1
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Ma N, Kosasang S, Berdichevsky EK, Nishiguchi T, Horike S. Functional metal-organic liquids. Chem Sci 2024; 15:7474-7501. [PMID: 38784744 PMCID: PMC11110139 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01793e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
For decades, the study of coordination polymers (CPs) and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) has been limited primarily to their behavior as crystalline solids. In recent years, there has been increasing evidence that they can undergo reversible crystal-to-liquid transitions. However, their "liquid" states have primarily been considered intermediate states, and their diverse properties and applications of the liquid itself have been overlooked. As we learn from organic polymers, ceramics, and metals, understanding the structures and properties of liquid states is essential for exploring new properties and functions that are not achievable in their crystalline state. This review presents state-of-the-art research on the liquid states of CPs and MOFs while discussing the fundamental concepts involved in controlling them. We consider the different types of crystal-to-liquid transitions found in CPs and MOFs while extending the interpretation toward other functional metal-organic liquids, such as metal-containing ionic liquids and porous liquids, and try to suggest the unique features of CP/MOF liquids. We highlight their potential applications and present an outlook for future opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nattapol Ma
- International Center for Young Scientists (ICYS), National Institute for Materials Science 1-1 Namiki Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0044 Japan
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy (cMACS), KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Soracha Kosasang
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Ellan K Berdichevsky
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Katsura, Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Taichi Nishiguchi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Katsura, Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Satoshi Horike
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology Rayong 21210 Thailand
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2
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Olgenblum GI, Hutcheson BO, Pielak GJ, Harries D. Protecting Proteins from Desiccation Stress Using Molecular Glasses and Gels. Chem Rev 2024; 124:5668-5694. [PMID: 38635951 PMCID: PMC11082905 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Faced with desiccation stress, many organisms deploy strategies to maintain the integrity of their cellular components. Amorphous glassy media composed of small molecular solutes or protein gels present general strategies for protecting against drying. We review these strategies and the proposed molecular mechanisms to explain protein protection in a vitreous matrix under conditions of low hydration. We also describe efforts to exploit similar strategies in technological applications for protecting proteins in dry or highly desiccated states. Finally, we outline open questions and possibilities for future explorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil I. Olgenblum
- Institute
of Chemistry, Fritz Haber Research Center, and The Harvey M. Krueger
Family Center for Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Brent O. Hutcheson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH), Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Gary J. Pielak
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH), Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Integrated
Program for Biological & Genome Sciences, Lineberger Comprehensive
Cancer Center, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Daniel Harries
- Institute
of Chemistry, Fritz Haber Research Center, and The Harvey M. Krueger
Family Center for Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
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3
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Usuki T, Khomenko M, Sokolov A, Bokova M, Ohara K, Kassem M, Tverjanovich A, Bychkov E. Supercritical Gallium Trichloride in Oxidative Metal Recycling: Ga 2Cl 6 Dimers vs GaCl 3 Monomers and Rheological Behavior. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:7640-7651. [PMID: 38630624 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c04347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Oxidative recycling of metals is crucial for a circular economy, encompassing the preservation of natural resources, the reduction of energy consumption, and the mitigation of environmental impacts and greenhouse gas emissions associated with traditional mining and processing. Low-melting gallium trichloride appears to be a promising oxidative solvent for rare-earth metals, transuranium elements, platinum, pnictogens, and chalcogens. Typically, oxidative dissolution with GaCl3 occurs at relatively low temperatures over a few days, assuming the presence of tetrahedral Ga-Cl entities. While supercritical gallium trichloride holds the potential for advanced recycling, little is known about its structure and viscosity. Using high-energy X-ray diffraction and multiscale modeling, which includes first-principles simulations, we have revealed a dual molecular nature of supercritical gallium trichloride, consisting of tetrahedral dimers and flat trigonal monomers. The molecular geometry can be precisely tuned by adjusting the temperature and pressure, optimizing the recycling process for specific metals. The derived viscosity, consistent with the reported results in the vicinity of melting, decreases by a factor of 100 above the critical temperature, enabling fast molecular diffusion, and efficient recycling kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Usuki
