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Rizkiansyah RR, Mardiyati Y, Hariyanto A, Dirgantara T. Selecting appropriate cellulose morphology to enhance the nitrogen content of nitrocellulose. RSC Adv 2024; 14:28260-28271. [PMID: 39234526 PMCID: PMC11372456 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra04172k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aims to determine the effect of cellulose morphology on enhancing the nitration of cellulose to achieve nitrocellulose with a high nitrogen content. Cotton linter was employed as a point of reference, and Luffa cylindrica and coffee pulp cellulose were used for comparison. Luffa cylindrica and coffee pulp cellulose were used considering their distinctive morphological characteristics compared to cotton linter. They were nitrated at room temperature for 60 minutes using a mixture of technical grade nitric acid and sulfuric acid with a nitric acid : sulfuric acid ratio of 1 : 3 and cellulose : nitric acid ratio of 1 : 45. The results showed that luffa cellulose is similar in characteristics to cotton linter, which exhibits short, thin-walled tubular ribbon-like microfibrils with 75.09% crystallinity and a specific surface area of 0.70 m2 g-1. Nitration of luffa cellulose resulted in nitrocellulose with a nitrogen content as high as 13.67%, which is higher than that of cotton linter with a value of 13.49%. This value of nitrogen content was high enough to be applied even in military-grade applications. Morphology was revealed as the most influential characteristic of nitration, which allows for the preparation of nitrocellulose with qualities similar to cotton linter-based nitrocellulose. Thus, it was demonstrated that nitrocellulose with a high nitrogen content could be achieved despite using a technical grade nitration reagent by selecting cellulose with an appropriate morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raden Reza Rizkiansyah
- Material Science and Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung Jl. Ganesha 10 Bandung 40132 Indonesia
| | - Y Mardiyati
- Material Science and Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung Jl. Ganesha 10 Bandung 40132 Indonesia
| | - Arief Hariyanto
- Fluid Dynamics and Propulsion Research Group, Faculty of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung Jl. Ganesha 10 Bandung 40132 Indonesia
| | - Tatacipta Dirgantara
- Solid Mechanics and Lightweight Structures Research Group, Faculty of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung Jl. Ganesha 10 Bandung 40132 Indonesia
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2
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Carrillo-Varela I, Vidal C, Vidaurre S, Parra C, Machuca Á, Briones R, Mendonça RT. Alkalization of Kraft Pulps from Pine and Eucalyptus and Its Effect on Enzymatic Saccharification and Viscosity Control of Cellulose. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:3127. [PMID: 35956642 PMCID: PMC9370887 DOI: 10.3390/polym14153127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bleached kraft pulps from eucalyptus and pine were subjected to cold caustic extraction (CCE) with NaOH (5, 10, 17.5, and 35%) for hemicelluloses removal and to increase cellulose accessibility. The effect of these changes was evaluated in enzymatic saccharification with the multicomponent Cellic CTec3 enzyme cocktail, and in viscosity reduction of pulps with the monocomponent Trichoderma reesei endoglucanase (EG). After CCE with 10% NaOH (CCE10) and 17.5% NaOH (CCE17.5), hemicellulose content lower than 1% was achieved in eucalyptus and pine pulps, respectively. At these concentrations, cellulose I started to be converted into cellulose II. NaOH concentrations higher than 17.5% decreased the intrinsic viscosity (from 730 to 420 mL/g in eucalyptus and from 510 to 410 mL/g in pine). Cellulose crystallinity was reduced from 60% to 44% in eucalyptus and from 71% to 44% in pine, as the NaOH concentration increased. Enzymatic multicomponent saccharification showed higher glucose yields in all CCE-treated eucalyptus samples (up to 93%) while only CCE17.5 and CCE35 pine pulps achieved 90% after 40 h of incubation. Untreated bleached pulps of both species presented saccharification yields lower than 70%. When monocomponent EG was used to treat the same pulps, depending on enzyme charge and incubation time, a wide range of intrinsic viscosity reduction was obtained (up to 74%). Results showed that eucalyptus pulps are more accessible and easier to hydrolyze by enzymes than pine pulps and that the conversion of cellulose I to cellulose II hydrate only has the effect of increasing saccharification of CCE pine samples. Viscosity reduction of CCE pulps and EG treated pulps were obtained in a wide range indicating that pulps presented characteristics suitable for cellulose derivatives production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Carrillo-Varela
- Centro de Investigación de Polímeros Avanzados, CIPA, Concepción 4030000, Chile; (I.C.-V.); (R.B.)
| | - Claudia Vidal
- Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile; (C.V.); (S.V.); (C.P.)
- Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile
| | - Sebastián Vidaurre
- Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile; (C.V.); (S.V.); (C.P.)
- Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile
| | - Carolina Parra
- Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile; (C.V.); (S.V.); (C.P.)
| | - Ángela Machuca
- Departamento de Ciencias y Tecnología Vegetal, Universidad de Concepción, Los Ángeles 4440000, Chile;
| | - Rodrigo Briones
- Centro de Investigación de Polímeros Avanzados, CIPA, Concepción 4030000, Chile; (I.C.-V.); (R.B.)
| | - Regis Teixeira Mendonça
- Centro de Investigación de Polímeros Avanzados, CIPA, Concepción 4030000, Chile; (I.C.-V.); (R.B.)
- Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile; (C.V.); (S.V.); (C.P.)
- Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile
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Ceccherini S, Ståhl M, Sawada D, Hummel M, Maloney TC. Effect of Enzymatic Depolymerization of Cellulose and Hemicelluloses on the Direct Dissolution of Prehydrolysis Kraft Dissolving Pulp. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:4805-4813. [PMID: 34672541 PMCID: PMC8579402 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c01102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Prehydrolysis kraft
(PHK) pulps account for more than half of the
global market of dissolving pulp. Characterized by high reactivity
toward dissolution, their performances can still be improved by activation
treatments. This study compares the dissolution kinetics in cupriethylenediamine
of a hardwood and a softwood PHK pulps before and after their activation
by high-solid-content mechano-enzymatic treatments. Three enzyme combinations
were tested: endoglucanase (E), xylanase and mannanase (XM), and endoglucanase,
xylanase, and mannanase (EXM). Xylanase and mannanase reduced the
hemicellulose content of only hardwood (by max. 2.4%). Mixing and
carbohydrate depolymerization decreased the dissolution time of hardwood
and softwood pulps by a maximum of 63 and 30% with E, 37 and 16% with
XM, and 44 and 30% with EXM, respectively. The shortening of the dissolution
time was partially hindered by hornification, which increased with
hemicellulose degradation. Interestingly, XM accelerated the dissolution
while preserving a high weight-average molecular mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ceccherini
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Marina Ståhl
- Stora Enso, Imatra Research Center, Tornansaarenraitti 48, Imatra FI-55400, Finland
| | - Daisuke Sawada
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Michael Hummel
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Thaddeus C Maloney
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
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Loureiro PEG, Cadete SMS, Tokin R, Evtuguin DV, Lund H, Johansen KS. Enzymatic Fibre Modification During Production of Dissolving Wood Pulp for Regenerated Cellulosic Materials. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:717776. [PMID: 34650579 PMCID: PMC8505740 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.717776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The production of regenerated cellulosic fibres, such as viscose, modal and lyocell, is based mainly on the use of dissolving wood pulp as raw material. Enzymatic processes are an excellent alternative to conventional chemical routes in the production of dissolving pulp, in terms of energy efficiency, reagent consumption and pulp yield. The two main characteristics of a dissolving pulp are the cellulose purity and the molecular weight, both of which can be controlled with the aid of enzymes. A purification process for paper-grade kraft pulp has been proposed, based on the use of xylanases in combination with hot and cold caustic extraction, without the conventional pre-hydrolysis step before kraft pulping. This enzyme aided purification allowed the production of a dissolving pulp that met the specifications for the manufacture of viscose, < 3% xylan, > 92% ISO brightness and 70% Fock's reactivity. Endoglucanases (EGs) can efficiently reduce the average molecular weight of the cellulose while simultaneously increasing the pulp reactivity for viscose production. It is shown in this study that lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases act synergistically with EGs in the modification of bleached dissolving pulp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro E. G. Loureiro
- Technical Industries – Forest Products Application Research, Novozymes A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sonia M. S. Cadete
- Technical Industries – Forest Products Application Research, Novozymes A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Radina Tokin
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dmitry V. Evtuguin
- Technical Industries – Forest Products Application Research, Novozymes A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Henrik Lund
- Technical Industries – Forest Products Application Research, Novozymes A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katja S. Johansen
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
