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Tamimi P, Fattahi M, Ghaderi A, Firooz A, Shirvani F, Alkhen A, Zamani S. Terbinafine-resistant T. indotineae due to F397L/L393S or F397L/L393F mutation among corticoid-related tinea incognita patients. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2024; 22:922-934. [PMID: 38924688 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.15440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Tinea incognita (TI) can mimic other dermatoses, presenting a diagnostic challenge for dermatologists. In some uncertain cases, it is crucial to accurately identify the causative agent using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing. The global issue of drug-resistant dermatophytosis is increasing, with Trichophyton (T.) indotineae being the main cause. This study presents four cases of TI (diagnosed as eczema) by terbinafine-resistant T. indotineae strains and reviews the current global TI epidemiology based on geographical continent and related conditions. Furthermore, squalene epoxidase (SQLE)-associated resistance mechanisms are evaluated. Lesions caused by terbinafine-resistant T. indotineae strains do not respond to allylamine antifungals, thus allowing the infection to spread. Among T. indotineae isolates, the SQLE F397L substitution is the most prevalent mutation contributing to azole resistance. F397L and L393F replacements in SQLE were detected in all isolates that exhibited high-level resistance. L393S was seen in isolates with low-resistant strains. Interestingly, and for the first time, an L393F amino acid substitution in the SQLE gene product was detected in the Iranian clinical T. indotineae strain. Also, a genomics-based update on terbinafine resistance that focuses on T. indotineae is discussed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pegah Tamimi
- Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Fattahi
- Immunology, Asthma and Allergy Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Children's Medical Center, Pediatric Center of Excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aliasghar Ghaderi
- Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Firooz
- Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariba Shirvani
- Pediatric Infections Research Center, Research Institute for Children Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Shayan Zamani
- Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Mahmood HR, Shams-Ghahfarokhi M, Salehi Z, Razzaghi-Abyaneh M. Epidemiological trends, antifungal drug susceptibility and SQLE point mutations in etiologic species of human dermatophytosis in Al-Diwaneyah, Iraq. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12669. [PMID: 38830918 PMCID: PMC11148054 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63425-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Dermatophytes show a wide geographic distribution and are the main causative agents of skin fungal infections in many regions of the world. Recently, their resistance to antifungal drugs has led to an obstacle to effective treatment. To address the lack of dermatophytosis data in Iraq, this study was designed to investigate the distribution and prevalence of dermatophytes in the human population and single point mutations in squalene epoxidase gene (SQLE) of terbinafine resistant isolates. The identification of 102 dermatophytes isolated from clinical human dermatophytosis was performed through morphological and microscopic characteristics followed by molecular analysis based on ITS and TEF-1α sequencing. Phylogeny was achieved through RAxML analysis. CLSI M38-A2 protocol was used to assess antifungal susceptibility of the isolates to four major antifungal drugs. Additionally, the presence of point mutations in SQLE gene, which are responsible for terbinafine resistance was investigated. Tinea corporis was the most prevalent clinical manifestation accounting for 37.24% of examined cases of dermatophytosis. Based on ITS, T. indotineae (50.98%), T. mentagrophytes (19.61%), and M. canis (29.41%) was identified as an etiologic species. T. indotineae and T. mentagrophytes strains were identified as T. interdigitale based on TEF-1α. Terbinafine showed the highest efficacy among the tested antifungal drugs. T. indotineae and T. mentagrophytes showed the highest resistance to antifungal drugs with MICs of 2-4 and 4 μg/mL, while M. canis was the most susceptible species. Three of T. indotineae isolates showed mutations in SQLE gene Phe397Leu substitution. A non-previously described point mutation, Phe311Leu was identified in T. indotineae and mutations Lys276Asn, Phe397Leu and Leu419Phe were diagnosed in T. mentagrophytes XVII. The results of mutation analysis showed that Phe397Leu was a destabilizing mutation; protein stability has decreased with variations in pH, and point mutations affected the interatomic interaction, resulting in bond disruption. These results could help to control the progression of disease effectively and make decisions regarding the selection of appropriate drugs for dermatophyte infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein R Mahmood
- Department of Mycology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, 14115-331, Iran
- Department of Pathological Analysis, Faculty of Sciences, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq
| | - Masoomeh Shams-Ghahfarokhi
- Department of Mycology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, 14115-331, Iran.
| | - Zahra Salehi
- Department of Mycology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, 1316943551, Iran
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Wang S, Sun X, Han Y, Li Z, Lu X, Shi H, Zhang CY, Wong A, Yu A. Sustainable biosynthesis of squalene from waste cooking oil by the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica. Metab Eng Commun 2024; 18:e00240. [PMID: 38948667 PMCID: PMC11214311 DOI: 10.1016/j.mec.2024.e00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Squalene is a highly sought-after triterpene compound in growing demand, and its production offers a promising avenue for circular economy practices. In this study, we applied metabolic engineering principles to enhance squalene production in the nonconventional yeast Yarrowia lipolytica, using waste cooking oil as a substrate. By overexpressing key enzymes in the mevalonate pathway - specifically ERG9 encoding squalene synthase, ERG20 encoding farnesyl diphosphate synthase, and HMGR encoding hydroxy-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase - we achieved a yield of 779.9 mg/L of squalene. Further co-overexpression of DGA1, encoding diacylglycerol acyltransferase, and CAT2, encoding carnitine acetyltransferase, in combination with prior metabolic enhancements, boosted squalene production to 1381.4 mg/L in the engineered strain Po1g17. To enhance the supply of the precursor acetyl-CoA and inhibit downstream squalene conversion, we supplemented with 6 g/L pyruvic acid and 0.7 mg/L terbinafine, resulting in an overall squalene titer of 2594.1 mg/L. These advancements underscore the potential for sustainable, large-scale squalene production using Y. lipolytica cell factories, contributing to circular economy initiatives by valorizing waste materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No.29 the 13th Street TEDA, Tianjin, 300457, PR China
| | - Xu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No.29 the 13th Street TEDA, Tianjin, 300457, PR China
| | - Yuqing Han
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No.29 the 13th Street TEDA, Tianjin, 300457, PR China
| | - Zhuo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No.29 the 13th Street TEDA, Tianjin, 300457, PR China
| | - Xiaocong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No.29 the 13th Street TEDA, Tianjin, 300457, PR China
| | - Hongrui Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No.29 the 13th Street TEDA, Tianjin, 300457, PR China
| | - Cui-ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No.29 the 13th Street TEDA, Tianjin, 300457, PR China
| | - Adison Wong
- Food, Chemical and Biotechnology Cluster, Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore, 138683, Singapore
| | - Aiqun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No.29 the 13th Street TEDA, Tianjin, 300457, PR China
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Gupta AK, Talukder M, Shemer A, Galili E. Safety and efficacy of new generation azole antifungals in the management of recalcitrant superficial fungal infections and onychomycosis. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2024; 22:399-412. [PMID: 38841996 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2024.2362911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Terbinafine is considered the gold standard for treating skin fungal infections and onychomycosis. However, recent reports suggest that dermatophytes are developing resistance to terbinafine and the other traditional antifungal agents, itraconazole and fluconazole. When there is resistance to terbinafine, itraconazole or fluconazole, or when these agents cannot used, for example, due to potential drug interactions with the patient's current medications, clinicians may need to consider off-label use of new generation azoles, such as voriconazole, posaconazole, fosravuconazole, or oteseconazole. It is essential to emphasize that we do not advocate the use of newer generation azoles unless traditional agents such as terbinafine, itraconazole, or fluconazole have been thoroughly evaluated as first-line therapies. AREAS COVERED This article reviews the clinical evidence, safety, dosage regimens, pharmacokinetics, and management algorithm of new-generation azole antifungals. EXPERT OPINION Antifungal stewardship should be the top priority when prescribing new-generation azoles. First-line antifungal therapy is terbinafine and itraconazole. Fluconazole is a consideration but is generally less effective and its use may be off-label in many countries. For difficult-to-treat skin fungal infections and onychomycosis, that have failed terbinafine, itraconazole and fluconazole, we propose consideration of off-label voriconazole or posaconazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya K Gupta
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Mediprobe Research Inc., London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mesbah Talukder
- Mediprobe Research Inc., London, Ontario, Canada
- School of Pharmacy, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Avner Shemer
- Department of Dermatology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eran Galili
- Department of Dermatology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Liu Q, Zhang Y, Li H, Gao H, Zhou Y, Luo D, Shan Z, Yang Y, Weng J, Li Q, Yang W, Li X. Squalene epoxidase promotes the chemoresistance of colorectal cancer via (S)-2,3-epoxysqualene-activated NF-κB. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:278. [PMID: 38762737 PMCID: PMC11102232 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01649-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While de novo cholesterol biosynthesis plays a crucial role in chemotherapy resistance of colorectal cancer (CRC), the underlying molecular mechanism remains poorly understood. METHODS We conducted cell proliferation assays on CRC cells with or without depletion of squalene epoxidase (SQLE), with or without 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) treatment. Additionally, a xenograft mouse model was utilized to explore the impact of SQLE on the chemosensitivity of CRC to 5-FU. RNA-sequencing analysis and immunoblotting analysis were performed to clarify the mechanism. We further explore the effect of SQLE depletion on the ubiquitin of NF-κB inhibitor alpha (IκBα) and (S)-2,3-epoxysqualene on the binding of IκBα to beta-transducin repeat containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase (BTRC) by using immunoprecipitation assay. In addition, a cohort of 272 CRC patients were selected for our clinical analyses. RESULTS Mechanistically, (S)-2,3-epoxysqualene promotes IκBα degradation and subsequent NF-κB activation by enhancing the interaction between BTRC and IκBα. Activated NF-κB upregulates the expression of baculoviral IAP repeat containing 3 (BIRC3), sustains tumor cell survival after 5-FU treatment and promotes 5-FU resistance of CRC in vivo. Notably, the treatment of terbinafine, an inhibitor of SQLE commonly used as antifungal drug in clinic, enhances the sensitivity of CRC to 5-FU in vivo. Additionally, the expression of SQLE is associated with the prognosis of human CRC patients with 5-FU-based chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS Thus, our finding not only demonstrates a new role of SQLE in chemoresistance of CRC, but also reveals a novel mechanism of (S)-2,3-epoxysqualene-dependent NF-κB activation, implicating the combined potential of terbinafine for 5-FU-based CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yajuan Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Thoracic Oncology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Huimin Li
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yijie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Dakui Luo
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zezhi Shan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yufei Yang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junyong Weng
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingguo Li
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiwei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xinxiang Li
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Pătruică S, Adeiza SM, Hulea A, Alexa E, Cocan I, Moraru D, Imbrea I, Floares D, Pet I, Imbrea F, Obiștioiu D. Romanian Bee Product Analysis: Chemical Composition, Antimicrobial Activity, and Molecular Docking Insights. Foods 2024; 13:1455. [PMID: 38790755 PMCID: PMC11119262 DOI: 10.3390/foods13101455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Bee products are considered true wonders of nature, used since ancient times, and studied even today for their various biological activities. In this study, we hypothesise that Romanian bee products from different origins (micro apiary products, lyophilised forms, commercial) exhibit distinct chemical compositions, influencing their biological activities. An LC-MS analysis revealed varied polyphenolic content patterns, with cumaric acid, ferulic acid, rosmarinic acid, and quercitine identified in significant amounts across all samples. Primary anti-inflammatory evaluation phases, including the inhibition of haemolysis values and protein denaturation, unveiled a range of protective effects on red blood cells (RBC) and blood proteins, contingent upon the sample concentration. Antimicrobial activity assessments against 12 ATCC strains and 6 pathogenic isolates demonstrated varying efficacy, with propolis samples showing low efficacy, royal jelly forms displaying moderate effectiveness, and apilarnin forms exhibiting good inhibitory activity, mostly against Gram-positive bacteria. Notably, the lyophilised form emerged as the most promising sample, yielding the best results across the biological activities assessed. Furthermore, molecular docking was employed to elucidate the inhibitory potential of compounds identified from these bee products by targeting putative bacterial and fungal proteins. Results from the docking analysis showed rosmarinic and rutin exhibited strong binding energies and interactions with the putative antimicrobial proteins of bacteria (-9.7 kcal/mol to -7.6 kcal/mol) and fungi (-9.5 kcal/mol to -8.1 kcal/mol). The findings in this study support the use of bee products for antimicrobial purposes in a biologically active and eco-friendly proportion while providing valuable insights into their mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pătruică
- Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, University of Life Sciences “King Mihai I” from Timișoara, Calea Aradului nr. 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (S.P.); (D.M.); (I.P.)
