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Chandra Das R, Ratan ZA, Rahman MM, Runa NJ, Mondal S, Konstantinov K, Hosseinzadeh H, Cho JY. Antiviral activities of ginseng and its potential and putative benefits against monkeypox virus: A mini review. J Ginseng Res 2023; 47:S1226-8453(23)00028-3. [PMID: 37362081 PMCID: PMC10065872 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2023.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the Covid-19 pandemic more than 6 million people have died, and it has bought unprecedented challenges to our lives. The recent outbreak of monkeypox virus (MPXV) has brought out new tensions among the scientific community. Currently, there is no specific treatment protocol for MPXV. Several antivirals, vaccinia immune globulin (VIG) and smallpox vaccines have been used to treat MPXV. Ginseng, one of the more famous among traditional medicines, has been used for infectious disease for thousands of years. It has shown promising antiviral effects. Ginseng could be used as a potential adaptogenic agent to help prevent infection by MPXV along with other drugs and vaccines. In this mini review, we explore the possible use of ginseng in MPXV prevention based on its antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajib Chandra Das
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronics Materials (ISEM), University of Wollongong (UOW), Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Zubair Ahmed Ratan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna, Bangladesh
- School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Md Mustafizur Rahman
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh
| | | | - Susmita Mondal
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronics Materials (ISEM), University of Wollongong (UOW), Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Konstantin Konstantinov
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronics Materials (ISEM), University of Wollongong (UOW), Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biocosmetics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Biomolecule Control and Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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Jiang L, Tang A, Song L, Tong Y, Fan H. Advances in the development of antivirals for rotavirus infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1041149. [PMID: 37006293 PMCID: PMC10063883 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1041149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) causes 200,000 deaths per year and imposes a serious burden to public health and livestock farming worldwide. Currently, rehydration (oral and intravenous) remains the main strategy for the treatment of rotavirus gastroenteritis (RVGE), and no specific drugs are available. This review discusses the viral replication cycle in detail and outlines possible therapeutic approaches including immunotherapy, probiotic-assisted therapy, anti-enteric secretory drugs, Chinese medicine, and natural compounds. We present the latest advances in the field of rotavirus antivirals and highlights the potential use of Chinese medicine and natural compounds as therapeutic agents. This review provides an important reference for rotavirus prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lihua Song
- *Correspondence: Huahao Fan, ; Yigang Tong, ; Lihua Song,
| | - Yigang Tong
- *Correspondence: Huahao Fan, ; Yigang Tong, ; Lihua Song,
| | - Huahao Fan
- *Correspondence: Huahao Fan, ; Yigang Tong, ; Lihua Song,
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Guo Y, Ma A, Wang X, Yang C, Chen X, Li G, Qiu F. Research progress on the antiviral activities of natural products and their derivatives: Structure–activity relationships. Front Chem 2022; 10:1005360. [PMID: 36311429 PMCID: PMC9596788 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1005360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses spread rapidly and are well-adapted to changing environmental events. They can infect the human body readily and trigger fatal diseases. A limited number of drugs are available for specific viral diseases, which can lead to non-efficacy against viral variants and drug resistance, so drugs with broad-spectrum antiviral activity are lacking. In recent years, a steady stream of new viral diseases has emerged, which has prompted development of new antiviral drugs. Natural products could be employed to develop new antiviral drugs because of their innovative structures and broad antiviral activities. This review summarizes the progress of natural products in antiviral research and their bright performance in drug resistance issues over the past 2 decades. Moreover, it fully discusses the effect of different structural types of natural products on antiviral activity in terms of structure–activity relationships. This review could provide a foundation for the development of antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Guo
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Anna Ma
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinyan Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Chen Yang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xi Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Xi Chen, ; Gen Li,
| | - Gen Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Xi Chen, ; Gen Li,
| | - Feng Qiu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjfin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
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Wang X, Zhang S, Shang H, Wang C, Zhou F, Liu Y, Jiang Y, Gao P, Li N, Liu D, Shen M, Zhu R, Shi Y, Wei K. Evaluation of the antiviral effect of four plant polysaccharides against duck circovirus. Res Vet Sci 2022; 152:446-457. [PMID: 36148714 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recently, outbreaks of duck circovirus (DuCV) are frequently occurring worldwide due to secondary infections caused by post infection-induced immunosuppression. Due to a lack of preventive drugs and vaccines, the waterfowl industry losses are ever increasing. In this study, we extracted Astragalus polysaccharides (APS), pine pollen polysaccharides (PPPS), Aloe vera polysaccharides (AVE), and Ficus carica polysaccharides (FCPS) from Astragalus, pine pollen, aloe, and F. carica leaves, respectively. We randomly divided 150 one-day-old Cherry Valley ducks into five groups, which were inoculated with the DuCV solution and orally administered APS, PPPS, AVE, FCPS, and phosphate buffer saline (PBS), respectively. We collected the duck immune organs and serum samples at 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, and 48 days post-infection (dpi). Using clinical symptom analysis, molecular biology experiments, and serological experiments, we proved that plant polysaccharides could (a) improve the duck immunity, (b) reduce the viral load, and (c) mitigate DuCV-induced damage to immune organs, with both APS and PPPS having significant effects. Moreover, we detected viral load and cytokines within the first 8 dpi. Since the body's innate immunity could inhibit viral replication within five days of virus infection, 1-5 dpi was the best treatment time. Among the four polysaccharides showing in vitro anti-apoptotic activity, APS and PPPS significantly inhibited the DuCV infection-induced apoptosis of peripheral blood lymphocytes. Overall, since our findings show APS and PPPS having significant anti-DuCV effects both in vivo and in vitro, they can be promising candidates for preventing DuCV infection in ducks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangkun Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Shuyu Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Hongqi Shang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Fan Zhou
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Shandong Feicheng Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Health Center, Taian, China
| | - Yunxuan Jiang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Panpan Gao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Ning Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Defeng Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Mingyue Shen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Ruiliang Zhu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Youfei Shi
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China.
| | - Kai Wei
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China.
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Polysaccharides and Тheir Derivatives as Potential Antiviral Molecules. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020426. [PMID: 35216019 PMCID: PMC8879384 DOI: 10.3390/v14020426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In the current context of the COVID-19 pandemic, it appears that our scientific resources and the medical community are not sufficiently developed to combat rapid viral spread all over the world. A number of viruses causing epidemics have already disseminated across the world in the last few years, such as the dengue or chinkungunya virus, the Ebola virus, and other coronavirus families such as Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV). The outbreaks of these infectious diseases have demonstrated the difficulty of treating an epidemic before the creation of vaccine. Different antiviral drugs already exist. However, several of them cause side effects or have lost their efficiency because of virus mutations. It is essential to develop new antiviral strategies, but ones that rely on more natural compounds to decrease the secondary effects. Polysaccharides, which have come to be known in recent years for their medicinal properties, including antiviral activities, are an excellent alternative. They are essential for the metabolism of plants, microorganisms, and animals, and are directly extractible. Polysaccharides have attracted more and more attention due to their therapeutic properties, low toxicity, and availability, and seem to be attractive candidates as antiviral drugs of tomorrow.