- Faculty of Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-8560, Japan
| | - Maxim Khomenko
- ILIT RAS-Branch of the FSRC "Crystallography and Photonics" RAS, 140700 Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Biophotonics, Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Anton Sokolov
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 59140 Dunkerque, France
| | - Maria Bokova
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 59140 Dunkerque, France
| | - Koji Ohara
- Faculty of Materials for Energy, Shimane University, 1060, Nishi-Kawatsu-Cho, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
| | - Mohammad Kassem
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 59140 Dunkerque, France
| | - Andrey Tverjanovich
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Eugene Bychkov
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 59140 Dunkerque, France
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4
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Kumar Murali A, Paluch M, Casalini R, Lange A, Taubert A, Wojnarowska Z. Dynamics of Water Clusters Confined in Ionic Liquid at an Elevated Pressure. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:3376-3382. [PMID: 38498994 PMCID: PMC10983063 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Over the years, numerous experimental and theoretical efforts have been dedicated to investigating the mysteries of water and determining its new unexplored physical properties. Despite this, high-pressure studies of water and aqueous mixtures close to the glass transition still represent an unknown area of research. Herein, we address a fundamental issue: the validity of the density scaling concept for fast water dynamics. For this purpose, we performed ambient and high-pressure dielectric measurements of a supercooled equimolar aqueous mixture of an acidic ionic liquid. All isothermal and isobaric relaxation data describing the time scale of charge transport (τσ) and fast dynamics within the water clusters (τν) reveal visual evidence of a liquid-glass transition. Furthermore, both relaxation processes satisfy the ργ/T scaling concept with a single exponent γ = 0.58. Thus, the scaling exponent is a state-point-independent parameter for the dynamics of water clusters confined in ionic liquid investigated in the pressure range up to 300 MPa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amith Kumar Murali
- Institute
of Physics, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | - Marian Paluch
- Institute
of Physics, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | - Riccardo Casalini
- Chemistry
Division, Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue Southwest, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Alyna Lange
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14469 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Andreas Taubert
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14469 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Zaneta Wojnarowska
- Institute
of Physics, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
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5
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Bachler J, Daidone I, Zanetti-Polzi L, Loerting T. Tuning the low-temperature phase behavior of aqueous ionic liquids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:9741-9753. [PMID: 38470827 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp06101a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Water's anomalous behavior is often explained using a two-liquid model, where two types of water, high-density liquid (HDL) and low-density liquid (LDL), can be separated via a liquid-liquid phase transition (LLPT) at low temperature. Mixtures of water and the ionic liquid hydrazinium trifluoroacetate were suggested to also show an LLPT but with the advantage that there is no rapid ice crystallization hampering its observation. It remains controversial whether these solutions exhibit an LLPT or are instead associated with complex phase separation phenomena. We here show detailed low-temperature calorimetry and diffraction experiments on aqueous solutions containing hydrazinium trifluoroacetate and other similar ionic liquids, all at a solute mole fraction of x = 0.175. Hydrazinium trifluoroacetate, ammonium trifluoroacetate, ethylammonium trifluoroacetate and hydrazinium pentafluoropropionate all boast exothermic transitions unrelated to crystallization as well as remarkable structural changes upon cooling into the glassy state. We propose a model inspired by micelle formation and decomposition in surfactant solutions, which is complemented by MD simulations and allows rationalizing the rich phase behavior of our mixtures during cooling. The fundamental aspect of the model is the hydrophobic nature of fluorinated anions that enables aggregation, which is reversed upon cooling and culminates in the remarkable exothermic first-order transition observed at low temperature. That is, we assign the first-order transition not to an LLPT but to phase-separations similar to the ones when falling below the Krafft temperature. All other solutions merely show simple vitrification behavior. Still, they exhibit distinct differences in liquid fragility, which is decreased continuously with decreasing hydrophobicity of the anions. This might enable the systematic tuning of ionic liquids with the goal of designing aqueous solutions of specific fragility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Bachler
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria.
| | - Isabella Daidone
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila 67010, Italy
| | | | - Thomas Loerting
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria.