| | - Suleiman Mukhtar Adeiza
- Faculty of Life Science, Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810107, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Anca Hulea
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences “King Mihai I” from Timișoara, Calea Aradului no. 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (D.F.); (F.I.); (D.O.)
| | - Ersilia Alexa
- Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Life Sciences “King Mihai I” from Timișoara, Calea Aradului no. 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania (I.C.)
| | - Ileana Cocan
- Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Life Sciences “King Mihai I” from Timișoara, Calea Aradului no. 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania (I.C.)
| | - Dragos Moraru
- Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, University of Life Sciences “King Mihai I” from Timișoara, Calea Aradului nr. 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (S.P.); (D.M.); (I.P.)
| | - Ilinca Imbrea
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Life Sciences “King Mihai I” from Timișoara, Calea Aradului no. 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Doris Floares
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences “King Mihai I” from Timișoara, Calea Aradului no. 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (D.F.); (F.I.); (D.O.)
| | - Ioan Pet
- Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, University of Life Sciences “King Mihai I” from Timișoara, Calea Aradului nr. 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (S.P.); (D.M.); (I.P.)
| | - Florin Imbrea
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences “King Mihai I” from Timișoara, Calea Aradului no. 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (D.F.); (F.I.); (D.O.)
| | - Diana Obiștioiu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences “King Mihai I” from Timișoara, Calea Aradului no. 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (D.F.); (F.I.); (D.O.)
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Wang L, Song X, Cheng YN, Cheng S, Chen T, Li H, Yan J, Wang X, Zhou H. 1,2,4-Triazole benzamide derivative TPB against Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici as a novel dual-target fungicide inhibiting ergosterol synthesis and adenine nucleotide transferase function. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:1717-1727. [PMID: 38010196 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isopropyl 4-(2-chloro-6-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)benzamido)benzoate (TPB) was a 1,2,4-triazole benzoyl arylamine derivative with excellent antifungal activity, especially against Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt). Its mechanism of action was investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation, assays of sterol composition, cell membrane permeability, intracellular ATP and mitochondrial membrane potential, and mPTP permeability, ROS measurement, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis. RESULTS TPB interfered with ergosterol synthesis, reducing ergosterol content, increasing toxic intermediates, and finally causing biomembrane disruption such as increasing cell membrane permeability and content leakage, and destruction of organelle membranes such as coarse endoplasmic reticulum and vacuole. Moreover, TPB destroyed the function of adenine nucleotide transferase (ANT), leading to ATP transport obstruction in mitochondria, inhibiting mPTP opening, inducing intracellular ROS accumulation and mitochondrial membrane potential loss, finally resulting in mitochondrial damage including mitochondria swelled, mitochondrial membrane dissolved, and cristae destroyed and reduced. RNA-seq analyses showed that TPB increased the expression of ERG11, ERG24, ERG6, ERG5, ERG3 and ERG2 genes in ergosterol synthesis pathway, interfered with the expression of genes (NDUFS5, ATPeV0E, NCA2 and Pam17) related to mitochondrial structure, and inhibited the expression of genes (WrbA and GST) related to anti-oxidative stress. CONCLUSIONS TPB exhibited excellent antifungal activity against Ggt by inhibiting ergosterol synthesis and destroying ANT function. So, TPB was a novel compound with dual-target mechanism of action and can be considered a promising novel fungicide for the control of wheat Take-all. The results provided new guides for the structural design of active compounds and powerful tools for pathogen resistance management. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Wang
- High & New Technology Research Center of Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Song
- High & New Technology Research Center of Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Nan Cheng
- Plant Protection College of Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Senxiang Cheng
- High & New Technology Research Center of Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Chen
- High & New Technology Research Center of Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Honglian Li
- Plant Protection College of Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingming Yan
- Plant Protection College of Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiafei Wang
- Plant Protection College of Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Haifeng Zhou
- Plant Protection College of Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
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Shi TQ, Shen YH, Li YW, Huang ZY, Nie ZK, Ye C, Wang YT, Guo Q. Improving the productivity of gibberellic acid by combining small-molecule compounds-based targeting technology and transcriptomics analysis in Fusarium fujikuroi. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 394:130299. [PMID: 38185446 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Gibberellic acid (GA3), produced industrially by Fusarium fujikuroi, stands as a crucial plant growth regulator extensively employed in the agriculture filed while limited understanding of the global metabolic network hinders researchers from conducting rapid targeted modifications. In this study, a small-molecule compounds-based targeting technology was developed to increase GA3 production. Firstly, various small molecules were used to target key nodes of different pathways and the result displayed that supplement of terbinafine improved significantly GA3 accumulation, which reached to 1.08 g/L. Subsequently, lipid and squalene biosynthesis pathway were identified as the key pathways influencing GA3 biosynthesis by transcriptomic analysis. Thus, the strategies including in vivo metabolic engineering modification and in vitro supplementation of lipid substrates were adopted, both contributed to an enhanced GA3 yield. Finally, the engineered strain demonstrated the ability to achieve a GA3 yield of 3.24 g/L in 5 L bioreactor when utilizing WCO as carbon source and feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Qiong Shi
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Road, Nancang 330031, China; School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangxi New Reyphon Biochemical Co., Ltd., Salt and Chemical Industry, Xingan, China
| | - Yi-Hang Shen
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ya-Wen Li
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zi-Yi Huang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhi-Kui Nie
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangxi New Reyphon Biochemical Co., Ltd., Salt and Chemical Industry, Xingan, China
| | - Chao Ye
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing 210023, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of NSLSCS, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yue-Tong Wang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qi Guo
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Zhao Y, Zhang X, An M, Zhang J, Liu Y. Recent advancements in nanomedicine based lipid metabolism for tumour immunotherapy. J Drug Target 2023; 31:1050-1064. [PMID: 37962291 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2023.2283829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Therapy on lipid metabolism is emerging as a groundbreaking cancer treatment, offering the unprecedented opportunity to effectively treat and in several cases. Tumorigenesis is inextricably linked to lipid metabolism. In this regard, the features of lipid metabolism include lipid synthesis, decomposition, metabolism and lipid storage and mobilisation from intracellular lipid droplets. Most importantly, the regulation of lipid metabolism is central to the appropriate immune response of tumour cells, and ultimately to exert the immune efforts to realise the perspective of many anti-tumour effects. Different cancers and immune cells have different dependence on lipid metabolism, playing a pivotal role in differentiation and function of immune cells. However, what lies before the immunotherapy targeting lipid metabolism is side effects of systemic toxicity and defects of individual drugs, which strongly highlights that nanodelivery strategy is a magnet for it to enhance drug efficiency, reduce drug toxicity and improve application deficiencies. This review will first focus on emerging research progress of lipid metabolic reprogramming mechanism, and then explore the complex role of lipid metabolism in the tumour cells including the effect on immune cells and their nano-preparations of monotherapy and multiple therapies used in combination, in a shift away from conventional cancer research.HighlightsThe regulation of lipid metabolism is central to the appropriate immune response of tumour cells, and ultimately to exert the immune efforts to realise the perspective of many anti-tumour effects.Preparations of focusing lipid metabolism have side effects of systemic toxicity and defects of individual drugs. It strongly highlights that nanodelivery strategy is a magnet for it to enhance drug efficiency, reduce drug toxicity and improve application deficiencies.This review will first focus on emerging research progress of lipid metabolic reprogramming mechanism, and then explore the complex role of lipid metabolism in the tumour cells including the effect on immune cells as well as their nano-preparations of monotherapy and multiple therapies used in combination, in a shift away from conventional cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xiaojie Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Min An
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Juntao Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yanhua Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
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Etherington RD, Bailey M, Boyer JB, Armbruster L, Cao X, Coates JC, Meinnel T, Wirtz M, Giglione C, Gibbs DJ. Nt-acetylation-independent turnover of SQUALENE EPOXIDASE 1 by Arabidopsis DOA10-like E3 ligases. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:2086-2104. [PMID: 37427787 PMCID: PMC10602611 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
The acetylation-dependent (Ac/)N-degron pathway degrades proteins through recognition of their acetylated N-termini (Nt) by E3 ligases called Ac/N-recognins. To date, specific Ac/N-recognins have not been defined in plants. Here we used molecular, genetic, and multiomics approaches to characterize potential roles for Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) DEGRADATION OF ALPHA2 10 (DOA10)-like E3 ligases in the Nt-acetylation-(NTA)-dependent turnover of proteins at global- and protein-specific scales. Arabidopsis has two endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized DOA10-like proteins. AtDOA10A, but not the Brassicaceae-specific AtDOA10B, can compensate for loss of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) ScDOA10 function. Transcriptome and Nt-acetylome profiling of an Atdoa10a/b RNAi mutant revealed no obvious differences in the global NTA profile compared to wild type, suggesting that AtDOA10s do not regulate the bulk turnover of NTA substrates. Using protein steady-state and cycloheximide-chase degradation assays in yeast and Arabidopsis, we showed that turnover of ER-localized SQUALENE EPOXIDASE 1 (AtSQE1), a critical sterol biosynthesis enzyme, is mediated by AtDOA10s. Degradation of AtSQE1 in planta did not depend on NTA, but Nt-acetyltransferases indirectly impacted its turnover in yeast, indicating kingdom-specific differences in NTA and cellular proteostasis. Our work suggests that, in contrast to yeast and mammals, targeting of Nt-acetylated proteins is not a major function of DOA10-like E3 ligases in Arabidopsis and provides further insight into plant ERAD and the conservation of regulatory mechanisms controlling sterol biosynthesis in eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross D Etherington
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, West Midlands, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Mark Bailey
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, West Midlands, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Jean-Baptiste Boyer
- CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, 91198, France
| | - Laura Armbruster
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Xulyu Cao
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, West Midlands, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Juliet C Coates
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, West Midlands, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Thierry Meinnel
- CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, 91198, France
| | - Markus Wirtz
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Carmela Giglione
- CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, 91198, France
| | - Daniel J Gibbs
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, West Midlands, B15 2TT, UK
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Zhu H, Zhou R, Cao D, Tang J, Li M. A pharmacophore-guided deep learning approach for bioactive molecular generation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6234. [PMID: 37803000 PMCID: PMC10558534 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41454-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The rational design of novel molecules with the desired bioactivity is a critical but challenging task in drug discovery, especially when treating a novel target family or understudied targets. We propose a Pharmacophore-Guided deep learning approach for bioactive Molecule Generation (PGMG). Through the guidance of pharmacophore, PGMG provides a flexible strategy for generating bioactive molecules. PGMG uses a graph neural network to encode spatially distributed chemical features and a transformer decoder to generate molecules. A latent variable is introduced to solve the many-to-many mapping between pharmacophores and molecules to improve the diversity of the generated molecules. Compared to existing methods, PGMG generates molecules with strong docking affinities and high scores of validity, uniqueness, and novelty. In the case studies, we use PGMG in a ligand-based and structure-based drug de novo design. Overall, the flexibility and effectiveness make PGMG a useful tool to accelerate the drug discovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Zhu
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Renyi Zhou
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Dongsheng Cao
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Jing Tang
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00290, Finland
- Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00290, Finland
| | - Min Li
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
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Mehta D, Saini V, Bajaj A. Recent developments in membrane targeting antifungal agents to mitigate antifungal resistance. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:1603-1628. [PMID: 37731690 PMCID: PMC10507810 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00151b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections cause severe and life-threatening complications especially in immunocompromised individuals. Antifungals targeting cellular machinery and cell membranes including azoles are used in clinical practice to manage topical to systemic fungal infections. However, continuous exposure to clinically used antifungal agents in managing the fungal infections results in the development of multi-drug resistance via adapting different kinds of intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms. The unique chemical composition of fungal membranes presents attractive targets for antifungal drug discovery as it is difficult for fungal cells to modify the membrane targets for emergence of drug resistance. Here, we discussed available antifungal drugs with their detailed mechanism of action and described different antifungal resistance mechanisms. We further emphasized structure-activity relationship studies of membrane-targeting antifungal agents, and classified membrane-targeting antifungal agents on the basis of their core scaffold with detailed pharmacological properties. This review aims to pique the interest of potential researchers who could explore this interesting and intricate fungal realm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devashish Mehta
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Chemical Biology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology Faridabad-121001 Haryana India
| | - Varsha Saini
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Chemical Biology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology Faridabad-121001 Haryana India
| | - Avinash Bajaj
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Chemical Biology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology Faridabad-121001 Haryana India
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Gupta AK, Talukder M, Carviel JL, Cooper EA, Piguet V. Combatting antifungal resistance: Paradigm shift in the diagnosis and management of onychomycosis and dermatomycosis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2023; 37:1706-1717. [PMID: 37210652 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.19217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Antifungal resistance has become prevalent worldwide. Understanding the factors involved in spread of resistance allows the formulation of strategies to slow resistance development and likewise identify solutions for the treatment of highly recalcitrant fungal infections. To investigate the recent explosion of resistant strains, a literature review was performed focusing on four main areas: mechanisms of resistance to antifungal agents, diagnosis of superficial fungal infections, management, and stewardship. The use of traditional diagnostic tools such as culture, KOH analysis and minimum inhibitory concentration values on treatment were investigated and compared to the newer techniques such as molecular methods including whole genome sequencing, and polymerase chain reaction. The management of terbinafine-resistant strains is discussed. We have emphasized the need for antifungal stewardship including increasing surveillance for resistant infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya K Gupta
- Mediprobe Research Inc., London, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mesbah Talukder
- Mediprobe Research Inc., London, Ontario, Canada
- School of Pharmacy, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Vincent Piguet
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Dermatology, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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14
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Lu M, He R, Li C, Liu Z, Chen Y, Yang B, Zhang X, Yu B. Apolipoprotein E deficiency potentiates macrophage against Staphylococcus aureus in mice with osteomyelitis via regulating cholesterol metabolism. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1187543. [PMID: 37529351 PMCID: PMC10387542 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1187543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) osteomyelitis causes a variety of metabolism disorders in microenvironment and cells. Defining the changes in cholesterol metabolism and identifying key factors involved in cholesterol metabolism disorders during S. aureus osteomyelitis is crucial to understanding the mechanisms of S. aureus osteomyelitis and is important in designing host-directed therapeutic strategies. Methods In this study, we conducted in vitro and in vivo experiments to define the effects of S. aureus osteomyelitis on cholesterol metabolism, as well as the role of Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) in regulating cholesterol metabolism by macrophages during S. aureus osteomyelitis. Results The data from GSE166522 showed that cholesterol metabolism disorder was induced by S. aureus osteomyelitis. Loss of cholesterol from macrophage obtained from mice with S. aureus osteomyelitis was detected by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS), which is consistent with Filipin III staining results. Changes in intracellular cholesterol content influenced bactericidal capacity of macrophage. Subsequently, it was proven by gene set enrichment analysis and qPCR, that ApoE played a key role in developing cholesterol metabolism disorder in S. aureus osteomyelitis. ApoE deficiency in macrophages resulted in increased resistance to S. aureus. ApoE-deficient mice manifested abated bone destruction and decreased bacteria load. Moreover, the combination of transcriptional analysis, qPCR, and killing assay showed that ApoE deficiency led to enhanced cholesterol biosynthesis in macrophage, ameliorating anti-infection ability. Conclusion We identified a previously unrecognized role of ApoE in S. aureus osteomyelitis from the perspective of metabolic reprogramming. Hence, during treating S. aureus osteomyelitis, considering cholesterol metabolism as a potential therapeutic target presents a new research direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mincheng Lu
- Division of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Department of Orthopedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ruiyi He
- Division of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Department of Orthopedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chao Li
- Division of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Department of Orthopedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zixian Liu
- Division of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Department of Orthopedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuhui Chen
- Division of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Department of Orthopedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Bingsheng Yang
- Division of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Department of Orthopedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xianrong Zhang
- Division of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Department of Orthopedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Bin Yu
- Division of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Department of Orthopedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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15
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Rao A, de Kok NAW, Driessen AJM. Membrane Adaptations and Cellular Responses of Sulfolobus acidocaldarius to the Allylamine Terbinafine. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087328. [PMID: 37108491 PMCID: PMC10138448 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular membranes are essential for compartmentalization, maintenance of permeability, and fluidity in all three domains of life. Archaea belong to the third domain of life and have a distinct phospholipid composition. Membrane lipids of archaea are ether-linked molecules, specifically bilayer-forming dialkyl glycerol diethers (DGDs) and monolayer-forming glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs). The antifungal allylamine terbinafine has been proposed as an inhibitor of GDGT biosynthesis in archaea based on radiolabel incorporation studies. The exact target(s) and mechanism of action of terbinafine in archaea remain elusive. Sulfolobus acidocaldarius is a strictly aerobic crenarchaeon thriving in a thermoacidophilic environment, and its membrane is dominated by GDGTs. Here, we comprehensively analyzed the lipidome and transcriptome of S. acidocaldarius in the presence of terbinafine. Depletion of GDGTs and the accompanying accumulation of DGDs upon treatment with terbinafine were growth phase-dependent. Additionally, a major shift in the saturation of caldariellaquinones was observed, which resulted in the accumulation of unsaturated molecules. Transcriptomic data indicated that terbinafine has a multitude of effects, including significant differential expression of genes in the respiratory complex, motility, cell envelope, fatty acid metabolism, and GDGT cyclization. Combined, these findings suggest that the response of S. acidocaldarius to terbinafine inhibition involves respiratory stress and the differential expression of genes involved in isoprenoid biosynthesis and saturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alka Rao
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Niels A W de Kok
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arnold J M Driessen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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16
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Liu N, Tu J, Huang Y, Yang W, Wang Q, Li Z, Sheng C. Target- and prodrug-based design for fungal diseases and cancer-associated fungal infections. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 197:114819. [PMID: 37024014 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) are emerging as a serious threat to public health and are associated with high incidence and mortality. IFIs also represent a frequent complication in patients with cancer who are undergoing chemotherapy. However, effective and safe antifungal agents remain limited, and the development of severe drug resistance further undermines the efficacy of antifungal therapy. Therefore, there is an urgent need for novel antifungal agents to treat life-threatening fungal diseases, especially those with new mode of action, favorable pharmacokinetic profiles, and anti-resistance activity. In this review, we summarize new antifungal targets and target-based inhibitor design, with a focus on their antifungal activity, selectivity, and mechanism. We also illustrate the prodrug design strategy used to improve the physicochemical and pharmacokinetic profiles of antifungal agents. Dual-targeting antifungal agents offer a new strategy for the treatment of resistant infections and cancer-associated fungal infections.
