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Berdecka D, De Smedt SC, De Vos WH, Braeckmans K. Non-viral delivery of RNA for therapeutic T cell engineering. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2024; 208:115215. [PMID: 38401848 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2024.115215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Adoptive T cell transfer has shown great success in treating blood cancers, resulting in a growing number of FDA-approved therapies using chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered T cells. However, the effectiveness of this treatment for solid tumors is still not satisfactory, emphasizing the need for improved T cell engineering strategies and combination approaches. Currently, CAR T cells are mainly manufactured using gammaretroviral and lentiviral vectors due to their high transduction efficiency. However, there are concerns about their safety, the high cost of producing them in compliance with current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP), regulatory obstacles, and limited cargo capacity, which limit the broader use of engineered T cell therapies. To overcome these limitations, researchers have explored non-viral approaches, such as membrane permeabilization and carrier-mediated methods, as more versatile and sustainable alternatives for next-generation T cell engineering. Non-viral delivery methods can be designed to transport a wide range of molecules, including RNA, which allows for more controlled and safe modulation of T cell phenotype and function. In this review, we provide an overview of non-viral RNA delivery in adoptive T cell therapy. We first define the different types of RNA therapeutics, highlighting recent advancements in manufacturing for their therapeutic use. We then discuss the challenges associated with achieving effective RNA delivery in T cells. Next, we provide an overview of current and emerging technologies for delivering RNA into T cells. Finally, we discuss ongoing preclinical and clinical studies involving RNA-modified T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Berdecka
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Stefaan C De Smedt
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Winnok H De Vos
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Kevin Braeckmans
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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2
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Long J, Wang Y, Jiang X, Ge J, Chen M, Zheng B, Wang R, Wang M, Xu M, Ke Q, Wang J. Nanomaterials Boost CAR-T Therapy for Solid Tumors. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2304615. [PMID: 38483400 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202304615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
T cell engineering, particularly via chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) modifications for enhancing tumor specificity, has shown efficacy in treating hematologic malignancies. The extension of CAR-T cell therapy to solid tumors, however, is impeded by several challenges: The absence of tumor-specific antigens, antigen heterogeneity, a complex immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, and physical barriers to cell infiltration. Additionally, limitations in CAR-T cell manufacturing capacity and the high costs associated with these therapies restrict their widespread application. The integration of nanomaterials into CAR-T cell production and application offers a promising avenue to mitigate these challenges. Utilizing nanomaterials in the production of CAR-T cells can decrease product variability and lower production expenses, positively impacting the targeting and persistence of CAR-T cells in treatment and minimizing adverse effects. This review comprehensively evaluates the use of various nanomaterials in the production of CAR-T cells, genetic modification, and in vivo delivery. It discusses their underlying mechanisms and potential for clinical application, with a focus on improving specificity and safety in CAR-T cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Long
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, 1001 Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yian Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Model Animals and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, The Engineering Research Center of Reproduction and Translational Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Xianjie Jiang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Junshang Ge
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Mingfen Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, 362000, China
| | - Boshu Zheng
- Department of Pathology and Institute of Oncology, The School of Basic Medical Sciences & Diagnostic Pathology Center, Fujian Medical University, No.1 Xuefu North Road University Town, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Pathology and Institute of Oncology, The School of Basic Medical Sciences & Diagnostic Pathology Center, Fujian Medical University, No.1 Xuefu North Road University Town, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Meifeng Wang
- Department of Pathology and Institute of Oncology, The School of Basic Medical Sciences & Diagnostic Pathology Center, Fujian Medical University, No.1 Xuefu North Road University Town, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Meifang Xu
- Department of Pathology and Institute of Oncology, The School of Basic Medical Sciences & Diagnostic Pathology Center, Fujian Medical University, No.1 Xuefu North Road University Town, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Qi Ke
- Department of Pathology and Institute of Oncology, The School of Basic Medical Sciences & Diagnostic Pathology Center, Fujian Medical University, No.1 Xuefu North Road University Town, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Pathology and Institute of Oncology, The School of Basic Medical Sciences & Diagnostic Pathology Center, Fujian Medical University, No.1 Xuefu North Road University Town, Fuzhou, 350122, China
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Popova TO, Borisov OV, Zhulina EB. Polyelectrolyte Brushes with Protein-Like Nanocolloids. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:1232-1246. [PMID: 38176061 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Electrostatic interaction of ampholytic nanocolloidal particles (NPs), which mimic globular proteins, with polyelectrolyte brushes is analyzed within mean-field Poisson-Boltzmann approximation. In accordance with experimental findings, the theory predicts that an electrostatic driving force for the particle uptake by the brush may emerge when the net charge of the particle in the buffer and the charge of the brush are of the same sign. The origin of this driving force is change in the ionization state of weak cationic and anionic groups on the NP surface provoked by interaction with the brush. In experimental systems, the ionic interactions are complemented by excluded-volume, hydrophobic, and other types of interactions that all together control NP uptake by or expulsion from the brush. Here, we focus on the NP-brush ionic interactions. It is demonstrated that deviation between the buffer pH and the NP isoelectric point, considered usually as the key control parameter, does not uniquely determine the insertion free energy patterns. The latter depends also on the proportion of cationic and anionic groups in the NPs and their specific ionization constants as well as on salt concentration in the buffer. The analysis of the free energy landscape proves that a local minimum in the free energy inside the brush appears, provided the NP charge reversal occurs upon insertion into the brush. This minimum corresponds either to a thermodynamically stable or to a metastable state, depending on the pH offset from the IEP and salt concentration, and is separated from the bulk of the solution by a free energy barrier. The latter, being fairly independent of salt concentration in height, may strongly impede the NP absorption kinetically even when it is thermodynamically favorable. Hence, change reversal is a necessary but insufficient condition for the uptake of the NPs by similarly charged polyelectrolyte brushes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana O Popova
- ITMO University, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Oleg V Borisov
- ITMO University, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux, CNRS, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour UMR 5254, Pau 64053, France
| | - Ekaterina B Zhulina
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia
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Popova TO, Zhulina EB, Borisov OV. Interaction of Polyanionic and Polycationic Brushes with Globular Proteins and Protein-like Nanocolloids. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:597. [PMID: 38132536 PMCID: PMC10741738 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8080597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
