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Zhang L, Wang W, Yang Y, Zhu W, Li P, Wang S, Liu X. Site-specific, covalent immobilization of PNGase F on magnetic particles mediated by microbial transglutaminase. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1250:340972. [PMID: 36898812 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.340972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
In the workflow of global N-glycosylation analysis, endoglycosidase-mediated removal of glycans from glycoproteins is an essential and rate-limiting step. Peptide-N-glycosidase F (PNGase F) is the most appropriate and efficient endoglycosidase for the removal of N-glycans from glycoproteins prior to analysis. Due to the high demand for PNGase F in both basic and industrial research, convenient and efficient methods are urgently needed to generate PNGase F, preferably in the immobilized form to solid phases. However, there is no integrated approach to implement both efficient expression, and site-specific immobilization of PNGase F. Herein, efficient production of PNGase F with a glutamine tag in Escherichia coli and site-specific covalent immobilization of PNGase F with this special tag via microbial transglutaminase (MTG) is described. PNGase F was fused with a glutamine tag to facilitate the co-expression of proteins in the supernatant. The glutamine tag was covalently and site-specifically transformed to primary amine-containing magnetic particles, mediated by MTG, to immobilize PNGase F. Immobilized PNGase F could deglycosylate substrates with identical enzymatic performance to that of the soluble counterpart, and exhibit good reusability and thermal stability. Moreover, the immobilized PNGase F could also be applied to clinical samples, including serum and saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- Hubei Superior Discipline Group of Exercise and Brain Science from Hubei Provincial, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Wenhui Wang
- Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yueqin Yang
- Exercise Immunology Center, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Wenjie Zhu
- Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Pengjie Li
- Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Song Wang
- Hubei Superior Discipline Group of Exercise and Brain Science from Hubei Provincial, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, 430079, China.
| | - Xin Liu
- Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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2
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Komatsu T, Hishii K, Kimura M, Amaya S, Sakamoto H, Takamura E, Satomura T, Suye SI. Highly Efficient Multi-Step Oxidation Bioanode Using Microfluidic Channels. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413503. [PMID: 34948296 PMCID: PMC8703374 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
With the rapid decline of fossil fuels, various types of biofuel cells (BFCs) are being developed as an alternative energy source. BFCs based on multi-enzyme cascade reactions are utilized to extract more electrons from substrates. Thus, more power density is obtained from a single molucule of substrate. In the present study, a bioanode that could extract six electrons from a single molecule of L-proline via a three-enzyme cascade reaction was developed and investigated for its possible use in BFCs. These enzymes were immobilized on the electrode to ensure highly efficient electron transfer. Then, oriented immobilization of enzymes was achieved using two types of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). In addition, a microfluidic system was incorporated to achieve efficient electron transfer. The microfluidic system, in which the electrodes were arranged in a tooth-shaped comb, allowed for substrates to be supplied continuously to the cascade, which resulted in smooth electron transfer. Finally, we developed a high-performance bioanode which resulted in the accumulation of higher current density compared to that of a gold disc electrode (205.8 μA cm−2: approximately 187 times higher). This presents an opportunity for using the bioanode to develop high-performance BFCs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Komatsu
- Department of Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-8507, Japan;
| | - Kazuki Hishii
- Department of Frontier Fiber Technology and Science, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-8507, Japan; (K.H.); (M.K.); (E.T.); (S.-i.S.)
| | - Michiko Kimura
- Department of Frontier Fiber Technology and Science, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-8507, Japan; (K.H.); (M.K.); (E.T.); (S.-i.S.)
| | - Satoshi Amaya
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan;
| | - Hiroaki Sakamoto
- Department of Frontier Fiber Technology and Science, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-8507, Japan; (K.H.); (M.K.); (E.T.); (S.-i.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Eiichiro Takamura
- Department of Frontier Fiber Technology and Science, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-8507, Japan; (K.H.); (M.K.); (E.T.); (S.-i.S.)
| | - Takenori Satomura
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-8507, Japan;
| | - Shin-ichiro Suye
- Department of Frontier Fiber Technology and Science, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-8507, Japan; (K.H.); (M.K.); (E.T.); (S.-i.S.)