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Zhang Z, Wu W, Jiao H, Chen Y, Ji X, Cao J, Yin F, Yin W. Squalene epoxidase promotes hepatocellular carcinoma development by activating STRAP transcription and TGF-β/SMAD signalling. Br J Pharmacol 2022; 180:1562-1581. [PMID: 36581319 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Squalene epoxidase (SQLE) is a key enzyme involved in cholesterol biosynthesis, but growing evidence also reveals that SQLE is abnormally expressed in some types of malignant tumours, even though the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Bioinformatics analysis and RNA sequencing were applied to detect differentially expressed genes in clinical hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). MTT, colony formation, AnnexinV-FITC/PI, EdU, wound healing, transwell, western blot, qRT-PCR, IHC, F-actin, RNA-sequencing, dual-luciferase reporters, and H&E staining were used to investigate the pharmacological effects and possible mechanisms of SQLE. KEY RESULTS SQLE expression was specifically elevated in HCC, correlating with poor clinical outcomes. SQLE significantly promoted HCC growth, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and metastasis both in vitro and in vivo. RNA sequencing and functional experiments revealed that the protumourigenic effect of SQLE on HCC was closely related to the activation of TGF-β/SMAD signalling, but the stimulatory effect of SQLE on TGF-β/SMAD signalling and HCC development is critically dependent on STRAP. SQLE expression is well correlated with STRAP in HCC, and further, to amplify TGF-β/SMAD signalling, SQLE even transcriptionally increased STRAP gene expression mediated by AP-2α. Finally, as a chemical inhibitor of SQLE, NB-598 markedly inhibited HCC cell growth and tumour development. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Taken together, SQLE serves as a novel oncogene in HCC development by activating TGF-β/SMAD signalling. Targeting SQLE could be useful in drug development and therapy for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhirui Zhang
- The State Key Lab of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Organ Transplantation Center, Southern District, the First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (Anhui Provincial Hospital), Hefei, China
| | - Hao Jiao
- Department of Pharmacy, Fuyang People's Hospital, Fuyang, China
| | - Yuzhong Chen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Xiaojun Ji
- Department of Innovation, Nanjing Chia Tai Tianqing Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Cao
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University/Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Fangzhou Yin
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Wu Yin
- The State Key Lab of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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Prajapati J, Goswami D, Dabhi M, Acharya D, Rawal RM. Potential dual inhibition of SE and CYP51 by eugenol conferring inhibition of Candida albicans: Computationally curated study with experimental validation. Comput Biol Med 2022; 151:106237. [PMID: 36327880 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.106237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Ergosterol is the key sterol component in the cell membrane of fungi including moulds and yeasts. Any decrease in the levels of ergosterol in the cell membrane of fungi render them venerable to cell membrane damage and even its death. Majority of antifungal drug targets the key enzymes involved in ergosterol biosynthesis pathway. The biochemical pathway for the synthesis of Ergosterol is a complex one, though the reactions carried by Squalene Epoxidase (SE) and 14α-demethylase (CYP51- a member of Cytochrome P450 family) serves to the key rate limiting reactions that can impact the overall production of Ergosterol. Allylamines class of antifungal drug target SE while Azoles target the CYP51. Currently advancement in the drug development is focused to introduce newer drugs that can simultaneously inhibit both this rate limiting enzymes. However, natural compounds established to possess antifungal activity but the major loophole about their understanding lies in the fact that their mode of action are severely unstudied. One such well-established antifungal natural phytochemical is Eugenol, and in current manuscript we investigated its efficacy to interact with both, SE and CYP51 of Candida albicans using molecular Docking, Free energy change calculations and Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulation, showing promising outcomes. For experimental studies, terbinafine, clotrimazole and eugenol showed 4 μg/ml, 2 μg/ml, and 512 μg/ml MIC90 values, respectively against C. albicans and also showed reduction in Ergosterol production at sub-MIC levels. The obtained result indicates the involvement of eugenol in the inhibition of enzymes require in the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jignesh Prajapati
- Department of Biochemistry & Forensic Science, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Dweipayan Goswami
- Department of Microbiology & Biotechnology, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, 380009, Gujarat, India.
| | - Milan Dabhi
- Department of Microbiology & Biotechnology, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Dhaval Acharya
- Department of Microbiology, B N Patel Institute of Paramedical and Sciences, Anand, 388001, Gujarat, India
| | - Rakesh M Rawal
- Department of Biochemistry & Forensic Science, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, 380009, Gujarat, India; Department of Life Science, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, 380009, Gujarat, India.
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19
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Arjmand G, Haeri MR. Antibacterial Effect of Some Eukaryotic Sterol Biosynthesis Inhibitors. Adv Biomed Res 2022; 11:90. [PMID: 36518857 PMCID: PMC9744079 DOI: 10.4103/abr.abr_291_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isoprenoids and their derivatives are building blocks for the synthesis of biomolecules with important biological functions such as cholesterol in eukaryotes and lipid carrier undecaprenol, which is involved in cell wall biosynthesis in bacteria. With the global threat of multidrug-resistant bacteria, there is a need for finding new metabolic targets for killing bacteria. In the present study, we examined the impact of eukaryotic sterol biosynthesis inhibitors on the growth of four pathogenic bacteria. MATERIALS AND METHODS Antibacterial effect of HMG CoA reductase inhibitor (simvastatin), farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase inhibitor (alendronate), squalene epoxidase inhibitor (terbinafine), and lanosterol demethylase inhibitor (ketoconazole) were studied against four pathogenic bacteria: two gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis and two gram-negative bacteria, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Broth microdilution method was used for assessing the antibacterial susceptibility of the components using 96 well plats. MIC and MBC were determined visibly. RESULTS MIC of Ketoconazole for Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis were 0.166 and 1 mg/mL, respectively. Terbinafine had a weak inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus (MIC: 8 mg/mL). Ketoconazole and terbinafine had no inhibitory effect on gram-negative bacteria. MBC of Simvastatin for both Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis was 0.5 mg/mL and of Alendronate for Pseudomonas aeruginosa was 6.6 mg/mL. CONCLUSION Our results show that farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase and class II HMG-CoA reductases inhibitors (ketoconazole and simvastatin) have reasonable antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria. These two enzymes provide suitable targets for designing new antibiotics based on modifying the chemical structure of currently used drugs to obtain maximum activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghasem Arjmand
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Payam Noor University, Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Haeri
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran,Address for correspondence: Dr. Mohammad Reza Haeri, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran. E-mail:
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Pereira FA, de Andrade VS, Souza EA, de Mattos MC, Oliveira DF. 2-Aminoselenazoles and 2-aminothiazoles: One-pot synthesis and control of the fungus Colletotrichum lindemuthianum in common beans. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:1665-1676. [PMID: 34994047 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anthracnose, caused by the fungus Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, increases losses in the production of common beans. As 1,3-diazoles can act against fungi by inhibiting the enzyme squalene epoxidase (SE), 2-aminoselenazoles and 2-aminothiazoles were synthesized and subjected to tests with the fungus. In addition, the interactions of the most promising substances with the enzyme SE were investigated in silico. RESULTS Seventeen compounds (eight new) were prepared by a one-pot methodology. In vitro antifungal activities of these compounds against C. lindemuthianum were determined by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) method. Most treatments differed from the control (water), and six azoles with the lowest MIC values underwent an assay employing common bean plants inoculated with the fungus. Among the best results were those from 2-(3-fluorophenyl)amino-4-phenyl-1,3-thiazole (16; 2857 μg mL-1 ), which reduced the severity of anthracnose in common beans to values statistically comparable to the commercial fungicide thiophanate-methyl (700 μg mL-1 ). The in silico affinity of compound 16 for SE was statistically equal to those calculated for several inhibitors of this enzyme. CONCLUSIONS The results suggested that 2-(3-fluorophenyl)amino-4-phenyl-1,3-thiazole (16) could be considered a potential fungicidal lead compound for further structural optimization, which according to the in silico study acts via SE inhibition. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vitor Sc de Andrade
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elaine A Souza
- Department of Biology, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Marcio Cs de Mattos
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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21
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Emerging Antifungal Targets and Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052756. [PMID: 35269898 PMCID: PMC8911111 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite abundant research in the field of antifungal drug discovery, fungal infections remain a significant healthcare burden. There is an emerging need for the development of novel antifungals since those currently available are limited and do not completely provide safe and secure protection. Since the current knowledge regarding the physiology of fungal cells and the infection mechanisms is greater than ever, we have the opportunity to use this for the development of novel generations of antifungals. In this review, we selected and summarized recent studies describing agents employing different antifungal mechanisms. These mechanisms include interference with fungal resistance, including impact on the efflux pumps and heat shock protein 90. Additionally, interference with virulence factors, such as biofilms and hyphae; the impact on fungal enzymes, metabolism, mitochondria, and cell wall; and antifungal vaccines are explored. The agents investigated belong to different classes of natural or synthetic molecules with significant attention given also to plant extracts. The efficacy of these antifungals has been studied mainly in vitro with some in vivo, and clinical studies are needed. Nevertheless, there is a large quantity of products employing novel antifungal mechanisms that can be further explored for the development of new generation of antifungals.