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6
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Russell BA, González-Jiménez M, Tukachev NV, Hayes LA, Chowdhury T, Javornik U, Mali G, Tassieri M, Farnaby JH, Senn HM, Wynne K. A Second Glass Transition Observed in Single-Component Homogeneous Liquids Due to Intramolecular Vitrification. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:26061-26067. [PMID: 37978954 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
On supercooling a liquid, the viscosity rises rapidly until at the glass transition it vitrifies into an amorphous solid accompanied by a steep drop in the heat capacity. Therefore, a pure homogeneous liquid is not expected to display more than one glass transition. Here we show that a family of single-component homogeneous molecular liquids, titanium tetraalkoxides, exhibit two calorimetric glass transitions of comparable magnitude, one of which is the conventional glass transition associated with dynamic arrest of the bulk liquid properties, while the other is associated with the freezing out of intramolecular degrees of freedom. Such intramolecular vitrification is likely to be found in molecules in which low-frequency terahertz intramolecular motion is coupled to the surrounding liquid. These results imply that intramolecular barrier-crossing processes, typically associated with chemical reactivity, do not necessarily follow the Arrhenius law but may freeze out at a finite temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben A Russell
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
| | | | | | - Laure-Anne Hayes
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
| | | | - Uroš Javornik
- Slovenian NMR Centre, National Institute of Chemistry, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Mali
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Manlio Tassieri
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
| | - Joy H Farnaby
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
| | - Hans M Senn
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
| | - Klaas Wynne
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
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7
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Tverjanovich AS, Tsiok OB, Brazhkin VV, Bokova M, Cuisset A, Bychkov E. Remarkably Stable Glassy GeS 2 Densified at 8.3 GPa: Hidden Polyamorphism, Contrasting Optical Properties, Raman and DFT Studies, and Advanced Applications. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:9850-9860. [PMID: 37910778 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c05773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Glassy GeS2, densified at 8.3 GPa, exhibits a strongly reduced bandgap, predominantly tetrahedral Ge environment, enhanced chemical disorder and partial 3-fold coordination of both germanium and sulfur, assuming two possible reaction paths under high pressure: (i) a simple dissociation 2Ge-S ⇄ Ge-Ge + S-S and (ii) a chemical disproportionation GeS2 ⇄ GeS + S. The observed electronic and structural changes remain intact for at least seven years under ambient conditions but are gradually evolving upon heating. The relaxation kinetics at elevated temperatures, up to the glass transition temperature Tg, suggests that complete recovery of the densified glassy GeS2 over a typical operational T-range of optoelectronic devices will take many thousands of years. The observed logarithmic relaxation and nearly infinite recovery time at room temperature raise questions about the nature of millennia-long phenomena in densified GeS2. Two alternative explanations will be discussed: (1) hidden polyamorphism and (2) continuous structural and chemical changes under high pressure. These investigations offer valuable insights into the behavior of glassy GeS2 under extreme conditions and its potential applications in optoelectronic devices and other advanced technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey S Tverjanovich
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Oleg B Tsiok
- Institute for High Pressure Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Troitsk, 108840 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vadim V Brazhkin
- Institute for High Pressure Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Troitsk, 108840 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Bokova
- Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 59140 Dunkerque, France
| | - Arnaud Cuisset
- Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 59140 Dunkerque, France
| | - Eugene Bychkov
- Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 59140 Dunkerque, France
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8
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Ferrer F, Juramy M, Jabbour R, Cousin S, Ziarelli F, Mollica G, Thureau P, Viel S. Polarization Amplification in Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Magic-Angle Spinning Solid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance by Solubilizing Traditional Ionic Salts. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:9619-9623. [PMID: 37870262 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic nuclear polarization can improve the sensitivity of magic-angle spinning solid-state NMR experiments by 1-2 orders of magnitude. In aqueous media, experiments are usually performed using the so-called DNP juice, a glycerol-d8/D2O/H2O mixture (60/30/10, v/v/v) that can form a homogeneous glass at cryogenic temperatures. This acts as a cryoprotectant and prevents phase separation of the paramagnetic polarizing agents (PAs) that are added to the mixture to provide the source of electron spin polarization required for DNP. Here, we show that relatively high 1H DNP enhancements (∼60) can also be obtained in water without glycerol (or other glass forming agents) simply by dissolving high concentrations of electrolytes (such as NaCl or LiCl), which perturb the otherwise unavoidable ice crystallization observed upon cooling, thereby reducing PA phase separation and restoring DNP efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marie Juramy