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A study elucidating the relation between cellulose dissolution and crystallinity after cellulase treatment at different doses. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:371. [PMID: 34295611 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02920-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulose is the most abundant renewable resource which has found a diverse range of applications. Cellulose dissolution is a significant property for manufacturing man-made cellulosic fiber through viscose process. Crystalline microfibrillar structure and relatively high ordered packing of polymeric chains contribute to recalcitrance and poor reactivity of cellulose. One of the most common methods to improve cellulose dissolution is cellulase treatment. Herein, cellulase treatment at different doses was studied to explore the correlation of cellulose dissolution with crystallinity. Pulp showed improvement in Fock reactivity and other properties related to viscose application. But contrary to previous studies, cellulose crystallinity as determined by XRD and FTIR did not correlate with Fock reactivity at a higher dose of cellulase. The results indicated some complex mechanism to be involved between the cellulose dissolution and crystallinity than a simple negative correlation. Cellulase treatment at 150 HCU/g resulted in the upgraded pulp suitable for viscose application.
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Wang X, Duan C, Feng X, Qin X, Wang W, Wang J, Xu Y, Ni Y. Combining phosphotungstic acid pretreatment with mild alkaline extraction for selective separation of hemicelluloses from hardwood kraft pulp. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.118562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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7
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Yang B, Zhang S, Hu H, Duan C, He Z, Ni Y. Separation of hemicellulose and cellulose from wood pulp using a γ-valerolactone (GVL)/water mixture. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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8
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Sayyed AJ, Mohite LV, Deshmukh NA, Pinjari DV. Structural characterization of cellulose pulp in aqueous NMMO solution under the process conditions of lyocell slurry. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 206:220-228. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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9
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Bacterial cellulase treatment for enhancing reactivity of pre-hydrolysed kraft dissolving pulp for viscose. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:271. [PMID: 29868309 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1293-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve the process economy of reactivity improvement, crude cellulase from Bacillus subtilis was employed for the treatment and significant dissolving pulp properties were analyzed. With increase in enzyme dose from 0.25 to 2 U/g o.d. pulp, improvement in Fock reactivity and alkali solubilities (S10 and S18) were observed with simultaneous reduction in viscosity and yield. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to observe the molecular level effects on dissolving grade pulp. The most suitable cellulase dose for reactivity improvement with lowering of viscosity was 0.25 U/g o.d. pulp. With increases in enzyme dose, alkali solubilities (S10 and S18) of dissolving pulp showed continuous increment, while alpha-cellulose of pulp showed reduction due to chain scission of long cellulose fiber fraction.
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Wang X, Duan C, Zhao C, Meng J, Qin X, Xu Y, Ni Y. Heteropoly acid catalytic treatment for reactivity enhancement and viscosity control of dissolving pulp. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 253:182-187. [PMID: 29353748 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The reactivity enhancement and viscosity control are of practical importance during the manufacture of high-quality cellulose (also known as dissolving pulp). In the study, the concept of using phosphotungstic acid (HPW) for this purpose was demonstrated. The Fock reactivity of resultant pulp increased from 49.1% to 74.1% after the HPW catalytic treatment at a dosage of 86.4 mg HPW/g odp. The improved results can be attributed to the increased fiber accessibility, thanks to the favorable fiber morphologic changes, such as increased pore volume/size, water retention value and specific surface area. HPW can be readily recycled/reused by evaporating method, where maintaining 87.1% catalytic activity after six recycle times. The HPW catalytic treatment concept may provide a green alternative for the manufacture of high-quality dissolving pulp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinqi Wang
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Chao Duan
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China; State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Chengxin Zhao
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Jingru Meng
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Xiaoyu Qin
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Yongjian Xu
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Yonghao Ni
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China; Limerick Pulp and Paper Centre, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada.