A large number of experimental studies have demonstrated that globular proteins can be absorbed from the solution by both polycationic and polyanionic brushes when the net charge of protein globules is of the same or of the opposite sign with respect to that of brush-forming polyelectrolyte chains. Here, we overview the results of experimental studies on interactions between globular proteins and polycationic or polyanionic brushes, and present a self-consistent field theoretical model that allows us to account for the asymmetry of interactions of protein-like nanocolloid particles comprising weak (pH-sensitive) cationic and anionic groups with a positively or negatively charged polyelectrolyte brush. The position-dependent insertion free energy and the net charge of the particle are calculated. The theoretical model predicts that if the numbers of cationic and anionic ionizable groups of the protein are approximately equal, then the interaction patterns for both cationic and anionic brushes at equal offset on the "wrong side" from the isoelectric point (IEP), i.e., when the particle and the brush charge are of the same sign, are similar. An essential asymmetry in interactions of particles with polycationic and polyanionic brushes is predicted when fractions of cationic and anionic groups differ significantly. That is, at a pH above IEP, the anionic brush better absorbs negatively charged particles with a larger fraction of ionizable cationic groups and vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana O. Popova
- Chemical Engineering Center, National Research University ITMO, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia;
- Institute of Macromolecular Compoundsof the Russian Academy of Sciences, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Ekaterina B. Zhulina
- Institute of Macromolecular Compoundsof the Russian Academy of Sciences, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Oleg V. Borisov
- Chemical Engineering Center, National Research University ITMO, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia;
- Institute of Macromolecular Compoundsof the Russian Academy of Sciences, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia;
- CNRS, Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour UMR 5254, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie Pour l’Environnement et les Matériaux, 64053 Pau, France
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Kojima C, Sawada M, Nakase I, Matsumoto A. Gene Delivery into T-Cells Using Ternary Complexes of DNA, Lipofectamine, and Carboxy-Terminal Phenylalanine-Modified Dendrimers. Macromol Biosci 2023; 23:e2300139. [PMID: 37285588 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202300139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
T-cells play critical roles in various immune reactions, and genetically engineered T-cells have attracted attention for the treatment of cancer and autoimmune diseases. Previously, it is shown that a polyamidoamine dendrimer of generation 4 (G4), modified with 1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxylic anhydride (CHex) and phenylalanine (Phe) (G4-CHex-Phe), is useful for delivery into T-cells and their subsets. In this study, an efficient non-viral gene delivery system is constructed using this dendrimer. Ternary complexes are prepared using different ratios of plasmid DNA, Lipofectamine, and G4-CHex-Phe. A carboxy-terminal dendrimer lacking Phe (G3.5) is used for comparison. These complexes are characterized using agarose gel electrophoresis, dynamic light scattering, and ζpotential measurements. In Jurkat cells, the ternary complex with G4-CHex-Phe at a P/COOH ratio of 1/5 shows higher transfection activity than other complexes, such as binary and ternary complexes with G3.5, without any significant cytotoxicity. The transfection efficiency of the G4-CHex-Phe ternary complexes decreases considerably in the presence of free G4-CHex-Phe and upon altering the complex preparation method. These results suggest that G4-CHex-Phe promotes the cellular internalization of the complexes, which is useful for gene delivery into T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chie Kojima
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Mei Sawada
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Ikuhiko Nakase
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Akikazu Matsumoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
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Śledź M, Wojciechowska A, Zagożdżon R, Kaleta B. In Situ Programming of CAR-T Cells: A Pressing Need in Modern Immunotherapy. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2023; 71:18. [PMID: 37419996 PMCID: PMC10329070 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-023-00683-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor-T (CAR-T) cell-based therapy has become a successful option for treatment of numerous hematological malignancies, but also raises hope in a range of non-malignant diseases. However, in a traditional approach, generation of CAR-T cells is associated with the separation of patient's lymphocytes, their in vitro modification, and expansion and infusion back into patient's bloodstream. This classical protocol is complex, time-consuming, and expensive. Those problems could be solved by successful protocols to produce CAR-T cells, but also CAR-natural killer cells or CAR macrophages, in situ, using viral platforms or non-viral delivery systems. Moreover, it was demonstrated that in situ CAR-T induction may be associated with reduced risk of the most common toxicities associated with CAR-T therapy, such as cytokine release syndrome, immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome, and "on-target, off-tumor" toxicity. This review aims to summarize the current state-of-the-art and future perspectives for the in situ-produced CAR-T cells. Indeed, preclinical work in this area, including animal studies, raises hope for prospective translational development and validation in practical medicine of strategies for in situ generation of CAR-bearing immune effector cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Śledź
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Radosław Zagożdżon
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Beata Kaleta
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
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7
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Salamatova TO, Zhulina EB, Borisov OV. Bovine Serum Albumin Interaction with Polyanionic and Polycationic Brushes: The Case Theoretical Study. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043395. [PMID: 36834807 PMCID: PMC9961975 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We apply a coarse-grained self-consistent field Poisson-Boltzmann framework to study interaction between Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) and a planar polyelectropyte brush. Both cases of negatively (polyanionic) and positively (polycationic) charged brushes are considered. Our theoretical model accounts for (1) re-ionization free energy of the amino acid residues upon protein insertion into the brush; (2) osmotic force repelling the protein globule from the brush; (3) hydrophobic interactions between non-polar areas on the globule surface and the brush-forming chains. We demonstrate that calculated position-dependent insertion free energy exhibits different patterns, corresponding to either thermodynamically favourable BSA absorption in the brush or thermodynamically or kinetically hindered absorption (expulsion) depending on the pH and ionic strength of the solution. The theory predicts that due to the re-ionization of BSA within the brush, a polyanionic brush can efficiently absorb BSA over a wider pH range on the "wrong side" of the isoelectric point (IEP) compared to a polycationic brush. The results of our theoretical analysis correlate with available experimental data and thus validate the developed model for prediction of the interaction patterns for various globular proteins with polyelectrolyte brushes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ekaterina B. Zhulina
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Oleg V. Borisov
- Chemical Engineering Center, ITMO University, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia
- CNRS, Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour UMR 5254, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l’Environnement et les Matériaux, 64053 Pau, France
- Correspondence:
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8
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Pinto IS, Cordeiro RA, Faneca H. Polymer- and lipid-based gene delivery technology for CAR T cell therapy. J Control Release 2023; 353:196-215. [PMID: 36423871 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR T cell) therapy is a revolutionary approach approved by the FDA and EMA to treat B cell malignancies and multiple myeloma. The production of these T cells has been done through viral vectors, which come with safety concerns, high cost and production challenges, and more recently also through electroporation, which can be extremely cytotoxic. In this context, nanosystems can constitute an alternative to overcome the challenges associated with current methods, resulting in a safe and cost-effective platform. However, the barriers associated with T cells transfection show that the design and engineering of novel approaches in this field are highly imperative. Here, we present an overview from CAR constitution to transfection technologies used in T cells, highlighting the lipid- and polymer-based nanoparticles as a potential delivery platform. Specifically, we provide examples, strengths and weaknesses of nanosystem formulations, and advances in nanoparticle design to improve transfection of T cells. This review will guide the researchers in the design and development of novel nanosystems for next-generation CAR T therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês S Pinto
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Agra do Castro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rosemeyre A Cordeiro
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; Institute of Interdisciplinary Research (III), University of Coimbra, Casa Costa Alemão - Pólo II, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Henrique Faneca
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; Institute of Interdisciplinary Research (III), University of Coimbra, Casa Costa Alemão - Pólo II, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal.