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3
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Preparation of bio-electrodes via Langmuir-Blodgett technique for pharmaceutical and waste industries and their biosensor application. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.124005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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4
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Deweid L, Avrutina O, Kolmar H. Microbial transglutaminase for biotechnological and biomedical engineering. Biol Chem 2019; 400:257-274. [PMID: 30291779 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Research on bacterial transglutaminase dates back to 1989, when the enzyme has been isolated from Streptomyces mobaraensis. Initially discovered during an extensive screening campaign to reduce costs in food manufacturing, it quickly appeared as a robust and versatile tool for biotechnological and pharmaceutical applications due to its excellent activity and simple handling. While pioneering attempts to make use of its extraordinary cross-linking ability resulted in heterogeneous polymers, currently it is applied to site-specifically ligate diverse biomolecules yielding precisely modified hybrid constructs comprising two or more components. This review covers the extensive and rapidly growing field of microbial transglutaminase-mediated bioconjugation with the focus on pharmaceutical research. In addition, engineering of the enzyme by directed evolution and rational design is highlighted. Moreover, cumbersome drawbacks of this technique mainly caused by the enzyme's substrate indiscrimination are discussed as well as the ways to bypass these limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Deweid
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Olga Avrutina
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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5
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Zhang Y, Park KY, Suazo KF, Distefano MD. Recent progress in enzymatic protein labelling techniques and their applications. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:9106-9136. [PMID: 30259933 PMCID: PMC6289631 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00537k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Protein-based conjugates are valuable constructs for a variety of applications. Conjugation of proteins to fluorophores is commonly used to study their cellular localization and the protein-protein interactions. Modification of therapeutic proteins with either polymers or cytotoxic moieties greatly enhances their pharmacokinetics or potency. To label a protein of interest, conventional direct chemical reaction with the side-chains of native amino acids often yields heterogeneously modified products. This renders their characterization complicated, requires difficult separation steps and may impact protein function. Although modification can also be achieved via the insertion of unnatural amino acids bearing bioorthogonal functional groups, these methods can have lower protein expression yields, limiting large scale production. As a site-specific modification method, enzymatic protein labelling is highly efficient and robust under mild reaction conditions. Significant progress has been made over the last five years in modifying proteins using enzymatic methods for numerous applications, including the creation of clinically relevant conjugates with polymers, cytotoxins or imaging agents, fluorescent or affinity probes to study complex protein interaction networks, and protein-linked materials for biosensing. This review summarizes developments in enzymatic protein labelling over the last five years for a panel of ten enzymes, including sortase A, subtiligase, microbial transglutaminase, farnesyltransferase, N-myristoyltransferase, phosphopantetheinyl transferases, tubulin tyrosin ligase, lipoic acid ligase, biotin ligase and formylglycine generating enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
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6
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Liu Y, Wu HC, Bhokisham N, Li J, Hong KL, Quan DN, Tsao CY, Bentley WE, Payne GF. Biofabricating Functional Soft Matter Using Protein Engineering to Enable Enzymatic Assembly. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:1809-1822. [PMID: 29745651 PMCID: PMC7045599 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Biology often provides the inspiration for functional soft matter, but biology can do more: it can provide the raw materials and mechanisms for hierarchical assembly. Biology uses polymers to perform various functions, and biologically derived polymers can serve as sustainable, self-assembling, and high-performance materials platforms for life-science applications. Biology employs enzymes for site-specific reactions that are used to both disassemble and assemble biopolymers both to and from component parts. By exploiting protein engineering methodologies, proteins can be modified to make them more susceptible to biology's native enzymatic activities. They can be engineered with fusion tags that provide (short sequences of amino acids at the C- and/or N- termini) that provide the accessible residues for the assembling enzymes to recognize and react with. This "biobased" fabrication not only allows biology's nanoscale components (i.e., proteins) to be engineered, but also provides the means to organize these components into the hierarchical structures that are prevalent in life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hsuan-Chen Wu
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology , National Taiwan University , Taipei City , Taiwan
| | | | | | - Kai-Lin Hong
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology , National Taiwan University , Taipei City , Taiwan
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7
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Faccio G. From Protein Features to Sensing Surfaces. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 18:E1204. [PMID: 29662030 PMCID: PMC5948494 DOI: 10.3390/s18041204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Proteins play a major role in biosensors in which they provide catalytic activity and specificity in molecular recognition. However, the immobilization process is far from straightforward as it often affects the protein functionality. Extensive interaction of the protein with the surface or significant surface crowding can lead to changes in the mobility and conformation of the protein structure. This review will provide insights as to how an analysis of the physico-chemical features of the protein surface before the immobilization process can help to identify the optimal immobilization approach. Such an analysis can help to preserve the functionality of the protein when on a biosensor surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Faccio
- Independent Scientist, St. Gallen 9000, Switzerland.
