 25 flavones and derivatives, 35 flavonols and derivatives, two isoflavones, three cyanidins and derivatives, eight procyanidins, and eight flavanones. In addition, we outlined the putative flavonoid biosynthesis pathway and screened their upstream metabolites. More importantly, we analyzed the accumulation patterns of several typical flavones and flavonols. The results reported here improved our understanding of the dynamic changes in flavonoids during fruit development and contributed to making full use of the medicinal value of L. maackii fruit.

Simultaneous determination of flavonoids and anthraquinones in honey by using SPE-CE-LIF

Based on advantages of capillary electrophoresis (CE), a new solid-phase extraction (SPE) coupled with CE has been developed for preconcentration, enrichment and determination of anthraquinones and flavonoids (rutin, emodin, quercetin, 1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone) in honey. The environmental-friendly chitin activated after an easy processing is selected as the adsorbent to enrich analytes. Then, chitin was filled into the filter as the solid phase. To improve the extraction effect, some key parameters of extraction were optimized. Under the optional extraction conditions, the chitin showed excellent adsorption capacity and selectivity over rutin, emodin, quercetin, and 1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone, with enrichment factors reaching 5 folds. The CE coupled with fluorescence detection was used for the detection. Results prove the method is simple, fast, and highly sensitive, with the limit of detection (LOD) is 3.00-200.0 ng/mL; the recovery is 90.0-107.0%, and relative standard deviation of (RSD) is 1.8-8.3%.

Novel additive for sperm cryopreservation media: Holotheria parva coelomic cavity extract protects human spermatozoa against oxidative stress-A pilot study

Cryopreservation is the most effective method for preserving semen for a long period of time. However, during the freeze-thaw process, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) leads to a steep reduction in sperm fertility indices. In this study, we tested the effects of the extract of the coelomic cavity of five Holotheria parva, a marine organism rich in antioxidants, for its ROS-scavenging activity and cryoprotective effects on oxidative stress. Using a total of 50 semen samples, our results demonstrated that doses of 250 and 500 µg/ml of H. parva coelomic cavity extract significantly increased sperm vitality as compared to the control (p < .05). The addition of 250 µg/ml of the extract exerted a significant positive effect on sperm motility. Moreover, sperm DNA damage and ROS production were significantly reduced at extract concentrations of 250 and 500 µg/ml (p < .05). To the best of our knowledge, the results of this study represent the first demonstration of the possibility of improving sperm parameters and reducing ROS production and DNA damage by supplementing sperm freezing media with H. parva coelomic extract. Our results suggested that H. parva coelomic extract could be useful for improving the fertilising ability of frozen-thawed human semen.

Effect of Gallic acid and Myricetin on ovarian cancer models: a possible alternative antitumoral treatment

Background

Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of mortality among malignant gynecological tumors. Surgical resection and chemotherapy with intravenous platinum/taxanes drugs are the treatments of choice, with little effectiveness in later stages and severe toxicological effects. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the antineoplastic activity of gallic acid (GA) and myricetin (Myr) administrated peritumorally in Nu/Nu mice xenotransplanted with SKOV-3 cells.

Methods

Biological activity of GA and MYR was evaluated in SKOV-3 and OVCAR-3 cells (ovarian adenocarcinomas) by confocal/transmission electron microscopy, PI-flow cytometry, H₂-DCF-DA stain, MTT, and Annexin V/PI assays. Molecular targets of compounds were determined with ACD/I-Labs and SEA. Antineoplastic activity was performed in SKOV-3 cells subcutaneously xenotransplanted into female Nu/Nu mice treated peritumorally with 50 mg/kg of each compound (2 alternate days/week) for 28 days. Controls used were paclitaxel (5 mg/kg) and 20 μL of vehicle (0.5% DMSO in 1X PBS). Tumor lesions, organs and sera were evaluated with NMR, USG, histopathological, and paraclinical studies.