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9
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Le TMD, Yoon AR, Thambi T, Yun CO. Polymeric Systems for Cancer Immunotherapy: A Review. Front Immunol 2022; 13:826876. [PMID: 35273607 PMCID: PMC8902250 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.826876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy holds enormous promise to create a new outlook of cancer therapy by eliminating tumors via activation of the immune system. In immunotherapy, polymeric systems play a significant role in improving antitumor efficacy and safety profile. Polymeric systems possess many favorable properties, including magnificent biocompatibility and biodegradability, structural and component diversity, easy and controllable fabrication, and high loading capacity for immune-related substances. These properties allow polymeric systems to perform multiple functions in immunotherapy, such as immune stimulants, modifying and activating T cells, delivery system for immune cargos, or as an artificial antigen-presenting cell. Among diverse immunotherapies, immune checkpoint inhibitors, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell, and oncolytic virus recently have been dramatically investigated for their remarkable success in clinical trials. In this report, we review the monotherapy status of immune checkpoint inhibitors, CAR-T cell, and oncolytic virus, and their current combination strategies with diverse polymeric systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thai Minh Duy Le
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanayang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - A-Rum Yoon
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanayang University, Seoul, South Korea.,Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Hanayang University, Seoul, South Korea.,Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (HY-IBB), Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Thavasyappan Thambi
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanayang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chae-Ok Yun
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanayang University, Seoul, South Korea.,Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Hanayang University, Seoul, South Korea.,Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (HY-IBB), Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea.,GeneMedicine CO., Ltd., Seoul, South Korea
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10
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Van Hoeck J, Braeckmans K, De Smedt SC, Raemdonck K. Non-viral siRNA delivery to T cells: Challenges and opportunities in cancer immunotherapy. Biomaterials 2022; 286:121510. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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11
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Chen C, Richter F, Zhang J, Guerrero-Sanchez C, Traeger A, Schubert US, Feng A, Thang SH. Synthesis of functional miktoarm star polymers in an automated parallel synthesizer. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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12
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Keim D, Gollner K, Gollner U, Jérôme V, Freitag R. Generation of Recombinant Primary Human B Lymphocytes Using Non-Viral Vectors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8239. [PMID: 34361005 PMCID: PMC8347318 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the development of gene delivery systems based on non-viral vectors is advancing, it remains a challenge to deliver plasmid DNA into human blood cells. The current "gold standard", namely linear polyethyleneimine (l-PEI 25 kDa), in particular, is unable to produce transgene expression levels >5% in primary human B lymphocytes. Here, it is demonstrated that a well-defined 24-armed poly(2-dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate (PDMAEMA, 755 kDa) nano-star is able to reproducibly elicit high transgene expression (40%) at sufficient residual viability (69%) in primary human B cells derived from tonsillar tissue. Moreover, our results indicate that the length of the mitogenic stimulation prior to transfection is an important parameter that must be established during the development of the transfection protocol. In our hands, four days of stimulation with rhCD40L post-thawing led to the best transfection results in terms of TE and cell survival. Most importantly, our data argue for an impact of the B cell subsets on the transfection outcomes, underlining that the complexity and heterogeneity of a given B cell population pre- and post-transfection is a critical parameter to consider in the multiparametric approach required for the implementation of the transfection protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Keim
- Process Biotechnology, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany; (D.K.); (V.J.)
| | - Katrin Gollner
- Praxis am Schießgraben, Schießgraben 21, 95326 Kulmbach, Germany; (K.G.); (U.G.)
| | - Ulrich Gollner
- Praxis am Schießgraben, Schießgraben 21, 95326 Kulmbach, Germany; (K.G.); (U.G.)
| | - Valérie Jérôme
- Process Biotechnology, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany; (D.K.); (V.J.)
| | - Ruth Freitag
- Process Biotechnology, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany; (D.K.); (V.J.)
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13
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Fus-Kujawa A, Prus P, Bajdak-Rusinek K, Teper P, Gawron K, Kowalczuk A, Sieron AL. An Overview of Methods and Tools for Transfection of Eukaryotic Cells in vitro. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:701031. [PMID: 34354988 PMCID: PMC8330802 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.701031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transfection is a powerful analytical tool enabling studies of gene products and functions in eukaryotic cells. Successful delivery of genetic material into cells depends on DNA quantity and quality, incubation time and ratio of transfection reagent to DNA, the origin, type and the passage of transfected cells, and the presence or absence of serum in the cell culture. So far a number of transfection methods that use viruses, non-viral particles or physical factors as the nucleic acids carriers have been developed. Among non-viral carriers, the cationic polymers are proposed as the most attractive ones due to the possibility of their chemical structure modification, low toxicity and immunogenicity. In this review the delivery systems as well as physical, biological and chemical methods used for eukaryotic cells transfection are described and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Fus-Kujawa
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Pawel Prus
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
- Students’ Scientific Society, Katowice, Poland
| | - Karolina Bajdak-Rusinek
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Paulina Teper
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Gawron
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kowalczuk
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Aleksander L. Sieron
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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14
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Zheng C, Zhang J, Chan HF, Hu H, Lv S, Na N, Tao Y, Li M. Engineering Nano-Therapeutics to Boost Adoptive Cell Therapy for Cancer Treatment. SMALL METHODS 2021; 5:e2001191. [PMID: 34928094 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202001191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Although adoptive transfer of therapeutic cells to cancer patients is demonstrated with great success and fortunately approved for the treatment of leukemia and B-cell lymphoma, potential issues, including the unclear mechanism, complicated procedures, unfavorable therapeutic efficacy for solid tumors, and side effects, still hinder its extensive applications. The explosion of nanotechnology recently has led to advanced development of novel strategies to address these challenges, facilitating the design of nano-therapeutics to improve adoptive cell therapy (ACT) for cancer treatment. In this review, the emerging nano-enabled approaches, that design multiscale artificial antigen-presenting cells for cell proliferation and stimulation in vitro, promote the transducing efficiency of tumor-targeting domains, engineer therapeutic cells for in vivo imaging, tumor infiltration, and in vivo functional sustainability, as well as generate tumoricidal T cells in vivo, are summarized. Meanwhile, the current challenges and future perspectives of the nanostrategy-based ACT for cancer treatment are also discussed in the end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiong Zheng
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, Center for Nanomedicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Jiabin Zhang
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, Center for Nanomedicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Hon Fai Chan
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedical Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Hanze Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Shixian Lv
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Ning Na
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Yu Tao
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, Center for Nanomedicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Mingqiang Li
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, Center for Nanomedicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease, Guangzhou, 510630, China
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15
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Raes L, De Smedt SC, Raemdonck K, Braeckmans K. Non-viral transfection technologies for next-generation therapeutic T cell engineering. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 49:107760. [PMID: 33932532 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Genetically engineered T cells have sparked interest in advanced cancer treatment, reaching a milestone in 2017 with two FDA-approvals for CD19-directed chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapeutics. It is becoming clear that the next generation of CAR T cell therapies will demand more complex engineering strategies and combinations thereof, including the use of revolutionary gene editing approaches. To date, manufacturing of CAR T cells mostly relies on γ-retroviral or lentiviral vectors, but their use is associated with several drawbacks, including safety issues, high manufacturing cost and vector capacity constraints. Non-viral approaches, including membrane permeabilization and carrier-based techniques, have therefore gained a lot of interest to replace viral transductions in the manufacturing of T cell therapeutics. This review provides an in-depth discussion on the avid search for alternatives to viral vectors, discusses key considerations for T cell engineering technologies, and provides an overview of the emerging spectrum of non-viral transfection technologies for T cells. Strengths and weaknesses of each technology will be discussed in relation to T cell engineering. Altogether, this work emphasizes the potential of non-viral transfection approaches to advance the next-generation of genetically engineered T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurens Raes