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Ratan ZA, Rabbi Mashrur F, Runa NJ, Kwon KW, Hosseinzadeh H, Cho JY. Ginseng, a promising choice for SARS-COV-2: A mini review. J Ginseng Res 2022; 46:183-187. [PMID: 35095288 PMCID: PMC8783644 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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Qi H, Zhang Z, Liu J, Chen Z, Huang Q, Li J, Chen J, Wang M, Zhao D, Wang Z, Li X. Comparisons of Isolation Methods, Structural Features, and Bioactivities of the Polysaccharides from Three Common Panax Species: A Review of Recent Progress. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26164997. [PMID: 34443587 PMCID: PMC8400370 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Panax spp. (Araliaceae family) are widely used medicinal plants and they mainly include Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, Panax quinquefolium L. (American ginseng), and Panax notoginseng (notoginseng). Polysaccharides are the main active ingredients in these plants and have demonstrated diverse pharmacological functions, but comparisons of isolation methods, structural features, and bioactivities of these polysaccharides have not yet been reported. This review summarizes recent advances associated with 112 polysaccharides from ginseng, 25 polysaccharides from American ginseng, and 36 polysaccharides from notoginseng and it compares the differences in extraction, purification, structural features, and bioactivities. Most studies focus on ginseng polysaccharides and comparisons are typically made with the polysaccharides from American ginseng and notoginseng. For the extraction, purification, and structural analysis, the processes are similar for the polysaccharides from the three Panax species. Previous studies determined that 55 polysaccharides from ginseng, 18 polysaccharides from American ginseng, and 9 polysaccharides from notoginseng exhibited anti-tumor activity, immunoregulatory effects, anti-oxidant activity, and other pharmacological functions, which are mediated by multiple signaling pathways, including mitogen-activated protein kinase, nuclear factor kappa B, or redox balance pathways. This review can provide new insights into the similarities and differences among the polysaccharides from the three Panax species, which can facilitate and guide further studies to explore the medicinal properties of the Araliaceae family used in traditional Chinese medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Qi
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (H.Q.); (J.L.); (Z.C.); (Q.H.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (D.Z.)
| | - Zepeng Zhang
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130021, China; (Z.Z.); (M.W.)
- College of Acupuncture and Tuina, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (H.Q.); (J.L.); (Z.C.); (Q.H.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (D.Z.)
| | - Zhaoqiang Chen
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (H.Q.); (J.L.); (Z.C.); (Q.H.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (D.Z.)
| | - Qingxia Huang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (H.Q.); (J.L.); (Z.C.); (Q.H.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (D.Z.)
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130021, China; (Z.Z.); (M.W.)
| | - Jing Li
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (H.Q.); (J.L.); (Z.C.); (Q.H.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (D.Z.)
| | - Jinjin Chen
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (H.Q.); (J.L.); (Z.C.); (Q.H.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (D.Z.)
| | - Mingxing Wang
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130021, China; (Z.Z.); (M.W.)
| | - Daqing Zhao
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (H.Q.); (J.L.); (Z.C.); (Q.H.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (D.Z.)
| | - Zeyu Wang
- Department of Scientific Research, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
- Correspondence: (Z.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Xiangyan Li
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (H.Q.); (J.L.); (Z.C.); (Q.H.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (D.Z.)
- Correspondence: (Z.W.); (X.L.)
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Alsayari A, Muhsinah AB, Almaghaslah D, Annadurai S, Wahab S. Pharmacological Efficacy of Ginseng against Respiratory Tract Infections. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26134095. [PMID: 34279434 PMCID: PMC8271507 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26134095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory tract infections are underestimated, as they are mild and generally not incapacitating. In clinical medicine, however, these infections are considered a prevalent problem. By 2030, the third most comprehensive reason for death worldwide will be chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), according to the World Health Organization. The current arsenal of anti-inflammatory drugs shows little or no benefits against COPD. For thousands of years, herbal drugs have been used to cure numerous illnesses; they exhibit promising results and enhance physical performance. Ginseng is one such herbal medicine, known to alleviate pro-inflammatory chemokines and cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8) formed by macrophages and epithelial cells. Furthermore, the mechanisms of action of ginsenoside are still not fully understood. Various clinical trials of ginseng have exhibited a reduction of repeated colds and the flu. In this review, ginseng’s structural features, the pathogenicity of microbial infections, and the immunomodulatory, antiviral, and anti-bacterial effects of ginseng were discussed. The focus was on the latest animal studies and human clinical trials that corroborate ginseng’s role as a therapy for treating respiratory tract infections. The article concluded with future directions and significant challenges. This review would be a valuable addition to the knowledge base for researchers in understanding the promising role of ginseng in treating respiratory tract infections. Further analysis needs to be re-focused on clinical trials to study ginseng’s efficacy and safety in treating pathogenic infections and in determining ginseng-drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrhman Alsayari
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (A.B.M.); (S.A.)
| | - Abdullatif Bin Muhsinah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (A.B.M.); (S.A.)
| | - Dalia Almaghaslah
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Sivakumar Annadurai
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (A.B.M.); (S.A.)
| | - Shadma Wahab
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (A.B.M.); (S.A.)
- Correspondence: or
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Ali SI, Sheikh WM, Rather MA, Venkatesalu V, Muzamil Bashir S, Nabi SU. Medicinal plants: Treasure for antiviral drug discovery. Phytother Res 2021; 35:3447-3483. [PMID: 33590931 PMCID: PMC8013762 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The pandemic of viral diseases like novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) prompted the scientific world to examine antiviral bioactive compounds rather than nucleic acid analogous, protease inhibitors, or other toxic synthetic molecules. The emerging viral infections significantly associated with 2019-nCoV have challenged humanity's survival. Further, there is a constant emergence of new resistant viral strains that demand novel antiviral agents with fewer side effects and cell toxicity. Despite significant progress made in immunization and regenerative medicine, numerous viruses still lack prophylactic vaccines and specific antiviral treatments that are so often influenced by the generation of viral escape mutants. Of importance, medicinal herbs offer a wide variety of therapeutic antiviral chemotypes that can inhibit viral replication by preventing viral adsorption, adhering to cell receptors, inhibiting virus penetration in the host cell, and competing for pathways of activation of intracellular signals. The present review will comprehensively summarize the promising antiviral activities of medicinal plants and their bioactive molecules. Furthermore, it will elucidate their mechanism of action and possible implications in the treatment/prevention of viral diseases even when their mechanism of action is not fully understood, which could serve as the base for the future development of novel or complementary antiviral treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofi Imtiyaz Ali
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Lab, Division of veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-K, Srinagar, India
| | - Wajid Mohammad Sheikh
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Lab, Division of veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-K, Srinagar, India
| | - Muzafar Ahmad Rather
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Lab, Division of veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-K, Srinagar, India
| | | | - Showkeen Muzamil Bashir
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Lab, Division of veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-K, Srinagar, India
| | - Showkat Ul Nabi
- Large Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics & Jurisprudence, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-K, Srinagar, India
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10
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Liu K, Li XY, Luo JP, Zha XQ. Bioactivities. Food Hydrocoll 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-0320-4_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Ghosh D, Karmakar P. Insight into anti-oxidative carbohydrate polymers from medicinal plants: Structure-activity relationships, mechanism of actions and interactions with bovine serum albumin. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 166:1022-1034. [PMID: 33166557 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Recently, research associated with natural anti-oxidants leads to the chemical characterization of many compounds possessing strong anti-oxidant activity. Among these anti-oxidants, naturally occurring carbohydrate polymers containing pectic arabinogalactans esterified with phenolic acids in monomeric and dimeric forms are noteworthy. The presence of highly branched arabinogalactan type II side chains and sugar linked phenolic acid residues have been resolved as important parameters. The anti-oxidant activity of these compounds depend on their ability to convert free radicals into stable by-products and themselves oxidized to more stable and less reactive resonance stabilized radicals. Moreover, these carbohydrate polymers form water soluble stable complexes with protein. Such findings support their applications in a diversity of fields including food industry and pharmacy. This review highlights experimental evidences supporting that the carbohydrate polymers containing phenolic polysaccharides may become promising drug candidate for the prevention of aging and age related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debjani Ghosh
- Bhatar Girls' High School, Bhatar, Purba Bardhaman, West Bengal, India.
