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Ashwani PV, Gopika G, Arun Krishna KV, Jose J, John F, George J. Stimuli-Responsive and Multifunctional Nanogels in Drug Delivery. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202301009. [PMID: 37718283 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202301009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Nanogels represent promising drug delivery systems in the biomedical field, designed to overcome challenges associated with standard treatment approaches. Stimuli-responsive nanogels, often referred to as intelligent materials, have garnered significant attention for their potential to enhance control over properties such as drug release and targeting. Furthermore, researchers have recently explored the application of nanogels in diverse sectors beyond biomedicine including sensing materials, catalysts, or adsorbents for environmental applications. However, to fully harness their potential as practical delivery systems, further research is required to better understand their pharmacokinetic behaviour, interactions between nanogels and bio distributions, as well as toxicities. One promising future application of stimuli-responsive multifunctional nanogels is their use as delivery agents in cancer treatment, offering an alternative to overcome the challenges with conventional approaches. This review discusses various synthetic methods employed in developing nanogels as efficient carriers for drug delivery in cancer treatment. The investigations explore, the key aspects of nanogels, including their multifunctionality and stimuli-responsive properties, as well as associated toxicity concerns. The discussions presented herein aim to provide the readers a comprehensive understanding of the potential of nanogels as smart drug delivery systems in the context of cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- P V Ashwani
- Bio-organic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Sacred Heart College, Kochi, 682013, India
| | - G Gopika
- Bio-organic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Sacred Heart College, Kochi, 682013, India
| | - K V Arun Krishna
- Bio-organic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Sacred Heart College, Kochi, 682013, India
| | - Josena Jose
- Bio-organic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Sacred Heart College, Kochi, 682013, India
| | - Franklin John
- Bio-organic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Sacred Heart College, Kochi, 682013, India
| | - Jinu George
- Bio-organic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Sacred Heart College, Kochi, 682013, India
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2
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Son J, Parveen S, MacPherson D, Marciano Y, Huang RH, Ulijn RV. MMP-responsive nanomaterials. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:6457-6479. [PMID: 37623747 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm00840a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) are enzymes that degrade the extracellular matrix and regulate essential normal cell behaviors. Inhibition of these enzymes has been a strategy for anti-cancer therapy since the 1990s, but with limited success. A new type of MMP-targeting strategy exploits the innate selective hydrolytic activity and consequent catalytic signal amplification of the proteinases, rather than inhibiting it. Using nanomaterials, the enzymatic chemical reaction can trigger the temporal and spatial activation of the anti-cancer effects, amplify the associated response, and cause mechanical damage or report on cancer cells. We analyzed nearly 60 literature studies that incorporate chemical design strategies that lead to spatial, temporal, and mechanical control of the anti-cancer effect through four modes of action: nanomaterial shrinkage, induced aggregation, formation of cytotoxic nanofibers, and activation by de-PEGylation. From the literature analysis, we derived chemical design guidelines to control and enhance MMP activation of nanomaterials of various chemical compositions (peptide, lipid, polymer, inorganic). Finally, the review includes a guide on how multiple characteristics of the nanomaterial, such as substrate modification, supramolecular structure, and electrostatic charge should be collectively considered for the targeted MMP to result in optimal kinetics of enzyme action on the nanomaterial, which allow access to amplification and additional levels of spatial, temporal, and mechanical control of the response. Although this review focuses on the design strategies of MMP-responsive nanomaterials in cancer applications, these guidelines are expected to be generalizable to systems that target MMP for treatment or detection of cancer and other diseases, as well as other enzyme-responsive nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiye Son
- Nanoscience Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center at The Graduate Center of the City University of New York (CUNY), 85 Saint Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY 10031, USA.
| | - Sadiyah Parveen
- Nanoscience Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center at The Graduate Center of the City University of New York (CUNY), 85 Saint Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY 10031, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, CUNY, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Douglas MacPherson
- Nanoscience Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center at The Graduate Center of the City University of New York (CUNY), 85 Saint Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY 10031, USA.
- Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of CUNY, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, CUNY, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA
| | - Yaron Marciano
- Nanoscience Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center at The Graduate Center of the City University of New York (CUNY), 85 Saint Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY 10031, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, CUNY, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA
| | - Richard H Huang
- Nanoscience Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center at The Graduate Center of the City University of New York (CUNY), 85 Saint Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY 10031, USA.
| | - Rein V Ulijn
- Nanoscience Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center at The Graduate Center of the City University of New York (CUNY), 85 Saint Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY 10031, USA.
- Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of CUNY, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of CUNY, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, CUNY, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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3
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Noddeland HK, Lind M, Jensen LB, Petersson K, Skak-Nielsen T, Larsen FH, Malmsten M, Heinz A. Design and characterization of matrix metalloproteinase-responsive hydrogels for the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases. Acta Biomater 2023; 157:149-161. [PMID: 36526241 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme-responsive hydrogels, formed by step growth photopolymerization of biscysteine peptide linkers with alkene functionalized polyethylene glycol, provide interesting opportunities as biomaterials and drug delivery systems. In this study, we developed stimuli-responsive, specific, and cytocompatible hydrogels for delivery of anti-inflammatory drugs for the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases. We designed peptide linkers with optimized sensitivity towards matrix metalloproteinases, a family of proteolytic enzymes overexpressed in the extracellular matrix of the skin during inflammation. The peptide linkers were crosslinked with branched 4-arm and 8-arm polyethylene glycols by thiol-norbornene photopolymerization, leading to the formation of a hydrogel network, in which the anti-inflammatory Janus kinase inhibitor tofacitinib citrate was incorporated. The hydrogels were extensively characterized by physical properties, in vitro release studies, cytocompatibility with fibroblasts, and anti-inflammatory efficacy testing in both an atopic dermatitis-like keratinocyte assay and an activated T-cell assay. The drug release was studied after single and multiple-time exposure to matrix metalloproteinase 9 to mimic inflammatory flare-ups. Drug release was found to be triggered by matrix metalloproteinase 9 and to depend on type of crosslinker and of the polyethylene glycol polymer, due to differences in architecture and swelling behavior. Moreover, swollen hydrogels showed elastic properties similar to those of extracellular matrix proteins in the dermis. Cell studies revealed limited cytotoxicity when fibroblasts and keratinocytes were exposed to the hydrogels or their enzymatic cleavage products. Taken together, our results suggest multi-arm polyethylene glycol hydrogels as promising matrix metalloproteinase-responsive drug delivery systems, with potential in the treatment of inflammatory skin disease. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Smart responsive drug delivery systems such as matrix metalloproteinase-responsive hydrogels are excellent candidates for the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases including psoriasis. Their release profile can be optimized to correspond to the patient's individual disease state by tuning formulation parameters and disease-related stimuli, providing personalized treatment solutions. However, insufficient cross-linking efficiency, low matrix metalloproteinase sensitivity, and undesirable drug release kinetics remain major challenges in the development of such drug delivery systems. In this study, we address shortcomings of previous work by designing peptide linkers with optimized sensitivity towards matrix metalloproteinases and high cross-linking efficiencies. We further provide a proof-of-concept for the usability of the hydrogels in inflammatory skin conditions by employing a drug release set-up simulating inflammatory flare-ups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Kyung Noddeland
- LEO Foundation Center for Cutaneous Drug Delivery, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Explorative Formulation & Technologies, CMC Design and Development, LEO Pharma A/S, 2750 Ballerup, Denmark
| | - Marianne Lind
- Explorative Formulation & Technologies, CMC Design and Development, LEO Pharma A/S, 2750 Ballerup, Denmark
| | - Louise Bastholm Jensen
- Explorative Formulation & Technologies, CMC Design and Development, LEO Pharma A/S, 2750 Ballerup, Denmark
| | - Karsten Petersson
- Explorative Formulation & Technologies, CMC Design and Development, LEO Pharma A/S, 2750 Ballerup, Denmark
| | - Tine Skak-Nielsen
- Cells & Assays, In vitro Biology, LEO Pharma A/S, 2750 Ballerup, Denmark
| | - Flemming Hofmann Larsen
- Advanced Analytical and Structural Chemistry, CMC Design and Development, LEO Pharma A/S, 2750 Ballerup, Denmark
| | - Martin Malmsten
- LEO Foundation Center for Cutaneous Drug Delivery, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Physical Chemistry 1, University of Lund, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Andrea Heinz
- LEO Foundation Center for Cutaneous Drug Delivery, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Marciano Y, del Solar V, Nayeem N, Dave D, Son J, Contel M, Ulijn RV. Encapsulation of Gold-Based Anticancer Agents in Protease-Degradable Peptide Nanofilaments Enhances Their Potency. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:234-246. [PMID: 36542079 PMCID: PMC10720394 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the use of amphiphilic, protease-cleavable peptides as encapsulation moieties for hydrophobic metallodrugs, in order to enhance their bioavailability and consequent activity. Two hydrophobic, gold-containing anticancer agents varying in aromatic ligand distribution (Au(I)-N-heterocyclic carbene compounds 1 and 2) were investigated. These were encapsulated into amphiphilic decapeptides that form soluble filamentous structures with hydrophobic cores, varying supramolecular packing arrangements and surface charge. Peptide sequence strongly dictates the supramolecular packing within the aromatic core, which in turn dictates drug loading. Anionic peptide filaments can effectively load 1, and to a lesser extent 2, while their cationic counterparts could not, collectively demonstrating that loading efficiency is dictated by both aromatic and electrostatic (mis)matching between drug and peptide. Peptide nanofilaments were nontoxic to cancerous and noncancerous cells. By contrast, those loaded with 1 and 2 displayed enhanced cytotoxicity in comparison to 1 and 2 alone, when exposed to Caki-1 and MDA-MB-231 cancerous cell lines, while no cytotoxicity was observed in noncancerous lung fibroblasts, IMR-90. We propose that the enhanced in vitro activity results from the enhanced proteolytic activity in the vicinity of the cancer cells, thereby breaking the filaments into drug-bound peptide fragments that are taken up by these cells, resulting in enhanced cytotoxicity toward cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaron Marciano
- Nanoscience Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center at The Graduate Center of the City University of New York (CUNY), 85 Saint Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY 10031, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, CUNY, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of CUNY, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Virginia del Solar
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, CUNY, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA
| | - Nazia Nayeem
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, CUNY, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA
- Ph.D. Program inBiology, The Graduate Center of CUNY, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Dhwanit Dave
- Nanoscience Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center at The Graduate Center of the City University of New York (CUNY), 85 Saint Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY 10031, USA
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of CUNY, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, CUNY, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jiye Son
- Nanoscience Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center at The Graduate Center of the City University of New York (CUNY), 85 Saint Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - María Contel
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, CUNY, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of CUNY, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of CUNY, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Ph.D. Program inBiology, The Graduate Center of CUNY, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Rein V. Ulijn
