1
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Jasem YA, El-Esawi R, Thiemann T. Wittig- and Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons-Olefination Reactions with Stabilised and Semi-Stabilised Phosphoranes and Phosphonates under Non-Classical Conditions. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.3184/174751914x14044684705710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yosef Al Jasem
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Randa El-Esawi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Thies Thiemann
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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2
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Cherkupally P, Ramesh S, de la Torre BG, Govender T, Kruger HG, Albericio F. Immobilized coupling reagents: synthesis of amides/peptides. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2014; 16:579-601. [PMID: 25330282 DOI: 10.1021/co500126y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The primary idea of using immobilized reagents in organic synthetic chemistry is to simplify the downstream process, product workup and isolation, and therefore avoiding time-consuming and expensive chromatographic separations, which are intrinsic to every synthetic process. Numerous polymer-bounded reagents are commercially available and applicable to almost all kinds of synthetic chemistry conversions. Herein, we have covered all known supported-coupling reagents and bases which have had a great impact in amide/peptide bond formation. These coupling reagents have been used for the activation of a carboxyl moiety; thus generating an active acylating species that is ready to couple with an amine nucleophile liberating the amide/peptide and polymeric support which can be regenerated for reuse. This also addresses a large variety of anchored coupling reagents, additives, and bases that have only been employed in amide/peptide syntheses during the last six decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhakar Cherkupally
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Suhas Ramesh
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Beatriz G. de la Torre
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
- School of Chemistry, Yachay Tech, Yachay City of Knowledge, 100119 Urcuqui, Ecuador
| | - Thavendran Govender
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Hendrik G. Kruger
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
- School of Chemistry, Yachay Tech, Yachay City of Knowledge, 100119 Urcuqui, Ecuador
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine-Barcelona (IRB-Barcelona), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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3
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Yu JX, Hallac RR, Chiguru S, Mason RP. New frontiers and developing applications in 19F NMR. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2013; 70:25-49. [PMID: 23540575 PMCID: PMC3613763 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Xin Yu
- Laboratory of Prognostic Radiology, Division of Advanced Radiological Sciences, Department of Radiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Rami R. Hallac
- Laboratory of Prognostic Radiology, Division of Advanced Radiological Sciences, Department of Radiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Srinivas Chiguru
- Laboratory of Prognostic Radiology, Division of Advanced Radiological Sciences, Department of Radiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Ralph P. Mason
- Laboratory of Prognostic Radiology, Division of Advanced Radiological Sciences, Department of Radiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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4
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Kainz QM, Linhardt R, Maity PK, Hanson PR, Reiser O. Ring-opening metathesis polymerization-based recyclable magnetic acylation reagents. CHEMSUSCHEM 2013; 6:721-729. [PMID: 23427021 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201200453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
An operationally simple method for the acylation of amines utilizing carbon-coated metal nanoparticles as recyclable supports is reported. Highly magnetic carbon-coated cobalt (Co/C) and iron (Fe/C) nanobeads were functionalized with a norbornene tag (Nb-tag) through a "click" reaction followed by surface activation employing Grubbs-II catalyst and subsequent grafting of acylated N-hydroxysuccinimide ROMPgels (ROMP=ring-opening metathesis polymerization). The high loading (up to 2.6 mmolg(-1) ) hybrid material was applied in the acylation of various primary and secondary amines. The products were isolated in high yields (86-99%) and excellent purities (all >95 % by NMR spectroscopy) after rapid magnetic decantation and simple evaporation of the solvents. The spent resins were successfully re-acylated by acid chlorides, anhydrides, and carboxylic acids and reused for up to five consecutive cycles without considerable loss of activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quirin M Kainz
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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5