| | - Parnajyoti Karmakar
- Government General Degree College at Kalna-I, Medgachi, Muragacha, Purba Bardhaman, West Bengal, India
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Kim JH, Kim K, Kim W. Genipin inhibits rotavirus-induced diarrhea by suppressing viral replication and regulating inflammatory responses. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15836. [PMID: 32985574 PMCID: PMC7522720 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72968-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus is the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis among young children worldwide. However, agents specifically designed to treat rotavirus infection have not been developed yet. In this study, the anti-rotavirus and anti-inflammatory effects of genipin, a chemical compound found in the fruit of Gardenia jasminoides, were evaluated. Genipin had an antiviral effect against the human rotavirus Wa and SA-11 strains in vitro, and it inhibited two distinct stages of the viral replication cycle: attachment and penetration (early stage) in pre-treatment and assembly and release (late stage) in post-treatment. Additionally, genipin downregulated nitric oxide synthase and pro-inflammatory cytokines in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 cells and rotavirus-infected Caco-2 cells. Oral administration of genipin before and after viral infection with the murine rotavirus epidemic diarrhea of infant mice strain led to a reduced duration of diarrhea and faecal viral shedding and to decreased destruction of the enteric epithelium. Genipin could have potential as a natural compound with preventive and therapeutic effects against infection and colitis caused by rotavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Hwa Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, 84, Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, South Korea
| | - Kiyoung Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, 84, Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, South Korea
| | - Wonyong Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, 84, Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, South Korea.
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Taishan Pinus massoniana pollen polysaccharide inhibits H9N2 subtype influenza virus infection both in vitro and in vivo. Vet Microbiol 2020; 248:108803. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Sun L, You G, Zheng F, Wang M, Ren X, Deng Y. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of the influences of polysaccharides derived from Glycyrrhiza uralensis on three alkaloids and potential interaction mechanisms. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 157:452-460. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.04.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Ji X, Hou C, Shi M, Yan Y, Liu Y. An Insight into the Research Concerning Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer Polysaccharides: A Review. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2020.1771363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Ji
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cold Chain Food Quality and Safety Control, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Production and Safety, Henan Province, P.R. China
| | - Chunyan Hou
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cold Chain Food Quality and Safety Control, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Production and Safety, Henan Province, P.R. China
| | - Miaomiao Shi
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cold Chain Food Quality and Safety Control, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Production and Safety, Henan Province, P.R. China
| | - Yizhe Yan
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cold Chain Food Quality and Safety Control, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Production and Safety, Henan Province, P.R. China
| | - Yanqi Liu
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cold Chain Food Quality and Safety Control, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Production and Safety, Henan Province, P.R. China
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Wang M, Li H, Liu W, Cao H, Hu X, Gao X, Xu F, Li Z, Hua H, Li D. Dammarane-type leads panaxadiol and protopanaxadiol for drug discovery: Biological activity and structural modification. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 189:112087. [PMID: 32007667 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Based on the definite therapeutic benefits, such as neuroprotective, cardioprotective, anticancer, anti-diabetic and so on, the Panax genus which contains many valuable plants, including ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer), notoginseng (Panax notoginseng) and American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.), attracts research focus. Actually, the biological and pharmacological effects of the Panax genus are mainly attributed to the abundant ginsenosides. However, the low membrane permeability and the gastrointestinal tract influence seriously limit the absorption and bioavailability of ginsenosides. The acid or base hydrolysates of ginsenosides, 20 (R,S)-panaxadiol and 20 (R,S)-protopanaxadiol showed improved bioavailability and diverse pharmacological activities. Moreover, relative stable skeletons and active hydroxyl group at C-3 position and other reactive sites are suitable for structural modification to improve biological activities. In this review, the pharmacological activities of panaxadiol, protopanaxadiol and their structurally modified derivatives are comprehensively summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, And School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Haonan Li
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, And School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Hao Cao
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Xu Hu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, And School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, And School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Fanxing Xu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Zhanlin Li
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, And School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Huiming Hua
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, And School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Dahong Li
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, And School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, PR China.
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He X, Fang J, Guo Q, Wang M, Li Y, Meng Y, Huang L. Advances in antiviral polysaccharides derived from edible and medicinal plants and mushrooms. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 229:115548. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Lewicka A, Szymański Ł, Rusiecka K, Kucza A, Jakubczyk A, Zdanowski R, Lewicki S. Supplementation of Plants with Immunomodulatory Properties during Pregnancy and Lactation-Maternal and Offspring Health Effects. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11081958. [PMID: 31434310 PMCID: PMC6723993 DOI: 10.3390/nu11081958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A pregnant woman’s diet consists of many products, such as fruits, vegetables, cocoa, tea, chocolate, coffee, herbal and fruit teas, and various commercially available dietary supplements, which contain a high number of biological active plant-derived compounds. Generally, these compounds play beneficial roles in women’s health and the development of fetus health. There are, however, some authors who report that consuming excessive amounts of plants that contain high concentrations of polyphenols may negatively affect the development of the fetus and the offspring’s health. Important and problematic issues during pregnancy and lactation are bacterial infections treatment. In the treatment are proposals to use plant immunomodulators, which are generally considered safe for women and their offspring. Additional consumption of biologically active compounds from plants, however, may increase the risk of occurrences to irreversible changes in the offspring’s health. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out safety tests for immunomodulators before introducing them into a maternal diet. Here, we present data from animal experiments for the four most-studied plants immunomodulators genus: Rhodiola, Echinacea, Panax, and Camellia, which were used in maternal nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Lewicka
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Kozielska 4, 01-163 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Szymański
- Department of Microwave Safety, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Kozielska 4, 01-163 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kamila Rusiecka
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Kozielska 4, 01-163 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Kucza
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Kozielska 4, 01-163 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Jakubczyk
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Life Sciences, Skromna 8, 20-704 Lublin, Poland
| | - Robert Zdanowski
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Kozielska 4, 01-163 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sławomir Lewicki
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Kozielska 4, 01-163 Warsaw, Poland.