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, 13013, Marseille, France
| | - Ribal Jabbour
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Méditerranée, FSCM, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Samuel Cousin
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, 13013, Marseille, France
| | - Fabio Ziarelli
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Méditerranée, FSCM, 13013 Marseille, France
| | | | | | - Stéphane Viel
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, 13013, Marseille, France
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9
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Suleiman Alsalhi M, Royall PG, Al-Obaidi H, Alsalhi A, Cilibrizzi A, Chan KLA. Non-salt based co-amorphous formulation produced by freeze-drying. Int J Pharm 2023; 645:123404. [PMID: 37714312 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Amino acids-based co-amorphous system (CAM) has shown to be a promising approach to overcome the dissolution challenge of biopharmaceutics classification system class II drugs. To date, most CAM formulations are based on salt formation at a 1:1 M ratio and are prepared by mechanical activation. However, its use in medicinal products is still limited due to the lack of in-depth understanding of non-ionic based molecular interactions. There are also limited studies on the effect of drug-to-co-former ratio, the development of more scalable, less aggressive, manufacturing processes such as freeze drying and its dissolution benefits. This work aims to investigate the effect of the ratio of tryptophan (a model non-ionic amino acid) to indomethacin (a model drug) on a non-salt-based CAM prepared via freeze-drying with the tert-butyl alcohol-water cosolvent system. The CAM material was systemically characterized at various stages of the freeze-drying process using DSC, UV-Vis, FT-IR, NMR, TGA and XRPD. Dissolution performance and physical stability upon storage were also investigated. Freeze-drying using the cosolvent system has been successfully shown to produce CAMs. The molecular interactions involving H-bonding, H/π and π-π between compounds have been confirmed by FT-IR and NMR. The drug release rate for formulations with a 1.5:1 drug: amino acid molar ratio (or 1:0.42 wt ratio) or below is found to be significantly improved compared to the pure crystalline drug. Furthermore, formulation with a 2.3:1 drug:amino acid molar ratio (or 1:0.25 wt ratio) or below have shown to be physically stable for at least 9 months when stored at dry condition (5% relative humidity, 25 °C) compared to the pure amorphous indomethacin. We have demonstrated the potential of freeze-drying using tert-butyl alcohol-water cosolvent system to produce an optimal non-salt-based class II drug-amino acid CAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Suleiman Alsalhi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, SE1 9NH, UK; College of pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Paul G Royall
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Hisham Al-Obaidi
- School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy (SCFP), University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AP, UK
| | - Alyaa Alsalhi
- College of pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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10
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Singh LP. Glass transition phenomena and dielectric relaxations in supercooled d-lyxose aqueous solutions. Carbohydr Res 2023; 532:108917. [PMID: 37572627 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2023.108917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Differential scanning calorimeter and broadband dielectric spectroscopy in a broad range of temperatures (150-300 K) were employed to study the d-lyxose aqueous mixture at different hydration levels. Two relaxation processes were observed in all investigated d-lyxose aqueous mixtures. A relaxation process (process-I) usually known as the primary relaxation mode which is accountable for the collective motion of d-lyxose aqueous solution, was observed above the glass transition temperature (Tg). Below Tg, another process designated as process-II was found which is mainly related to the water molecule relaxation inside the d-lyxose matrix. The average relaxation times as a function of temperature and dielectric strengths of both observed relaxation processes (I & II) were analyzed for all hydration levels in d-lyxose. It was identified that the relaxation amplitude of process-II in the d-lyxose aqueous mixture was increased drastically and their activation energies were found to be approximately independent of the content of water above critical concentration, xc = 0.28. This suggests that the dynamical process observed above xc was dominated by the presence of water clusters. In the current aqueous mixture, the critical content of water (xc) is slightly higher as compared to previously reported aqueous mixtures, indicating a more cooperative nature of water molecules with a d-lyxose matrix. Additionally, the Tg of pure water was estimated at 128 ± 5.8 K from the extrapolation of DSC Tg data of the d-lyxose aqueous solution by using the well-known Gordon-Taylor equation. Our current result gives further support to the well-accepted glass transition (Tg) of pure water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokendra P Singh
- Department of Physics, Madanapalle Institute of Technology & Science, Madanapalle, 517325, Andhra Pradesh, India.