Results

In vitro studies showed a decrease of cell viability with GA and Myr in SKOV-3 (50 and 166 μg/mL) and OVCAR-3 (43 and 94 μg/mL) cells respectively, as well as morphological changes, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis induction due to ROS generation (p ≤ 0.05, ANOVA). In silico studies suggest that GA and MYR could interact with carbonic anhydrase IX and PI3K, respectively. In vivo studies revealed inhibitory effects on tumor lesions development with GA and MYR up to 50% (p ≤ 0.05, ANOVA), with decreased vascularity, necrotic/fibrotic areas, neoplastic stroma retraction and apoptosis. However, toxicological effects were observed with GA treatment, such as leukocyte infiltrate and hepatic parenchyma loss, hypertransaminasemia (ALT: 150.7 ± 25.60 U/L), and hypoazotemia (urea: 33.4 ± 7.4 mg/dL), due to the development of chronic hepatitis (p ≤ 0.05, ANOVA).

Conclusion

GA and Myr (50 mg/kg) administered by peritumoral route, inhibit ovarian tumor lesions development in rodents with some toxicological effects. Additional studies will be necessary to find the appropriate therapeutic dose for GA. Therefore, GA and Myr could be considered as a starting point for the development of novel anticancer agents.

Natural variation for carotenoids in fresh kernels is controlled by uncommon variants in sweet corn

Sweet corn (Zea mays L.) is highly consumed in the United States, but does not make major contributions to the daily intake of carotenoids (provitamin A carotenoids, lutein and zeaxanthin) that would help in the prevention of health complications. A genome-wide association study of seven kernel carotenoids and twelve derivative traits was conducted in a sweet corn inbred line association panel ranging from light to dark yellow in endosperm color to elucidate the genetic basis of carotenoid levels in fresh kernels. In agreement with earlier studies of maize kernels at maturity, we detected an association of β-carotene hydroxylase (crtRB1) with β-carotene concentration and lycopene epsilon cyclase (lcyE) with the ratio of flux between the α- and β-carotene branches in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway. Additionally, we found that 5% or less of the evaluated inbred lines possessing the shrunken2 (sh2) endosperm mutation had the most favorable lycE allele or crtRB1 haplotype for elevating β-branch carotenoids (β-carotene and zeaxanthin) or β-carotene, respectively. Genomic prediction models with genome-wide markers obtained moderately high predictive abilities for the carotenoid traits, especially lutein, and outperformed models with less markers that targeted candidate genes implicated in the synthesis, retention, and/or genetic control of kernel carotenoids. Taken together, our results constitute an important step toward increasing carotenoids in fresh sweet corn kernels.

Resveratrol Effect on Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Differentiation to Chondrocyte in Three-Dimensional Culture

Purpose: Adipose stem cells (ASCs) are pluripotent cells with the ability of self-renewal and differentiation into different types of mesenchymal cells. As cartilage repair is difficult due to lack of blood capillary, resveratrol (Res) is a polyphenolic compound with diverse biological properties to be possibly used in this case. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of Res on differentiation of ASCs into chondrocyte in a three-dimensional (3D) culture model.

Methods: Subcutaneous adipose tissues were prepared and digested enzymatically, and passed through cell strainer. ASCs were harvested in the fourth passage, and divided into five groups. The control group received chondrogenic differentiation medium (CDM) while the experimental groups received CDM plus different doses of Res (1, 10, 20, and 50 µM) for 21 days. Expression of cartilage specific genes and Sirtuin1 (SIRT 1), cell viability, apoptosis and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were detected using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), MTT assay, TUNEL and acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB) staining. One-way ANOVA and non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test were used for data analyses.

Results: ASCs were differentiated to chondrocyte by CDM in a three-dimensional culture. 10 and 20 µM doses of Res showed the most proliferating effect on ADSCs. The SIRT 1 genes expression and FRAP level also increased significantly compared to the control group (P<0.05). Also, OD of cell increased whereas apoptosis decreased.