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Li J, Wang D, Xing X, Cheng TJR, Liang PH, Bulone V, Park JH, Hsieh YS. Structural analysis and biological activity of cell wall polysaccharides extracted from Panax ginseng marc. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 135:29-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.05.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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20
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Zhao B, Lv C, Lu J. Natural occurring polysaccharides from Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer: A review of isolation, structures, and bioactivities. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 133:324-336. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.03.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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21
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Jeong HK, Lee D, Kim HP, Baek SH. Structure analysis and antioxidant activities of an amylopectin-type polysaccharide isolated from dried fruits of Terminalia chebula. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 211:100-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.01.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Microwave-Assisted Extraction, Purification, Partial Characterization, and Bioactivity of Polysaccharides from Panax ginseng. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24081605. [PMID: 31018583 PMCID: PMC6514599 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24081605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharides are a main active substance in Panax ginseng; however, microwave-assisted extraction used to prepare P. ginseng polysaccharides (MPPG) has rarely been reported, and knowledge of the bactericidal activity of P. ginseng polysaccharides remains low. Thus, this study was designed to investigate the extraction of P. ginseng polysaccharides by using two methods-hot water extraction and microwave-assisted extraction-and compare their chemical composition and structure. In addition, their antibacterial and antioxidant activities were also determined. The data implied that P. ginseng polysaccharides extracted by microwave-assisted extraction possessed a higher extraction yield than hot water extraction (WPPG) under optimized conditions, and the actual yields were 41.6% ± 0.09% and 28.5% ± 1.62%, respectively. Moreover, the preliminary characterization of polysaccharides was identified after purification. The WPPG with the molecular weight (Mw) of 2.07 × 105 Da was composed of Man, Rib, Rha, GalA, Glu, Gal, and Arab, and the typical characteristics of polysaccharides were determined by IR spectra. Compared with WPPG, MPPG had a higher Mw, uronic acid content, and Glu content. More importantly, the antioxidant activity of MPPG was higher than WPPG, which was probably ascribed to its highly Mw and abundant uronic acid content. Besides, both of them exhibited high bactericidal activity. These results demonstrate that microwave-assisted extraction is an effective method for obtaining P. ginseng polysaccharides, and MPPG could be applied as an antioxidant and antibacterial agent.
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Yang CM, Han QJ, Wang KL, Xu YL, Lan JH, Cao GT. Astragalus and Ginseng Polysaccharides Improve Developmental, Intestinal Morphological, and Immune Functional Characters of Weaned Piglets. Front Physiol 2019; 10:418. [PMID: 31031640 PMCID: PMC6473041 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a major issue in animal industries and antibiotic-free alternatives are needed to treat infectious diseases and improve performance of pigs. Plant extracts have been suggested as a potential solution. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of Astragalus polysaccharides (Aps) and ginseng polysaccharide (Gps) on growth performance, intestinal morphology, immune function, volatile fatty acids (VFAs), and microfloral community in weaned piglets. A total of 180 weaned piglets were randomly divided into three treatment groups during a 28-days feeding experiment, including a basal diet (Con), basal diet supplemented with 800 mg/kg Aps (Aps), and basal diet supplemented with 800 mg/kg Gps (Gps). Results showed that both Aps and Gps increased body weight, average daily gain and feed conversion rate, and reduced the rate of diarrhea. Gps also decreased aspartate aminotransferase compared to the Con piglets after 14 days. No significant effects on alanine aminotransferase were observed. Both Aps and Gps piglets exhibited higher serum immunoglobulin M levels after 14 and 28 days, and also decreased jejunal crypt depth, increased jejunal villus length and villus height/crypt depth ratio, and increased expression of toll-like receptor 4, myeloid differentiation primary response 88, nuclear factor-kappa B proteins in the jejunum. Aps and Gps piglets also had higher concentrations of acetic acid, isobutyric acid, and butyrate in their colon. Data of high-throughput sequencing revealed that Aps and Gps affected bacterial quantity and diversity in the colon. Species richness and evenness were higher in both Aps and Gps piglets than the control piglets. Aps and Gps piglets also had a higher relative abundance of Lachnospiraceae and Anaerostipes, and the Aps piglets had a higher relative abundance of Lactobacillus gasseri and L. amylovorus. Therefore, dietary supplementation with Aps and Gps could be beneficial for optimizing the performance of industry pigs and reducing dependence on antibiotics. Furthermore, Plant polysaccharides play a great role in promoting the sustainable development of animal husbandry.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. M. Yang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, The Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health and Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Q. J. Han
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, The Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health and Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - K. L. Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, The Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health and Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Y. L. Xu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, The Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health and Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - J. H. Lan
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, The Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health and Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - G. T. Cao
- College of Standardization, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
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Banerjee P, Mukherjee S, Bera K, Ghosh K, Ali I, Khawas S, Ray B, Ray S. Polysaccharides from Thymus vulgaris leaf: Structural features, antioxidant activity and interaction with bovine serum albumin. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 125:580-587. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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25
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Structural characterization of rhamnogalacturonan domains from Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 203:119-127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Ghosh S, Malik YS, Kobayashi N. Therapeutics and Immunoprophylaxis Against Noroviruses and Rotaviruses: The Past, Present, and Future. Curr Drug Metab 2018; 19:170-191. [PMID: 28901254 PMCID: PMC5971199 DOI: 10.2174/1389200218666170912161449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background: Noroviruses and rotaviruses are important viral etiologies of severe gastroenteritis. Noroviruses are the primary cause of nonbacterial diarrheal outbreaks in humans, whilst rotaviruses are a major cause of childhood diarrhea. Although both enteric pathogens substantially impact human health and economies, there are no approved drugs against noroviruses and rotaviruses so far. On the other hand, whilst the currently licensed rotavirus vaccines have been successfully implemented in over 100 countries, the most advanced norovirus vaccine has recently completed phase-I and II trials. Methods: We performed a structured search of bibliographic databases for peer-reviewed research litera-ture on advances in the fields of norovirus and rotavirus therapeutics and immunoprophylaxis. Results: Technological advances coupled with a proper understanding of viral morphology and replication over the past decade has facilitated pioneering research on therapeutics and immunoprophylaxis against noroviruses and rotaviruses, with promising outcomes in human clinical trials of some of the drugs and vaccines. This review focuses on the various developments in the fields of norovirus and rotavirus thera-peutics and immunoprophylaxis, such as potential antiviral drug molecules, passive immunotherapies (oral human immunoglobulins, egg yolk and bovine colostral antibodies, llama-derived nanobodies, and anti-bodies expressed in probiotics, plants, rice grains and insect larvae), immune system modulators, probiot-ics, phytochemicals and other biological substances such as bovine milk proteins, therapeutic nanoparti-cles, hydrogels and viscogens, conventional viral vaccines (live and inactivated whole virus vaccines), and genetically engineered viral vaccines (reassortant viral particles, virus-like particles (VLPs) and other sub-unit recombinant vaccines including multi-valent viral vaccines, edible plant vaccines, and encapsulated viral particles). Conclusions: This review provides important insights into the various approaches to therapeutics and im-munoprophylaxis against noroviruses and rotaviruses..