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11
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Loubet NA, Verde AR, Lockhart JA, Appignanesi GA. Turning an energy-based defect detector into a multi-molecule structural indicator for water. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:064512. [PMID: 37578063 DOI: 10.1063/5.0159060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have provided conclusive evidence for the existence of a liquid-liquid critical point in numerical models of water. Such a scenario implies the competition between two local molecular arrangements of different densities: a high-density liquid (HDL) and a low-density liquid (LDL). Within this context, the development of accurate structural indicators to properly characterize the two interconverting local structures is demanded. In a previous study, we introduced a reliable energy-based structural descriptor that properly discriminates water molecules into tetrahedrally arranged molecules (T molecules) and distorted molecules (D molecules). The latter constitute defects in terms of hydrogen bond (HB) coordination and have been shown to represent a minority component, even at high temperatures above the melting point. In addition, the D molecules tend to form high-quality HBs with three T molecules and to be surrounded by T and D molecules at further distances. Thus, it became evident that, while the LDL state might consist of a virtually pure T state, the HDL state would comprise mixed molecular arrangements including the D molecules. Such a need to abandon the single-molecule description requires the investigation of the degree of structural information to be incorporated in order to build an appropriate multi-molecule indicator. Hence, in this work, we shall study the effect of the local structural constraints on the water molecules in order to discriminate the different molecular arrangements into two disjoint classes. This will enable us to build a multi-molecule structural indicator for water whose performance will then be investigated within the water's supercooled regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás A Loubet
- INQUISUR, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Avenida Alem 1253, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Alejandro R Verde
- INQUISUR, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Avenida Alem 1253, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Jano A Lockhart
- INQUISUR, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Avenida Alem 1253, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Gustavo A Appignanesi
- INQUISUR, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Avenida Alem 1253, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
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12
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Bravenec AD, Catling DC. Effect of Concentration, Cooling, and Warming Rates on Glass Transition Temperatures for NaClO 4, Ca(ClO 4) 2, and Mg(ClO 4) 2 Brines with Relevance to Mars and Other Cold Bodies. ACS EARTH & SPACE CHEMISTRY 2023; 7:1433-1445. [PMID: 37492631 PMCID: PMC10364133 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.3c00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
The hygroscopic and supercooling properties of perchlorates make them potentially important for sustaining liquid water on Mars. To understand the possibility for supercooled liquids and glasses on Mars and other cold bodies, we have characterized the supercooling and vitrification features using differential scanning calorimetry for Na, Ca, and Mg perchlorate brines in a temperature range relevant to Mars. Results show that the glass transition temperature (Tg) depends on the salt composition, concentration, and cooling or warming rate. The difference in Tg may be significant even in a single composition, producing glass transitions with over 40 K difference. A new model was developed to describe these Tg dependencies, with the warmest Tg values found for high concentrations and fast cooling rates. These results emphasize the importance of considering Tg as a range rather than a discrete temperature. For all perchlorates measured, the degree of supercooling was extensive at high concentrations, exceeding 100 K from the liquidus. With a highly reduced glass temperature (Tg/liquidus temperature) and low critical rate of temperature change to avoid crystallization, concentrated perchlorate brines are strong glass formers when compared to other glass-forming materials. The consideration of cooling rates in the context of cellular cryopreservation suggests that cooling and warming rates may be an important astrobiological factors in a diverse set of planetary environments. These findings provide additional constraints on the possibility of liquid water on Mars in terms of concentration, different latitudes, seasons, and times of day.