Conclusion: 3D culture was a suitable condition for ASCs differentiation to chondrocyte, and lower doses of Res exert proliferation effect on ASCs.

Lipid peroxidation impairs growth and viability of nursery pigs reared under commercial conditions1

The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of lipid peroxidation in a dose-dependent manner on growth, health, and oxidative stress status of nursery pigs. A total of 2,200 weaned pigs (5.95 ± 0.20 kg BW) were housed in 100 pens (22 pigs per pen) in a randomized complete block design based on initial BW and sex. Pigs were randomly assigned within blocks to 5 dietary treatments, consisting of a corn-soybean meal-based diet supplemented with 5% of either control corn oil (iodine value = 118, FFA = 0.06%, anisidine value = 3, peroxide value = 3 mEq/kg oil) or peroxidized corn oil (iodine value = 120, FFA = 0.35%, anisidine value = 30, peroxide value = 163 mEq/kg oil). These 2 diets were blended to obtain 5 levels of peroxidation with final treatments designated as 0 (diet with 5% control oil), 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% (diet with peroxidized corn oil) peroxidation. Diets were fed ad libitum for 43 d. Blood samples were collected on d 33 from 20 pigs per treatment to determine serum oxidative stress markers and vitamin E concentrations and again on d 43 (14 d after vaccination) to determine immune response to porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhyo). Gain:feed ratio decreased linearly (P = 0.023) with increasing peroxidation, but pen ADG and ADFI were not affected. Number of pigs removed for medical treatment, total number medically treated, pigs culled for low end weight, and mortality increased, and full-value pigs linearly decreased (P < 0.04) with increasing peroxidation. Consequently, total pen gain (weight of viable pigs that remained in test pens at the end of the study minus weight of pigs placed) decreased linearly (P < 0.01) with increasing peroxidation. Antibody titers to Mhyo and PCV2 increased postvaccination (P < 0.001), but did not differ due to dietary treatment. Serum concentrations of malondialdehyde, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, and protein carbonyl were not affected by peroxidation. Total antioxidant capacity and serum vitamin E concentrations decreased (P = 0.01) linearly with increasing peroxidation. Data show a dose-dependent negative impact of lipid peroxidation on pig productivity when determined under field population conditions, being primarily manifested by increased mortality, number of pigs medically treated, and number of culled pigs (≤13.6 kg BW). Results underscore the importance of proper assessment of lipid peroxidation as part of quality control to prevent oxidative stress and performance losses in weaned pigs.

Enzymatic synthesis of lipophilic lutein-PUFA esters and assessment of their stabilization potential in EPA-DHA rich fish oil matrix

The objective of the present study was to synthesize ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid esters of lutein and to evaluate if esterification can stabilize the both bioactive molecules. Both ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid and lutein are prone towards auto-oxidation in their free form. Free lutein extracted from the marigold petals was enzymatically esterified using Candida antarctica NS435 Lipase B, with the ω-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. The lutein esters were purified, characterized and finally assessed for their protective role against oxidative degradation in bulk fish oil matrix. The antioxidative effect of these esters was compared with commercial antioxidants of natural origin, i.e., α-tocopherol and a synthetic antioxidant, i.e., tert-butylhydroquinone, at a dosage of 200 mg/L. Both free lutein and lutein-polyunsaturated fatty acid ester had significantly promoted the oxidative stability of bulk fish oil. But based on dose-response relationship, lutein-polyunsaturated fatty acid ester was found to be more efficient than free lutein, in protecting fish oil from secondary oxidation, thereby augmenting their shelf life. Given the high nutraceutical value, potent antioxidative potential and organic origin, it is only relevant to incorporate lutein esters as natural preservative and stabilizers in edible oils.