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry & Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stefaan C De Smedt
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry & Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Koen Raemdonck
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry & Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kevin Braeckmans
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry & Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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16
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Abstract
Gene therapy makes it possible to engineer chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) to create T cells that target specific diseases. However, current approaches require elaborate and expensive protocols to manufacture engineered T cells ex vivo, putting this therapy beyond the reach of many patients who might benefit. A solution could be to program T cells in vivo. Here, we evaluate the clinical need for in situ CAR T cell programming, compare competing technologies, review current progress, and provide a perspective on the long-term impact of this emerging and rapidly flourishing biotechnology field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha N Parayath
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Matthias T Stephan
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA.,Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering & Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA;
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17
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Laktionov MY, Zhulina EB, Borisov OV. Proteins and Polyampholytes Interacting with Polyelectrolyte Brushes and Microgels: The Charge Reversal Concept Revised. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:2865-2873. [PMID: 33625232 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Weak polyampholytes and globular proteins among them can be efficiently absorbed from solutions by polyelectrolyte brushes or microgels even if the net charge of the polyampholyte is of the same sign as that of the brush/microgel. We use a mean-field approach for calculating the free energy of insertion of a probe polyampholyte molecule into a polyelectrolyte brush/microgel. We anticipate that the insertion of the polyampholyte into similarly charged brush/microgel may be thermodynamically favorable due to the gain in the cumulative re-ionization free energy of the pH-sensitive acidic and basic residues. Importantly, we demonstrate that the polyampholyte (protein) charge sign inversion upon transfer from the bulk of the solution to the brush/microgel does not provide sufficient conditions to assure negative re-ionization free energy balance. Thus (in the absence of other driving or stopping mechanisms), charge sign inversion does not necessarily provoke spontaneous absorption of the polyampholyte into the brush/microgel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Y Laktionov
- St. Petersburg National Research University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia
| | - Ekaterina B Zhulina
- St. Petersburg National Research University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 199004, Russia
| | - Oleg V Borisov
- St. Petersburg National Research University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 199004, Russia
- CNRS, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour UMR 5254, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux, Pau 64000, France
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18
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Diaz Ariza IL, Jérôme V, Pérez Pérez LD, Freitag R. Amphiphilic Graft Copolymers Capable of Mixed-Mode Interaction as Alternative Nonviral Transfection Agents. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:1268-1282. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivonne L. Diaz Ariza
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, D.C. 11001, Colombia
| | - Valérie Jérôme
- Process Biotechnology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth 95447, Germany
| | - León D. Pérez Pérez
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, D.C. 11001, Colombia
| | - Ruth Freitag
- Process Biotechnology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth 95447, Germany
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19
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Harris E, Zimmerman D, Warga E, Bamezai A, Elmer J. Nonviral gene delivery to T cells with Lipofectamine LTX. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:1693-1706. [PMID: 33480049 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Retroviral gene delivery is widely used in T cell therapies for hematological cancers. However, viral vectors are expensive to manufacture, integrate genes in semirandom patterns, and their transduction efficiency varies between patients. In this study, several nonviral gene delivery vehicles, promoters, and additional variables were compared to optimize nonviral transgene delivery and expression in both Jurkat and primary T cells. Transfection of Jurkat cells was maximized to a high efficiency (63.0% ± 10.9% EGFP+ cells) by transfecting cells with Lipofectamine LTX in X-VIVO 15 media. However, the same method yielded a much lower transfection efficiency in primary T cells (8.1% ± 0.8% EGFP+ ). Subsequent confocal microscopy revealed that a majority of the lipoplexes did not enter the primary T cells, which might be due to relatively low expression levels of heparan sulfate proteoglycans detected via messenger RNA-sequencing. Pyrin and HIN (PYHIN) DNA sensors (e.g., AIM2 and IFI16) that can induce apoptosis or repress transcription after binding cytoplasmic DNA were also detected at high levels in primary T cells. Therefore, transfection of primary T cells appears to be limited at the level of cellular uptake or DNA sensing in the cytoplasm. Both of these factors should be considered in the development of future viral and nonviral T cell gene delivery methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Harris
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Devon Zimmerman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Eric Warga
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anil Bamezai
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jacob Elmer
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania, USA
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20
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Jérôme V, Synatschke CV, Freitag R. Transient Destabilization of Biological Membranes Contributes to the Superior Performance of Star-Shaped PDMAEMA in Delivering pDNA. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:26640-26654. [PMID: 33110991 PMCID: PMC7581230 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nonviral DNA vectors are promising alternatives to viral ones. Their use in DNA medicine is limited by an inability to transfect, for example, nondividing or suspension cells. In recent years, star-shaped synthetic polycationic vectors, so called "Nanostars", have shown some promise in this regard, at least when compared to the "gold standard" in nonviral vectors, namely, linear poly(ethyleneimine) (l-PEI). It has been hypothesized that an ability to transiently destabilize cellular membranes is partially responsible for the phenomenon. This hypothesis is investigated here, taking human leukemia suspension cells (Jurkat cells) as an example. Contrary to l-PEI, the Nanostars promote the cellular uptake of small, normally membrane-impermeant molecules (trypan blue and propidium iodide) as well as that of fluorescent polystyrene beads (average diameter 100 nm). Since Nanostars, but not l-PEI, are apparently able to deliver DNA to nuclei of nondividing cells, nuclear uptake is, in addition, investigated with isolated cell nuclei. Our results provide evidence that Nanostars are more efficient than l-PEI in increasing the nuclear membrane association/permeability, allowing accumulation of their cargo on/in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Jérôme
- Process Biotechnology, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | | | - Ruth Freitag
- Process Biotechnology, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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21
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Cardle II, Cheng EL, Jensen MC, Pun SH. Biomaterials in Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Process Development. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:1724-1738. [PMID: 32786336 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has transformed the cancer treatment landscape, utilizing ex vivo modified autologous T cells to treat relapsed or refractory B-cell leukemias and lymphomas. However, the therapy's broader impact has been limited, in part, by a complicated, lengthy, and expensive production process. Accordingly, as CAR T-cell therapies are further advanced to treat other cancers, continual innovation in cell manufacturing will be critical to their successful clinical implementation. In this Account, we describe our research efforts using biomaterials to improve the three fundamental steps in CAR T-cell manufacturing: (1) isolation, (2) activation, and (3) genetic modification.Recognizing that clinical T-cell isolation reagents have high cost and supply constraints, we developed a synthetic DNA aptamer and complementary reversal agent technology that isolates label-free CD8+ T cells with high purity and yield from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Encouragingly, CAR T cells manufactured from both antibody- and aptamer-isolated T cells were comparable in therapeutic potency. Discovery and design of other T-cell specific aptamers and corresponding reversal reagents could fully realize the potential of this approach, enabling inexpensive isolation of multiple distinct T-cell populations in a single isolation step.Current ex vivo T-cell activation materials do not accurately mimic in situ T-cell activation by antigen presenting cells (APCs). They cause unequal CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell expansion, necessitating separate production of CD4+ and CD8+ CAR T cells for therapies that call for balanced infusion compositions. To address these shortcomings, we designed a panel of biodegradable cell-templated silica microparticles with supported lipid bilayers that display stimulatory ligands for T-cell activation. High membrane fluidity, elongated shape, and rough surface topography, all properties of endogenous APCs, were found to be favorable parameters for activation, promoting unbiased and efficient CD4/CD8 T-cell expansion while not terminally differentiating the cells.Viral and electroporation-based gene delivery systems have various drawbacks. Viral vectors are expensive and have limited cargo sizes, whereas electroporation is highly cytotoxic. Thus, low-cost nonviral platforms that transfect T cells with low cytotoxicity and high efficiency are needed for CAR gene delivery. Our group thus synthesized a panel of cationic polymers with different architectures and evaluated their T-cell transfection ability. We identified a comb-shaped polymer formulation that transfected primary T cells with low cytotoxicity, although transfection efficiency was low compared to conventional methods. Analysis of intracellular and extracellular barriers to transfection revealed low uptake of polyplexes and high endosomal pH in T cells, alluding to biological and polymer properties that could be further improved.These innovations represent just a few recent developments in the biomaterials field for addressing CAR T-cell production needs. Together, these technologies and their future advancement will pave the way for economical and straightforward CAR T-cell manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian I. Cardle