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvik Ghosh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, St. Kitts and Nevis, West Indies.,Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yashpal Singh Malik
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nobumichi Kobayashi
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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Baek JH, Heo JY, Fava M, Mischoulon D, Choi KW, Na EJ, Cho H, Jeon HJ. Effect of Korean Red Ginseng in individuals exposed to high stress levels: a 6-week, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Ginseng Res 2018; 43:402-407. [PMID: 31308812 PMCID: PMC6606819 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To investigate the neurobiological evidence supporting the adaptogenic effects of Korean Red Ginseng in reducing the harmful consequences of stress using a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Method Sixty-three subjects with high stress levels were randomized to receive an orally administered, double-blind, 6-week treatment with Korean Red Ginseng (n = 32) or placebo (n = 31). All participants underwent a comprehensive psychological evaluation using Beck Depression Inventory and Stress Response Inventory, cognitive evaluation using the continuous performance test, biological evaluation by measuring blood levels of lipids, catecholamines, inflammation markers, and heart rate variability at baseline and after 6 weeks. Results At baseline, both groups showed no significant differences in age, sex, years of education, Beck Depression Inventory, and Stress Response Inventory. After 6 weeks, triglyceride levels were significantly increased within the normal limit in theKorean Red Ginseng group (F = 4.11, p = 0.048), and the epinephrine level was decreased in this group (F = 4,35, p = 0.043). The triglyceride increase was significantly associated with epinephrine decrease (B = −0.087, p = 0.041), suggesting that Korean Red Ginseng may stabilize the sympathetic nervous system. In addition, we detected a significant group by time effect in the visually controlled continuous performance test, suggesting positive effects of Korean Red Ginseng on cognition. Conclusion Korean Red Ginseng might help to stabilize the sympathetic nervous system and improve cognition in individuals with high stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hyun Baek
- Department of Psychiatry, Depression Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Yoon Heo
- Department of Psychiatry, Depression Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Maurizio Fava
- Depression Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - David Mischoulon
- Depression Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Kwan Woo Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, Depression Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jin Na
- Department of Psychiatry, Depression Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hana Cho
- Department of Physiology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Jin Jeon
- Department of Psychiatry, Depression Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Health Sciences & Technology, Department of Medical Device Management & Research, Department of Clinical Research Design & Evaluation, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Ji L, Jie Z, Ying X, Yue Q, Zhou Y, Sun L. Structural characterization of alkali-soluble polysaccharides from Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:171644. [PMID: 29657770 PMCID: PMC5882694 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.171644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (ginseng) has been widely used as a herb and functional food in the world. Polysaccharides are the main active components of ginseng. In this paper, the polysaccharides were sequentially extracted by 50 mM Na2CO3, 1 M KOH and 4 M KOH from ginseng roots treated sequentially with hot water, α-amylase and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid extraction. Na2CO3-soluble ginseng polysaccharide (NGP) was fractionated into one neutral and three acidic fractions by anion exchange and gel permeation chromatography. Fourier transform infrared, NMR and methylation analysis indicated acidic fractions in NGP were highly branched rhamnogalacturonan-I domains, with → 4)-α-GalpA-(1 → 2)-α-Rhap-(1 → disaccharide repeating units as backbone and β-1,4-galactan, α-1,5/1,3,5-arabinan and type II arabinogalactan as side chains. 1-KGP (1 M KOH-soluble ginseng polysaccharide) and 4-KGP (4 M KOH-soluble ginseng polysaccharide) were mainly composed of hemicellulose besides starch-like polysaccharides and minor pectin. Antibody detection, enzymic hydrolysis, high performance anion exchange chromatography and methylation analysis demonstrated xylan was the major component in 1-KGP, while xyloglucan was predominant in 4-KGP. Comparing the polysaccharides obtained by different solvent extractions, we have a comprehensive understanding about total ginseng polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Lin Sun
- Author for correspondence: Lin Sun e-mail:
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Li Q, Niu Y, Xing P, Wang C. Bioactive polysaccharides from natural resources including Chinese medicinal herbs on tissue repair. Chin Med 2018; 13:7. [PMID: 29445417 PMCID: PMC5802060 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-018-0166-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional polysaccharides can be derived from plants (including herbs), animals and microorganisms. They have been widely used in a broad of biomedical applications, such as immunoregulatory agents or drug delivery vehicles. In the past few years, increasing studies have started to develop natural polysaccharides-based biomaterials for various applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. MAIN BODY We discuss in this article the emerging applications of natural polysaccharides-particularly those derived from Chinese medicine-for wound healing. First, we introduce natural polysaccharides of three natural sources and their biological activities. Then, we focus on certain natural polysaccharides with growth factor-binding affinities and their inspired polymeric tools, with an emphasis on how these polysaccharides could possibly benefit wound healing. Finally, we report the latest progress in the discovery of polysaccharides from Chinese medicinal herbs with identified activities favouring tissue repair. CONCLUSION Natural polysaccharides with clearly elucidated compositions/structures, identified cellular activities, as well as desirable physical properties have shown the potential to serve as therapeutic tools for tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Macau SAR, China
| | - Yiming Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Macau SAR, China
| | - Panfei Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Macau SAR, China
| | - Chunming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Macau SAR, China
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Gandhi GR, Barreto PG, Lima BDS, Quintans JDSS, Araújo AADS, Narain N, Quintans-Júnior LJ, Gurgel RQ. Medicinal plants and natural molecules with in vitro and in vivo activity against rotavirus: A systematic review. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 23:1830-1842. [PMID: 27912886 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rotaviruses can cause life-threatening health disorders, such as severe dehydrating gastroenteritis and diarrhea in children. Vaccination is the main preventive strategy to reduce rotavirus diarrhea and the severity of episodes, but vaccines are not fully effective and new episodes may occur, even in vaccinated children. The WHO recommends oral rehydration therapy and zinc supplementation for rotavirus-induced diarrhea management. There is little preclinical evidence to support the use of phytotherapeutics in the management of rotaviral infections. PURPOSE We aim to review the use of medicinal plants and natural molecules in the management of rotavirus infections in experimental studies. METHODS Articles, published in the English language between 1991 and 2016, were retrieved from PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science using relevant keywords. The scientific literature mainly focusing on plant natural products with therapeutic efficacies against experimental models of rotavirus, were identified and tabulated. In addition, an assessment of the reliability of animal experiments was determined under ``Risk of Bias'' criteria. CHAPTERS After an initial search and a revision of the inclusion criteria, 41 reports satisfied the objectives of the study. 36 articles were found concerning the anti-rotaviral potential in rotavirus infected cell lines. Among the active secondary metabolites screened for rotavirus inhibition, the polyphenols of flavonoid structure had acquired the highest number of studies in our survey, compared to phenolic acids, stilbenoids, tannins, pectins, terpenoids and flavonoid glycosides. Also, many phytochemicals reduced the efficacy of viral capsid proteins foremost to their elimination and improved the tendency of host-cell inhibiting virus absorption or by prevention of viral replication. Furthermore, five in vivo studies reported that herbs, as well its components, reduced the duration and severity of diarrhea in mice and piglets. The anti-rotavirus efficacy were highlighted based on improvements in reduction on liquid stool, fecal virus shedding, small intestinal histology, levels of inflammation related cytokines and signaling receptors. However, the quality of the experiments in animal studies contained certain types of bias in terms of how they were conducted and reported. CONCLUSION We identified and summarized studies on medicinal plants and natural molecules having anti-rotavirus activity in order to further future developments of cures for rotavirus gastroenteritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopalsamy Rajiv Gandhi