Leonurus cardiaca L. as a Source of Bioactive Compounds: An Update of the European Medicines Agency Assessment Report (2010)

Leonurus cardiaca L. (motherwort) is a perennial herb, native to Asia and southeastern Europe, with widespread global occurrence in present days. The plant was historically used as cardiotonic and for treating gynaecological afflictions (such as amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, menopausal anxiety, or postpartum depression). Although its use in oriental and occidental medicine is relatively well documented, the recent progress registered raises the need for an update of the Medicines Agency assessment report on Leonurus cardiaca L., herba (2010). The current study presents the progress made within the 2010-2018 timeframe regarding the potential applications and scientific evidences supporting the traditional use of motherwort, in the same time suggesting future research opportunities.

In vitro genotoxicity of asbestos substitutes induced by coupled stimulation of dissolved high-valence ions and oxide radicals

The wide use of asbestos and its substitutes has given rise to studies on their possible harmful effects on human health and environment. However, their toxic effects remain unclear. The present study was aimed to disclose the coupled effects of dissolved high-valence ions and oxide radicals using the in vitro cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of chrysotile (CA), nano-SiO₂ (NS), ceramic fiber (CF), glass fiber (GF), and rock wool (RW) on Chinese hamster lung cells V79. All samples induced cell mortality correlated well with the chemical SiO₂ content of asbestos substitutes and the amount of dissolved Si. Alkali or alkaline earth metal elements relieved mortality of V79 cells; Al₂O₃ reinforced toxicity of materials. Asbestos substitutes generated lasting, increasing amount of acellular ·OH which formed at the fiber surface at sites with loose/unsaturated bonds, as well as by catalytic reaction through dissolved iron. Accumulated mechanical and radical stimulation induced the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) elevation, morphology change, and deviating trans-membrane ion flux. The cellular ROS appeared as NS > GF > CF ≈ CA > RW, consistent with cell mortality rather than with acellular ·OH generation. Chromosomal and DNA lesions in V79 cells were not directly associated with the cellular ROS, while influenced by dissolved high-valence irons in the co-culture medium. In conclusion, ions from short-time dissolution of dust samples and the generation of extracellular ·OH presented combined effects in the elevation of intracellular ROS, which further synergistically induced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity.

Earthworm Grazed-Trichoderma harzianum Biofortified Spent Mushroom Substrates Modulate Accumulation of Natural Antioxidants and Bio-Fortification of Mineral Nutrients in Tomato

The present investigation was aimed at evaluating the impact of earthworm grazed and Trichoderma harzianum biofortified spent mushroom substrate (SMS) on natural antioxidant and nutritional properties of tomato. Results of the investigation reveal that earthworm grazing and T. harzianum bio-fortification led to significant improvement in the physico-chemical properties of fresh SMS and its application increased the accumulation of natural antioxidants and mineral content in tomato as compared to either T. harzianum biofortified SMS or fresh SMS. In particular, the earthworm grazed, T. harzianum biofortified SMS (EGTHB-SMS) was found to inhibit lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation with significant increase in total polyphenol and flavonoid content in tomato. Further, it increased Fe2+/Fe3+ chelating activity, superoxide anion radical scavenging activity compared to other treatments. The results thus suggest an augmented elicitation of natural antioxidant properties in tomato treated with EGTHB-SMS, resulting in a higher radical scavenging activity, that is highly desirable for human health. In addition, the use of SMS to enhance the nutritional value of tomato fruits becomes an environment friendly approach in sustainable crop production.

Fabrication of g-C3N4/NiO heterostructured nanocomposite modified glassy carbon electrode for quercetin biosensor

Herein, we report a one-pot synthesis of structurally uniform and electrochemically active graphitic carbon nitride/nickel oxide (g-C₃N₄/NiO) nanocomposite and an investigation on the electrocatalytic oxidation of quercetin (QR). The synthesized g-C₃N₄/NiO nanocomposite has uniform surface distribution, which was characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Moreover, the composition of synthesized g-C₃N₄/NiO nanocomposite was characterized by UV-vis-spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR spectra), BET, SEM and HRTEM. The g-C₃N₄/NiO was electrochemically treated in 0.1 MPBS solution through cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The peak current response increases linearly with QR concentration from 0.010 μM to 250 µM with a fast response time of less than 2 s and a detection limit of 0.002 μM. To further evaluate the feasibility of using this sensor for real sample analysis, QR content in various real samples including green tea, green apple, honey suckle were determined and satisfactory results were achieved.