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8
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Liu Y, Li J, Tschirhart T, Terrell JL, Kim E, Tsao C, Kelly DL, Bentley WE, Payne GF. Connecting Biology to Electronics: Molecular Communication via Redox Modality. Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6. [PMID: 29045017 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Biology and electronics are both expert at for accessing, analyzing, and responding to information. Biology uses ions, small molecules, and macromolecules to receive, analyze, store, and transmit information, whereas electronic devices receive input in the form of electromagnetic radiation, process the information using electrons, and then transmit output as electromagnetic waves. Generating the capabilities to connect biology-electronic modalities offers exciting opportunities to shape the future of biosensors, point-of-care medicine, and wearable/implantable devices. Redox reactions offer unique opportunities for bio-device communication that spans the molecular modalities of biology and electrical modality of devices. Here, an approach to search for redox information through an interactive electrochemical probing that is analogous to sonar is adopted. The capabilities of this approach to access global chemical information as well as information of specific redox-active chemical entities are illustrated using recent examples. An example of the use of synthetic biology to recognize external molecular information, process this information through intracellular signal transduction pathways, and generate output responses that can be detected by electrical modalities is also provided. Finally, exciting results in the use of redox reactions to actuate biology are provided to illustrate that synthetic biology offers the potential to guide biological response through electrical cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research and Fischell Department of Bioengineering University of Maryland College Park MD 20742 USA
| | - Jinyang Li
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research and Fischell Department of Bioengineering University of Maryland College Park MD 20742 USA
| | - Tanya Tschirhart
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research and Fischell Department of Bioengineering University of Maryland College Park MD 20742 USA
| | - Jessica L. Terrell
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research and Fischell Department of Bioengineering University of Maryland College Park MD 20742 USA
| | - Eunkyoung Kim
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research and Fischell Department of Bioengineering University of Maryland College Park MD 20742 USA
| | - Chen‐Yu Tsao
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research and Fischell Department of Bioengineering University of Maryland College Park MD 20742 USA
| | - Deanna L. Kelly
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore MD 21228 USA
| | - William E. Bentley
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research and Fischell Department of Bioengineering University of Maryland College Park MD 20742 USA
| | - Gregory F. Payne
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research and Fischell Department of Bioengineering University of Maryland College Park MD 20742 USA
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9
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Takahara M, Hayashi K, Goto M, Kamiya N. Enzymatic conjugation of multiple proteins on a DNA aptamer in a tail-specific manner. Biotechnol J 2016; 11:814-23. [PMID: 27119459 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201500560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Conjugation of single-strand DNA aptamers and enzymes has been of great significance in bioanalytical and biomedical applications because of the unlimited functions provided by DNA aptamer direction. Therefore, we developed efficient tailing of a DNA aptamer, with end-specific conjugation of multiple enzymes, through enzymatic catalysis. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) added multiple Z-Gln-Gly (Z-QG) moieties to the 3'-end of a DNA aptamer via the addition of Z-QG-modified deoxyuridine triphosphate (Z-QG-dUTP) and deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs). The resultant (Z-QG)m -(dN)l-aptamer, whose Z-QGs with dN spacers served as stickers for microbial transglutaminase (MTG), were crosslinked between the Z-QGs on the DNA and a substrate peptide sequence containing lysine (K), fused to a recombinant enzyme (i.e. bacterial alkaline phosphatase; BAP) by MTG. The incorporation efficiency of Z-QG moieties on the aptamer tail and the subsequent conjugation efficiency with multiple enzyme molecules were dramatically altered by the presence of dNTPs, revealing that a combination of Z-QG-dUTP/dTTP comprised the best labeling efficiency and corresponding properties during analytical performance. Thus, a novel optimized platform for designing (BAP)n -(dT)l-DNA aptamers was demonstrated for the first time in this article, offering unique opportunities for tailoring new types of covalent protein-nucleic acid conjugates in a controllable way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Takahara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Motooka, Japan
| | - Kounosuke Hayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Motooka, Japan.,Hitachi Aloka Medical, Ltd, Tokyo, Mure, Japan
| | - Masahiro Goto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Motooka, Japan.,Center for Future Chemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Motooka, Japan
| | - Noriho Kamiya
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Motooka, Japan. .,Center for Future Chemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Motooka, Japan.