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-5061, United States
- Research and Development, Seattle Children’s Therapeutics, Seattle, Washington 98101, United States
| | - Emmeline L. Cheng
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-5061, United States
| | - Michael C. Jensen
- Research and Development, Seattle Children’s Therapeutics, Seattle, Washington 98101, United States
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Suzie H. Pun
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-5061, United States
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22
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Diaz IL, Sierra CA, Jérôme V, Freitag R, Perez LD. Target grafting of poly(2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) to biodegradable block copolymers. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20200204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivonne L. Diaz
- Department of ChemistryUniversidad Nacional de Colombia Bogotá D.C. Colombia
| | - Cesar A. Sierra
- Department of ChemistryUniversidad Nacional de Colombia Bogotá D.C. Colombia
| | - Valérie Jérôme
- Process BiotechnologyUniversity of Bayreuth Bayreuth Germany
| | - Ruth Freitag
- Process BiotechnologyUniversity of Bayreuth Bayreuth Germany
| | - León D. Perez
- Department of ChemistryUniversidad Nacional de Colombia Bogotá D.C. Colombia
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23
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Ivanova AS, Mikhailov IV, Polotsky AA, Darinskii AA, Birshtein TM, Borisov OV. Cascades of unfolding transitions in amphiphilic molecular brushes. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:081101. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5144295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anna S. Ivanova
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ivan V. Mikhailov
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexey A. Polotsky
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anatoly A. Darinskii
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Tatiana M. Birshtein
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Oleg V. Borisov
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l’Environnement et les Matériaux, UMR 5254 CNRS UPPA, 64053 Pau, France
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24
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Fus-Kujawa A, Teper P, Botor M, Klarzyńska K, Sieroń Ł, Verbelen B, Smet M, Sieroń AL, Mendrek B, Kowalczuk A. Functional star polymers as reagents for efficient nucleic acids delivery into HT-1080 cells. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2020.1716227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Fus-Kujawa
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Paulina Teper
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Malwina Botor
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Klarzyńska
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Łukasz Sieroń
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Bram Verbelen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mario Smet
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Aleksander L. Sieroń
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Barbara Mendrek
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kowalczuk
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, Zabrze, Poland
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25
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Prokacheva VM, Rud OV, Uhlík F, Borisov OV. Intramolecular micellization and nanopatterning in pH- and thermo-responsive molecular brushes. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:208-218. [PMID: 31774442 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm01961h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Conformational transitions and nanoscale self-organization triggered in double pH- and thermo-responsive molecular brushes by varying environmental conditions are studied by means of analytical mean-field theory and numerical Scheutjens-Fleer self-consistent field modelling. Such molecular brushes are composed of multiple thermo-responsive side chains end-grafted onto the main chain (backbone) and are capable of acquiring ionic charges via reversible (de)protonation of the monomer units. Competition of long-range Coulomb repulsion with short-range solvophobic interactions leads to complex patterns in the intramolecular self-organization of molecular brushes. In particular, we observed formation of pearl necklace-like structures with multiple dense nanodomains formed by weakly ionized collapsed side chains and stabilized by a fraction protruding into the solution and strongly ionized ones. Such structures are thermodynamically stable in a certain parameter range and can be termed as intramolecular micelles. The stimuli-induced intramolecular nanopatterning occurs via a sequence of quasi-first order phase transitions corresponding to splitting/fusion of collapsed domains accompanied by jumps in the average degree of ionization and macromolecular dimensions. A re-entrant sequence of transitions is observed when the salt concentration is used as a control parameter. These theoretical predictions provide guidelines for design of smart unimolecular devices, for example multicompartment nanocarriers of active substances or nanosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varvara M Prokacheva
- Department of Physical and Macromolecularz Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 128 00 Praha 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Oleg V Rud
- Department of Physical and Macromolecularz Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 128 00 Praha 2, Czech Republic. and Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Filip Uhlík
- Department of Physical and Macromolecularz Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 128 00 Praha 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Oleg V Borisov
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia and Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux, CNRS, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour UMR 5254, Pau, France.
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26
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Genetic programming of macrophages to perform anti-tumor functions using targeted mRNA nanocarriers. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3974. [PMID: 31481662 PMCID: PMC6722139 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11911-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) usually express an M2 phenotype, which enables them to perform immunosuppressive and tumor-promoting functions. Reprogramming these TAMs toward an M1 phenotype could thwart their pro-cancer activities and unleash anti-tumor immunity, but efforts to accomplish this are nonspecific and elicit systemic inflammation. Here we describe a targeted nanocarrier that can deliver in vitro-transcribed mRNA encoding M1-polarizing transcription factors to reprogram TAMs without causing systemic toxicity. We demonstrate in models of ovarian cancer, melanoma, and glioblastoma that infusions of nanoparticles formulated with mRNAs encoding interferon regulatory factor 5 in combination with its activating kinase IKKβ reverse the immunosuppressive, tumor-supporting state of TAMs and reprogram them to a phenotype that induces anti-tumor immunity and promotes tumor regression. We further establish that these nanoreagents are safe for repeated dosing. Implemented in the clinic, this immunotherapy could enable physicians to obviate suppressive tumors while avoiding systemic treatments that disrupt immune homeostasis.
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27
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Olden BR, Cheng E, Cheng Y, Pun SH. Identifying key barriers in cationic polymer gene delivery to human T cells. Biomater Sci 2019; 7:789-797. [PMID: 30633266 PMCID: PMC6391219 DOI: 10.1039/c8bm01262h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
T cells have emerged as a therapeutically-relevant target for ex vivo gene delivery and editing. However, most commercially available reagents cannot transfect T cells and designing cationic polymers for non-viral gene delivery to T cells has resulted in moderate success. Here, we assess various barriers to successful gene transfer in the Jurkat human T cell line and primary human T cells. Using two polymers previously developed by our group, we show that uptake is one barrier to gene delivery in primary human T cells but is not predictive of successful gene delivery. We then probe intracellular pathways for barriers to gene transfer including endosomal acidification, autophagy, and immune sensing pathways. We find that endosomal acidification is slower and not as robust in human T cells compared to the model HeLa human cell line commonly used to evaluate cationic polymers for gene delivery. These studies inform the future design of cationic polymers for non-viral gene delivery to T cells, specifically, to rely on alternative endosomal release mechanisms rather than on pH-triggered release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brynn R Olden
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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28
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Abstract
The genetic modification of human T lymphocytes with established non-viral methods is inefficient. Linear polyethylenimine (l-PEI), one of the most popular non-viral transfection agents for mammalian cells in general, only achieves transfection rates in the single digit percentage range for these cells. Here, a well-defined 24-armed poly(2-dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate (PDMAEMA) nanostar (number average of the molecular weight: 755 kDa, polydispersity: <1.21) synthesized via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) from a silsesquioxane initiator core is proposed as alternative. The agent is used to prepare polyplexes with plasmid DNA (pDNA). Under optimal conditions these polyplexes reproducibly transfect >80% of the cells from a human T-cell leukemia cell line (Jurkat cells) at viabilities close to 90%. The agent also promotes pDNA uptake when simply added to a mixture of cells and pDNA. This constitutes a particular promising approach for efficient transient transfection at large scale. Finally, preliminary experiments were carried out with primary T cells from two different donors. Results were again significantly better than for l-PEI, although further research into the response of individual T cells to the transfection agent will be necessary, before either method can be used to routinely transfect primary T lymphocytes.