A standardized Hippophae extract (SBL-1) counters neuronal tissue injuries and changes in neurotransmitters: implications in radiation protection

CONTEXT

Effects of a radioprotective, standardized leaf extract (code SBL-1) from traditional medicinal plant, sea buckthorn [Hippophae rhamnoides L. (Elaeagnaceae)], on neurotransmitters and brain injuries in rats showing radiation-induced conditioned taste aversion (CTA), are not known. Understanding CTA in rats is important because its process is considered parallel to nausea and vomiting in humans.

OBJECTIVE

This study investigated the levels of neurotransmitters, antioxidant defences and histological changes in rats showing radiation CTA, and their modification by SBL-1.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The inbred male Sprague-Dawley rats (age 65 days, weighing 190 ± 10 g) were used. Saccharin-preferring rats were selected using standard procedure and divided into groups. Group I (untreated control) was administered sterile water, group II was 60Co-γ-irradiated (2 Gy), and group III was administered SBL-1 before irradiation. Observations were recorded up to day 5.

RESULTS

Irradiation (2 Gy) caused (i) non-recoverable CTA (≥ 64.7 ± 5.0%); (ii) degenerative changes in cerebral cortex, amygdala and hippocampus; (iii) increases in brain dopamine (DA, 63.4%), norepinephrine (NE, 157%), epinephrine (E, 233%), plasma NE (103%) and E (160%); and (iv) decreases in brain superoxide dismutase (67%), catalase (60%) and glutathione (51%). SBL-1 treatment (12 mg/kg body weight) 30 min before irradiation (i) countered brain injuries, (ii) reduced CTA (38.7 ± 3.0%, day 1) and (iii) normalized brain DA, NE, E, superoxide dismutase, catalase and CTA from day 3 onwards.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

Radiation CTA was coupled with brain injuries, disturbances in neurotransmitters and antioxidant defences. SBL-1 pretreatment countered these disturbances, indicating neuroprotective action.

Protective effect of two essential oils isolated from Rosa damascena Mill. and Lavandula angustifolia Mill, and two classic antioxidants against L-dopa oxidative toxicity induced in healthy mice

Levodopa (L-dopa) is a "gold standard" and most effective symptomatic agent in the Parkinson's disease (PD) treatment. The several treatments have been developed in an attempt to improve PD treatment, but most patients were still levodopa dependent. The issue of toxicity was raised in vitro studies, and suggests that L-dopa can be toxic to dopaminergic neurons, but it is not yet entirely proven. L-dopa prolonged treatment is associated with motor complications and some limitations. Combining the L-dopa therapy with antioxidants can reduce related sideeffects and provide symptomatic relief. The natural antioxidants can be isolated from any plant parts such as seeds, leaves, roots, bark, etc., and their extracts riched in phenols can retard the oxidative degradation of the lipids, proteins and DNA. Thus, study suggests that combination of essential oils (Rose oil and Lavender oil), Vitamin C and Trolox with Ldopa can reduce oxidative toxicity, and may play a key role in ROS/RNS disarm.