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10
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Matsumoto T, Isogawa Y, Minamihata K, Tanaka T, Kondo A. Twigged streptavidin polymer as a scaffold for protein assembly. J Biotechnol 2016; 225:61-6. [PMID: 27002233 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Protein assemblies are an emerging tool that is finding many biological and bioengineering applications. We here propose a method for the site-specific assembly of proteins on a twigged streptavidin (SA) polymer using streptavidin as a functional scaffold. SA was genetically appended with a G tag (sortase A recognition sequence) and a Y tag (HRP recognition sequence) on its N- and C-termini, respectively, to provide G-SA-Y. G-SA-Y was polymerized using HPR-mediated tyrosine coupling, then fluorescent proteins were immobilized on the polymer by biotin-SA affinity and sortase A-mediated ligation. Fluorescence measurements showed that the proteins were immobilized in close proximity to each other. Hydrolyzing enzymes were also functionally assembled on the G-SA-Y polymer. The site-specific assembly of proteins on twigged SA polymer may find new applications in various biological and bioengineering fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Matsumoto
- Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Yuki Isogawa
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Kosuke Minamihata
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Tanaka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
| | - Akihiko Kondo
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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Lotze J, Reinhardt U, Seitz O, Beck-Sickinger AG. Peptide-tags for site-specific protein labelling in vitro and in vivo. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2016; 12:1731-45. [DOI: 10.1039/c6mb00023a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Peptide-tag based labelling can be achieved by (i) enzymes (ii) recognition of metal ions or small molecules and (iii) peptide–peptide interactions and enables site-specific protein visualization to investigate protein localization and trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Lotze
- Institut für Biochemie
- Universität Leipzig
- D-04103 Leipzig
- Germany
| | - Ulrike Reinhardt
- Institut für Chemie
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
- D-12489 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Oliver Seitz
- Institut für Chemie
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
- D-12489 Berlin
- Germany
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12
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Barbosa O, Ortiz C, Berenguer-Murcia Á, Torres R, Rodrigues RC, Fernandez-Lafuente R. Strategies for the one-step immobilization–purification of enzymes as industrial biocatalysts. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:435-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 481] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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13
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Rashidian M, Dozier JK, Distefano MD. Enzymatic labeling of proteins: techniques and approaches. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 24:1277-94. [PMID: 23837885 DOI: 10.1021/bc400102w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Site-specific modification of proteins is a major challenge in modern chemical biology due to the large number of reactive functional groups typically present in polypeptides. Because of its importance in biology and medicine, the development of methods for site-specific modification of proteins is an area of intense research. Selective protein modification procedures have been useful for oriented protein immobilization, for studies of naturally occurring post-translational modifications, for creating antibody–drug conjugates, for the introduction of fluorophores and other small molecules on to proteins, for examining protein structure, folding, dynamics, and protein–protein interactions, and for the preparation of protein–polymer conjugates. One of the most important approaches for protein labeling is to incorporate bioorthogonal functionalities into proteins at specific sites via enzymatic reactions. The incorporated tags then enable reactions that are chemoselective, whose functional groups not only are inert in biological media, but also do not occur natively in proteins or other macromolecules. This review article summarizes the enzymatic strategies, which enable site-specific functionalization of proteins with a variety of different functional groups. The enzymes covered in this review include formylglycine generating enzyme, sialyltransferases, phosphopantetheinyltransferases, O-GlcNAc post-translational modification, sortagging, transglutaminase, farnesyltransferase, biotin ligase, lipoic acid ligase, and N-myristoyltransferase.