- Nanoscience Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center at The Graduate Center of the City University of New York (CUNY), 85 Saint Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY 10031, USA
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of CUNY, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of CUNY, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, CUNY, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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5
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Yang X, Lin M, Wei J, Sun J. A self-crosslinking nanogel scaffold for enhanced catalytic efficiency and stability. Polym Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py01272c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We report a facile and efficient approach to prepare multifunctional bioinspired platforms under mild conditions that offer increased catalytic efficiency and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Polymer Materials, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Maosheng Lin
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Polymer Materials, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Jirui Wei
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Polymer Materials, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Jing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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6
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Ali AA, Al-Othman A, Al-Sayah MH. Multifunctional stimuli-responsive hybrid nanogels for cancer therapy: Current status and challenges. J Control Release 2022; 351:476-503. [PMID: 36170926 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
With cancer research shifting focus to achieving multifunctionality in cancer treatment strategies, hybrid nanogels are making a rapid rise to the spotlight as novel, multifunctional, stimuli-responsive, and biocompatible cancer therapeutic strategies. They can possess cancer cell-specific cytotoxic effects themselves, carry drugs or enzymes that can produce cytotoxic effects, improve imaging modalities, and target tumor cells over normal cells. Hybrid nanogels bring together a wide range of desirable properties for cancer treatment such as stimuli-responsiveness, efficient loading and protection of molecules such as drugs or enzymes, and effective crossing of cellular barriers among other properties. Despite their promising abilities, hybrid nanogels are still far from being used in the clinic, and their available data remains relatively limited. However, many studies can be done to facilitate this clinical transition. This review is critically summarizing and analyzing the recent information and progress on the use of hybrid nanogels particularly inorganic nanoparticle-based and organic nanoparticle-based hybrid nanogels in the field of oncology and future directions to aid in transferring those results to the clinic. This work concludes that the future of hybrid nanogels is greatly impacted by therapeutic and non-therapeutic factors. Therapeutic factors include the lack of hemocompatibility studies, acute and chronic toxicological studies, and information on agglomeration capability and extent, tumor heterogeneity, interaction with proteins in physiological fluids, endocytosis-exocytosis, and toxicity of the nanogels' breakdown products. Non-therapeutic factors include the lack of clear regulatory guidelines and standardized assays, limitations of animal models, and difficulties associated with good manufacture practices (GMP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaal Abdulraqeb Ali
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Amani Al-Othman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Mohammad H Al-Sayah
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates
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Tune BXJ, Sim MS, Poh CL, Guad RM, Woon CK, Hazarika I, Das A, Gopinath SCB, Rajan M, Sekar M, Subramaniyan V, Fuloria NK, Fuloria S, Batumalaie K, Wu YS. Matrix Metalloproteinases in Chemoresistance: Regulatory Roles, Molecular Interactions, and Potential Inhibitors. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2022; 2022:3249766. [PMID: 35586209 PMCID: PMC9110224 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3249766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the major causes of death worldwide. Its treatments usually fail when the tumor has become malignant and metastasized. Metastasis is a key source of cancer recurrence, which often leads to resistance towards chemotherapeutic agents. Hence, most cancer-related deaths are linked to the occurrence of chemoresistance. Although chemoresistance can emerge through a multitude of mechanisms, chemoresistance and metastasis share a similar pathway, which is an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), a class of zinc and calcium-chelated enzymes, are found to be key players in driving cancer migration and metastasis through EMT induction. The aim of this review is to discuss the regulatory roles and associated molecular mechanisms of specific MMPs in regulating chemoresistance, particularly EMT initiation and resistance to apoptosis. A brief presentation on their potential diagnostic and prognostic values was also deciphered. It also aimed to describe existing MMP inhibitors and the potential of utilizing other strategies to inhibit MMPs to reduce chemoresistance, such as upstream inhibition of MMP expressions and MMP-responsive nanomaterials to deliver drugs as well as epigenetic regulations. Hence, manipulation of MMP expression can be a powerful tool to aid in treating patients with chemo-resistant cancers. However, much still needs to be done to bring the solution from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette Xin Jie Tune
- Department of Pharmaceutical Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Maw Shin Sim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Chit Laa Poh
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Selangor 47500, Malaysia
| | - Rhanye Mac Guad
- Department of Biomedical Science and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, 88400 Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Choy Ker Woon
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, 47000 Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Iswar Hazarika
- Department of Pharmacology, Girijananda Chowdhury Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Guwahati 781017, India
| | - Anju Das
- Department of Pharmacology, Royal School of Pharmacy, Royal Global University, Guwahati 781035, India
| | - Subash C. B. Gopinath
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Arau, 02600 Perlis, Malaysia
- Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kangar, 01000 Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Mariappan Rajan
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625021, India
| | - Mahendran Sekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Royal College of Medicine Perak, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Ipoh 30450, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Vetriselvan Subramaniyan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, Selangor 42610, Malaysia
| | | | - Shivkanya Fuloria
- Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Semeling, Bedong, Kedah 08100, Malaysia
| | - Kalaivani Batumalaie
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Asia Metropolitan University, 81750 Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Yuan Seng Wu
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Selangor 47500, Malaysia
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Selangor 47500, Malaysia
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8