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11
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Dou X, Tang Y. The Influence of Cold Caustic Extraction on the Purity, Accessibility and Reactivity of Dissolving-Grade Pulp. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201701551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Dou
- Department of Wood Science; The University of British Columbia; 2424 Main Mall Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Yong Tang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; The University of British Columbia; 2360 East Mall Vancouver, BC Canada
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12
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Khanjani P, Väisänen S, Lovikka V, Nieminen K, Maloney T, Vuorinen T. Assessing the reactivity of cellulose by oxidation with 4-acetamido-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxo-piperidinium cation under mild conditions. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 176:293-298. [PMID: 28927611 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.08.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The accessibility and reactivity of cellulose are key parameters in its conversion into various products. Several indirect measures, such as water retention value (WRV), fiber saturation point (FSP) and specific surface area (SSA), are often used to characterize cellulosic samples for their reactivity. In this paper, we report on using oxidation with 4-acetamido-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxo-piperidinium cation (4-AcNH-TEMPO+) as a probe reaction for the reactivity of cellulose in mild conditions (pH 9, room temperature). 4-AcNH-TEMPO+ is able to selectively convert hydroxymethyl groups into carboxylate groups. The time dependence of the conversion was monitored by iodometric quantification of the residual 4-AcNH-TEMPO+. Soluble substrates, such as 1-propanol and maltose, were quantitatively oxidized in ca. 1min while 3-16% of cellulose was oxidized in ca. 15min depending on its origin. Extrapolation of the slow residual oxidation to zero time allowed quantification of the easily reactive or accessible cellulose. The 4-AcNH-TEMPO+ reactivity was correlated with several pulp characteristics, including WRV, FSP, SSA, chemical composition, crystallinity, the pulping process and the drying history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pegah Khanjani
- Aalto University, School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, P.O. Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland.
| | - Saija Väisänen
- Aalto University, School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, P.O. Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Ville Lovikka
- Aalto University, School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, P.O. Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Kaarlo Nieminen
- Aalto University, School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, P.O. Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Thad Maloney
- Aalto University, School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, P.O. Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Tapani Vuorinen
- Aalto University, School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, P.O. Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland
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Wang M, Du J, Zhang D, Li X, Zhao J. Modification of Different Pulps by Homologous Overexpression Alkali-Tolerant Endoglucanase in Bacillus subtilis Y106. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3321. [PMID: 28607421 PMCID: PMC5468302 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03215-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulase (mainly endoglucanase, EG) has been used in pulp modification for improving paper quality through environmentally friendly process. But low activity in alkaline pH and high filter paper activity (FPA) were still obstacles for extending the cellulase application in papermaking industry. In the study, an alkali-tolerant EG gene of Bacillus subtilis Y106 was homologous over-expressed for obtaining suitable enzyme used in pulp modification. The engineering strain could produce the crude enzyme with more alkali-tolerant EG and little PFA. Potential of the crude enzyme in modification of different pulps were investigated. It was found that the enzyme could be used for improving drainage and strength properties of pulps from softwood, hardwood and non-wood materials, especially non-wood pulp such as wheat straw pulp. The underlying mechanisms of pulp modification and different effects on various types of pulps by the EG treatment were also discussed by studying the change in fibers characteristics and fiber bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meimei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Ji-nan City, 250100, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jian Du
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Ji-nan City, 250100, Shandong Province, China
| | - Daolei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Ji-nan City, 250100, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xuezhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Ji-nan City, 250100, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Jian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Ji-nan City, 250100, Shandong Province, China.