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Kircher L, Theato P, Cameron NR. Reactive thiol-ene emulsion-templated porous polymers incorporating pentafluorophenyl acrylate. POLYMER 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2013.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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6
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Controlled couplings of quinone monoacetals using reusable polystyrene-anchored specific proton catalyst. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.07.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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7
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Hudson SR, Chadbourne FL, Helliwell PA, Pflimlin E, Thomas-Oates JE, Routledge A. Evaluation of a solid-supported tagging strategy for mass spectrometric analysis of peptides. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2012; 14:97-100. [PMID: 22220996 DOI: 10.1021/co2000899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We have explored two divinylbenzene cross-linked polystyrene supports for use in a solid-supported N-terminal peptide tagging strategy. Resin-bound tags designed to be cleaved in a single step at the N-terminus of peptides have been devised and explored as peptide N-terminal tagging reagents (constructs) for subsequent mass spectrometric analysis. While the brominated tagging approach shows promise, the use of these specific solid supports has drawbacks, in terms of tagging reaction scale, for real applications in proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siân R. Hudson
- The Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Frances L. Chadbourne
- The Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Philip A. Helliwell
- The Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Elsa Pflimlin
- The Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Jane E. Thomas-Oates
- The Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Routledge
- The Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
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8
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9
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Link A, Heidler P, Kaiser M, Brun R. Synthesis of a series of N6-substituted adenosines with activity against trypanosomatid parasites. Eur J Med Chem 2009; 44:3665-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2009.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2008] [Revised: 02/11/2009] [Accepted: 02/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Zohrabi-Kalantari V, Heidler P, Kaiser M, Brun R, Kamper C, Link A. Inhibitors of adenosine consuming parasites through polymer-assisted N-acylation of N6-substituted 5′-amino-5′-deoxyadenosines. Mol Divers 2009; 14:307-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s11030-009-9176-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2009] [Accepted: 06/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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Tomaszewski MJ, Subramanian P, Santhakumar V. Aminolysis of 3-Phenyl Propylthiol Esters Leading to Diverse Sets of Amides. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/00397910802663352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mirosław J. Tomaszewski
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , AstraZeneca Research and Development , Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pandiaraju Subramanian
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , AstraZeneca Research and Development , Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Vijayaratnam Santhakumar
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , AstraZeneca Research and Development , Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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12
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Link A, Heidler P, Kaiser M, Brun R. Parallel synthesis of a series of non-functional ATP/NAD analogs with activity against trypanosomatid parasites. Mol Divers 2009; 14:215-24. [PMID: 19484371 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-009-9160-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2009] [Accepted: 05/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Non-functional analogs of the cofactors ATP and NAD are putative inhibitors of ATP- or NAD-dependant enzymes. Since pathogenic protozoa rely heavily on the salvage of purine nucleosides from the bloodstream of their host, such compounds are of interest as antiplasmodial and antitrypanosomal agents with a multitude of molecular targets. By replacing the negatively charged phosphate residues with a constrained unsaturated amide spacer and the nicotinamide moiety of NAD with various lipophilic substituents, 15 new ATP/NAD analogs were obtained in screening quantities. In these compounds, a 5'-desoxyadenosine moiety was conserved as key molecular recognition motif. The inhibition of P. falciparum and T. brucei ssp. in a whole parasite in vitro assay is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Link
- Institute of Pharmacy, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Strasse 17, 17487, Greifswald, Germany.