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β-Sheet to Random Coil Transition in Self-Assembling Peptide Scaffolds Promotes Proteolytic Degradation. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12030411. [PMID: 35327603 PMCID: PMC8945919 DOI: 10.3390/biom12030411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most desirable properties that biomaterials designed for tissue engineering or drug delivery applications should fulfill is biodegradation and resorption without toxicity. Therefore, there is an increasing interest in the development of biomaterials able to be enzymatically degraded once implanted at the injury site or once delivered to the target organ. In this paper, we demonstrate the protease sensitivity of self-assembling amphiphilic peptides, in particular, RAD16-I (AcN-RADARADARADARADA-CONH2), which contains four potential cleavage sites for trypsin. We detected that when subjected to thermal denaturation, the peptide secondary structure suffers a transition from β-sheet to random coil. We also used Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Time-Of-Flight (MALDI-TOF) to detect the proteolytic breakdown products of samples subjected to incubation with trypsin as well as atomic force microscopy (AFM) to visualize the effect of the degradation on the nanofiber scaffold. Interestingly, thermally treated samples had a higher extent of degradation than non-denatured samples, suggesting that the transition from β-sheet to random coil leaves the cleavage sites accessible and susceptible to protease degradation. These results indicate that the self-assembling peptide can be reduced to short peptide sequences and, subsequently, degraded to single amino acids, constituting a group of naturally biodegradable materials optimal for their application in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Wang H, Gao L, Fan T, Zhang C, Zhang B, Al-Hartomy OA, Al-Ghamdi A, Wageh S, Qiu M, Zhang H. Strategic Design of Intelligent-Responsive Nanogel Carriers for Cancer Therapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:54621-54647. [PMID: 34767342 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c13634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the distinctive constituents of tumor tissue from those healthy organs, nanomedicine strategies show significant potentials in smart drug delivery. Nowadays, stimuli-responsive nanogels are playing increasingly important roles in the application of cancer therapy because of their sensitivity to various internal or external physicochemical stimuli, which exhibit site-specific and markedly enhanced drug release. Besides, nanogels are promising as drug carriers because of their porous structures, good biocompatibility, large surface area, and excellent capability with drugs. Taking advantage of multiresponsiveness, recent years have witnessed the rapid evolution of stimulus-responsive nanogels from monoresponsive to multiresponsive systems; however, there lacks a comprehensive review summarizing these reports. In this Review, we discuss the properties, synthesis, and characterization of nanogels. Moreover, tumor microenvironment and corresponding designing strategies for stimuli-response nanogels, both exogenous (temperature, magnetic field, light) and endogenous (pH, biomolecular, redox, ROS, pressure, hypoxia) are summarized on the basis of the recent advances in multistimuli-responsive nanogel systems. Nanogel and two-dimensional material composites show excellent performance in the field of constructing multistimulus-responsive nanoparticles and precise intelligent drug release integrated system for multimodal cancer diagnosis and therapy. Finally, potential progresses and suggestions are provided for the further design of hybrid nanogels based on emerging two-dimensional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Lingfeng Gao
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, No. 2318 Yuhangtang Rd., Cangqian, Yuhang District, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Taojian Fan
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Omar A Al-Hartomy
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Al-Ghamdi
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Swelm Wageh
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Meng Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Han Zhang
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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10
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Keskin D, Zu G, Forson AM, Tromp L, Sjollema J, van Rijn P. Nanogels: A novel approach in antimicrobial delivery systems and antimicrobial coatings. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:3634-3657. [PMID: 33898869 PMCID: PMC8047124 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The implementation of nanotechnology to develop efficient antimicrobial systems has a significant impact on the prospects of the biomedical field. Nanogels are soft polymeric particles with an internally cross-linked structure, which behave as hydrogels and can be reversibly hydrated/dehydrated (swollen/shrunken) by the dispersing solvent and external stimuli. Their excellent properties, such as biocompatibility, colloidal stability, high water content, desirable mechanical properties, tunable chemical functionalities, and interior gel-like network for the incorporation of biomolecules, make them fascinating in the field of biological/biomedical applications. In this review, various approaches will be discussed and compared to the newly developed nanogel technology in terms of efficiency and applicability for determining their potential role in combating infections in the biomedical area including implant-associated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lisa Tromp
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, W. J. Kolff Institute, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jelmer Sjollema
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, W. J. Kolff Institute, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick van Rijn
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, W. J. Kolff Institute, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, the Netherlands
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11
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Zhao Q, Zhang S, Wu F, Li D, Zhang X, Chen W, Xing B. Rationales Design von Nanogelen zur Überwindung biologischer Barrieren auf verschiedenen Verabreichungswegen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201911048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering Institute of Applied Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Siyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering Institute of Applied Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Fengchang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences Beijing 100012 China
| | - Dengyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering Institute of Applied Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Xuejiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering Institute of Applied Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering School of Engineering China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 211198 China
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003 USA
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12
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Mauri E, Giannitelli SM, Trombetta M, Rainer A. Synthesis of Nanogels: Current Trends and Future Outlook. Gels 2021; 7:36. [PMID: 33805279 PMCID: PMC8103252 DOI: 10.3390/gels7020036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanogels represent an innovative platform for tunable drug release and targeted therapy in several biomedical applications, ranging from cancer to neurological disorders. The design of these nanocarriers is a pivotal topic investigated by the researchers over the years, with the aim to optimize the procedures and provide advanced nanomaterials. Chemical reactions, physical interactions and the developments of engineered devices are the three main areas explored to overcome the shortcomings of the traditional nanofabrication approaches. This review proposes a focus on the current techniques used in nanogel design, highlighting the upgrades in physico-chemical methodologies, microfluidics and 3D printing. Polymers and biomolecules can be combined to produce ad hoc nanonetworks according to the final curative aims, preserving the criteria of biocompatibility and biodegradability. Controlled polymerization, interfacial reactions, sol-gel transition, manipulation of the fluids at the nanoscale, lab-on-a-chip technology and 3D printing are the leading strategies to lean on in the next future and offer new solutions to the critical healthcare scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Mauri
- Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (E.M.); (S.M.G.); (M.T.)