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29
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Olden BR, Cheng Y, Yu JL, Pun SH. Cationic polymers for non-viral gene delivery to human T cells. J Control Release 2018; 282:140-147. [PMID: 29518467 PMCID: PMC6008197 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The clinical success of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell immunotherapy in treating multiple blood cancers has created a need for efficient methods of ex vivo gene delivery to primary human T cells for cell engineering. Here, we synthesize and evaluate a panel of cationic polymers for gene delivery to both cultured and primary human T cells. We show that a subset of comb- and sunflower-shaped pHEMA-g-pDMAEMA polymers can mediate transfection with efficiencies up to 50% in the Jurkat human T cell line with minimal concomitant toxicity (>90% viability). We then optimize primary human T cell transfection conditions including activation time, cell density, DNA dose, culture media, and cytokine treatment. We demonstrate transfection of both CD4+ and CD8+ primary human T cells with messenger RNA and plasmid DNA at efficiencies up to 25 and 18%, respectively, with similarly high viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brynn R Olden
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Yilong Cheng
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jonathan L Yu
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Suzie H Pun
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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30
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Enhanced mRNA delivery into lymphocytes enabled by lipid-varied libraries of charge-altering releasable transporters. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E5859-E5866. [PMID: 29891683 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1805358115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a strategy for generating a combinatorial library of oligonucleotide transporters with varied lipid domains and their use in the efficient transfection of lymphocytes with mRNA in vitro and in vivo. This library is based on amphiphilic charge-altering releasable transporters (CARTs) that contain a lipophilic block functionalized with various side-chain lipids and a polycationic α-amino ester mRNA-binding block that undergoes rearrangement to neutral small molecules, resulting in mRNA release. We show that certain binary mixtures of these lipid-varied CARTs provide up to a ninefold enhancement in mRNA translation in lymphocytes in vitro relative to either a single-lipid CART component alone or the commercial reagent Lipofectamine 2000, corresponding to a striking increase in percent transfection from 9-12% to 80%. Informed by the results with binary mixtures, we further show that CARTs consisting of optimized ratios of the two lead lipids incorporated into a single hybrid-lipid transporter molecule maintain the same delivery efficacy as the noncovalent mixture of two CARTs. The lead lipid CART mixtures and hybrid-lipid CARTs show enhanced lymphocyte transfection in primary T cells and in vivo in mice. This combinatorial approach for rapidly screening mRNA delivery vectors has provided lipid-varied CART mixtures and hybrid-lipid CARTs that exhibit significant improvement in mRNA delivery to lymphocytes, a finding of potentially broad value in research and clinical applications.
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Co-transfection of star-shaped PDMAEMAs enhance transfection efficiency of protamine/pDNA complexes in the presence of serum. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Li D, Sharili AS, Connelly J, Gautrot JE. Highly Stable RNA Capture by Dense Cationic Polymer Brushes for the Design of Cytocompatible, Serum-Stable SiRNA Delivery Vectors. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:606-615. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b01686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Amir S. Sharili
- Barts
and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom
| | - John Connelly
- Barts
and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom
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Walta S, Pergushov DV, Oppermann A, Steinschulte AA, Geisel K, Sigolaeva LV, Plamper FA, Wöll D, Richtering W. Microgels enable capacious uptake and controlled release of architecturally complex macromolecular species. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Stahlschmidt U, Jérôme V, Majewski AP, Müller AHE, Freitag R. Systematic Study of a Library of PDMAEMA-Based, Superparamagnetic Nano-Stars for the Transfection of CHO-K1 Cells. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E156. [PMID: 30970835 PMCID: PMC6432303 DOI: 10.3390/polym9050156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The introduction of the DNA into mammalian cells remains a challenge in gene delivery, particularly in vivo. Viral vectors are unmatched in their efficiency for gene delivery, but may trigger immune responses and cause severe side-reactions. Non-viral vectors are much less efficient. Recently, our group has suggested that a star-shaped structure improves and even transforms the gene delivery capability of synthetic polycations. In this contribution, this effect was systematically studied using a library of highly homogeneous, paramagnetic nano-star polycations with varied arm lengths and grafting densities. Gene delivery was conducted in CHO-K1 cells, using a plasmid encoding a green fluorescent reporter protein. Transfection efficiencies and cytotoxicities varied systematically with the nano-star architecture. The arm density was particularly important, with values of approximately 0.06 arms/nm² yielding the best results. In addition, a certain fraction of the cells became magnetic during transfection. The gene delivery potential of a nano-star and its ability to render the cells magnetic did not have any correlations. End-capping the polycation arms with di(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (PDEGMA) significantly improved serum compatibility under transfection conditions; such nano-stars are potential candidates for future in vivo testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ullrich Stahlschmidt
- Process Biotechnology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Valérie Jérôme
- Process Biotechnology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
| | | | - Axel H E Müller
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Ruth Freitag
- Process Biotechnology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
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Raup A, Wang H, Synatschke CV, Jérôme V, Agarwal S, Pergushov DV, Müller AHE, Freitag R. Compaction and Transmembrane Delivery of pDNA: Differences between l-PEI and Two Types of Amphiphilic Block Copolymers. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:808-818. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b01678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Dmitry V. Pergushov
- Department
of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Stahlschmidt U, Jérôme V, Freitag R, Müller A. PDMAEMA-funktionalisierte superparamagnetische Nanopartikel für ihre Anwendung in der Transfektion von Säugerzellen. CHEM-ING-TECH 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201650186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Hazan-Halevy I, Landesman-Milo D, Rosenblum D, Mizrahy S, Ng BD, Peer D. Immunomodulation of hematological malignancies using oligonucleotides based-nanomedicines. J Control Release 2016; 244:149-156. [PMID: 27491881 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Hematological malignancies are a group of diseases characterized by clonal proliferation of blood-forming cells. Malignant blood cells are classified as myeloid or lymphoid cells depending on their stem cell origin. Lymphoid malignancies are characterized by lymphocyte accumulation in the blood stream, in the bone marrow, or in lymphatic nodes and organs. Several of these diseases are associated with chromosomal translocations, which cause gene fusion and amplification of expression, while others are characterized with aberrant expression of oncogenes. Overall, these genes play a major role in development and maintenance of malignant clones. The discovery of antisense oligonucleotides and RNA interference (RNAi) mechanisms offer new tools to specifically manipulate gene expression. Systemic delivery of inhibitory oligonucleotides molecules for manipulation of gene expression in lymphocytes holds a great potential for facilitating the development of an oligonucleotides -based therapy platform for lymphoid blood cancer. However, lymphocytes are among the most difficult targets for oligonucleotides delivery, as they are resistant to conventional transfection reagents and are dispersed throughout the body, making it difficult to successfully localize or deliver oligonucleotides payloads via systemic administration. In this review, we will survey the latest progress in the field of oligonucleotides based nanomedicine in the heterogeneous group of hematological malignancies with special emphasis on RNA based strategies. We will describe the most advanced non-viral nanocarriers for RNA delivery to malignant blood cells. We will also discuss targeted strategies for cell specific delivery of RNA molecules using nanoparticles and the therapeutic benefit of manipulating gene function in hematological malignancies. Finally, we will focus on the ex vivo, in vivo, and clinical trial strategies, that are currently under development in hematological malignancies - strategies that might increase the arsenal of drugs available to hematologists in the upcoming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inbal Hazan-Halevy
- Laboratory of Precision NanoMedicine, Dept. of Cell Research & Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; Dept. of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Dalit Landesman-Milo
- Laboratory of Precision NanoMedicine, Dept. of Cell Research & Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; Dept. of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Daniel Rosenblum
- Laboratory of Precision NanoMedicine, Dept. of Cell Research & Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; Dept. of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Shoshy Mizrahy
- Laboratory of Precision NanoMedicine, Dept. of Cell Research & Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; Dept. of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Brandon D Ng
- Laboratory of Precision NanoMedicine, Dept. of Cell Research & Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; Dept. of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Dan Peer
- Laboratory of Precision NanoMedicine, Dept. of Cell Research & Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; Dept. of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
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Promoter, transgene, and cell line effects in the transfection of mammalian cells using PDMAEMA-based nano-stars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 11:53-61. [PMID: 28352540 PMCID: PMC5042300 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
4 cell lines, 4 promoters, and 3 gene products were studied, i.e. 48 combinations. Distinct cell line depended effects were observed. Jurkat cell results tended to differ from that obtained with the other cells. Co-transfection works well in CHO cells, but fails in up to 80% of Jurkat cells. High transfection efficiency in CHO and HEK cells is maintained in spite of pDNA dilution.