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13
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Chan SJ, Howe AG, Hook JM, Harper JB. (79)Br NMR spectroscopy as a practical tool for kinetic analysis. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2009; 47:342-347. [PMID: 19189283 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.2401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
(79)Br NMR spectroscopy has been used to monitor a series of reactions in which the bromide ion is produced, including the Menschutkin reaction of pyridine with a range of substituted benzyl bromides and a Heck coupling process. In cases where the process could also be monitored using (1)H NMR spectroscopy, the kinetic analyses using heteronuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy were shown to be completely consistent. Both the utility of the process in following reactions which may be difficult to analyse using other techniques and the practical limitations associated with solvent choice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Jia Chan
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
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14
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Inhibitors of adenosine consuming parasites through polymer-assisted solution phase synthesis of lipophilic 5′-amido-5′-deoxyadenosine derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:1428-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2008] [Revised: 01/12/2009] [Accepted: 01/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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15
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Synthesis of novel 1,4-benzoxazin-3-one derivatives as inhibitors against tyrosine kinases. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:699-708. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2008] [Revised: 11/18/2008] [Accepted: 11/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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17
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Kercher T, Rao C, Bencsik JR, Josey JA. Diversification of the Three-Component Coupling of 2-Aminoheterocycles, Aldehydes, and Isonitriles: Efficient Parallel Synthesis of a Diverse and Druglike Library of Imidazo- and Tetrahydroimidazo[1,2-a] Heterocycles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 9:1177-87. [PMID: 17824665 DOI: 10.1021/cc0700290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Due to their diverse range of biological activities, imidazoheterocycles are recognized as privileged structures making these structural motifs attractive targets for library preparation. We report herein the synthesis of a sizable collection of imidazo[1,2- a]heterocycle scaffolds well-suited for divergent library preparation by virtue of amine functional handles with diverse positioning and connectivities. Partial reduction of imidazo[1,2- a]pyrazines to the tetrahydroimidazo[1,2- a]pyrazines and regiospecific Mannich-type bond formation at the C-3 of imidazo[1,2- a]pyridine under mild conditions achieved additional topological and connective diversity within the scaffold collection. Subsequent parallel reaction of the functionalized imidazoheterocycles with polystyrene-tetrafluorophenol esters and sulfonates produced a 7500 compound library in high purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Kercher
- Array BioPharma Inc., 3200 Walnut Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301, USA
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18
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Wallner FK, Spjut S, Boström D, Elofsson M. Synthesis and evaluation of 2-(2-fluoro-4-hydroxymethyl-5-methoxy-phenoxy)acetic acid as a linker in solid-phase synthesis monitored by gel-phase19F NMR spectroscopy. Org Biomol Chem 2007; 5:2464-71. [PMID: 17637968 DOI: 10.1039/b704472k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Gel-phase (19)F NMR spectroscopy is a useful monitoring technique for solid-phase organic chemistry due to the high information content it delivers and swift acquisition times, using standard NMR spectrometers. This paper describes the synthesis of the novel linker 2-(2-fluoro-4-hydroxymethyl-5-methoxy-phenoxy)acetic acid in 29% yield over seven steps, using nucleophilic aromatic substitutions on 2,4,5-trifluorobenzonitrile as key steps. Following standard solid-phase synthesis a peptide could be cleaved from the linker using 20% TFA in CH(2)Cl(2) in 30 minutes, in contrast to a previously described monoalkoxy linker that requires 90% TFA in water at elevated temperature. A resin-bound peptide could be successfully glycosylated using only two equivalents of a thioglycoside donor, activated with N-iodosuccinimide and trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, and subsequent cleavage and deprotection gave the target glycopeptide. Direct glycosylation of the linker itself followed by mild acidic cleavage gave a fully protected hemiacetal for further chemical manipulation.