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Sakyi PO, Amewu RK, Devine RNOA, Bienibuor AK, Miller WA, Kwofie SK. Unravelling the myth surrounding sterol biosynthesis as plausible target for drug design against leishmaniasis. J Parasit Dis 2021; 45:1152-1171. [PMID: 34790000 PMCID: PMC8556451 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-021-01390-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mortality rate of leishmaniasis is increasing at an alarming rate and is currently second to malaria amongst the other neglected tropical diseases. Unfortunately, many governments and key stakeholders are not investing enough in the development of new therapeutic interventions. The available treatment options targeting different pathways of the parasite have seen inefficiencies, drug resistance, and toxic side effects coupled with longer treatment durations. Numerous studies to understand the biochemistry of leishmaniasis and its pathogenesis have identified druggable targets including ornithine decarboxylase, trypanothione reductase, and pteridine reductase, which are relevant for the survival and growth of the parasites. Another plausible target is the sterol biosynthetic pathway; however, this has not been fully investigated. Sterol biosynthesis is essential for the survival of the Leishmania species because its inhibition could lead to the death of the parasites. This review seeks to evaluate how critical the enzymes involved in sterol biosynthetic pathway are to the survival of the leishmania parasite. The review also highlights both synthetic and natural product compounds with their IC50 values against selected enzymes. Finally, recent advancements in drug design strategies targeting the sterol biosynthesis pathway of Leishmania are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick O. Sakyi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, PMB LG 56, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Chemical Sciences, School of Sciences, University of Energy and Natural Resources, Box 214, Sunyani, Ghana
| | - Richard K. Amewu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, PMB LG 56, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Robert N. O. A. Devine
- Department of Chemical Sciences, School of Sciences, University of Energy and Natural Resources, Box 214, Sunyani, Ghana
| | - Alfred K. Bienibuor
- Department of Chemical Sciences, School of Sciences, University of Energy and Natural Resources, Box 214, Sunyani, Ghana
| | - Whelton A. Miller
- Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL 60153 USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL 60153 USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, IL 19104 USA
| | - Samuel K. Kwofie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, College of Basic & Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, PMB LG 77, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- West African Center for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
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Sun H, Li L, Li W, Yang F, Zhang Z, Liu Z, Du W. p53 transcriptionally regulates SQLE to repress cholesterol synthesis and tumor growth. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e52537. [PMID: 34459531 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202152537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is essential for membrane biogenesis, cell proliferation, and differentiation. The role of cholesterol in cancer development and the regulation of cholesterol synthesis are still under active investigation. Here we show that under normal-sterol conditions, p53 directly represses the expression of SQLE, a rate-limiting and the first oxygenation enzyme in cholesterol synthesis, in a SREBP2-independent manner. Through transcriptional downregulation of SQLE, p53 represses cholesterol production in vivo and in vitro, leading to tumor growth suppression. Inhibition of SQLE using small interfering RNA (siRNA) or terbinafine (a SQLE inhibitor) reverses the increased cell proliferation caused by p53 deficiency. Conversely, SQLE overexpression or cholesterol addition promotes cell proliferation, particularly in p53 wild-type cells. More importantly, pharmacological inhibition or shRNA-mediated silencing of SQLE restricts nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)-induced liver tumorigenesis in p53 knockout mice. Therefore, our findings reveal a role for p53 in regulating SQLE and cholesterol biosynthesis, and further demonstrate that downregulation of SQLE is critical for p53-mediated tumor suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huishan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenxi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zizhao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjing Du
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Fungal Biofilms as a Valuable Target for the Discovery of Natural Products That Cope with the Resistance of Medically Important Fungi-Latest Findings. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10091053. [PMID: 34572635 PMCID: PMC8471798 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10091053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of new antifungal agents that target biofilms is an urgent need. Natural products, mainly from the plant kingdom, represent an invaluable source of these entities. The present review provides an update (2017-May 2021) on the available information on essential oils, propolis, extracts from plants, algae, lichens and microorganisms, compounds from different natural sources and nanosystems containing natural products with the capacity to in vitro or in vivo modulate fungal biofilms. The search yielded 42 articles; seven involved essential oils, two Brazilian propolis, six plant extracts and one of each, extracts from lichens and algae/cyanobacteria. Twenty articles deal with the antibiofilm effect of pure natural compounds, with 10 of them including studies of the mechanism of action and five dealing with natural compounds included in nanosystems. Thirty-seven manuscripts evaluated Candida spp. biofilms and two tested Fusarium and Cryptococcus spp. Only one manuscript involved Aspergillus fumigatus. From the data presented here, it is clear that the search of natural products with activity against fungal biofilms has been a highly active area of research in recent years. However, it also reveals the necessity of deepening the studies by (i) evaluating the effect of natural products on biofilms formed by the newly emerged and worrisome health-care associated fungi, C. auris, as well as on other non-albicans Candida spp., Cryptococcus sp. and filamentous fungi; (ii) elucidating the mechanisms of action of the most active natural products; (iii) increasing the in vivo testing.
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Potijun S, Jaingam S, Sanevas N, Vajrodaya S, Sirikhachornkit A. Green Microalgae Strain Improvement for the Production of Sterols and Squalene. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10081673. [PMID: 34451718 PMCID: PMC8399004 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Sterols and squalene are essential biomolecules required for the homeostasis of eukaryotic membrane permeability and fluidity. Both compounds have beneficial effects on human health. As the current sources of sterols and squalene are plant and shark oils, microalgae are suggested as more sustainable sources. Nonetheless, the high costs of production and processing still hinder the commercialization of algal cultivation. Strain improvement for higher product yield and tolerance to harsh environments is an attractive way to reduce costs. Being an intermediate in sterol synthesis, squalene is converted to squalene epoxide by squalene epoxidase. This step is inhibited by terbinafine, a commonly used antifungal drug. In yeasts, some terbinafine-resistant strains overproduced sterols, but similar microalgae strains have not been reported. Mutants that exhibit greater tolerance to terbinafine might accumulate increased sterols and squalene content, along with the ability to tolerate the drug and other stresses, which are beneficial for outdoor cultivation. To explore this possibility, terbinafine-resistant mutants were isolated in the model green microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii using UV mutagenesis. Three mutants were identified and all of them exhibited approximately 50 percent overproduction of sterols. Under terbinafine treatment, one of the mutants also accumulated around 50 percent higher levels of squalene. The higher accumulation of pigments and triacylglycerol were also observed. Along with resistance to terbinafine, this mutant also exhibited higher resistance to oxidative stress. Altogether, resistance to terbinafine can be used to screen for strains with increased levels of sterols or squalene in green microalgae without growth compromise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supakorn Potijun
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (S.P.); (S.J.)
- Center for Advanced Studies in Tropical Natural Resources, National Research University-Kasetsart University (CASTNAR, NRU-KU), Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Suparat Jaingam
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (S.P.); (S.J.)
- Center for Advanced Studies in Tropical Natural Resources, National Research University-Kasetsart University (CASTNAR, NRU-KU), Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Nuttha Sanevas
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (N.S.); (S.V.)
| | - Srunya Vajrodaya
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (N.S.); (S.V.)
| | - Anchalee Sirikhachornkit
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (S.P.); (S.J.)
- Center for Advanced Studies in Tropical Natural Resources, National Research University-Kasetsart University (CASTNAR, NRU-KU), Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-2562-5444; Fax: +66-2579-5528
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Wang M, Zhao Y, Cao L, Luo S, Ni B, Zhang Y, Chen Z. Transcriptome sequencing revealed the inhibitory mechanism of ketoconazole on clinical Microsporum canis. J Vet Sci 2021; 22:e4. [PMID: 33522156 PMCID: PMC7850795 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2021.22.e4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microsporum canis is a zoonotic disease that can cause dermatophytosis in animals and humans. Objectives In clinical practice, ketoconazole (KTZ) and other imidazole drugs are commonly used to treat M. canis infection, but its molecular mechanism is not completely understood. The antifungal mechanism of KTZ needs to be studied in detail. Methods In this study, one strain of fungi was isolated from a canine suffering with clinical dermatosis and confirmed as M. canis by morphological observation and sequencing analysis. The clinically isolated M. canis was treated with KTZ and transcriptome sequencing was performed to identify differentially expressed genes in M. canis exposed to KTZ compared with those unexposed thereto. Results At half-inhibitory concentration (½MIC), compared with the control group, 453 genes were significantly up-regulated and 326 genes were significantly down-regulated (p < 0.05). Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis verified the transcriptome results of RNA sequencing. Gene ontology enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis revealed that the 3 pathways of RNA polymerase, steroid biosynthesis, and ribosome biogenesis in eukaryotes are closely related to the antifungal mechanism of KTZ. Conclusions The results indicated that KTZ may change cell membrane permeability, destroy the cell wall, and inhibit mitosis and transcriptional regulation through CYP51, SQL, ERG6, ATM, ABCB1, SC, KER33, RPA1, and RNP genes in the 3 pathways. This study provides a new theoretical basis for the effective control of M. canis infection and the effect of KTZ on fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Lingfang Cao
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Silong Luo
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Binyan Ni
- Qingdao Vetlab Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Zeliang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
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Antifungal Susceptibility and Mutations in the Squalene Epoxidase Gene in Dermatophytes of the Trichophyton mentagrophytes Species Complex. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:e0005621. [PMID: 33972254 PMCID: PMC8284460 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00056-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past decade, a prolonged and serious outbreak of dermatophytosis due to a terbinafine-resistant novel species in the Trichophyton mentagrophytes-T. interdigitale complex has been ongoing in India, and it has spread to several European countries. The objective of this study was to investigate the molecular background of the squalene epoxidase (SQLE) gene in order to understand the risk of emergence and spread of multiresistance in dermatophytes. Antifungal susceptibility to fluconazole, griseofulvin, itraconazole, ketoconazole, miconazole, naftifine, sertaconazole, and terbinafine was tested in 135 isolates from India, China, Australia, Germany, and The Netherlands. Based on the latest taxonomic insights, strains were identified as three species: T. mentagrophytessensu stricto (n = 35), T. indotineae (n = 64, representing the Indian clone), and T. interdigitalesensu stricto (n = 36). High MICs of terbinafine (>16 mg/liter) were found in 34 (53%) T. indotineae isolates. These isolates showed an amino acid substitution in the 397th position of the SQLE gene. Elevated MICs of terbinafine (0.5 mg/liter) were noted in 2 (3%) T. indotineae isolates; these isolates lead to Phe415Val and Leu393Ser of the SQLE gene. The stability of the effect of the mutations was proven by serial transfer on drug-free medium. Lys276Asn and Leu419Phe substitutions were found in susceptible T. mentagrophytes strains. The Phe377Leu/Ala448Thr double mutant showed higher MIC values for triazoles. High MICs of terbinafine are as yet limited to T. indotineae and are unlikely to be distributed throughout the T. mentagrophytes species complex by genetic exchange.