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Morais EM, Idström A, Evenäs L, Martinelli A. Transport Properties of Protic Ionic Liquids Based on Triazolium and Imidazolium: Development of an Air-Free Conductivity Setup. Molecules 2023; 28:5147. [PMID: 37446808 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The dynamical properties of four protic ionic liquids, based on the ethyltriazolium ([C2HTr124]) and the ethylimidazolium ([C2HIm]) cation, were investigated. The associated anions were the triflate ([TfO]) and the bistriflimide ([TFSI]). Ionic conductivity values and self-diffusion coefficients were measured and discussed, extending the discussion to the concept of fragility. Furthermore, in order to allow the measurement of the ionic conductivity of very small volumes (<0.5 mL) of ionic liquid under an inert and dry atmosphere, a new setup was developed. It was found that the cation nature strongly affected the transport properties, the [C2HTr124] cation resulting in slower dynamics than the [C2HIm] one. This was concluded from both conductivity and diffusivity measurements while for both properties, the anion had a lesser effect. By fitting the conductivity data with the Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann (VFT) equation, we could also estimate the fragility of these ionic liquids, which all fell in the range of very fragile glass-forming materials. Finally, the slower dynamics observed in the triazolium-based ionic liquids can be rationalized by the stronger interactions that this cation establishes with both anions, as deduced from the frequency analysis of relevant Raman signatures and density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Maurina Morais
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alexander Idström
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lars Evenäs
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Martinelli
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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14
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Tonauer CM, Fidler LR, Giebelmann J, Yamashita K, Loerting T. Nucleation and growth of crystalline ices from amorphous ices. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:141001. [PMID: 37061482 DOI: 10.1063/5.0143343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We here review mostly experimental and some computational work devoted to nucleation in amorphous ices. In fact, there are only a handful of studies in which nucleation and growth in amorphous ices are investigated as two separate processes. In most studies, crystallization temperatures Tx or crystallization rates RJG are accessed for the combined process. Our Review deals with different amorphous ices, namely, vapor-deposited amorphous solid water (ASW) encountered in many astrophysical environments; hyperquenched glassy water (HGW) produced from μm-droplets of liquid water; and low density amorphous (LDA), high density amorphous (HDA), and very high density amorphous (VHDA) ices produced via pressure-induced amorphization of ice I or from high-pressure polymorphs. We cover the pressure range of up to about 6 GPa and the temperature range of up to 270 K, where only the presence of salts allows for the observation of amorphous ices at such high temperatures. In the case of ASW, its microporosity and very high internal surface to volume ratio are the key factors determining its crystallization kinetics. For HGW, the role of interfaces between individual glassy droplets is crucial but mostly neglected in nucleation or crystallization studies. In the case of LDA, HDA, and VHDA, parallel crystallization kinetics to different ice phases is observed, where the fraction of crystallized ices is controlled by the heating rate. A key aspect here is that in different experiments, amorphous ices of different "purities" are obtained, where "purity" here means the "absence of crystalline nuclei." For this reason, "preseeded amorphous ice" and "nuclei-free amorphous ice" should be distinguished carefully, which has not been done properly in most studies. This makes a direct comparison of results obtained in different laboratories very hard, and even results obtained in the same laboratory are affected by very small changes in the preparation protocol. In terms of mechanism, the results are consistent with amorphous ices turning into an ultraviscous, deeply supercooled liquid prior to nucleation. However, especially in preseeded amorphous ices, crystallization from the preexisting nuclei takes place simultaneously. To separate the time scales of crystallization from the time scale of structure relaxation cleanly, the goal needs to be to produce amorphous ices free from crystalline ice nuclei. Such ices have only been produced in very few studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Tonauer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lilli-Ruth Fidler
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johannes Giebelmann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Keishiro Yamashita
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Loerting
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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15