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19
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Freitag M, Kaiser M, Larsen T, Zohrabi-Kalantari V, Heidler P, Link A. Synthesis and antiplasmodial activity of new N-[3-(4-{3-[(7-chloroquinolin-4-yl)amino]propyl}piperazin-1-yl)propyl]carboxamides. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 15:2782-8. [PMID: 17280835 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2006] [Revised: 12/14/2006] [Accepted: 12/22/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The parallel acylation of N-{3-[4-(3-aminopropyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl}-7-chloroquinolin-4-amine with polymer-bound carboxylic acids opened straightforward access to novel aminoquinolines with activity against Plasmodium falciparum strains in vitro. Using this amino scaffold prepared in solution and polymer-bound carboxylic, we have synthesized a series of 29 new compounds in good to excellent yield and purity. Biological evaluation included determination of the activity against a chloroquine (CQ) sensitive strain and a CQ resistant mutant. Most of the novel structures presented here displayed activity against both strains in the lower nanomolar range, four compounds showed an at least fourfold increase in the ratio of inhibition of CQ resistant to sensitive strains over CQ itself. These results suggest that this derivatization technique is a useful method to speed up structure-activity relationship studies on aminoquinolines toward improved activity versus CQ resistant strains of P. falciparum in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Freitag
- Institute of Pharmacy, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Strasse 17, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
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20
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Wallner FK, Elofsson M. NMR tube filter reactor for solid-phase synthesis and gel-phase 19F NMR spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY 2006; 8:150-2. [PMID: 16529507 DOI: 10.1021/cc050144f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik K Wallner
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden
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21
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Solid supported active esters as linkers: modification of reactivity using iron carbonyl complexes. Tetrahedron Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.11.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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22
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23
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Levell J, Astles P, Eastwood P, Cairns J, Houille O, Aldous S, Merriman G, Whiteley B, Pribish J, Czekaj M, Liang G, Maignan S, Guilloteau JP, Dupuy A, Davidson J, Harrison T, Morley A, Watson S, Fenton G, McCarthy C, Romano J, Mathew R, Engers D, Gardyan M, Sides K, Kwong J, Tsay J, Rebello S, Shen L, Wang J, Luo Y, Giardino O, Lim HK, Smith K, Pauls H. Structure based design of 4-(3-aminomethylphenyl)piperidinyl-1-amides: novel, potent, selective, and orally bioavailable inhibitors of betaII tryptase. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:2859-72. [PMID: 15781396 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2005] [Revised: 02/08/2005] [Accepted: 02/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Tryptase is a serine protease found almost exclusively in mast cells. It has trypsin-like specificity, favoring cleavage of substrates with an arginine (or lysine) at the P1 position, and has optimal catalytic activity at neutral pH. Current evidence suggests tryptase beta is the most important form released during mast cell activation in allergic diseases. It is shown to have numerous pro-inflammatory cellular activities in vitro, and in animal models tryptase provokes broncho-constriction and induces a cellular inflammatory infiltrate characteristic of human asthma. Screening of in-house inhibitors of factor Xa (a closely related serine protease) identified beta-amidoester benzamidines as potent inhibitors of recombinant human betaII tryptase. X-ray structure driven template modification and exchange of the benzamidine to optimize potency and pharmacokinetic properties gave selective, potent and orally bioavailable 4-(3-aminomethyl phenyl)piperidinyl-1-amides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Levell
- Drug Innovation and Approval, Aventis Pharmaceuticals, 1041 Route 202-206, Mail Stop N-103A, Bridgewater, NJ 08807-6800, USA.
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24
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Dolle RE, MacLeod C, Martinez-Teipel B, Barker W, Seida PR, Herbertz T. Solid/Solution-Phase Annulation Reagents: Single-Step Synthesis of Cyclic Amine Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200501665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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25
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Dolle RE, MacLeod C, Martinez-Teipel B, Barker W, Seida PR, Herbertz T. Solid/Solution-Phase Annulation Reagents: Single-Step Synthesis of Cyclic Amine Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005; 44:5830-3. [PMID: 16078285 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200501665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roland E Dolle
- Department of Chemistry, Adolor Corporation, 700 Pennsylvania Drive, Exton, PA 19341, USA.
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26
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Abstract
The advent of large-scale NMR-based screening has enabled new strategies for the design of novel, potent inhibitors of therapeutic targets. In particular, fragment-based strategies, in which molecular portions of the final high-affinity ligand are experimentally identified prior to chemical synthesis, have found widespread utility. This chapter will discuss some of the practical considerations for identifying and utilizing these fragment leads in drug design, with special emphasis on some of the lessons learned from more than a decade of industry experience.