| | - Sara Maria Giannitelli
- Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (E.M.); (S.M.G.); (M.T.)
| | - Marcella Trombetta
- Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (E.M.); (S.M.G.); (M.T.)
| | - Alberto Rainer
- Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (E.M.); (S.M.G.); (M.T.)
- Institute of Nanotechnology (NANOTEC), National Research Council, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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13
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Zhao Q, Zhang S, Wu F, Li D, Zhang X, Chen W, Xing B. Rational Design of Nanogels for Overcoming the Biological Barriers in Various Administration Routes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:14760-14778. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201911048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering Institute of Applied Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Siyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering Institute of Applied Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Fengchang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences Beijing 100012 China
| | - Dengyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering Institute of Applied Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Xuejiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering Institute of Applied Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering School of Engineering China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 211198 P.R. China
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003 USA
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14
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Preman NK, Barki RR, Vijayan A, Sanjeeva SG, Johnson RP. Recent developments in stimuli-responsive polymer nanogels for drug delivery and diagnostics: A review. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 157:121-153. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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15
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Kertsomboon T, Chirachanchai S. Amphiphilic biodegradable co-networks of Poly(butylene succinate)-Poly(ethylene glycol) chains for nano-gelation via Click chemistry and its potential dispersant for multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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16
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Zhuang J, Thayumanavan S. Triblock-Diblock Composite Nanoassemblies with Sequentially Addressable Host-Guest Properties for Hydrophobics and Hydrophilics. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:1019-1023. [PMID: 34268003 PMCID: PMC8279082 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Noncovalent encapsulation of multiple guest molecules with distinct physiochemical properties, especially hydrophilic and hydrophobic guests, into a single polymeric nanoassembly is challenging, but would be profoundly beneficial to combination therapeutic delivery strategies. Here, we report a nanocomposite co-assembled by coating a layer of an amphiphilic block copolymer onto surface of a crosslinked inverse micelle driven by hydrophobic interactions. The hydrophobic coating layer and water-filled inverse micelles were utilized to encapsulate hydrophobic and hydrophilic cargos respectively. Rationally introducing the pH and redox responsive moieties into coating polymer and inverse micelles, allows sequentially addressing triggered release of the encapsulated cargos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Zhuang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - S. Thayumanavan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
- Center for Bioactive Delivery, Institute for Applied Life Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
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17
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Shah S, Rangaraj N, Laxmikeshav K, Sampathi S. “Nanogels as drug carriers – Introduction, chemical aspects, release mechanisms and potential applications”. Int J Pharm 2020; 581:119268. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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18
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Li T, Su Z, Xu H, Ma X, Yin J, Jiang X. A supramolecular polymeric photoinitiator with enhanced dispersion in photo-curing systems. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01871a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A simple and general approach to make the commercial photoinitiator water-soluble and polymeric was developed via supramolecular interactions, which is believed to find wide potential applications in the photo-curing technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Li
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules
- State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
| | - Zhilong Su
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules
- State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
| | - Hongjie Xu
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules
- State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
| | - Xiaodong Ma
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules
- State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
| | - Jie Yin
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules
- State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
| | - Xuesong Jiang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules
- State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
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19
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Son J, Kalafatovic D, Kumar M, Yoo B, Cornejo MA, Contel M, Ulijn RV. Customizing Morphology, Size, and Response Kinetics of Matrix Metalloproteinase-Responsive Nanostructures by Systematic Peptide Design. ACS NANO 2019; 13:1555-1562. [PMID: 30689363 PMCID: PMC6475088 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b07401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression and activation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is associated with multiple diseases and can serve as a stimulus to activate nanomaterials for sensing and controlled release. In order to achieve autonomous therapeutics with improved space-time targeting capabilities, several features need to be considered beyond the introduction of an enzyme-cleavable linker into a nanostructure. We introduce guiding principles for a customizable platform using supramolecular peptide nanostructures with three modular components to achieve tunable kinetics and morphology changes upon MMP-9 exposure. This approach enables (1) fine-tuning of kinetics through introduction of ordered/disordered structures, (2) a 12-fold variation in hydrolysis rates achieved by electrostatic (mis)matching of particle and enzyme charge, and (3) selection of enzymatic reaction products that are either cell-killing nanofibers or disintegrate. These guiding principles, which can be rationalized and involve exchange of just a few amino acids, enable systematic customization of enzyme-responsive peptide nanostructures for general use in performance optimization of enzyme-responsive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiye Son
- Advanced Science Research Center at The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 85 Saint Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY 10031, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA
- Ph.D. Programs in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Daniela Kalafatovic
- Advanced Science Research Center at The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 85 Saint Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Mohit Kumar
- Advanced Science Research Center at The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 85 Saint Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Barney Yoo
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mike A. Cornejo
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA
| | - María Contel
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA
- Ph.D. Programs in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Ph.D. Programs in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Ph.D. Programs in Biology, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Rein V. Ulijn
- Advanced Science Research Center at The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 85 Saint Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY 10031, USA
- Ph.D. Programs in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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20
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Yao Q, Kou L, Tu Y, Zhu L. MMP-Responsive 'Smart' Drug Delivery and Tumor Targeting. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2018; 39:766-781. [PMID: 30032745 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are major extracellular enzymes involved in cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis. MMPs are widely used as cancer biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Recently, MMPs have been investigated as robust tumor microenvironmental stimuli for 'smart' MMP-responsive drug delivery and tumor targeting and have shown great potential in cancer diagnosis and therapy. In this article, we review the newly emerging MMP-responsive strategies and major MMP-responsive nanomaterials and nanocarriers used for tumor-targeted delivery of drugs and imaging agents at the tissue, cellular, and intracellular levels. We also discuss the challenges and critical considerations in their development and clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Longfa Kou
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Ying Tu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA.