- Division of Paediatrics, Department of Medicine, Federal University of Sergipe, Rua Cláudio Batista, s/n, Cidade Nova, Aracaju, Sergipe 49.100-000, Brazil; Laboratory of Neuroscience and Pharmacological Assays (LANEF), Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Aracaju, Sergipe 49.100-000, Brazil; Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Aracaju, Sergipe 49.100-000, Brazil
| | - Paula Gurgel Barreto
- Department of Medicine, Tiradentes University, Avenida Murilo Dantas, 300-Bairro Farolandia, Aracaju, Sergipe 49.032-490, Brazil
| | - Bruno Dos Santos Lima
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Aracaju, Sergipe 49.100-000, Brazil
| | - Jullyana de Souza Siqueira Quintans
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Pharmacological Assays (LANEF), Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Aracaju, Sergipe 49.100-000, Brazil
| | | | - Narendra Narain
- Laboratory of Flavor and Chromatographic Analysis, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Aracaju, Sergipe 49.100-000, Brazil
| | - Lucindo Jose Quintans-Júnior
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Pharmacological Assays (LANEF), Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Aracaju, Sergipe 49.100-000, Brazil.
| | - Ricardo Queiroz Gurgel
- Division of Paediatrics, Department of Medicine, Federal University of Sergipe, Rua Cláudio Batista, s/n, Cidade Nova, Aracaju, Sergipe 49.100-000, Brazil
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Majee SK, Bera K, Raja W, Ghosh K, Ray S, Ray B. Structural highlights of an antioxidative arabinogalactan protein of Lannea grandis gum that stabilizes β -lactoglobulin. Food Hydrocoll 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2016.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Zheng Y, Yang G, Zhao Z, Guo T, Shi H, Zhou Y, Sun L. Structural analysis of ginseng polysaccharides extracted by EDTA solution. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra22751h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharides extracted from Panax ginseng by EDTA solution are composed of both starch-like glucan and pectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zheng
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory on Chemistry and Biology of Natural Drugs in Changbai Mountain
- School of Life Sciences
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- P. R. China
| | - Guang Yang
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory on Chemistry and Biology of Natural Drugs in Changbai Mountain
- School of Life Sciences
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- P. R. China
| | - Zihan Zhao
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory on Chemistry and Biology of Natural Drugs in Changbai Mountain
- School of Life Sciences
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- P. R. China
| | - Te Guo
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory on Chemistry and Biology of Natural Drugs in Changbai Mountain
- School of Life Sciences
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- P. R. China
| | - Huimin Shi
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory on Chemistry and Biology of Natural Drugs in Changbai Mountain
- School of Life Sciences
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- P. R. China
| | - Yifa Zhou
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory on Chemistry and Biology of Natural Drugs in Changbai Mountain
- School of Life Sciences
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- P. R. China
| | - Lin Sun
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory on Chemistry and Biology of Natural Drugs in Changbai Mountain
- School of Life Sciences
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- P. R. China
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Akhter KF, Mumin MA, Lui EK, Charpentier PA. Microfluidic Synthesis of Ginseng Polysaccharide Nanoparticles for Immunostimulating Action on Macrophage Cell Lines. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2015; 2:96-103. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5b00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazi Farida Akhter
- Chemical and Biochemical Engineering and ‡Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B9
| | - Md Abdul Mumin
- Chemical and Biochemical Engineering and ‡Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B9
| | - Edmond K. Lui
- Chemical and Biochemical Engineering and ‡Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B9
| | - Paul A. Charpentier
- Chemical and Biochemical Engineering and ‡Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B9
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Nguyen CT, Luong TT, Lee SY, Kim GL, Kwon H, Lee HG, Park CK, Rhee DK. Panax ginseng aqueous extract prevents pneumococcal sepsis in vivo by potentiating cell survival and diminishing inflammation. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 22:1055-1061. [PMID: 26407948 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND More than 50% of sepsis cases are caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, and hospital mortality related to sepsis comprises 52% of all hospital deaths. Therefore, sepsis is a medical emergency, and any treatment against the agent that produces it, is welcome. PURPOSE The role of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (Araliaceae) aqueous extract in bacterial infection in vivo is not well understood. Here, the protective effect of Korean red ginseng (KRG) extract against pneumococcal infection and sepsis was elucidated. STUDY DESIGN In this study, mice were administrated KRG (25, 50, 100 mg/kg) for 15 days, and then infected with a lethal S. pneumoniae strain. Survival rate, body weight, and colonization were determined. METHODS The RAW 264.7 macrophage cells were infected with S. pneumoniae and cell viability was assessed using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Inflammation was examined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining while gene expression was determined using western blotting. RESULTS KRG-pre-treated mice (100 mg/kg of KRG) had significantly higher survival rates and body weights than those of the non-treated controls; KRG-pre-treated mice had lower bacterial number and morbidity than those of the non-treated controls. 100 mg/kg of KRG administration decreased cytokine levels including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (897 and 623 pg/ml, control and KRG groups, respectively, P < 0.05) and interleukin (IL)-1β (175 and 127 pg/ml, control and KRG groups, respectively, P = 0.051), nitric oxide level (149 and 81 nM, control and KRG groups, respectively, P < 0.05), and neutrophil infiltration 48 h post-infection, in vivo. In pneumococcal infection, KRG pre-treatment downregulated toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and TNF-ɑ expressions in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells and increased cell survival by activating phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling. CONCLUSION Taken together, 100 mg/kg of KRG appeared to protect host cells from lethal pneumococcal sepsis by inhibiting inflammation as well as by enhancing bacterial clearance thereby reinforcing cell survival against pneumococcal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuong Thach Nguyen
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Truc Thanh Luong
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Yeop Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyu Lee Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyogyoung Kwon
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 336-745, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Gyun Lee
- The Korean Ginseng Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Co., Daejeon 305-805, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae-Kyu Park
- The Korean Ginseng Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Co., Daejeon 305-805, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Kwon Rhee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea.