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27
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Tatsuta M, Kataoka M, Yasoshima K, Sakakibara S, Shogase Y, Shimazaki M, Yura T, Li Y, Yamamoto N, Gupta J, Urbahns K. Benzimidazoles as non-peptide luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) antagonists. Part 3: Discovery of 1-(1H-benzimidazol-5-yl)-3-tert-butylurea derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:2265-9. [PMID: 15837306 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2005] [Accepted: 03/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
1-(1H-Benzimidazol-5-yl)-3-tert-butylurea derivatives have been identified as a novel class of non-peptide luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) antagonists. Herein, we disclose the synthesis and structure-activity relationships (SAR) of this class resulting in the identification of compound 12c, with dual functional activity on human and rat receptors (rat LHRH: IC50=120 nM; human LHRH: IC50=18 nM). These SAR studies suggest that 1-(1H-benzimidazol-5-yl)-3-tert-butylurea is a new pharmacophore for small molecule LHRH antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Tatsuta
- Department of Chemistry, Research Center Kyoto, Bayer Yakuhin, Ltd, Kizu, Soraku, Kyoto 619-0216, Japan.
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28
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Coumbarides GS, Dingjan M, Eames J, Flinn A, Northen J, Yohannes Y. Efficient parallel resolution of an active ester of 2-phenylpropionic acid using quasi-enantiomeric Evans’ oxazolidinones. Tetrahedron Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.02.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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29
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Heidler P, Zohrabi-Kalantari V, Calmels T, Capet M, Berrebi-Bertrand I, Schwartz JC, Stark H, Link A. Parallel synthesis and dopamine D3/D2 receptor screening of novel {4-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl]butyl}carboxamides. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:2009-14. [PMID: 15727854 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2004] [Accepted: 01/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We have applied a fast and high-yielding method for the parallel amidation of 4-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-butylamine yielding analogs of the partial dopamine receptor agonist BP 897. Using this amino scaffold prepared in solution and polymer-bound carboxylic acid equivalents, we have synthesized a series of high affinity dopamine D(3) receptor ligands. The novel compounds were obtained in good to excellent yield and purity. Biological evaluation included determination of binding affinities at hD(2S) and hD(3) receptor subtypes. From the 22 novel structures presented here, compound 4v showed high affinity (K(i) (hD(3)) 1.6nM) and a 136-fold preference for the D(3) receptor versus that for the D(2) receptor subtype. Our results suggest that this derivatization technique is a useful method to speed up structure-activity relationships studies on dopamine receptor subtype modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Heidler
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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30
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Abstract
Functionalized "designer" polymers derived from ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMPgels) are attractive for their high loading, high purity, and ease of synthesis. Their physical state may vary from liquid to gel to granular solid, making a general method of handling these polymers difficult. By incorporating a suitable norbornene-substituted linker on standard Wang beads, ROMPgels can be easily grafted onto the resin, adding the convenience of a bead format while still maintaining the high loading and excellent site accessibility. This advantage is demonstrated by the use of an N-hydroxysuccinimide ROMPgel (3.3 mmol g(-1), a 3-fold increase from the parent linker resin) in IRORI Kan format. Conditions for the acylation of these IRORI-formatted ROMPgels are reported, along with the scope and limitations of the choice of acylating reagents. Yields are greatly improved by the use of perfluorinated solvents as a nonparticipating cosolvent in the acylation process. A simple titration method for the quantification of the acylated ROMPgels is also reported. Spent Kans are regenerated after each use without apparent loss of activity or purity after several cycles. Due to the high loading and reduced swelling of the ROMPgel resin, up to 0.39 mmol acyl group has successfully been recovered from a single IRORI miniKan, demonstrating the high capacity of the resin and applicability to both lead discovery and optimization programs.