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Verde AR, Alarcón LM, Appignanesi GA. Correlations between defect propensity and dynamical heterogeneities in supercooled water. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:114502. [PMID: 36948825 DOI: 10.1063/5.0139118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A salient feature of supercooled liquids consists in the dramatic dynamical slowdown they undergo as temperature decreases while no significant structural change is evident. These systems also present dynamical heterogeneities (DH): certain molecules, spatially arranged in clusters, relax various orders of magnitude faster than the others. However, again, no static quantity (such as structural or energetic measures) shows strong direct correlations with such fast-moving molecules. In turn, the dynamic propensity approach, an indirect measure that quantifies the tendency of the molecules to move in a given structural configuration, has revealed that dynamical constraints, indeed, originate from the initial structure. Nevertheless, this approach is not able to elicit which structural quantity is, in fact, responsible for such a behavior. In an effort to remove dynamics from its definition in favor of a static quantity, an energy-based propensity has also been developed for supercooled water, but it could only find positive correlations between the lowest-energy and the least-mobile molecules, while no correlations could be found for those more relevant mobile molecules involved in the DH clusters responsible for the system's structural relaxation. Thus, in this work, we shall define a defect propensity measure based on a recently introduced structural index that accurately characterizes water structural defects. We shall show that this defect propensity measure provides positive correlations with dynamic propensity, being also able to account for the fast-moving molecules responsible for the structural relaxation. Moreover, time dependent correlations will show that defect propensity represents an appropriate early-time predictor of the long-time dynamical heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro R Verde
- INQUISUR, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Avenida Alem 1253, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Laureano M Alarcón
- INQUISUR, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Avenida Alem 1253, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Gustavo A Appignanesi
- INQUISUR, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Avenida Alem 1253, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
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16
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Schiraldi A. Structural Relaxation and Thermodynamics of Viscous Aqueous Systems: A Simplified Reappraisal. J SOLUTION CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10953-022-01238-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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17
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Cummings BE, Shiraiwa M, Waring MS. Phase state of organic aerosols may limit temperature-driven thermodynamic repartitioning following outdoor-to-indoor transport. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:1678-1696. [PMID: 35920302 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00093h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ambient aerosols often experience temperature and humidity gradients following outdoor-to-indoor transport, causing organic aerosols (OA) to either gain or lose mass via gas-particle repartitioning. Recent models have sought to quantify these effects using equilibrium partitioning thermodynamics. However, evidence suggests some indoor OA may possess glassy or semisolid phase states with higher viscosities than liquid OA. Characteristic partitioning timescales of higher-viscosity particles are significantly longer than for liquid particles, which may either fully or partially inhibit repartitioning. For outdoor OA experiencing a temperature change during transport indoors, the ultimate repartitioning state depends on the relationship between the gas-particle partitioning rate coefficient (kgp) of semivolatile organics and the indoor particle loss rate coefficient (lp). That is, thermodynamic equilibrium partitioning may occur when semivolatile kgp ≫ lp, no repartitioning when semivolatile kgp ≪ lp, and partial repartitioning when their magnitudes are similar. Longer indoor particle lifetimes, higher particle number, and larger particle sizes all raise kgp (driving repartitioning towards equilibrium). For simulated U.S. residences, equilibrium condensation was likely reached in humid climate zones during warm meteorological conditions. In colder regions, the degree of evaporative repartitioning depended on whether organics could repartition before the particle phase state adjusts to indoor conditions, which is uncertain. When an appreciable temperature gradient exists, this study not only confirmed that all outdoor-originating OA that is liquid indoors will reach thermodynamic equilibrium, but also concluded that a plurality (46% for this domain) of such OA that is semisolid may also achieve thermodynamic equilibrium during its indoor lifetime.