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21
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Fan M, Wang F, Wang C. Reflux Precipitation Polymerization: A New Platform for the Preparation of Uniform Polymeric Nanogels for Biomedical Applications. Macromol Biosci 2018; 18:e1800077. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201800077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingliang Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers; Department of Macromolecular Science; Fudan University; 220 Han Dan Road Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers; Department of Macromolecular Science; Fudan University; 220 Han Dan Road Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Changchun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers; Department of Macromolecular Science; Fudan University; 220 Han Dan Road Shanghai 200433 China
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22
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Zhuang J, Seçinti H, Zhao B, Thayumanavan S. Propagation of Enzyme‐Induced Surface Events inside Polymer Nanoassemblies for a Fast and Tunable Response. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201803029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Zhuang
- Department of Chemistry University of Massachusetts Amherst Amherst MA 01003 USA
| | - Hatice Seçinti
- Department of Chemistry University of Massachusetts Amherst Amherst MA 01003 USA
| | - Bo Zhao
- Department of Chemistry University of Massachusetts Amherst Amherst MA 01003 USA
| | - S. Thayumanavan
- Department of Chemistry University of Massachusetts Amherst Amherst MA 01003 USA
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23
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Abstract
Self-assembled peptide nanostructures have been increasingly exploited as functional materials for applications in biomedicine and energy. The emergent properties of these nanomaterials determine the applications for which they can be exploited. It has recently been appreciated that nanomaterials composed of multicomponent coassembled peptides often display unique emergent properties that have the potential to dramatically expand the functional utility of peptide-based materials. This review presents recent efforts in the development of multicomponent peptide assemblies. The discussion includes multicomponent assemblies derived from short low molecular weight peptides, peptide amphiphiles, coiled coil peptides, collagen, and β-sheet peptides. The design, structure, emergent properties, and applications for these multicomponent assemblies are presented in order to illustrate the potential of these formulations as sophisticated next-generation bio-inspired materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M Raymond
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627-0216, USA.
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24
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Zhuang J, Seçinti H, Zhao B, Thayumanavan S. Propagation of Enzyme‐Induced Surface Events inside Polymer Nanoassemblies for a Fast and Tunable Response. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:7111-7115. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201803029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Zhuang
- Department of Chemistry University of Massachusetts Amherst Amherst MA 01003 USA
| | - Hatice Seçinti
- Department of Chemistry University of Massachusetts Amherst Amherst MA 01003 USA
| | - Bo Zhao
- Department of Chemistry University of Massachusetts Amherst Amherst MA 01003 USA
| | - S. Thayumanavan
- Department of Chemistry University of Massachusetts Amherst Amherst MA 01003 USA
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25
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Kang B, Vales TP, Cho BK, Kim JK, Kim HJ. Development of Gallic Acid-Modified Hydrogels Using Interpenetrating Chitosan Network and Evaluation of Their Antioxidant Activity. Molecules 2017; 22:E1976. [PMID: 29140278 PMCID: PMC6150364 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22111976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, antioxidant hydrogels were prepared by the construction of an interpenetrating chitosan network and functionalization with gallic acid. The poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) p(HEMA)-based hydrogels were first synthesized and subsequently surface-modified with an interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) structure prepared with methacrylamide chitosan via free radical polymerization. The resulting chitosan-IPN hydrogels were surface-functionalized with gallic acid through an amide coupling reaction, which afforded the antioxidant hydrogels. Notably, gallic-acid-modified hydrogels based on a longer chitosan backbone exhibited superior antioxidant activity than their counterpart with a shorter chitosan moiety; this correlated to the amount of gallic acid attached to the chitosan backbone. Moreover, the surface contact angles of the chitosan-modified hydrogels decreased, indicating that surface functionalization of the hydrogels with chitosan-IPN increased the wettability because of the presence of the hydrophilic chitosan network chain. Our study indicates that chitosan-IPN hydrogels may facilitate the development of applications in biomedical devices and ophthalmic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byungman Kang
- Nuclear Chemistry Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, 989-111 Daedeok-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34057, Korea.
| | - Temmy Pegarro Vales
- Department of Chemistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea.