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31
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Convers E, Tye H, Whittaker M. Preparation and evaluation of bipyridyl-tagged reagents and scavengers. Tetrahedron 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2004.05.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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32
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Mogemark M, Gårdmo F, Tengel T, Kihlberg J, Elofsson M. Gel-phase19F NMR spectral quality for resins commonly used in solid-phase organic synthesis; a study of peptide solid-phase glycosylations. Org Biomol Chem 2004; 2:1770-6. [PMID: 15188045 DOI: 10.1039/b404802d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The spectroscopic properties for seven different commercial resins used in solid-phase synthesis were investigated with (19)F NMR spectroscopy. A fluorine-labeled dipeptide was synthesized on each resin, and the resolution of the (19)F resonances in CDCl(3), DMSO-d(6), benzene-d(6) and CD(3)OD were measured with a conventional NMR spectrometer, i.e. without using magic angle spinning. In general, resins containing poly(ethylene glycol) chains (ArgoGel, TentaGel and PEGA) were found to be favorable for the (19)F NMR spectral quality. Three serine containing tri-, penta-, and heptapeptides were then prepared on an ArgoGel resin functionalized with a fluorine-labeled linker. The resin bound peptides were glycosylated utilizing a thiogalactoside glycosyl donor carrying fluorine-labeled protective groups. Monitoring of the glycosylations with gel-phase (19)F NMR spectroscopy allowed each glycopeptide to be formed in similar 80% yield, using a minimal amount of glycosyl donor (3 x 2 equivalents). In addition, it was found that the glycosylation yields were independent of peptide length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickael Mogemark
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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33
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Mogemark M, Elofsson M, Kihlberg J. Solid-phase synthesis of alpha-Gal epitopes: on-resin analysis of solid-phase oligosaccharide synthesis with 19F NMR spectroscopy. J Org Chem 2003; 68:7281-8. [PMID: 12968877 DOI: 10.1021/jo034581x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A route for solid-phase synthesis of the alpha-Gal epitopes Gal(alpha1-3)Gal(beta1-4)Glc and Gal(alpha1-3)Gal(beta1-4)GlcNAc is described. These trisaccharide antigens are responsible for hyperacute rejection in xenotransplantation of porcine organs. Optimization of the solid-phase synthesis relied on use of fluorinated protective groups for the carbohydrate building blocks and use of a fluorinated linker. This allowed convenient on-resin analysis of the reactions with gel-phase (19)F NMR spectroscopy. Conditions were established which allowed reductive ring-opening of 4,6-O-benzylidene acetals to be performed on the solid phase with high regioselectivity to furnish the corresponding 6-O-benzyl ethers. It was found that glycosylations could be conveniently carried out by using thioglycosides as donors with N-iodosuccinimide and trifluoromethanesulfonic acid as the promoter system. With use of these conditions a challenging alpha-glycosidic linkage was successfully installed with complete stereoselectivity in the final glycosylation. It was also established that fluorinated benzoates, benzyl ethers, and benzylidene acetals display almost identical chemical properties as their nonfluorinated counterparts, a finding that is essential for future use of fluorinated protective groups in solid-phase oligosaccharide synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickael Mogemark
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden, and AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
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34
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Walsh D, Wu D, Chang YT. Understanding the effects of the polymer support on reaction rates and kinetics: knowledge toward efficient synthetic design. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2003; 7:353-61. [PMID: 12826123 DOI: 10.1016/s1367-5931(03)00054-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Solid-phase organic synthesis (SPOS) has an ever-expanding role in the field of organic synthesis. Partially out of difficulty, and partially from the rapid speed of progress, few basic studies on the role of the physical structure of the resin have been undertaken, and the dissemination of the existing knowledge has been slow. Major advances have been made in the understanding of the many factors that govern a SPOS reaction's performance as a function of the choice of solid support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Walsh
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 29 Washington Place, Brown Building, Room 564, New York, NY 10003, USA
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35
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Lee JW, Louie YQ, Walsh DP, Chang YT. Nitrophenol resins for facile amide and sulfonamide library synthesis. JOURNAL OF COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY 2003; 5:330-5. [PMID: 12739950 DOI: 10.1021/cc0200890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Novel nitrophenol solid supports based on various resin materials (polystyrene, TentaGel, macroporous, PEGA, and silica gel) are reported for facile amide and sulfonamide library synthesis. The broad choice of resin materials available will allow the reaction to occur successfully in solvents ranging from nonpolar organic solvents to aqueous media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Wook Lee