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14
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Li J, Hu H, Li H, Huang L, Chen L, Ni Y. Kinetics and mechanism of hemicelluloses removal from cellulosic fibers during the cold caustic extraction process. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 234:61-66. [PMID: 28319774 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The effective separation of hemicelluloses and cellulose is desirable for the production of high-purity cellulose, which is a sustainable raw material for many value-added applications. For this purpose, the kinetics and mechanism of hemicelluloses removal from the cold caustic extraction (CCE) were investigated in the present study. The hemicelluloses removal process consists of: 1) the bulk phase, characteristic of significant hemicelluloses removal; 2) the transition phase, hemicelluloses transferring from the inner to the outer region of the fiber wall, with negligible overall hemicelluloses removal; 3) the residual phase, presenting a weak but continuing hemicelluloses removal. Furthermore, the enzymatic peeling method was adopted to study the fundamentals of hemicelluloses removal. The results showed that the molecular weight of hemicelluloses is the main parameter governing their diffusion/dissolution processes, and that the low molecular weight hemicelluloses are preferentially removed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Li
- College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Limerick Pulp and Paper Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada; Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Science & Technology of Ministry of Education/Shandong Province, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Huichao Hu
- College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Limerick Pulp and Paper Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Hailong Li
- Limerick Pulp and Paper Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Liulian Huang
- College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Lihui Chen
- College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yonghao Ni
- College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Limerick Pulp and Paper Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada.
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15
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Yuan Z, Wen Y, Kapu NS, Beatson R, Mark Martinez D. A biorefinery scheme to fractionate bamboo into high-grade dissolving pulp and ethanol. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2017; 10:38. [PMID: 28203276 PMCID: PMC5303214 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0723-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bamboo is a highly abundant source of biomass which is underutilized despite having a chemical composition and fiber structure similar as wood. The main challenge for the industrial processing of bamboo is the high level of silica, which forms water-insoluble precipitates negetively affecting the process systems. A cost-competitive and eco-friendly scheme for the production of high-purity dissolving grade pulp from bamboo not only requires a process for silica removal, but also needs to fully utilize all of the materials dissolved in the process which includes lignin, and cellulosic and hemicellulosic sugars as well as the silica. Many investigations have been carried out to resolve the silica issue, but none of them has led to a commercial process. In this work, alkaline pretreatment of bamboo was conducted to extract silica prior to pulping process. The silica-free substrate was used to produce high-grade dissolving pulp. The dissolved silica, lignin, hemicellulosic sugars, and degraded cellulose in the spent liquors obtained from alkaline pretreatment and pulping process were recovered for providing high-value bio-based chemicals and fuel. RESULTS An integrated process which combines dissolving pulp production with the recovery of excellent sustainable biofuel and biochemical feedstocks is presented in this work. Pretreatment at 95 °C with 12% NaOH charge for 150 min extracted all the silica and about 30% of the hemicellulose from bamboo. After kraft pulping, xylanase treatment and cold caustic extraction, pulp with hemicellulose content of about 3.5% was obtained. This pulp, after bleaching, provided a cellulose acetate grade dissolving pulp with α-cellulose content higher than 97% and hemicellulose content less than 2%. The amount of silica and lignin that could be recovered from the process corresponded to 95 and 77.86% of the two components in the original chips, respectively. Enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation of the concentrated and detoxified sugar mixture liquor showed that an ethanol recovery of 0.46 g/g sugar was achieved with 93.2% of hydrolyzed sugars being consumed. A mass balance of the overall process showed that 76.59 g of solids was recovered from 100 g (o.d.) of green bamboo. CONCLUSIONS The present work proposes an integrated biorefinery process that contains alkaline pre-extraction, kraft pulping, enzyme treatment and cold caustic extraction for the production of high-grade dissolving pulp and recovery of silica, lignin, and hemicellulose from bamboo. This process could alleviate the silica-associated challenges and provide feedstocks for bio-based products, thereby allowing the improvement and expansion of bamboo utilization in industrial processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyang Yuan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Yangbing Wen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp & Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457 China
| | - Nuwan Sella Kapu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Rodger Beatson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
- Chemical and Environmental Technology, British Columbia Institute of Technology, 3700 Willingdon Ave, Burnaby, V5G 3H2 Canada
| | - D. Mark Martinez
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
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Duan C, Wang X, Zhang Y, Xu Y, Ni Y. Fractionation and cellulase treatment for enhancing the properties of kraft-based dissolving pulp. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 224:439-444. [PMID: 27815045 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.10.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate a combined process involving pulp fractionation and cellulase treatment of each fraction for improving the molecular weight distribution (MWD) and reactivity of a kraft-based dissolving pulp. Three pulp fractions, namely long-fiber, mid-fiber and short-fiber fractions (LF, MF and SF, respectively), were used as the substrates. The results showed that the SF had the highest accessibility, lowest viscosity, and highest cellulase adsorption capacity, while the opposite was true for the LF. At a given viscosity, the combined process led to a lower polydispersity index (3.71 vs 4.98) and a higher Fock reactivity (85.6% vs 76.3%), in comparison to the conventional single-stage cellulase treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Duan
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China; Limerick Pulp and Paper Centre, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada.