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Im K, Kim J, Min H. Ginseng, the natural effectual antiviral: Protective effects of Korean Red Ginseng against viral infection. J Ginseng Res 2015; 40:309-314. [PMID: 27746682 PMCID: PMC5052424 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) is a heat-processed ginseng developed by the repeated steaming and air-drying of fresh ginseng. Compared with fresh ginseng, KRG has been shown to possess greater pharmacological activities and stability because of changes that occur in its chemical constituents during the steaming process. In addition to anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and immune-modulatory activities, KRG and its purified components have also been shown to possess protective effects against microbial infections. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on the properties of KRG and its components on infections with human pathogenic viruses such as respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus, influenza virus, human immunodeficiency virus, human herpes virus, hepatitis virus, norovirus, rotavirus, enterovirus, and coxsackievirus. Additionally, the therapeutic potential of KRG as an antiviral and vaccine adjuvant is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hyeyoung Min
- Corresponding author. College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseokro, Dongjakgu, Seoul 06974, Korea.
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Ru W, Wang D, Xu Y, He X, Sun YE, Qian L, Zhou X, Qin Y. Chemical constituents and bioactivities of Panax ginseng (C. A. Mey.). Drug Discov Ther 2015; 9:23-32. [DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2015.01004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Ru
- Shandong Dong-E-E-Jiao Co., Ltd
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Glue of Traditional Medicine
| | - Dongliang Wang
- Shandong Dong-E-E-Jiao Co., Ltd
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Glue of Traditional Medicine
| | - Yunpeng Xu
- Shandong Dong-E-E-Jiao Co., Ltd
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Glue of Traditional Medicine
| | - Xianxian He
- Shandong Dong-E-E-Jiao Co., Ltd
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Glue of Traditional Medicine
| | - Yang-En Sun
- Shandong Dong-E-E-Jiao Co., Ltd
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Glue of Traditional Medicine
| | - Liyan Qian
- Shandong Dong-E-E-Jiao Co., Ltd
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Glue of Traditional Medicine
| | - Xiangshan Zhou
- Shandong Dong-E-E-Jiao Co., Ltd
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Glue of Traditional Medicine
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Liu J, Willför S, Xu C. A review of bioactive plant polysaccharides: Biological activities, functionalization, and biomedical applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcdf.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 370] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Cheong KL, Wu DT, Hu DJ, Zhao J, Cao KY, Qiao CF, Han BX, Li SP. Comparison and characterization of the glycome ofPanaxspecies by high-performance thin-layer chromatography. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2014. [DOI: 10.1556/jpc.27.2014.6.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Antitussive arabinogalactan of Andrographis paniculata demonstrates synergistic effect with andrographolide. Int J Biol Macromol 2014; 69:151-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Wu H, Høiby N, Yang L, Givskov M, Song Z. Effects of radix ginseng on microbial infections: a narrative review. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2014; 34:227-33. [PMID: 24783938 DOI: 10.1016/s0254-6272(14)60083-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To summarized the antimicrobial-like effects of Radix Ginseng, which provide important information to the relevant researchers and clinicians, and will benefit the clinical treatment of infectious diseases. METHODS PubMed and Google were used to search for and collect scientific publications related to Radix Ginseng and microbial infections. The authors read, classified, and discussed the associated scientific results or evidences, and summarized the corresponding results. RESULTS In this review, recent studies on the beneficial effects of Radix Ginseng extracts on microbial and biofilm infections were reviewed. The importance and significance of Radix Ginseng's beneficial effects are discussed. Evidence for the favorable effects of Radix Ginseng extracts on viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic infections and the possible underlying mechanisms are summarized. CONCLUSION Radix Ginseng might be a promising supplemental remedy for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases.
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Alfajaro MM, Rho MC, Kim HJ, Park JG, Kim DS, Hosmillo M, Son KY, Lee JH, Park SI, Kang MI, Ryu YB, Park KH, Oh HM, Lee SW, Park SJ, Lee WS, Cho KO. Anti-rotavirus effects by combination therapy of stevioside and Sophora flavescens extract. Res Vet Sci 2014; 96:567-75. [PMID: 24704033 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 12/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Anti-rotaviral activities of Sophora flavescens extract (SFE) and stevioside (SV) from Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni either singly or in various combinations were examined in vitro and in vivo using a porcine rotavirus G5[P7] strain. Combination of SFE and SV inhibited in vitro virus replication more efficiently than each single treatment. In the piglet model, SV had no effect on rotavirus enteritis, whereas SFE improved but did not completely cure rotaviral enteritis. Interestingly, combination therapy of SFE and SV alleviated diarrhea, and markedly improved small intestinal lesion score and fecal virus shedding. Acute toxicity tests including the piglet lethal dose 50, and body weight, organ weight and pathological changes for the combination therapy did not show any adverse effect on the piglets. These preliminary data suggest that the combination therapy of SV and SFE is a potential curative medication for rotaviral diarrhea in pigs. Determination of the efficacy of this combination therapy in other species including humans needs to be addressed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Madel Alfajaro
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Mun-Chual Rho
- Bioindustrial Process Reasearch Center and AI Control Material Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup 580-185, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jeong Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Gyu Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Song Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Myra Hosmillo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Yeol Son
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hwan Lee
- Chonnam National University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Ik Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Mun-Il Kang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Bae Ryu
- Infection Control Material Research Center and AI Control Material Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup 580-185, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Hun Park
- Division of Applied Life Science, EB-NCR, Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Graduate School of Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Mee Oh
- Bioindustrial Process Reasearch Center and AI Control Material Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup 580-185, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Woong Lee
- Bioindustrial Process Reasearch Center and AI Control Material Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup 580-185, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Jin Park
- Infection Control Material Research Center and AI Control Material Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup 580-185, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Song Lee
- Infection Control Material Research Center and AI Control Material Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup 580-185, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyoung-Oh Cho
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea.