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Kurnia D, Kelutur FJ, Mustarichie R. Potential anti-alopecia constituents from Theobroma cacao: An in silico study. J Adv Pharm Technol Res 2021; 12:169-174. [PMID: 34159149 PMCID: PMC8177142 DOI: 10.4103/japtr.japtr_329_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tinea capitis is local alopecia caused by a dermatophyte infection of the scalp. Trichophyton rubrum produces the squalene epoxidase enzyme, which has a crucial role in prolonged dermatophyte infection, as well as in synthesizing fatty acids in this dermatophyte group. This study analyzes Trichophyton cacao compounds as anti-alopecia by inhibiting the squalene epoxidase enzyme formation, in silico. The structure of T. cacao compounds was prepared using the MolView Web application. The compound docked to squalene epoxidase using AutoDock Vina in PyRx 0.8, followed by PyMOL for visualization, and the Proteins Plus program to analyze the complexity. The binding affinity value of catechin, epicatechin (−8.0 kcal/mol), and anthocyanin (−7.8 kcal/mol) compounds was higher than the positive control (terbinafine, −6.7 kcal/mol). Pre-ADMET demonstrated that catechin and epicatechin had moderate Human Intestinal Absorption (66.71%), but anthocyanin was very good (100%). Caco-2 parameters for catechin and epicatechin were relatively low (<4 nm s − 1), while anthocyanin, theobromine, and terbinafine were within 4–70 nm s − 1. Plasma protein binding shows catechin, epicatechin, and anthocyanin diffuse through the plasma membrane and interact with plasma proteins. The toxicity results for all compounds are mutagenic, and only terbinafine is carcinogenic. Based on the Lipinski's “Rule of Five,” compounds from T. Cacao can be given orally. Catechin and epicatechin compounds have the potential to act as anti-alopecia. These two compounds can diffuse and interact with plasma proteins so they are directly on the target when given orally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dikdik Kurnia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Faruk Jayanto Kelutur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Resmi Mustarichie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia
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Donadio G, Mensitieri F, Santoro V, Parisi V, Bellone ML, De Tommasi N, Izzo V, Dal Piaz F. Interactions with Microbial Proteins Driving the Antibacterial Activity of Flavonoids. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:660. [PMID: 34062983 PMCID: PMC8147964 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13050660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are among the most abundant natural bioactive compounds produced by plants. Many different activities have been reported for these secondary metabolites against numerous cells and systems. One of the most interesting is certainly the antimicrobial, which is stimulated through various molecular mechanisms. In fact, flavonoids are effective both in directly damaging the envelope of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria but also by acting toward specific molecular targets essential for the survival of these microorganisms. The purpose of this paper is to present an overview of the most interesting results obtained in the research focused on the study of the interactions between flavonoids and bacterial proteins. Despite the great structural heterogeneity of these plant metabolites, it is interesting to observe that many flavonoids affect the same cellular pathways. Furthermore, it is evident that some of these compounds interact with more than one target, producing multiple effects. Taken together, the reported data demonstrate the great potential of flavonoids in developing innovative systems, which can help address the increasingly serious problem of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Donadio
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (G.D.); (V.S.); (V.P.); (M.L.B.); (N.D.T.)
| | - Francesca Mensitieri
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84082 Baronissi, Italy; (F.M.); (V.I.)
| | - Valentina Santoro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (G.D.); (V.S.); (V.P.); (M.L.B.); (N.D.T.)
| | - Valentina Parisi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (G.D.); (V.S.); (V.P.); (M.L.B.); (N.D.T.)
- PhD Program in Drug Discovery and Development, Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Bellone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (G.D.); (V.S.); (V.P.); (M.L.B.); (N.D.T.)
- PhD Program in Drug Discovery and Development, Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Nunziatina De Tommasi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (G.D.); (V.S.); (V.P.); (M.L.B.); (N.D.T.)
| | - Viviana Izzo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84082 Baronissi, Italy; (F.M.); (V.I.)
| | - Fabrizio Dal Piaz
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84082 Baronissi, Italy; (F.M.); (V.I.)
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Lee S, Nam M, Lee AR, Lee J, Woo J, Kang NS, Balupuri A, Lee M, Kim SY, Ro H, Choi YW, Kim DU, Hoe KL. Systematic Target Screening Revealed That Tif302 Could Be an Off-Target of the Antifungal Terbinafine in Fission Yeast. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2021; 29:234-247. [PMID: 33223513 PMCID: PMC7921855 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2020.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We used a heterozygous gene deletion library of fission yeasts comprising all essential and non-essential genes for a microarray screening of target genes of the antifungal terbinafine, which inhibits ergosterol synthesis via the Erg1 enzyme. We identified 14 heterozygous strains corresponding to 10 non-essential [7 ribosomal-protein (RP) coding genes, spt7, spt20, and elp2] and 4 essential genes (tif302, rpl2501, rpl31, and erg1). Expectedly, their erg1 mRNA and protein levels had decreased compared to the control strain SP286. When we studied the action mechanism of the non-essential target genes using cognate haploid deletion strains, knockout of SAGA-subunit genes caused a down-regulation in erg1 transcription compared to the control strain ED668. However, knockout of RP genes conferred no susceptibility to ergosterol-targeting antifungals. Surprisingly, the RP genes participated in the erg1 transcription as components of repressor complexes as observed in a comparison analysis of the experimental ratio of erg1 mRNA. To understand the action mechanism of the interaction between the drug and the novel essential target genes, we performed isobologram assays with terbinafine and econazole (or cycloheximide). Terbinafine susceptibility of the tif302 heterozygous strain was attributed to both decreased erg1 mRNA levels and inhibition of translation. Moreover, Tif302 was required for efficacy of both terbinafine and cycloheximide. Based on a molecular modeling analysis, terbinafine could directly bind to Tif302 in yeasts, suggesting Tif302 as a potential off-target of terbinafine. In conclusion, this genome-wide screening system can be harnessed for the identification and characterization of target genes under any condition of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sol Lee
- Department of New Drug Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Miyoung Nam
- Department of New Drug Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Ah-Reum Lee
- Department of New Drug Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewoong Lee
- Department of New Drug Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Woo
- Department of New Drug Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Sook Kang
- Department of New Drug Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Anand Balupuri
- Department of New Drug Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Minho Lee
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Young Kim
- Personalized Genomic Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunju Ro
- Department of Biological Science, College of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Dong-Uk Kim
- Rare Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Lae Hoe
- Department of New Drug Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
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De Vriese K, Pollier J, Goossens A, Beeckman T, Vanneste S. Dissecting cholesterol and phytosterol biosynthesis via mutants and inhibitors. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:241-253. [PMID: 32929492 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plants stand out among eukaryotes due to the large variety of sterols and sterol derivatives that they can produce. These metabolites not only serve as critical determinants of membrane structures, but also act as signaling molecules, as growth-regulating hormones, or as modulators of enzyme activities. Therefore, it is critical to understand the wiring of the biosynthetic pathways by which plants generate these distinct sterols, to allow their manipulation and to dissect their precise physiological roles. Here, we review the complexity and variation of the biosynthetic routes of the most abundant phytosterols and cholesterol in the green lineage and how different enzymes in these pathways are conserved and diverged from humans, yeast, and even bacteria. Many enzymatic steps show a deep evolutionary conservation, while others are executed by completely different enzymes. This has important implications for the use and specificity of available human and yeast sterol biosynthesis inhibitors in plants, and argues for the development of plant-tailored inhibitors of sterol biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjell De Vriese
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jacob Pollier
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Metabolomics Core, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alain Goossens
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Beeckman
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Steffen Vanneste
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Plant Growth Analysis, Ghent University Global Campus, Songdomunhwa-Ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Hajare A, Dol H, Patil K. Design and development of terbinafine hydrochloride ethosomal gel for enhancement of transdermal delivery: In vitro, in vivo, molecular docking, and stability study. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.102280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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The Future of Antifungal Drug Therapy: Novel Compounds and Targets. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:AAC.01719-20. [PMID: 33229427 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01719-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections are a universal problem and are routinely associated with high morbidity and mortality rates in immunocompromised patients. Existing therapies comprise five different classes of antifungal agents, four of which target the synthesis of ergosterol and cell wall glucans. However, the currently available antifungals have many limitations, including poor oral bioavailability, narrow therapeutic indices, and emerging drug resistance resulting from their use, thus making it essential to investigate the development of novel drugs which can overcome these limitations and add to the antifungal armamentarium. Advances have been made in antifungal drug discovery research and development over the past few years as evidenced by the presence of several new compounds currently in various stages of development. In the following minireview, we provide a comprehensive summary of compounds aimed at one or more novel molecular targets. We also briefly describe potential pathways relevant for fungal pathogenesis that can be considered for drug development in the near future.