Treatment with Parkinsonia aculeata combats insulin resistance-induced oxidative stress through the increase in PPARγ/CuZn-SOD axis expression in diet-induced obesity mice

Parkinsonia aculeata L. (Caesalpiniaceae) is a traditional ethnomedicine and has been used for the empiric treatment of hyperglycemia, without scientific background. Mechanistic analyses at molecular level from the antioxidant mechanism observed by P. aculeata are required. Herein the effects of the treatment by hydroethanolic extract partitioned with ethyl acetate of P. aculeata aerial parts (HEPa/EtOAc) in mice fed a high-fat diet that share many obesity phenotypes with humans were evaluated. The animals were treated orally with HEPa/EtOAc (125 and 250 mg/kg/day) and pioglitazone (5 mg/kg/day), for 16 days. After the treatment, HEPa/EtOAc reduced fasting serum glucose and insulin levels, as well as homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance. In addition, an improvement in glucose intolerance was also observed. Indeed, a reduction in the circulating levels of TNF-α and IL-6 was also observed. Furthermore, at molecular level, it was demonstrated that the HEPa/EtOAc treatment was able to improve these physiological parameters, through the activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) per si, as well as the enhancement of antioxidant mechanism by an increase in PPARγ/Cu(2+), Zn(2+)-superoxide dismutase (CuZn-SOD) axis expression in liver and adipose tissue. In sum, P. aculeata is effective to improve insulin resistance in a mouse model of obesity and this effect seems to involve the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms through the increase in PPARγ/CuZn-SOD axis expression.

Rice Germosprout Extract Protects Erythrocytes from Hemolysis and the Aorta, Brain, Heart, and Liver Tissues from Oxidative Stress In Vitro

Identifying dietary alternatives for artificial antioxidants capable of boosting antihemolytic and antioxidative defense has been an important endeavor in improving human health. In the present study, we studied antihemolytic and antioxidative effects of germosprout (i.e., the germ part along with sprouted stems plus roots) extract prepared from the pregerminated rice. The extract contained considerable amounts of antioxidant β-carotene (414 ± 12 ng/g of extract) and phytochemicals such as total polyphenols (12.0 ± 1.1 mg gallic acid equivalent/g of extract) and flavonoids (11.0 ± 1.4 mg catechin equivalent/g of extract). The antioxidant potential of the extract was assessed by its DPPH- (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl-) free radical scavenging activity where we observed that germosprout extract had considerable antioxidative potentials. To evaluate antihemolytic effect of the extract, freshly prepared erythrocytes were incubated with either peroxynitrite or Fenton's reagent in the absence or presence of the extract. We observed that erythrocytes pretreated with the extract exhibited reduced degree of in vitro hemolysis. To support the proposition that germosprout extract could act as a good antioxidative agent, we also induced in vitro oxidative stress in erythrocyte membranes and in the aorta, brain, heart, and liver tissue homogenates in the presence of the extract. As expected, germosprout extract decreased oxidative stress almost to the same extent as that of vitamin E, as measured by lipid peroxide levels, in all the mentioned tissues. We conclude that rice germosprout extract could be a good natural source of antioxidants to reduce oxidative stress-induced hemolysis and damage of blood vessels and other tissues.

Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of Karisalai Karpam, a polyherbal Siddha formulation against acetaminophen-induced hepatic damage in rats

Background:

The usage of Siddha medicine in Tamil Nadu and several parts of Southern India has considerably increased over the past two decades and it is steadily crossing the various geographies owing to its inexpensiveness compared to conventional medicines and has fairly high acceptance rates because of its herbal origin and therefore its nontoxic nature.

Aim:

This study aims to investigate the anti-hepatotoxic and antioxidant potential of the Karisalai Karpam formulation.

Materials and Methods:

Karisalai Karpam tablet at 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg/day, p.o. doses were administered orally to rats for three consecutive days. Single dose of acetaminophen (3 g/kg, p.o.) was administered on the 3^rd day. Animals were sacrificed 48 h after the administration of acetaminophen, and their serum bilirubin, different hepatic enzymes and in vivo antioxidant activity were estimated.