- Department of Natural Sciences, Caraga State University, Butuan City 8600, Philippines.
| | - Byoung-Ki Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Dankook University, 119, Dandae-ro, Chungnam 31116, Korea.
| | - Jong-Ki Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu 42472, Korea.
| | - Ho-Joong Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea.
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26
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Kim B, Kang B, Vales TP, Yang SK, Lee J, Kim HJ. Polyphenol-functionalized hydrogels using an interpenetrating chitosan network and investigation of their antioxidant activity. Macromol Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-018-6001-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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27
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Lai WF, Susha AS, Rogach AL, Wang G, Huang M, Hu W, Wong WT. Electrospray-mediated preparation of compositionally homogeneous core–shell hydrogel microspheres for sustained drug release. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra07568e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Compositionally homogeneous core–shell hydrogel microspheres were prepared for sustained drug release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing-Fu Lai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Health Science Centre
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen
- China
| | - Andrei S. Susha
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering & Centre for Functional Photonics (CFP)
- City University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong
| | - Andrey L. Rogach
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering & Centre for Functional Photonics (CFP)
- City University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong
| | - Guoan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Health Science Centre
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen
- China
| | - Minjian Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Health Science Centre
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen
- China
| | - Weijie Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Health Science Centre
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen
- China
| | - Wing-Tak Wong
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
- Hong Kong
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28
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Mukherjee S, Das Sarma J, Shunmugam R. pH-Sensitive Nanoaggregates for Site-Specific Drug-Delivery as Well as Cancer Cell Imaging. ACS OMEGA 2016; 1:755-764. [PMID: 30023490 PMCID: PMC6044711 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.6b00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Multifunctional polymeric nanoaggregates could enable targeted cancer therapy and imaging, which eventually facilitate monitoring of the therapeutic effect. A fluorescent nanoaggregate is constructed for theranostic application. Chlorambucil (Chl), a fluorescent inactive chemotherapeutic agent, is covalently attached to the nanoaggregate for therapeutic action. The pyrene (Py) motif is also covalently attached to the nanoaggregates, with the motivation of cancer cell imaging. This nanoaggregate is further functionalized with biotin (Btn) for receptor-mediated drug delivery. The efficiency of this system is evaluated by in vitro cell studies to prove its receptor-mediated internalization as well as theranostic capabilities. This newly designed nanocarrier, Nor-Chl-Py-Btn (Nor, norbornene), has the ability to combine both therapeutic and diagnostic capabilities into a single polymer that offers existing prospects for the development of nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Mukherjee
- Department of Chemical
Sciences, Polymer Research Centre and Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research
Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal 741246, India
| | - Jayasri Das Sarma
- Department of Chemical
Sciences, Polymer Research Centre and Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research
Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal 741246, India
| | - Raja Shunmugam
- Department of Chemical
Sciences, Polymer Research Centre and Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research
Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal 741246, India
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29
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Peng H, Rübsam K, Jakob F, Pazdzior P, Schwaneberg U, Pich A. Reversible Deactivation of Enzymes by Redox-Responsive Nanogel Carriers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2016; 37:1765-1771. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201600476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Peng
- Functional and Interactive Polymers; Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry; RWTH Aachen University; Worringerweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V; Forckenbeckstraße 50 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Kristin Rübsam
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V; Forckenbeckstraße 50 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Felix Jakob
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V; Forckenbeckstraße 50 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Patrizia Pazdzior
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V; Forckenbeckstraße 50 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V; Forckenbeckstraße 50 52074 Aachen Germany
- Institute for Biotechnology; RWTH Aachen University; Worringerweg 3 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Andrij Pich
- Functional and Interactive Polymers; Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry; RWTH Aachen University; Worringerweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V; Forckenbeckstraße 50 52074 Aachen Germany
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30
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Wu HQ, Wang CC. Biodegradable Smart Nanogels: A New Platform for Targeting Drug Delivery and Biomedical Diagnostics. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:6211-25. [PMID: 27255455 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b00842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Nanogels (or nanohydrogels) have been extensively investigated as one of the most promising nanoparticulate biomedical platforms owing to their advantageous properties that combine the characteristics of hydrogel systems with nanoparticles. Among them, smart nanogels that have the ability to respond to external stimuli, such as pH, redox, temperature, enzymes, light, magnetic field and so forth, are most attractive in the area of drug delivery. Besides, numerous multifunctionalized nanogels with high sensitivity and specificity were designed for diagnostic applications. In this feature article, we have reviewed and discussed the recent progress of biodegradable nanogels as smart nanocarriers of anticancer drugs and biomedical diagnostic agents for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Qiu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University , Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chang-Chun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University , Shanghai 200433, China
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Mukherjee S, Patra D, Dinda H, Chakraborty I, Shashank L, Bhattacharyya R, Das Sarma J, Shunmugam R. Super paramagnetic Norbornene Copolymer Functionalized with Biotin and Doxorubicin: A Potential Unique Site-Specific Theranostic Agent. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Mukherjee
- Polymer Research Centre, Department of Chemical Sciences, ‡Department of Physical
Sciences, and §Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur 741 246, West Bengal, India
| | - Diptendu Patra
- Polymer Research Centre, Department of Chemical Sciences, ‡Department of Physical