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Sagatova AA. Strategies to Better Target Fungal Squalene Monooxygenase. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7010049. [PMID: 33450973 PMCID: PMC7828399 DOI: 10.3390/jof7010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal pathogens present a challenge in medicine and agriculture. They also harm ecosystems and threaten biodiversity. The allylamine class of antimycotics targets the enzyme squalene monooxygenase. This enzyme occupies a key position in the sterol biosynthesis pathway in eukaryotes, catalyzing the rate-limiting reaction by introducing an oxygen atom to the squalene substrate converting it to 2,3-oxidosqualene. Currently, terbinafine—the most widely used allylamine—is mostly used for treating superficial fungal infections. The ability to better target this enzyme will have significant implications for human health in the treatment of fungal infections. The human orthologue can also be targeted for cholesterol-lowering therapeutics and in cancer therapies. This review will focus on the structural basis for improving the current therapeutics for fungal squalene monooxygenase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alia A Sagatova
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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Rojo-Solís C, García-Párraga D, Montesinos A, Ardiaca-García M, Álvaro T, Valls M, Barros-García C, Encinas T. Pharmacokinetics of single dose oral Terbinafine in common shelducks (Tadorna tadorna). J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2020; 44:510-515. [PMID: 33377208 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Fungal disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in avian species; thus, antifungals are the treatment of choice. Despite widely used in clinical practice, terbinafine pharmacokinetic studies are scarce in literature and only cover some avian families, with marked differences between them. This study evaluates the pharmacokinetic behaviour of terbinafine after a single oral administration of 60 mg/kg in 7 healthy adult common shelducks (Tadorna tadorna) by measuring plasma concentrations through high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) at times 0, 30 min, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 36 and 48 hr postadministration. Noncompartmental analyses of the data showed a Cmax (geometric mean) of 5.43 µg/ml, tmax (median) 1.0 hr and AUC0-∞ 29.70 mg h/L. Elimination half-life was 6.33 hr and MRT 6.61 hr. Plasma concentrations remained above previously described MIC for terbinafine in some fungal species for at least 6 to 8 hr. A single oral administration of 60 mg/kg terbinafine did not produce adverse effects and could be a good treatment choice for fungal diseases in anatids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Rojo-Solís
- Veterinary Services, Oceanogràfic, Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias, València, Spain.,Pharmacology & Toxicology Department, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel García-Párraga
- Veterinary Services, Oceanogràfic, Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias, València, Spain
| | - Andrés Montesinos
- Pharmacology & Toxicology Department, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Centro Veterinario los Sauces, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Teresa Álvaro
- Veterinary Services, Oceanogràfic, Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias, València, Spain
| | - Mónica Valls
- Veterinary Services, Oceanogràfic, Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias, València, Spain
| | - Carlos Barros-García
- Veterinary Services, Oceanogràfic, Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias, València, Spain
| | - Teresa Encinas
- Pharmacology & Toxicology Department, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Tits J, Cammue BPA, Thevissen K. Combination Therapy to Treat Fungal Biofilm-Based Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228873. [PMID: 33238622 PMCID: PMC7700406 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of people is affected by fungal biofilm-based infections, which are resistant to the majority of currently-used antifungal drugs. Such infections are often caused by species from the genera Candida, Aspergillus or Cryptococcus. Only a few antifungal drugs, including echinocandins and liposomal formulations of amphotericin B, are available to treat such biofilm-based fungal infections. This review discusses combination therapy as a novel antibiofilm strategy. More specifically, in vitro methods to discover new antibiofilm combinations will be discussed. Furthermore, an overview of the main modes of action of promising antibiofilm combination treatments will be provided as this knowledge may facilitate the optimization of existing antibiofilm combinations or the development of new ones with a similar mode of action.
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An Y, Dong Y, Liu M, Han J, Zhao L, Sun B. Novel naphthylamide derivatives as dual-target antifungal inhibitors: Design, synthesis and biological evaluation. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 210:112991. [PMID: 33183866 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fungal infections have become a serious medical problem due to the high infection rate and the frequent emergence of drug resistance. Squalene epoxidase (SE) and 14α-demethylase (CYP51) are considered as the important antifungal targets, they can show the synergistic effect on antifungal therapy. In the study, a series of active fragments were screened through the method of De Novo Link, and these active fragments with the higher Ludi_Scores were selected, which can show the obvious binding ability with the dual targets (SE, CYP51). Subsequently, three series of target compounds with naphthyl amide scaffolds were constructed by connecting these core fragments, and their structures were synthesized. Most of compounds showed the antifungal activity in the treatment of pathogenic fungi. It was worth noting that compounds 10b-5 and 17a-2 with the excellent broad-spectrum antifungal properties also exhibited the obvious antifungal effects against drug-resistant fungi. Preliminary mechanism study has proved these target compounds can block the biosynthesis of ergosterol by inhibiting the activity of dual targets (SE, CYP51). Furthermore, target compounds 10-5 and 17a-2 with low toxicity side effects also demonstrated the excellent pharmacological effects in vivo. The molecular docking and ADMET prediction were performed, which can guide the optimization of subsequent lead compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei An
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng, 252000, PR China
| | - Yue Dong
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng, 252000, PR China
| | - Min Liu
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng, 252000, PR China
| | - Jun Han
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng, 252000, PR China
| | - Liyu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Bin Sun
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng, 252000, PR China.
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Sun B, Dong Y, An Y, Liu M, Han J, Zhao L, Liu X. Design, synthesis and bioactivity evaluation of novel arylalkene-amide derivatives as dual-target antifungal inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 205:112645. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Squalene-Tetrahymanol Cyclase Expression Enables Sterol-Independent Growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.00672-20. [PMID: 32561581 PMCID: PMC7440791 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00672-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The laboratory experiments described in this report simulate a proposed horizontal gene transfer event during the evolution of strictly anaerobic fungi. The demonstration that expression of a single heterologous gene sufficed to eliminate anaerobic sterol requirements in the model eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae therefore contributes to our understanding of how sterol-independent eukaryotes evolved in anoxic environments. This report provides a proof of principle for a metabolic engineering strategy to eliminate sterol requirements in yeast strains that are applied in large-scale anaerobic industrial processes. The sterol-independent yeast strains described in this report provide a valuable platform for further studies on the physiological roles and impacts of sterols and sterol surrogates in eukaryotic cells. Biosynthesis of sterols, which are considered essential components of virtually all eukaryotic membranes, requires molecular oxygen. Anaerobic growth of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae therefore strictly depends on sterol supplementation of synthetic growth media. Neocallimastigomycota are a group of strictly anaerobic fungi which, instead of containing sterols, contain the pentacyclic triterpenoid “sterol surrogate” tetrahymanol, which is formed by cyclization of squalene. Here, we demonstrate that expression of the squalene-tetrahymanol cyclase gene TtTHC1 from the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila enables synthesis of tetrahymanol by S. cerevisiae. Moreover, expression of TtTHC1 enabled exponential growth of anaerobic S. cerevisiae cultures in sterol-free synthetic media. After deletion of the ERG1 gene from a TtTHC1-expressing S. cerevisiae strain, native sterol synthesis was abolished and sustained sterol-free growth was demonstrated under anaerobic as well as aerobic conditions. Anaerobic cultures of TtTHC1-expressing S. cerevisiae on sterol-free medium showed lower specific growth rates and biomass yields than ergosterol-supplemented cultures, while their ethanol yield was higher. This study demonstrated that acquisition of a functional squalene-tetrahymanol cyclase gene offers an immediate growth advantage to S. cerevisiae under anaerobic, sterol-limited conditions and provides the basis for a metabolic engineering strategy to eliminate the oxygen requirements associated with sterol synthesis in yeasts. IMPORTANCE The laboratory experiments described in this report simulate a proposed horizontal gene transfer event during the evolution of strictly anaerobic fungi. The demonstration that expression of a single heterologous gene sufficed to eliminate anaerobic sterol requirements in the model eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae therefore contributes to our understanding of how sterol-independent eukaryotes evolved in anoxic environments. This report provides a proof of principle for a metabolic engineering strategy to eliminate sterol requirements in yeast strains that are applied in large-scale anaerobic industrial processes. The sterol-independent yeast strains described in this report provide a valuable platform for further studies on the physiological roles and impacts of sterols and sterol surrogates in eukaryotic cells.