| | - Xinqi Wang
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - YanLing Zhang
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Yongjian Xu
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Yonghao Ni
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China; Limerick Pulp and Paper Centre, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada
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17
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Kaur P, Bhardwaj NK, Sharma J. Pretreatment with xylanase and its significance in hemicellulose removal from mixed hardwood kraft pulp as a process step for viscose. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 145:95-102. [PMID: 27106156 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The upturn of viscose fiber market has triggered an augmented dissolving pulp usage over the last decade. Dissolving pulp is feasible to obtain from kraft pulp after two essential steps including hemicellulose removal and subsequent pulp activation. Prerequisite of conversion being hemicellulose reduction can be gently done by using xylanase treatment prior to alkali extraction. Herein, the significance of xylanase treatment and the optimum xylanase dose required in conjunction with subsequent alkali extraction was investigated. An increase in xylanase dose prior to alkali extraction had no significant effect on pentosans while the Fock reactivity and viscosity both improved at the dose of 50AXU/g. Also, alkali extraction without xylanase pretreatment resulted in decreased Fock reactivity, alpha cellulose, brightness and viscosity of paper grade pulp. A moderate dose of xylanase prior to alkali extraction can thus be used to facilitate the hemicellulose removal while simultaneously protecting the native structure of cellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhjot Kaur
- Avantha Centre for Industrial Research & Development, Paper Mill Campus, Yamuna Nagar 135 001, Haryana, India; Department of Biotechnology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra 136 119, Haryana, India.
| | - Nishi K Bhardwaj
- Avantha Centre for Industrial Research & Development, Paper Mill Campus, Yamuna Nagar 135 001, Haryana, India.
| | - Jitender Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra 136 119, Haryana, India.
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18
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Duan C, Verma SK, Li J, Ma X, Ni Y. Combination of mechanical, alkaline and enzymatic treatments to upgrade paper-grade pulp to dissolving pulp with high reactivity. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 200:458-463. [PMID: 26519697 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.10.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A modified process consisting of an initial mechanical refining (R) followed by a low-alkali (5.5% NaOH) cold caustic extraction (CCE) and finally an endoglucanase (EG) treatment (R-5.5%CCE-EG) was investigated for upgrading paper-grade pulp to dissolving pulp. Results showed that compared to the conventional process (9%CCE-EG), the modified process can decrease the alkali concentration (from 9% to 5.5%) to achieve a similar hemicelluloses removal while simultaneously enhancing the Fock reactivity (from 62.2% to 81.0%). The improved results were due to the fact that the mechanical refining resulted in favorable fiber morphological changes, including increased pore volume/size, water retention value and specific surface area. Consequently, the hemicelluloses removal was enhanced even under the subsequent low-alkali CCE condition. A synergic effect of refining, low alkali concentration and enzymatic activation was responsible for the higher reactivity of resulting dissolving pulp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Duan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; Limerick Pulp and Paper Centre, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Saurabh Kumar Verma
- Limerick Pulp and Paper Centre, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, 781039, India
| | - Jianguo Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; Limerick Pulp and Paper Centre, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Xiaojuan Ma
- Limerick Pulp and Paper Centre, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada; College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yonghao Ni
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; Limerick Pulp and Paper Centre, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada.