Statistical Analysis:

Data were evaluated using analysis of variance, followed by Tukey tests. A level of P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results:

Pretreatment with Karisalai Karpam tablet showed dose-dependent hepatoprotective activity. Karisalai Karpam tablet (200 mg/kg) reduces serum glutamic oxaloacetate transaminase, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, alkaline phosphatase and total bilirubin, direct bilirubin by 67.8%, 72.3%, 47.6%, 61.3% and 62.9% respectively compared to disease control group. A significant increase (P < 0.001) in antioxidant enzyme level was observed in Karisalai Karpam treated animals. At higher doses, Karisalai Karpam prevented the depletion of glutathione in liver tissue.

Conclusion:

Results confirmed that Karisalai Karpam tablet could protect the liver against acetaminophen-induced oxidative damage possibly by increasing the antioxidant defence mechanism in rats.

Restraint stress alters immune parameters and induces oxidative stress in the mouse uterus during embryo implantation

The influence of stress on embryo implantation is not well understood. Prior studies have focused on later gestational stages and the long-term impact of stress on immune function. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of restraint stress on the immune parameters and the oxidative states of the uterus during implantation. In this study, pregnant CD1 mice were subjected to restraint stress (4 h/d) on embryonic day 1 (E1) and sacrificed on E3, E5, and E7. Maternal plasma corticosterone (CORT) secretion and implantation sites in the uterus were examined. The uterine (excluding embryos) homogenate and uterine lymphocytes were collected to examine oxidative stress states and associated immune parameters. The results demonstrated that restraint stress increased maternal plasma CORT secretion and reduced the number of implantation sites by 15.3% on E5 and by 26.1% on E7. Moreover, restraint stress decreased the density of uterine natural killer (uNK) cells in the endometrium by 22.1-47.9% and increased the density of mast cells in the myometrium by 55.6-76.9%. Restraint stress remarkably decreased the CD3(+)CD4(+) T/CD3(+)CD8(+) T cell ratio (by 26.2-28.9%) and attenuated uterine lymphocyte proliferation and secretion of cytokines. In addition, restraint stress threatened the intracellular equilibrium between oxidants and antioxidants, resulting in decreased glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) (32.2% and 45.7%), superoxide dismutase (SOD) (15.5% and 26.1%), and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) (18.4% and 18.2%) activities and increased malondialdehyde (MDA) (34.4% and 43.0%) contents on E5 and E7. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate that restraint stress causes abnormal implantation and negatively impacts immune parameters in association with oxidative stress in mice.

A foundation for provitamin A biofortification of maize: genome-wide association and genomic prediction models of carotenoid levels

Efforts are underway for development of crops with improved levels of provitamin A carotenoids to help combat dietary vitamin A deficiency. As a global staple crop with considerable variation in kernel carotenoid composition, maize (Zea mays L.) could have a widespread impact. We performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of quantified seed carotenoids across a panel of maize inbreds ranging from light yellow to dark orange in grain color to identify some of the key genes controlling maize grain carotenoid composition. Significant associations at the genome-wide level were detected within the coding regions of zep1 and lut1, carotenoid biosynthetic genes not previously shown to impact grain carotenoid composition in association studies, as well as within previously associated lcyE and crtRB1 genes. We leveraged existing biochemical and genomic information to identify 58 a priori candidate genes relevant to the biosynthesis and retention of carotenoids in maize to test in a pathway-level analysis. This revealed dxs2 and lut5, genes not previously associated with kernel carotenoids. In genomic prediction models, use of markers that targeted a small set of quantitative trait loci associated with carotenoid levels in prior linkage studies were as effective as genome-wide markers for predicting carotenoid traits. Based on GWAS, pathway-level analysis, and genomic prediction studies, we outline a flexible strategy involving use of a small number of genes that can be selected for rapid conversion of elite white grain germplasm, with minimal amounts of carotenoids, to orange grain versions containing high levels of provitamin A.

The discovery and development of new potential antioxidant agents for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases

INTRODUCTION

Several neurodegenerative disorders (NDs) including Alzheimer's and Huntington's diseases have had associations with the oxidative process and free radical damage. Consequently, in past decades, several natural and synthetic antioxidants have been assessed as therapeutic agents but have shown limitations in bioavailability, metabolic susceptibility and permeability to the blood brain barrier. Given these issues, medicinal chemists are hard at work to modify/improve the chemical structures of these antioxidants, thereby improving their efficacy.