Non-viral transfection protocols are typically optimized using standard cells and reporter proteins, potentially underestimating cellular or transgene effects. Here such effects were studied for two human (Jurkat, HEK-293) and two rodent (CHO-K1, L929) cell lines and three fluorescent reporter proteins. Expression of the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) was studied under the control of the human elongation factor 1 alpha promoter and three viral promoters (SV40, SV40/enhancer, CMV), that of ZsYellow1 (yellow fluorescence) and mCherry (red fluorescence) for the CMV promoter. Results varied with the cell line, in particular for the Jurkat cells. Pair-wise co-transfection of the CMV controlled transgenes resulted in a significant fraction of monochromatic cells (EGFP for EGFP/YFP and EGFP/RFP co-transfections, YFP in case of YFP/RFP co-transfections). Only Jurkat cells were almost incapable of expressing YFP. Dilution of the plasmid DNA with a non-expressed plasmid showed cell line dependent effects on transfection efficiency and/or expression levels.
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Raup A, Stahlschmidt U, Jérôme V, Synatschke CV, Müller AHE, Freitag R. Influence of Polyplex Formation on the Performance of Star-Shaped Polycationic Transfection Agents for Mammalian Cells. Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:polym8060224. [PMID: 30979314 PMCID: PMC6432395 DOI: 10.3390/polym8060224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic modification (“transfection”) of mammalian cells using non-viral, synthetic agents such as polycations, is still a challenge. Polyplex formation between the DNA and the polycation is a decisive step in such experiments. Star-shaped polycations have been proposed as superior transfection agents, yet have never before been compared side-by-side, e.g., in view of structural effects. Herein four star-shaped polycationic structures, all based on (2-dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) building blocks, were investigated for their potential to deliver DNA to adherent (CHO, L929, HEK-293) and non-adherent (Jurkat, primary human T lymphocytes) mammalian cells. The investigated vectors included three structures where the PDMAEMA arms (different arm length and grafting densities) had been grown from a center silsesquioxane or silica-coated γ-Fe2O3-core and one micellar structure self-assembled from poly(1,2-butadiene)-block PDMAEMA polymers. All nano-stars combined high transfection potential with excellent biocompatibility. The micelles slightly outperformed the covalently linked agents. For method development and optimization, the absolute amount of polycation added to the cells was more important than the N/P-ratio (ratio between polycation nitrogen and DNA phosphate), provided a lower limit was passed and enough polycation was present to overcompensate the negative charge of the plasmid DNA. Finally, the matrix (NaCl vs. HEPES-buffered glucose solution), but also the concentrations adjusted during polyplex formation, affected the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Raup
- Process Biotechnology, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
| | | | - Valérie Jérôme
- Process Biotechnology, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Christopher V Synatschke
- Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, 60611 IL, USA.
| | - Axel H E Müller
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes-Gutenberg-University, 55099 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Ruth Freitag
- Process Biotechnology, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
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40
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Uhlík F, Košovan P, Zhulina EB, Borisov OV. Charge-controlled nano-structuring in partially collapsed star-shaped macromolecules. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:4846-4852. [PMID: 27140226 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm00109b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Hydrophobic polyelectrolytes exhibit intra-molecular nano-scale self-organization instead of macroscopic phase separation because of the interplay between short-range hydrophobic attraction and long-range electrostatic repulsion. We aim to unravel how the morphology of the intra-molecular nanostructures can be controlled through the topology of the macromolecule on one hand and by adjustable ionization on the other hand. Specifically, we focus on hydrophobic star-branched polyelectrolytes, composed of either strong or weak acidic monomers. While both collapse in a globule when uncharged, and expand to full stretching of arms at high ionization, they exhibit quite different intermediate scenarios. For the strong ones, we observe the formation of bundles of arms as the main structural motif, and for the weak ones the intramolecular micelle-like structure is found at the same overall charge of the macromolecule. Here intramolecular disproportionation leaves some arms in a collapsed virtually neutral core, while others are substantially ionized and stretched in the corona.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Uhlík
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 8, 128 00 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Košovan
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 8, 128 00 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Ekaterina B Zhulina
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia and St. Petersburg National Research University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics, 197101, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Oleg V Borisov
- St. Petersburg National Research University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics, 197101, St. Petersburg, Russia and CNRS, UMR 5254 - IPREM - Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Maériaux, 2 avenue du Président Angot, 64053 Pau, France.