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
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36
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Salvino JM, Gerard B, Ye HF, Sauvagnat B, Dolle RE. The solid-phase synthesis and use of N-monosubstituted piperazines in chemical library synthesis. JOURNAL OF COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY 2003; 5:260-6. [PMID: 12739942 DOI: 10.1021/cc020060w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An efficient solid-phase synthesis of mono-N-substituted piperazines is presented. The key transformation involves a selective borane amide bond reduction in the presence of a carbamate resin linkage. This synthetic route takes advantage of the large diverse pool of commercially available carboxylic acids, acid chlorides, and sulfonyl chlorides. The solid-phase approach facilitates parallel processing by eliminating the need for column chromatography after each synthetic step. The N-monosubstituted piperazines were shown to react with polymeric activated tetrafluorophenol (TFP) reagents to generate arrays of amides and sulfonamides in good purity for biological testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Salvino
- Combinatorial Chemistry Department, Adolor Corporation, 371 Phoenixville Pike, Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355, USA
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37
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Humphrey CE, Easson MAM, Tierney JP, Turner NJ. Solid-supported cyclohexane-1,3-dione (CHD): a "capture and release" reagent for the synthesis of amides and novel scavenger resin. Org Lett 2003; 5:849-52. [PMID: 12633088 DOI: 10.1021/ol027503p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] A three-step synthesis of cyclohexane-1,3-dione (CHD) resin 6 on polystyrene resin is described. Resin 6 was used to prepare an amide library of high purity by microwave-assisted serial "capture and release" and can be recycled for this purpose. High-loading CHD resin 10 was also shown to scavenge allyl cations in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara E Humphrey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JJ, UK
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38
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Horton DA, Bourne GT, Smythe ML. The combinatorial synthesis of bicyclic privileged structures or privileged substructures. Chem Rev 2003; 103:893-930. [PMID: 12630855 DOI: 10.1021/cr020033s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2447] [Impact Index Per Article: 116.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas A Horton
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072 Queensland, Australia
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39
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Hulme C, Bienaymé H, Nixey T, Chenera B, Jones W, Tempest P, Smith AL. Library Generation via Postcondensation Modifications of Isocyanide-Based Multicomponent Reactions. Methods Enzymol 2003; 369:469-96. [PMID: 14722968 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(03)69024-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Hulme
- Amgen Inc., Department of Small Molecule Drug Discovery, One Amgen Center Drive, 29-1-B, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, USA
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40
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Herpin TF, Morton GC. Directed Sorting Approach for the Synthesis of Large Combinatorial Libraries of Discrete Compounds. Methods Enzymol 2003; 369:75-99. [PMID: 14722948 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(03)69004-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy F Herpin
- Rhône-Poulenec Rorer, 500 Arcola Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, USA
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41
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Salvino JM, Dolle RE. The Development and Application of Tetrafluorophenol-Activated Resins for Rapid Amine Derivatization. Methods Enzymol 2003; 369:151-63. [PMID: 14722952 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(03)69008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Salvino
- Adolor Corporation, 700 Pennsylvania Drive, Exton, Pennsylvania 19345, USA
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42
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Mogemark M, Elofsson M, Kihlberg J. Fluorinated protective groups for on-resin quantification of solid-phase oligosaccharide synthesis with 19F NMR spectroscopy. Chembiochem 2002; 3:1266-9. [PMID: 12465038 DOI: 10.1002/1439-7633(20021202)3:12<1266::aid-cbic1266>3.0.co;2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mickael Mogemark
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
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43