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Interaction with bovine serum albumin of an anti-oxidative pectic arabinogalactan from Andrographis paniculata. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 101:342-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2013] [Revised: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Antitussive Activity of the Water-Extracted Carbohydrate Polymer from Terminalia chebula on Citric Acid-Induced Cough. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:650134. [PMID: 23878602 PMCID: PMC3708419 DOI: 10.1155/2013/650134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Terminalia chebula, a medicinal plant, is widely used in the management of various diseases. As the water extract of its dried ripe fruit is a frequently used preparation, we decided to look for bioactive polysaccharide in this extract. We demonstrate that the obtained polysaccharide fraction, CP, contained a highly branched arabinogalactan protein having a (1 → 3)-, (1 → 6)- and (1 → 3, 6)-linked β-D-Galp together with (1 → 5)- and (1 → 3)-linked α-L-Araf and nonreducing end units of α-L-Araf. This polymer possesses strong antitussive property. Our results showed that the number of citric acid-induced cough efforts decreased significantly after the oral application of polysaccharide fraction in a dose of 50 mg kg−1 body weight. Its antitussive efficacy was higher than cough suppressive effect of standard drug codeine. Therefore, traditional aqueous extraction method provides a major polysaccharide, which induces a pharmacological effect: this could represent an attractive approach in phytotherapeutic managements.
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Baek SH, Bae ON, Park JH. Recent methodology in ginseng analysis. J Ginseng Res 2013; 36:119-34. [PMID: 23717112 PMCID: PMC3659581 DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2012.36.2.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
As much as the popularity of ginseng in herbal prescriptions or remedies, ginseng has become the focus of research in many scientific fields. Analytical methodologies for ginseng, referred to as ginseng analysis hereafter, have been developed for bioactive component discovery, phytochemical profiling, quality control, and pharmacokinetic studies. This review summarizes the most recent advances in ginseng analysis in the past half-decade including emerging techniques and analytical trends. Ginseng analysis includes all of the leading analytical tools and serves as a representative model for the analytical research of herbal medicines.
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Kim SK, Park JH. Trends in ginseng research in 2010. J Ginseng Res 2013; 35:389-98. [PMID: 23717084 PMCID: PMC3659559 DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2011.35.4.389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 470 papers directly related to research on the Panax species were retrieved by performing internet searches with the keywords Panax and ginseng as the search terms. The publications were categorized as follows: 399 research articles, 30 reviews, 30 meeting abstracts, 7 proceedings, and 4 letters. The majority of these publications were published by scientists from Korea (35.7%), China (32.3%), and the USA (11.3%). Scientists from a total of 29 nations were actively involved in conducting ginseng research. A total of 43.6% of the publications were categorized as pharmacodynamic studies. The effects of ginseng on cerebrovascular function and cancer were the two most common topics considered in the pharmacodynamic studies. More than half of the ginseng studies assessed the use of P. ginseng. A total of 23 countries participated in studies specifically related to P. ginseng, and more than 80% of these studies originated from Korea and China. A total of 50 topics within the pharmacodynamics category were examined in association with the use of P. ginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Kwan Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Korea
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Kim DH. Chemical Diversity of Panax ginseng, Panax quinquifolium, and Panax notoginseng. J Ginseng Res 2013; 36:1-15. [PMID: 23717099 PMCID: PMC3659563 DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2012.36.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The major commercial ginsengs are Panax ginseng Meyer (Korean ginseng), P. quinquifolium L. (American ginseng), and P. notoginseng (Burk.) FH Chen (Notoginseng). P. ginseng is the most commonly used as an adaptogenic agent and has been shown to enhance physical performance, promote vitality, increase resistance to stress and aging, and have immunomodulatory activity. These ginsengs contain saponins, which can be classified as dammarane-type, ocotillol-type and oleanane-type oligoglycosides, and polysaccharides as main constituents. Dammarane ginsenosides are transformed into compounds such as the ginsenosides Rg3, Rg5, and Rk1 by steaming and heating and are metabolized into metabolites such as compound K, ginsenoside Rh1, protoand panaxatriol by intestinal microflora. These metabolites are nonpolar, pharmacologically active and easily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. However, the activities metabolizing these constituents into bioactive compounds differ significantly among individuals because all individuals possess characteristic indigenous strains of intestinal bacteria. To overcome this difference, ginsengs fermented with enzymes or microbes have been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hyun Kim
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
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Ghosh D, Ray S, Ghosh K, Micard V, Chatterjee UR, Ghosal PK, Ray B. Antioxidative Carbohydrate Polymer from Enhydra fluctuans and Its Interaction with Bovine Serum Albumin. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:1761-8. [PMID: 23635005 DOI: 10.1021/bm4001316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Debjani Ghosh
- Natural Products
Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, West Bengal 713 104, India
| | - Sayani Ray
- Natural Products
Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, West Bengal 713 104, India
| | - Kanika Ghosh
- Natural Products
Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, West Bengal 713 104, India
| | - Valérie Micard
- MontpellierSupAgro-INRA-UMII-CIRAD, UMR IATE,
2, Place Pierre Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex 01, France
| | - Udipta R. Chatterjee
- Natural Products
Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, West Bengal 713 104, India
| | - Pradyot K. Ghosal
- Natural Products
Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, West Bengal 713 104, India
| | - Bimalendu Ray
- Natural Products
Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, West Bengal 713 104, India
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Alfajaro MM, Kim HJ, Park JG, Ryu EH, Kim JY, Jeong YJ, Kim DS, Hosmillo M, Son KY, Lee JH, Kwon HJ, Ryu YB, Park SJ, Park SI, Lee WS, Cho KO. Anti-rotaviral effects of Glycyrrhiza uralensis extract in piglets with rotavirus diarrhea. Virol J 2012; 9:310. [PMID: 23244491 PMCID: PMC3547719 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Since rotavirus is one of the leading pathogens that cause severe gastroenteritis and represents a serious threat to human and animal health, researchers have been searching for cheap, safe, and effective anti-rotaviral drugs. There is a widespread of interest in using natural products as antiviral agents, and among them, licorice derived from Glycyrrhiza spp. has exerted antiviral properties against several viruses. In this study, anti-rotaviral efficacy of Glycyrrhiza uralensis extract (GUE) as an effective and cheaper remedy without side-effects was evaluated in colostrums-deprived piglets after induction of rotavirus diarrhea. Methods Colostrums-deprived piglets were inoculated with porcine rotavirus K85 (G5P[7]) strain. On the onset of diarrhea, piglets were treated with different concentration of GUE. To evaluate the antiviral efficacy of GUE, fecal consistency score, fecal virus shedding and histological changes of the small intestine, mRNA expression levels of inflammation-related cytokines (IL8, IL10, IFN-β, IFN-γ and TNF-α), signaling molecules (p38 and JNK), and transcription factor (NFκB) in the small intestine and spleen were determined. Results Among the dosages (100-400 mg/ml) administrated to animals, 400 mg/ml of GUE cured diarrhea, and markedly improved small intestinal lesion score and fecal virus shedding. mRNA expression levels of inflammation-related cytokines (IL8, IL10, IFN-β, IFN-γ and TNF-α), signaling molecules (p38 and JNK), and transcription factor (NFκB) in the small intestine and spleen were markedly increased in animals with RVA-induced diarrhea, but dose- dependently decreased in GUE treated animals after RVA-induced diarrhea. Conclusions GUE cures rotaviral enteritis by coordinating antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects. Therapy of this herbal medicine can be a viable medication for curing rotaviral enteritis in animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Madel Alfajaro
- Biotherapy Human Resources Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
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