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14
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Lee JH, Song E, Lee SG, Kim BG. High-throughput screening for transglutaminase activities using recombinant fluorescent proteins. Biotechnol Bioeng 2013; 110:2865-73. [PMID: 23740563 DOI: 10.1002/bit.24970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 04/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Since detailed evaluation of specific transglutaminases (TGs) from various species requires identification of their substrate specificities, rapid substrate screening method by measurement of their relative activities is in great demand. Here, a novel evaluation method of TG activity was developed using two recombinant fluorescent proteins (FPs), that is, eYFP and DsRed, tagged with TG substrate peptides. By cross-linking the two FPs based on the tagged target peptide sequences at their C-terminus, the expression of co-transformed TG allows quenching of the yellow fluorescence intensities. It was shown that the degree of in vivo fluorescent quenching by the TG activity agrees well with its in vitro reaction data, suggesting that this system can be used to identify relative substrate specificity of TGs for target peptide sequences. Using this method, the lysine substrates of TGs from Bacillus species (BTG) were evaluated, and the newly selected pentapeptide, KTKTN showed almost the same reactivity with the well-known hexa-lysine (K₆) substrate for BTG reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hun Lee
- Interdisciplinary Program for Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Kwanak-Gu, Seoul, South Korea; Institute of Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Kwanak-Gu, Seoul, South Korea
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15
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Tailing DNA aptamers with a functional protein by two-step enzymatic reaction. J Biosci Bioeng 2013; 116:660-5. [PMID: 23806788 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2013.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An efficient, quantitative synthetic strategy for aptamer-enzyme conjugates was developed by using a two-step enzymatic reaction. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) was used to first incorporate a Z-Gln-Gly (QG) modified nucleotide which can act as a glutamine donor for a subsequent enzymatic reaction, to the 3'-OH of a DNA aptamer. Microbial transglutaminase (MTG) then catalyzed the cross-linking between the Z-QG modified aptamers and an enzyme tagged with an MTG-reactive lysine containing peptide. The use of a Z-QG modified dideoxynucleotide (Z-QG-ddUTP) or a deoxyuridine triphosphate (Z-QG-dUTP) in the TdT reaction enables the controlled introduction of a single or multiple MTG reactive residues. This leads to the preparation of enzyme-aptamer and (enzyme)n-aptamer conjugates with different detection limits of thrombin, a model analyte, in a sandwich enzyme-linked aptamer assay (ELAA). Since the combination of two enzymatic reactions yields high site-specificity and requires only short peptide substrates, the methodology should be useful for the labeling of DNA/RNA aptamers with proteins.
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16
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Cheng Y, Liu Y, Liba BD, Ghodssi R, Rubloff GW, Bentley WE, Payne GF. Biofabricating the Bio-Device Interface Using Biological Materials and Mechanisms. Biofabrication 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4557-2852-7.00012-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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18
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Lee JH, Song C, Kim DH, Park IH, Lee SG, Lee YS, Kim BG. Glutamine (Q)-peptide screening for transglutaminase reaction using mRNA display. Biotechnol Bioeng 2012; 110:353-62. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.24622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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19
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Enzymatic characterization of highly stable human alpha-galactosidase A displayed on magnetic particles. Biochem Eng J 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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20
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Ashtari K, Khajeh K, Fasihi J, Ashtari P, Ramazani A, Vali H. Silica-encapsulated magnetic nanoparticles: Enzyme immobilization and cytotoxic study. Int J Biol Macromol 2012; 50:1063-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2011.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2011] [Revised: 12/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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21
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Kitaoka M, Tsuruda Y, Tanaka Y, Goto M, Mitsumori M, Hayashi K, Hiraishi Y, Miyawaki K, Noji S, Kamiya N. Transglutaminase-mediated synthesis of a DNA-(enzyme)n probe for highly sensitive DNA detection. Chemistry 2011; 17:5387-92. [PMID: 21469233 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201003744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A new synthetic strategy for DNA-enzyme conjugates with a novel architecture was explored using a natural cross-linking catalyst, microbial transglutaminase (MTG). A glutamine-donor substrate peptide of MTG was introduced at the 5-position on the pyrimidine of deoxyuridine triphosphate to prepare a DNA strand with multiple glutamine-donor sites by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A substrate peptide that contained an MTG-reactive lysine residue was fused to the N terminus of a thermostable alkaline phoshatase from Pyrococcus furiosus (PfuAP) by genetic engineering. By combining enzymatically the substrate moieties of MTG introduced to the DNA template and the recombinant enzyme, a DNA-(enzyme)(n) conjugate with 1:n stoichiometry was successfully obtained. The enzyme/DNA ratio of the conjugate increased as the benzyloxycarbonyl-L-glutaminylglycine (Z-QG) moiety increased in the DNA template. The potential utility of the new conjugate decorated with signaling enzymes was validated in a dot blot hybridization assay. The DNA-(enzyme)(n) probe could clearly detect 10(4) copies of the target nucleic acid with the complementary sequence under harsh hybridization conditions, thereby enabling a simple detection procedure without cumbersome bound/free processes associated with a conventional hapten-antibody reaction-based DNA-detection system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momoko Kitaoka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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22