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Lakshmipathi P, Crévisy C, Grée R. Reaction monitoring in LPOS by 19F NMR. Study of soluble polymer supports with fluorine in spacer or linker components of supports. JOURNAL OF COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY 2002; 4:612-21. [PMID: 12425606 DOI: 10.1021/cc0200179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Various soluble polystyrene supports with fluorinated spacer or linker were prepared and studied by (19)F NMR for their use in LPOS reaction monitoring. Among three types of systems studied, the perfluoro Wang linker was found to be most efficient for this purpose. Substrates could be easily anchored to and cleaved from this new support-bound linker. The anchoring of the linker and the substrates on the polymer led to significant changes in the fluorine resonances. Therefore, the progress of these reactions could be both monitored and quantified. On the other hand, the chemical transformations on the anchored substrates led only to moderate changes in the fluorine resonances. Nevertheless, the reaction progress could also be monitored in this case. After cleavage of products, the polymer supports were recovered without loss in loading. Membrane separation technology was used to purify some polymer-bound products as well as to obtain the polymer-free cleaved product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pandarinathan Lakshmipathi
- Laboratoire de Synthèses et Activations de Biomolecules, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS UMR 6052, Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35700 Rennes, France
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44
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Gooding OW, Vo L, Bhattacharyya S, Labadie JW. Use of statistical design of experiments in the optimization of amide synthesis utilizing polystyrene-supported N-hydroxybenzotriazole resin. JOURNAL OF COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY 2002; 4:576-83. [PMID: 12425602 DOI: 10.1021/cc0200282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two fields that routinely perform reaction optimization studies are chemical development (prior to scale-up) and medicinal or combinatorial chemistry (prior to analogue synthesis or library production). To date, the use of statistical design of experiments (DoE) in conjunction with automated synthesizers has been applied in process research to a greater extent than in the medicinal or combinatorial laboratories. We have applied DoE in conjunction with an automated synthesizer to optimize the synthesis of amides employing resin-bound N-hydroxybenzotriazole (PS-HOBt) active esters as intermediates. This methodology allowed the rapid development of an improved protocol for the parallel synthesis of amides by conversion of carboxylic acids to PS-HOBt esters followed by treatment with appropriate amines. Product isolation involved only simple filtration and evaporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen W Gooding
- Argonaut Technologies, 1101 Chess Drive, Foster City, California 94404, USA.
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45
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Rapid generation of cis-constrained norstatine analogs using a TMSN3-modified Passerini MCC/N-capping strategy. Tetrahedron Lett 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(02)01505-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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46
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Walsh DP, Pang C, Parikh PB, Kim YS, Chang YT. Comparative resin kinetics using in situ fluorescence measurements. JOURNAL OF COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY 2002; 4:204-8. [PMID: 12005479 DOI: 10.1021/cc010063t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aminolysis of a novel activated ester resin was utilized for kinetic study via continuous in situ fluorescence measurements. A variety of resin compositions (polystyrene, JandaJel, ArgoPore, TentaGel, NovaGel, and PEGA) and solvents (dimethylformamide, acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, 1,2-dichlorethane, and toluene) were tested to compare their effects on the reaction rate. A linear relationship between the reaction rate and (solvent polarity x swelling of resin) was elucidated for the aminolysis reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Walsh
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
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47
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Corbett AD, Gleason JL. Preparation of active esters on solid support for aqueous-phase peptide couplings. Tetrahedron Lett 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)02389-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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48
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Dolle RE. Comprehensive survey of combinatorial library synthesis: 2000. JOURNAL OF COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY 2001; 3:477-517. [PMID: 11703143 DOI: 10.1021/cc010049g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R E Dolle
- Department of Chemistry, Adolor Corporation, 371 Phoenixville Pike, Malvern, PA 19355, USA.
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49
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Irving MM, Kshirsagar T, Figliozzi GM, Yan B. Repeated use of solid supports in combinatorial synthesis: the case of Marshall resin recycling. JOURNAL OF COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY 2001; 3:407-9. [PMID: 11549357 DOI: 10.1021/cc010024h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M M Irving
- ChemRx Advanced Technologies, Inc., 385 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
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