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41
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Khan MA, Wu VM, Ghosh S, Uskoković V. Gene delivery using calcium phosphate nanoparticles: Optimization of the transfection process and the effects of citrate and poly(l-lysine) as additives. J Colloid Interface Sci 2016; 471:48-58. [PMID: 26971068 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Despite the long history of nanoparticulate calcium phosphate (CaP) as a non-viral transfection agent, there has been limited success in attempts to optimize its properties for transfection comparable in efficiency to that of viral vectors. Here we focus on the optimization of: (a) CaP nanoparticle precipitation conditions, predominantly supersaturation and Ca/P molar ratios; (b) transfection conditions, mainly the concentrations of the carrier and plasmid DNA; (c) the presence of surface additives, including citrate anion and cationic poly(l-lysine) (PLL). CaP nanoparticles significantly improved transfection with plasmid DNA encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) in pre-osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells compared to a commercial non-viral carrier. At the same time they elicited significantly lesser cytotoxicity than the commercial carrier. Plasmid DNA acted as a nucleation promoter, decreasing the nucleation lag time of metastable CaP solutions and leading to a higher rate of nucleation and a lower size of the precipitated particles. The degree of supersaturation (DS) of 15 was found to be more optimal for transfection than that of 12.5 or 17.5 and higher. Because CaP particles precipitated at DS 15 were spherical, while DS 17.5 and 21 yielded acicular particles, it was concluded that spherical particle morphologies were more conducive to transfection than the anisotropic ones. Even though the yield at DS 15 was 10 and 100 times lower than that at DS 17.5 and 21, respectively, transfection rates were higher using CaP nanoparticle colloids prepared at DS 15 than using those made at higher or lower DS, indicating that the right particle morphology can outweigh the difference in the amount of the carrier, even when this difference is close to 100×. In contrast to the commercial carrier, the concentration of CaP-pDNA delivered to the cells was directly proportional to the transfection rate. Osteosarcoma K7M2 cells were four times more easily transfectable with CaP nanoparticles than the MC3T3-E1 cells. The addition of citrate increased the transfection rate at lower concentrations; however, a complete redispersal of CaP-pDNA nanoparticles at higher concentrations of citrate coincided with a complete diminishment of transfection, implying the benefits of partial aggregation of CaP nanoparticles carrying pDNA. In contrast, PLL delayed transfection initially, but enhanced it at longer time points (⩾96h), leading to the conclusion that both citrate and PLL could exert positive effects on transfection: citrate if added at low concentrations and PLL to extend transfection over longer periods of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A Khan
- Advanced Materials and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607-7052, USA
| | - Victoria M Wu
- Advanced Materials and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607-7052, USA
| | - Shreya Ghosh
- Advanced Materials and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607-7052, USA
| | - Vuk Uskoković
- Advanced Materials and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607-7052, USA.
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Boyer C, Corrigan NA, Jung K, Nguyen D, Nguyen TK, Adnan NNM, Oliver S, Shanmugam S, Yeow J. Copper-Mediated Living Radical Polymerization (Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization and Copper(0) Mediated Polymerization): From Fundamentals to Bioapplications. Chem Rev 2015; 116:1803-949. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cyrille Boyer
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, and ‡Centre for Advanced
Macromolecular
Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Nathaniel Alan Corrigan
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, and ‡Centre for Advanced
Macromolecular
Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Kenward Jung
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, and ‡Centre for Advanced
Macromolecular
Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Diep Nguyen
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, and ‡Centre for Advanced
Macromolecular
Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Thuy-Khanh Nguyen
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, and ‡Centre for Advanced
Macromolecular
Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Nik Nik M. Adnan
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, and ‡Centre for Advanced
Macromolecular
Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Susan Oliver
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, and ‡Centre for Advanced
Macromolecular
Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Sivaprakash Shanmugam
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, and ‡Centre for Advanced
Macromolecular
Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Jonathan Yeow
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, and ‡Centre for Advanced
Macromolecular
Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
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44
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Rinkenauer AC, Schubert S, Traeger A, Schubert US. The influence of polymer architecture on in vitro pDNA transfection. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:7477-7493. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tb00782h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In the field of polymer-based gene delivery, the tuning potential of polymers by using different architectures like graft- and star-shaped polymers as well as self-assembled block copolymers is immense. In the last years numerous new polymer designs showed enhanced transfections properties in combination with a good biocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C. Rinkenauer
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)
| | - Stephanie Schubert
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Institute of Pharmacy
| | - Anja Traeger
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)
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Krishnamoorthy M, Hakobyan S, Ramstedt M, Gautrot JE. Surface-initiated polymer brushes in the biomedical field: applications in membrane science, biosensing, cell culture, regenerative medicine and antibacterial coatings. Chem Rev 2014; 114:10976-1026. [PMID: 25353708 DOI: 10.1021/cr500252u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 384] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahentha Krishnamoorthy
- Institute of Bioengineering and ‡School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London , Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
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Barthel MJ, Rinkenauer AC, Wagner M, Mansfeld U, Hoeppener S, Czaplewska JA, Gottschaldt M, Träger A, Schacher FH, Schubert US. Small but Powerful: Co-Assembly of Polyether-Based Triblock Terpolymers into Sub-30 nm Micelles and Synergistic Effects on Cellular Interactions. Biomacromolecules 2014; 15:2426-39. [DOI: 10.1021/bm5002894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus J. Barthel
- Laboratory
of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena
Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Dutch
Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Alexandra C. Rinkenauer
- Laboratory
of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena
Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Wagner
- Laboratory
of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena
Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich Mansfeld
- Laboratory
of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena
Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Stephanie Hoeppener
- Laboratory
of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena
Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Justyna A. Czaplewska
- Laboratory
of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena
Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Gottschaldt
- Laboratory
of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena
Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Anja Träger
- Laboratory
of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena
Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Felix H. Schacher
- Laboratory
of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena
Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory
of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena
Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Dutch
Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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48
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Sigolaeva LV, Günther U, Pergushov DV, Gladyr SY, Kurochkin IN, Schacher FH. Sequential pH-Dependent Adsorption of Ionic Amphiphilic Diblock Copolymer Micelles and Choline Oxidase Onto Conductive Substrates: Toward the Design of Biosensors. Macromol Biosci 2014; 14:1039-51. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201300580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Larisa V. Sigolaeva
- Department of Chemistry; Lomonosov Moscow State University; 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Ulrike Günther
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry; Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena; D-07743 Jena Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM); Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena; D-07743 Jena Germany
| | - Dmitry V. Pergushov
- Department of Chemistry; Lomonosov Moscow State University; 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Snezhana Yu. Gladyr
- Department of Chemistry; Lomonosov Moscow State University; 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Ilya N. Kurochkin
- Department of Chemistry; Lomonosov Moscow State University; 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Felix H. Schacher
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry; Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena; D-07743 Jena Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM); Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena; D-07743 Jena Germany
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49
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Yamada H, Loretz B, Lehr CM. Design of Starch-graft-PEI Polymers: An Effective and Biodegradable Gene Delivery Platform. Biomacromolecules 2014; 15:1753-61. [DOI: 10.1021/bm500128k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroe Yamada
- Department
of Drug Delivery (DDEL), Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research
Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz-Center for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Brigitta Loretz
- Department
of Drug Delivery (DDEL), Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research
Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz-Center for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Claus-Michael Lehr
- Department
of Drug Delivery (DDEL), Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research
Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz-Center for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department
of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Campus A4 1, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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50
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Xu W, Choi I, Plamper FA, Synatschke CV, Müller AHE, Melnichenko YB, Tsukruk VV. Thermo-Induced Limited Aggregation of Responsive Star Polyelectrolytes. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma500153w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Weinan Xu
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Ikjun Choi
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Felix A. Plamper
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Christopher V. Synatschke
- Makromolekulare
Chemie II and Bayreuther Zentrum für Kolloide und Grenzflächen, Universität Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Axel H. E. Müller
- Makromolekulare
Chemie II and Bayreuther Zentrum für Kolloide und Grenzflächen, Universität Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Yuri B. Melnichenko
- Biology
and Soft Matter Science Division, Neutron Scattering Directorate, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37381, United States
| | - Vladimir V. Tsukruk
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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