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Laine C, Asikainen S, Talja R, Stépán A, Sixta H, Harlin A. Simultaneous bench scale production of dissolving grade pulp and valuable hemicelluloses from softwood kraft pulp by ionic liquid extraction. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 136:402-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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20
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Li J, Liu Y, Duan C, Zhang H, Ni Y. Mechanical pretreatment improving hemicelluloses removal from cellulosic fibers during cold caustic extraction. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 192:501-506. [PMID: 26081626 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Hemicelluloses removal is a prerequisite for the production of high-quality cellulose (also known as dissolving pulp), and further recovery and utilization of hemicelluloses, which can be considered as a typical Integrated Forest Biorefinery concept. In this paper, a process of combined mechanical refining and cold caustic extraction (CCE), which was applied to a softwood sulfite sample, was investigated. The results showed that the hemicelluloses removal efficiency and selectivity were higher for the combined treatment than that for the CCE alone. The combined treatment can thus decrease the alkali concentration (from 8% to 4%) to achieve a similar hemicelluloses removal. The improved results were due to the fact that the mechanical refining resulted in increases in pore volume and diameter, water retention value (WRV) and specific surface area (SSA), all of which can make positive contributions to the hemicelluloses removal in the subsequent CCE process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; Limerick Pulp and Paper Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Yishan Liu
- Limerick Pulp and Paper Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada; Institute of Paper Science and Technology, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong, Sichuan 643000, China
| | - Chao Duan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; Limerick Pulp and Paper Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Hongjie Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Yonghao Ni
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; Limerick Pulp and Paper Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada.
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21
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Li J, Zhang H, Duan C, Liu Y, Ni Y. Enhancing hemicelluloses removal from a softwood sulfite pulp. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 192:11-6. [PMID: 26004557 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.04.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Hemicelluloses removal is highly desirable in many biomass processes, including the pretreatment steps of the bioconversion for ethanol production, production of high-quality dissolving pulps. In this study, a sequential treatment consisting of pulp fractionation, followed by caustic treatment to remove hemicelluloses from a softwood sulfite pulp, was investigated. The long-fiber fraction obtained after pulp fractionation, had a lower hemicelluloses content and smaller specific surface area, but larger pore diameter than the short-fiber fraction. The fiber fractions were subsequently treated in a cold caustic extraction (CCE) or hot caustic extraction (HCE). Results showed that hemicelluloses removal in the long-fiber fraction was more pronounced than the short-fiber fraction in both CCE and HCE processes. Other parameters, such as hemicelluloses removal selectivity, yield were studied. The underlying explanations were given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; Limerick Pulp and Paper Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Hongjie Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Chao Duan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; Limerick Pulp and Paper Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Yishan Liu
- Limerick Pulp and Paper Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada; Institute of Paper Science and Technology, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong, Sichuan Province 643000, China
| | - Yonghao Ni
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; Limerick Pulp and Paper Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada.
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Quintana E, Valls C, Barneto AG, Vidal T, Ariza J, Roncero MB. Studying the effects of laccase treatment in a softwood dissolving pulp: Cellulose reactivity and crystallinity. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 119:53-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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23
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Kawaguchi H, Uematsu K, Ogino C, Teramura H, Niimi-Nakamura S, Tsuge Y, Hasunuma T, Oinuma KI, Takaya N, Kondo A. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of kraft pulp by recombinant Escherichia coli for phenyllactic acid production. Biochem Eng J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2014.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Valenzuela SV, Diaz P, Pastor FIJ. Xyn11E from Paenibacillus barcinonensis BP-23: a LppX-chaperone-dependent xylanase with potential for upgrading paper pulps. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:5949-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5565-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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25
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Wang H, Pang B, Wu K, Kong F, Li B, Mu X. Two stages of treatments for upgrading bleached softwood paper grade pulp to dissolving pulp for viscose production. Biochem Eng J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2013.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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Carboxymethylation of alkali extracted xylan for preparation of bio-based packaging films. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 100:89-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 02/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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