Sciences, and §Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur 741 246, West Bengal, India
| | - Himadri Dinda
- Polymer Research Centre, Department of Chemical Sciences, ‡Department of Physical
Sciences, and §Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur 741 246, West Bengal, India
| | - Ipsita Chakraborty
- Polymer Research Centre, Department of Chemical Sciences, ‡Department of Physical
Sciences, and §Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur 741 246, West Bengal, India
| | - Litesh Shashank
- Polymer Research Centre, Department of Chemical Sciences, ‡Department of Physical
Sciences, and §Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur 741 246, West Bengal, India
| | - Rangeet Bhattacharyya
- Polymer Research Centre, Department of Chemical Sciences, ‡Department of Physical
Sciences, and §Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur 741 246, West Bengal, India
| | - Jayasri Das Sarma
- Polymer Research Centre, Department of Chemical Sciences, ‡Department of Physical
Sciences, and §Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur 741 246, West Bengal, India
| | - Raja Shunmugam
- Polymer Research Centre, Department of Chemical Sciences, ‡Department of Physical
Sciences, and §Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur 741 246, West Bengal, India
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Matai I, Gopinath P. Chemically Cross-Linked Hybrid Nanogels of Alginate and PAMAM Dendrimers as Efficient Anticancer Drug Delivery Vehicles. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2016; 2:213-223. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5b00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ishita Matai
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Centre
for Nanotechnology, and ‡Department of
Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - P. Gopinath
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Centre
for Nanotechnology, and ‡Department of
Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
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Wu C, Böttcher C, Haag R. Enzymatically crosslinked dendritic polyglycerol nanogels for encapsulation of catalytically active proteins. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:972-80. [PMID: 25519490 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm01746c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The enormous potential of nanogel scaffolds for protein encapsulation has been widely recognized. However, constructing stable polymeric nanoscale networks in a facile, mild, and controllable fashion still remains a technical challenge. Here, we present a novel nanogel formation strategy using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) catalyzed crosslinking on phenolic derivatized dendritic polyglycerol (dPG) in the presence of H2O2 in an inverse miniemulsion. This "enzymatic nanogelation" approach was efficient to produce stable 200 nm dPG nanogel particles, and was performed under physiological conditions, thus making it particularly beneficial for encapsulating biological proteins. Purification of the nanogels was easy to handle and practical because there was no need for a post-quenching step. Interestingly, the use of dPG resulted in higher HRP laden nanogels than for linear polyethylene glycol (PEG) analogs, which illustrates the benefits of dendritic backbones in nanogels for protein encapsulation. In addition, the mild immobilization contributed to the enhanced thermal stability and reusability of HRP. The nanogel preparation could be easily optimized to achieve the best HRP activity. Furthermore, a second enzyme, Candida antarctica lipase B (CalB), was successfully encapsulated and optimized for activity in dPG nanogels by the same enzymatic methodology, which shows the perspective applications of such techniques for encapsulation of diverse proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changzhu Wu
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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Zhang X, Malhotra S, Molina M, Haag R. Micro- and nanogels with labile crosslinks – from synthesis to biomedical applications. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:1948-73. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00341a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We emphasize the synthetic strategies to produce micro-/nanogels and the importance of degradable linkers incorporated in the gel network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejiao Zhang
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Freie Universität Berlin
- Berlin 14195
- Germany
| | - Shashwat Malhotra
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Freie Universität Berlin
- Berlin 14195
- Germany
| | - Maria Molina
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Freie Universität Berlin
- Berlin 14195
- Germany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Freie Universität Berlin
- Berlin 14195
- Germany
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Li L, Thayumanavan S. Environment-dependent guest exchange in supramolecular hosts. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:12384-90. [PMID: 25244305 PMCID: PMC4204928 DOI: 10.1021/la502760c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic exchange of guest molecules, encapsulated in host assemblies, is a phenomenon in supramolecular chemistry that has important implications in several applications. While the mechanism of exchange in micellar assemblies has been previously investigated, the effect of host and guest environment upon the guest-exchange dynamics has received little attention, if any. In this paper, we study the guest-exchange mechanism in pH-sensitive nanogels along with pH-insensitive nanogels as a control. By systematically comparing the behavior of these nanogels, we show that size, concentration, and hydrophobicity can all play a critical role in guest-exchange dynamics. More importantly, these studies reveal that the dominant mechanism of guest exchange can intimately depend on environmental factors.
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Xu Y, Li Y, Cao X, Chen Q, An Z. Versatile RAFT dispersion polymerization in cononsolvents for the synthesis of thermoresponsive nanogels with controlled composition, functionality and architecture. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py00867g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Design and processing of nanogels as delivery systems for peptides and proteins. Ther Deliv 2014; 5:691-708. [DOI: 10.4155/tde.14.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanogels, cross-linked networks of >1 μm in size, are attractive drug-delivery systems, as they not only possess the potential advantages of nanoscale formulations, but also the attractive abilities of a hydrogel; high hydrophilicity, high loading capacity and the potential for biocompatibility and controlled release. The focus of this review is to provide an overview of the recent developments within the nanogel field, and how the chemical design of the nanogel polymer has been found to influence the properties of the nanogel system. Novel nanogel systems are discussed with respect to their type of cross-linkage and their suitability as therapeutic delivery systems, as well as their ability to stabilize the protein/peptide drug.
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Liu G, An Z. Frontiers in the design and synthesis of advanced nanogels for nanomedicine. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py01502e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Chen X, Chen L, Yao X, Zhang Z, He C, Zhang J, Chen X. Dual responsive supramolecular nanogels for intracellular drug delivery. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:3789-91. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc00016a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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