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Kamiya N, Abe H. New fluorescent substrates of microbial transglutaminase and its application to peptide tag-directed covalent protein labeling. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 751:81-94. [PMID: 21674327 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-151-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Transglutaminase (TGase) is an enzyme that catalyzes the post-translational covalent cross-linking of Gln- and Lys-containing peptides and/or proteins according to its substrate specificity. We have recently designed a variety of Gln-donor fluorescent substrates of microbial transglutaminase (MTG) from Streptomyces mobaraensis and evaluated their potential use in MTG-mediated covalent protein labeling. The newly designed substrates are based on the relatively broad substrate recognition of MTG for the substitution of the N-terminal group of a conventional TGase substrate, benzyloxycarbonyl-L-glutaminylglycine (Z-QG). It is revealed that MTG is capable of accepting a diverse range of fluorophores in place of the N-terminal moiety of Z-QG when linked via a suitable linker. Here, we show the potential utility of a new fluorescent substrate for peptide tag-directed covalent protein labeling by employing fluorescein-4-isothiocyanate-β-Ala-QG as a model Gln-donor substrate for MTG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriho Kamiya
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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23
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Hernandez K, Fernandez-Lafuente R. Control of protein immobilization: coupling immobilization and site-directed mutagenesis to improve biocatalyst or biosensor performance. Enzyme Microb Technol 2010; 48:107-22. [PMID: 22112819 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2010.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 446] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Revised: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mutagenesis and immobilization are usually considered to be unrelated techniques with potential applications to improve protein properties. However, there are several reports showing that the use of site-directed mutagenesis to improve enzyme properties directly, but also how enzymes are immobilized on a support, can be a powerful tool to improve the properties of immobilized biomolecules for use as biosensors or biocatalysts. Standard immobilizations are not fully random processes, but the protein orientation may be difficult to alter. Initially, most efforts using this idea were addressed towards controlling the orientation of the enzyme on the immobilization support, in many cases to facilitate electron transfer from the support to the enzyme in redox biosensors. Usually, Cys residues are used to directly immobilize the protein on a support that contains disulfide groups or that is made from gold. There are also some examples using His in the target areas of the protein and using supports modified with immobilized metal chelates and other tags (e.g., using immobilized antibodies). Furthermore, site-directed mutagenesis to control immobilization is useful for improving the activity, the stability and even the selectivity of the immobilized protein, for example, via site-directed rigidification of selected areas of the protein. Initially, only Cys and disulfide supports were employed, but other supports with higher potential to give multipoint covalent attachment are being employed (e.g., glyoxyl or epoxy-disulfide supports). The advances in support design and the deeper knowledge of the mechanisms of enzyme-support interactions have permitted exploration of the possibilities of the coupled use of site-directed mutagenesis and immobilization in a new way. This paper intends to review some of the advances and possibilities that these coupled strategies permit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Hernandez
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, Instituto de Catálisis-CSIC, Campus UAM-CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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24
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Luo X, Zhang L. Immobilization of Penicillin G Acylase in Epoxy-Activated Magnetic Cellulose Microspheres for Improvement of Biocatalytic Stability and Activities. Biomacromolecules 2010; 11:2896-903. [DOI: 10.1021/bm100642y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaogang Luo
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Lina Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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25
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Sala A, Ehrbar M, Trentin D, Schoenmakers RG, Vörös J, Weber FE. Enzyme mediated site-specific surface modification. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:11127-11134. [PMID: 20545368 DOI: 10.1021/la1008895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Stable tethering of bioactive peptides like RGD to surfaces can be achieved via chemical bonding, biotin streptavidin interaction, or photocross-linking. More challenging is the immobilization of proteins, since methods applied to immobilize peptides are either not specific or versatile enough or might even compromise the protein's bioactivity. To overcome this limitation, we have employed a scheme that by enzymatic (transglutaminase) reaction allows the site-directed and site-specific coupling of growth factors and other molecules to nonfouling poly(L-lysine)-graft-poly(ethylene glycol) (PLL-g-PEG) coated surfaces under physiological conditions. By our modular and flexible design principle, we are able to functionalize these surfaces directly with peptides and growth factors or precisely position poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-like hydrogels for the presentation of growth factors as exemplified with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sala
- Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Oral Biotechnology & Bioengineering, University Hospital Zurich and Dental School, University of Zurich, Switzerland
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26
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Liu Y, Kim E, Ghodssi R, Rubloff GW, Culver JN, Bentley WE, Payne GF. Biofabrication to build the biology–device interface. Biofabrication 2010; 2:022002. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5082/2/2/022002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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27
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Sung K, Kamiya N, Kawata N, Kamiya S, Goto M. Functional glass surface displaying a glutamyl donor substrate for transglutaminase-mediated protein immobilization. Biotechnol J 2010; 5:456-62. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.200900302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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28
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Besheer A, Hertel TC, Kressler J, Mäder K, Pietzsch M. Enzymatically catalyzed HES conjugation using microbial transglutaminase: Proof of feasibility. J Pharm Sci 2009; 98:4420-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.21675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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29
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Kacar T, Zin MT, So C, Wilson B, Ma H, Gul-Karaguler N, Jen AKY, Sarikaya M, Tamerler C. Directed self-immobilization of alkaline phosphatase on micro-patterned substrates via genetically fused metal-binding peptide. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009; 103:696-705. [PMID: 19309754 PMCID: PMC7161797 DOI: 10.1002/bit.22282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Current biotechnological applications such as biosensors, protein arrays, and microchips require oriented immobilization of enzymes. The characteristics of recognition, self-assembly and ease of genetic manipulation make inorganic binding peptides an ideal molecular tool for site-specific enzyme immobilization. Herein, we demonstrate the utilization of gold binding peptide (GBP1) as a molecular linker genetically fused to alkaline phosphatase (AP) and immobilized on gold substrate. Multiple tandem repeats (n = 5, 6, 7, 9) of gold binding peptide were fused to N-terminus of AP (nGBP1-AP) and the enzymes were expressed in E. coli cells. The binding and enzymatic activities of the bi-functional fusion constructs were analyzed using quartz crystal microbalance spectroscopy and biochemical assays. Among the multiple-repeat constructs, 5GBP1-AP displayed the best bi-functional activity and, therefore, was chosen for self-immobilization studies. Adsorption and assembly properties of the fusion enzyme, 5GBP1-AP, were studied via surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. We demonstrated self-immobilization of the bi-functional enzyme on micro-patterned substrates where genetically linked 5GBP1-AP displayed higher enzymatic activity per area compared to that of AP. Our results demonstrate the promising use of inorganic binding peptides as site-specific molecular linkers for oriented enzyme immobilization with retained activity. Directed assembly of proteins on solids using genetically fused specific inorganic-binding peptides has a potential utility in a wide range of biosensing and bioconversion processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turgay Kacar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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30
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Wong LS, Khan F, Micklefield J. Selective Covalent Protein Immobilization: Strategies and Applications. Chem Rev 2009; 109:4025-53. [DOI: 10.1021/cr8004668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 387] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Shin Wong
- School of Chemistry and Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Farid Khan
- School of Chemistry and Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Micklefield
- School of Chemistry and Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
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31
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Hong J, Huang J, Liu S, Yu J, Luo S. Stability and activity of chymotrypsin immobilized on magnetic nanogels covered with carboxyl groups. J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.29325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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32
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Yang X, Shi XW, Liu Y, Bentley WE, Payne GF. Orthogonal enzymatic reactions for the assembly of proteins at electrode addresses. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:338-44. [PMID: 19115870 DOI: 10.1021/la802618q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The ability to interface proteins to device surfaces is important for a range of applications. Here, we enlist the unique capabilities of enzymes and biologically derived polymers to assemble target proteins to electrode addresses. First, the stimuli-responsive aminopolysaccharide chitosan is directed to assemble at the electrode address in response to electrode-imposed signals. The electrodeposited chitosan film serves as the biodevice interface for subsequent protein assembly. Next, tyrosinase is used to catalyze grafting of a protein or peptide tether to the chitosan film. Finally, microbial transglutaminase (mTG) catalyzes the assembly of target proteins to the tether. mTG covalently links proteins through their glutamine (Gln) and lysine (Lys) residues. Since Gln and Lys residues of globular proteins are often inaccessible to mTG, we engineered our target proteins to have fusion tags with added Gln or Lys residues. This assembly method employs the electrical signal to confer spatial selectivity (during chitosan electrodeposition) and employs the enzymes to confer chemical selectivity (i.e., amino acid residue selectivity). Further, this method is mild, since no reactive reagents or protection steps are required, and all steps are performed in aqueous solution. These results demonstrate the potential for employing biological materials and mechanisms to biofabricate the biodevice interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Yang