AREAS COVERED

In this review, the authors critically analyze several biological mechanisms involved in the generation of free radicals. Additionally, they analyze free radicals' role in the generation of oxidative stress and in the progression of many NDs. Further, the authors review a collection of natural and synthetic antioxidants, their role as free radical scavengers along with their mechanisms of action and their potential for preventing neurodegenerative diseases.

EXPERT OPINION

So far, preclinical studies on several antioxidants have shown promise for treating NDs, despite their limitations. The authors do highlight the lack of the adequate animal models for preclinical assessment and this does hinder further progression into clinical trials. Further studies are necessary to fully investigate the potential of these antioxidants as ND therapeutic options.

Cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in mice: protective role of Leea asiatica leaves

Cisplatin is a popular anticancer drug, but its side effects like nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity due to oxidative stress limited its clinical use. In tis study, nephoprotective effect of fractions of Leea asiatica (Leeaceae) leaves was assessed against cisplatin induced toxicity in rats. Leaves of L. asiatica extracted with methanol, ethyl acetate, petroleum ether, and evaluated for in vitro and ex vivo antioxidant activity using several assay models. Methanol extract showed better antioxidant effects, and contain higher amount of phenolic (77.75 ± 0.87 mg GAE/g of dry material) and flavonoid compound (60.98 ± 0.58 mg QE/g of dry material) compared with other extracts. Hance methanol extract was selected for further investigation and fractionated with methanol, ethyl acetate, petroleum ether. Protective effect of methanol extract and its fractions was evaluated against cisplatin (20 mg/kg, i.p.) induced nephrotoxicity. Pretreatment with methanol extract (150 and 300 mg/kg), and its fractions especially methanol, ethyl acetate fraction (75 and 150 mg/kg) significantly reduced blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, uric acid levels, and decreased malondialdehyde level and increase total protein and albumin level (p < 0.05, 0.01). Ethyl acetate fraction produced highest nephroprotective, possibly by inhibiting lipid peroxidation process. Result suggested that ethyl acetate fraction possesses potent nephroprotective activity and can be used an adjunct therapy aiming to improve the effectiveness of several nephrotoxic drugs.

Anthelmintic and in vitro antioxidant evaluation of fractions of methanol extract of Leea asiatica leaves

Leea asiatica, a folk medicinal plant of India, is used in the treatment of worm infection and other oxidative stress-related disorders, traditionally. In the present study, the in vitro anthelmintic and in vitro antioxidant activity of different fractions of the methanol extract from the Leea asiatica leaves were evaluated. The fraction displayed significant anthelmintic activity against Indian adult earthworms (Pheretima posthuma). The ethyl acetate fraction showed a better paralysis activity (13.99 ± 0.59), while the methanol fraction showed a better death time (63.76 ± 0.73 minutes), when compared with other fractions, at a dose of 50 mg/ml concentration. The anthelmintic activity of methanol and the ethyl acetate fraction were almost similar and comparable to the standard drug, piperazine citrate. The petroleum ether fraction did not produce a potent anthelmintic effect compared to the standard. The in vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated by using the diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, nitric oxide radical scavenging assay, lipid peroxidation assay, and the ferric thiocyanate method. The ethyl acetate fraction showed better antioxidant activity in all tested methods. The IC(50) value of the ethyl acetate fraction in the DPPH radical, nitric oxide radical scavenging assay, and lipid peroxidation assay were 9.5, 13.0, and 57.0 μg/ml, respectively. The fractions significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited the peroxidation of linoleic acid. The results confirmed the folk use of Leea asiatica in warm infection and the plant could be viewed as a potential source of natural anthelmintic and antioxidant compound.