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Chua NK, Coates HW, Brown AJ. Squalene monooxygenase: a journey to the heart of cholesterol synthesis. Prog Lipid Res 2020; 79:101033. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2020.101033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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An Y, Dong Y, Min L, Zhao L, Zhao D, Han J, Sun B. Construction and Evaluation of Molecular Models: Guide and Design of Novel SE Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:1152-1159. [PMID: 32550995 PMCID: PMC7294727 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Squalene epoxidase (SE) was considered an important antifungal target to block ergosterol synthesis. In this study, molecular models of CASE including the homology model and the SBP were constructed, respectively. Three representative SE inhibitors were selected and docked into the active site of CASE. Subsequently, the novel SE inhibitors were designed based on the analysis of the inhibitor binding mode and the distribution of pharmacophore features. These compounds were further synthesized and tested in vitro. They exhibited a certain degree of antifungal activity, especially compound 7a-2, which also has a significant inhibitory effect on resistant fungi. Further analysis found that compound 7a-2 could inhibit SE, which is similar to naftifine. The study proved the rationality of the molecular models; they can help us design and discover more potent antifungal SE inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei An
- Institute
of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng
University, No. 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng City, 252059 Shandong Province, China
| | - Yue Dong
- Institute
of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng
University, No. 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng City, 252059 Shandong Province, China
| | - Liu Min
- Institute
of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng
University, No. 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng City, 252059 Shandong Province, China
| | - Liyu Zhao
- Key
Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry
of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016 Liaoning, China
| | - Dongmei Zhao
- Key
Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry
of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016 Liaoning, China
| | - Jun Han
- Institute
of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng
University, No. 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng City, 252059 Shandong Province, China
| | - Bin Sun
- Institute
of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng
University, No. 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng City, 252059 Shandong Province, China
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Kastamonuluoğlu S, Büyükgüzel K, Büyükgüzel E. The Use of Dietary Antifungal Agent Terbinafine in Artificial Diet and Its Effects on Some Biological and Biochemical Parameters of the Model Organism Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 113:1110-1117. [PMID: 32173755 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Diet quality widely affects the survival, development, fecundity, longevity, and hatchability of insects. We used the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella (Linnaeus) to determine the effects of the antifungal, antibiotic terbinafine on some of its' biological parameters. The effects of terbinafine on malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyl (PCO) contents and the activity of the detoxification enzyme, glutathione S-transferase (GST), in the midgut of seventh-instar larvae of G. mellonella were also investigated. The insects were reared on an artificial diet containing terbinafine at concentrations of 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, and 1 g. The survival rates at all development stages of G. mellonella were significantly decreased at all terbinafine concentrations. The females from a control diet produced 82.9 ± 18.1 eggs; however, this number was significantly reduced to 51.4 ± 9.6 in females given a 0.1 g terbinafine diet. The highest concentration of terbinafine (1 g) completely inhibited egg laying. Terbinafine significantly increased MDA content and GST activity in the midgut tissue of seventh-instar larvae in a dose-dependent manner. Relative to controls, these low dietary concentrations of terbinafine significantly increased midgut PCO content; a 0.1 g terbinafine concentration raised PCO content from 155.19 ± 21.8 to 737.17 ± 36.4 nmol/mg protein. This study shows concentration-dependent effects on the biological traits of the greater wax moth G. mellonella, including the oxidative status and detoxification capacity of the midgut. Low terbinafine concentrations may be possible for use as an antifungal agent in insect-rearing diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzan Kastamonuluoğlu
- Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University, Science and Art Faculty, Moleculer Biology and Genetics Department, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Kemal Büyükgüzel
- Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University, Science and Art Faculty, Biology Department, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Ender Büyükgüzel
- Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University, Science and Art Faculty, Moleculer Biology and Genetics Department, Zonguldak, Turkey
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Jaramillo-Madrid AC, Ashworth J, Fabris M, Ralph PJ. The unique sterol biosynthesis pathway of three model diatoms consists of a conserved core and diversified endpoints. ALGAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2020.101902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Potent arylamide derivatives as dual-target antifungal agents: Design, synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular docking studies. Bioorg Chem 2020; 99:103749. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Musiol R. Styrylquinoline – A Versatile Scaffold in Medicinal Chemistry. Med Chem 2020; 16:141-154. [PMID: 31161997 DOI: 10.2174/1573406415666190603103012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background: :
Styrylquinolines are characteristic fully aromatic compounds with flat,
rather lipophilic structures. The first reports on their synthesis and biological activity were published
roughly a century ago. However, their low selectivity, unfavorable toxicity and problems
with their mechanism of action significantly hampered their development. As a result, they have
been abandoned for most of the time since they were discovered.
Objective: :
Their renaissance was observed by the antiretroviral activity of several styrylquinoline
derivatives that have been reported to be HIV integrase inhibitors. Subsequently, other activities
such as their antifungal and anticancer abilities have also been revisited.
Methods:
In the present review, the spectrum of the activity of styrylquinolines and their use in
drug design is presented and analyzed.
Results:
New properties and applications that were reported recently have re-established
styrylquinolines within medicinal and material chemistry. The considerable increase in the number
of published papers regarding their activity spectrum will ensure further discoveries in the field.
Conclusions:
Styrylquinolines have earned a much stronger position in medicinal chemistry due to
the discovery of their new activities, profound mechanisms of action and as drug candidates in
clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Musiol
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500, Chorzow, Poland
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Shankarnarayan SA, Shaw D, Sharma A, Chakrabarti A, Dogra S, Kumaran MS, Kaur H, Ghosh A, Rudramurthy SM. Rapid detection of terbinafine resistance in Trichophyton species by Amplified refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1297. [PMID: 31992797 PMCID: PMC6987154 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58187-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dermatophytosis has gained interest in India due to rise in terbinafine resistance and difficulty in management of recalcitrant disease. The terbinafine resistance in dermatophytes is attributed to single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in squalene epoxidase (SE) gene. We evaluated the utility of amplified refractory mutation system polymerase chain reaction (ARMS PCR) for detection of previously reported point mutations, including a mutation C1191A in the SE gene in Trichophyton species. ARMS PCR was standardized using nine non-wild type isolates and two wild type isolates of Trichophyton species. Study included 214 patients with dermatophyte infection from March through December 2017. Antifungal susceptibility testing of isolated dermatophytes was performed according to CLSI-M38A2 guidelines. Among dermatophytes isolated in 68.2% (146/214) patients, Trichophyton species were predominant (66.4%). High (>2 mg/L, cut off) minimum inhibitory concentrations to terbinafine were noted in 15 (15.4%) Trichophyton mentagrophytes complex isolates. A complete agreement was noted between ARMS PCR assay and DNA sequencing. C to A transversion was responsible for amino acid substitution in 397th position of SE gene in terbinafine resistant isolates. Thus, the ARMS PCR assay is a simple and reliable method to detect terbinafine-resistant Trichophyton isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamanth A Shankarnarayan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Dipika Shaw
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Arunima Sharma
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Arunaloke Chakrabarti
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Sunil Dogra
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology & Leprology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Muthu Sendhil Kumaran
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology & Leprology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Harsimran Kaur
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Anup Ghosh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Shivaprakash M Rudramurthy
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India.
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Singh A, Masih A, Monroy-Nieto J, Singh PK, Bowers J, Travis J, Khurana A, Engelthaler DM, Meis JF, Chowdhary A. A unique multidrug-resistant clonal Trichophyton population distinct from Trichophyton mentagrophytes/Trichophyton interdigitale complex causing an ongoing alarming dermatophytosis outbreak in India: Genomic insights and resistance profile. Fungal Genet Biol 2019; 133:103266. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2019.103266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Hsieh A, Quenan S, Riat A, Toutous-Trellu L, Fontao L. A new mutation in the SQLE gene of Trichophyton mentagrophytes associated to terbinafine resistance in a couple with disseminated tinea corporis. J Mycol Med 2019; 29:352-355. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2019.100903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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49
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Xu X, Pu R, Li Y, Wu Z, Li C, Miao X, Yang W. Chemical Compositions of Propolis from China and the United States and their Antimicrobial Activities Against Penicillium notatum. Molecules 2019; 24:E3576. [PMID: 31590214 PMCID: PMC6803850 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemical compositions of ethanol extracts of propolis from China (EEP-C) and the United States (EEP-A) and their antifungal activity against Penicillium notatum were determined. The result showed that a total of 49 compounds were detected by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS, 30 of which were present in samples from two regions. The major compounds of EEP-C and EEP-A were similar, including pinocembrin, pinobanksin-3-O-acetate, galanin, chrysin, pinobanksin, and pinobanksin-methyl ether, and both of them showed antifungal activity against P. notatum with same minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 0.8 mg·mL-1. In the presence of propolis, the mycelial growth was inhibited, the hyphae became shriveled and wrinkled, the extracellular conductivities were increased, and the activities of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) were decreased. In addition, iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic analysis of P. notatum in response to propolis revealed that a total of 341 proteins were differentially expressed, of which 88 (25.8%) were upregulated and 253 (74.2%) were downregulated. Meanwhile, the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) involved in energy production and conversion, carbohydrate transport and metabolism, and the sterol biosynthetic pathway were identified. This study revealed that propolis could affect respiration, interfere with energy metabolism, and influence steroid biosynthesis to inhibit the growth of P. notatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Xu
- College of Animal Science (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Ruixue Pu
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Bee Product Processing and Application Research Center of the Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Yujie Li
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Bee Product Processing and Application Research Center of the Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Zhenghong Wu
- College of Animal Science (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Bee Product Processing and Application Research Center of the Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Chunxia Li
- College of Animal Science (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Xiaoqing Miao
- College of Animal Science (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Bee Product Processing and Application Research Center of the Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Wenchao Yang
- College of Animal Science (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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50
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Saunte DML, Hare RK, Jørgensen KM, Jørgensen R, Deleuran M, Zachariae CO, Thomsen SF, Bjørnskov-Halkier L, Kofoed K, Arendrup MC. Emerging Terbinafine Resistance in Trichophyton: Clinical Characteristics, Squalene Epoxidase Gene Mutations, and a Reliable EUCAST Method for Detection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:e01126-19. [PMID: 31383665 PMCID: PMC6761549 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01126-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, cases involving terbinafine-resistant Trichophyton isolates have been reported increasingly, particularly in India. We present 14 cases of terbinafine treatment failure in Trichophyton-infected Danish patients due to acquired resistance. Patients infected with Trichophyton rubrum (n = 12) or Trichophyton interdigitale (n = 2) with elevated terbinafine MICs during 2013-2018 were included. Antifungal susceptibility testing (AFST) was performed following a modified EUCAST E.Def 9.3.1 method (5 days of incubation) with or without cycloheximide and chloramphenicol (CC) supplementation of the growth medium. The squalene epoxidase (SE) target gene was sequenced, and 3-dimensional enzyme homology modeling was performed. Most patients (12/14 [86%]) were male. The mean age was 53.5 years (range, 11 to 77 years). The mean duration of infections was 4.8 years at the time of resistance detection. Prior systemic terbinafine treatment was documented for all patients, and topical therapy for 62% (information was missing in one case). Overall, nine isolates (64%) displayed high terbinafine resistance (MICs, 4 to >8 mg/liter), while two (14%) displayed moderate (MICs, 1 to 2 mg/liter) and three (21%) displayed low (MICs, 0.125 to 0.25 mg/liter) terbinafine resistance compared with control isolates. MICs generated with or without CC supplementation were similar, but CC prevented contamination. Known and novel SE amino acid substitutions (F397L, L393F, L393S, F415S, H440Y F484Y, and I121M V237I) were detected in resistant but not control isolates. Three-dimensional homology modeling suggested a role of the novel I121M and V237I alterations. Terbinafine resistance has been detected in Denmark using a modified EUCAST method, which facilitated susceptibility testing of dermatophytes. Action is needed for this emerging public health problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ditte M L Saunte
- Department of Dermatology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
- Unit of Mycology, Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rasmus K Hare
- Unit of Mycology, Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karin M Jørgensen
- Unit of Mycology, Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - René Jørgensen
- Unit of Mycology, Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Deleuran
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Claus O Zachariae
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Simon F Thomsen
- Department of Dermato-Venereology and Wound Healing Centre, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Kristian Kofoed
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Maiken C Arendrup
- Unit of Mycology, Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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