- Center for Biosystems Research, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, 5115 Plant Sciences Building, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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33
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Immobilization of α-amylase from Bacillus licheniformis on developed support using microbial transglutaminase. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-008-0131-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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34
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Kamiya N, Doi S, Tanaka Y, Ichinose H, Goto M. Functional immobilization of recombinant alkaline phosphatases bearing a glutamyl donor substrate peptide of microbial transglutaminase. J Biosci Bioeng 2007; 104:195-9. [DOI: 10.1263/jbb.104.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2007] [Accepted: 06/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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35
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Sugimura Y, Ueda H, Maki M, Hitomi K. Novel site-specific immobilization of a functional protein using a preferred substrate sequence for transglutaminase 2. J Biotechnol 2007; 131:121-7. [PMID: 17658645 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2007.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2007] [Revised: 05/01/2007] [Accepted: 05/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Transglutaminase (TGase) catalyzes the formation of a covalent cross-link between a peptide-bound glutamine residue and a lysine residue or primary amine. We have recently identified specific preferred sequences as glutamine-donor substrates in TGase 2 and Factor XIII reactions. By taking advantage of preference of the 12-amino acid sequence for the enzymatic reaction, an efficient immobilization method was established using two different model proteins, glutathione S-transferase (GST) and single-chain fragment antibody (scFv). Both proteins were genetically attached with the preferred substrate sequence to produce a fusion protein. Attachment of the sequence enables the recombinant proteins to act as prominent TGase-substrates and enables them to be immobilized onto chemically amine-terminated gels. Investigation of the biological activities of the two proteins demonstrated their effective immobilization in comparison with that by using a chemically immobilizing method. This established system, which we designated as Transglutaminase-mediated site-specific immobilization method (TRANSIM), would provide site-specific and biologically active conjugation between proteins and several non-protein materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Sugimura
- Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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36
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Tanaka Y, Tsuruda Y, Nishi M, Kamiya N, Goto M. Exploring enzymatic catalysis at a solid surface: a case study with transglutaminase-mediated protein immobilization. Org Biomol Chem 2007; 5:1764-70. [PMID: 17520145 DOI: 10.1039/b701595j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The factors affecting enzymatic protein immobilization with microbial transglutaminase (MTG) were explored. As model proteins, enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) were chosen and tagged with a neutral Gln-donor substrate peptide for MTG (Leu-Leu-Gln-Gly, LLQG-tag) at their C-terminus. To create a specific surface, displaying reactive Lys residues, to be cross-linked with the Gln residue in the LLQG-tag of target proteins by MTG catalysis, a polystyrene surface was physically coated with beta-casein. Both recombinant proteins were immobilized onto the beta-casein-coated surface only in the presence of active MTG, indicating that those proteins were enzymatically immobilized to the surface. MTG-mediated protein immobilization markedly depends on the pH and ionic strength of the reaction media. The optimal pH range of MTG-mediated immobilization of both recombinant proteins was around 5, at which point the MTG-catalyzed reaction in aqueous solution is not normally preferred. By utilizing a pH-dependent change in EGFP fluorescence, we found that the apparent pH at the surface is likely to be lower than bulk pH, this difference is not attributed to an optimal pH shift in MTG-mediated immobilization. On the other hand, lower yields of protein immobilization at higher ionic strength suggest that electrostatic interaction is a key factor governing MTG catalysis at a solid surface. The results of this study indicate that, in enzymatic catalysis at a solid surface, the concentration of substrates at the surface can enhance the catalytic efficiency, and this could alter the pH dependence of enzymatic catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Tanaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering and Center for Future Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
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37
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Tominaga J, Kemori Y, Tanaka Y, Maruyama T, Kamiya N, Goto M. An enzymatic method for site-specific labeling of recombinant proteins with oligonucleotides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2006:401-3. [PMID: 17220984 DOI: 10.1039/b613793h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
DNA was site-specifically conjugated to a substrate peptide of microbial transglutaminase fused to the N- or C-terminus of target proteins without the loss of the proteins' functions of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo Tominaga
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
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