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18
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Novikov VN, Sokolov AP. Temperature Dependence of Structural Relaxation in Glass-Forming Liquids and Polymers. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 24:1101. [PMID: 36010765 PMCID: PMC9407199 DOI: 10.3390/e24081101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the microscopic mechanism of the transition of glass remains one of the most challenging topics in Condensed Matter Physics. What controls the sharp slowing down of molecular motion upon approaching the glass transition temperature Tg, whether there is an underlying thermodynamic transition at some finite temperature below Tg, what the role of cooperativity and heterogeneity are, and many other questions continue to be topics of active discussions. This review focuses on the mechanisms that control the steepness of the temperature dependence of structural relaxation (fragility) in glass-forming liquids. We present a brief overview of the basic theoretical models and their experimental tests, analyzing their predictions for fragility and emphasizing the successes and failures of the models. Special attention is focused on the connection of fast dynamics on picosecond time scales to the behavior of structural relaxation on much longer time scales. A separate section discusses the specific case of polymeric glass-forming liquids, which usually have extremely high fragility. We emphasize the apparent difference between the glass transitions in polymers and small molecules. We also discuss the possible role of quantum effects in the glass transition of light molecules and highlight the recent discovery of the unusually low fragility of water. At the end, we formulate the major challenges and questions remaining in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir N. Novikov
- Institute of Automation and Electrometry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexei P. Sokolov
- Department of Chemistry and Joint Institute for Neutron Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
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19
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Bachler J, Giebelmann J, Amann-Winkel K, Loerting T. Pressure-annealed high-density amorphous ice made from vitrified water droplets: A systematic calorimetry study on water's second glass transition. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:064502. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0100571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In previous work, water's second glass transition was investigated based on an amorphous sample made from crystalline ice (Amann-Winkel et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 110 (44) 17720-17725). In the present work, we investigate water's second glass transition based on the genuine glassy state of high-density water as prepared from micron-sized liquid water droplets, avoiding crystallinity at all stages. All the calorimetric features of water's second glass transition observed in the previous work are also observed here on the genuine glassy samples. This suggests that the glass transition indeed thermodynamically links amorphous ices continuously with deeply supercooled water. We proceed to extend the earlier study by investigating the effect of preparation history on the calorimetric glass transition temperature. The best samples prepared here feature both a lower glass transition temperature Tg,2 and a higher polyamorphic transition temperature Tons, thereby extending the range of thermal stability in which the deeply supercooled liquid can be observed by about 4 K. Just before the polyamorphic transition, we observe a spike-like increase of heat capacity that we interpret in terms of nucleation of low-density water. Without this spike, the width of water's second glass transition is 15 K, and the Δcp amounts to 3{plus minus}1 J K-1 mol-1, making the case for HDL being a strong liquid. We suggest that samples annealed at 1.9 GPa to 175 K and decompressed at 140 K to {greater than or equal to}0.10 GPa are free from such nuclei and represent the most ideal HDA glasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Bachler
- University of Innsbruck Institute of Physical Chemistry, Austria
| | | | | | - Thomas Loerting
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Austria
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20
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Thayumanasundaram S, Venkatesan TR, Ousset A, Van Hollebeke K, Aerts L, Wübbenhorst M, Van den Mooter G. Complementarity of mDSC, DMA, and DRS Techniques in the Study of Tg and Sub- Tg Transitions in Amorphous Solids: PVPVA, Indomethacin, and Amorphous Solid Dispersions Based on Indomethacin/PVPVA. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:2299-2315. [PMID: 35674392 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recently, glasses, a subset of amorphous solids, have gained attention in various fields, such as polymer chemistry, optical fibers, and pharmaceuticals. One of their characteristic features, the glass transition temperature (Tg) which is absent in 100% crystalline materials, influences several material properties, such as free volume, enthalpy, viscosity, thermodynamic transitions, molecular motions, physical stability, mechanical properties, etc. In addition to Tg, there may be several other temperature-dependent transitions known as sub-Tg transitions (or β-, γ-, and δ-relaxations) which are identified by specific analytical techniques. The study of Tg and sub-Tg transitions occurring in amorphous solids has gained much attention because of its importance in understanding molecular kinetics, and it requires the combination of conventional and novel characterization techniques. In the present study, three different analytical techniques [modulated differential scanning calorimetry (mDSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (DRS)] were used to perform comprehensive qualitative/quantitative characterization of molecular relaxations, miscibility, and molecular interactions present in an amorphous polymer (PVPVA), a model drug (indomethacin, IND), and IND/PVPVA-based amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs). This is the first ever reported DMA study on PVPVA in its powder form, which avoids the contribution of solvent to the mechanical properties when a self-standing polymer film is used. A good correlation between the techniques in determining the Tg value of PVPVA, IND, and IND/PVPVA-based ASDs is established, and the negligible difference (within 10 °C) is attributed to the different material properties assessed in each technique. However, the overall Tg behavior, the decrease in Tg with increase in drug loading in ASDs, is universally observed in all the above-mentioned techniques, which reveals their complementarity. DMA and DRS techniques are used to study the different sub-Tg transitions present in PVPVA, amorphous IND, and IND/PVPVA-based ASDs because these transitions are normally too weak or too broad for mDSC to detect. For IND/PVPVA-based ASDs, both techniques show a shift of sub-Tg transitions (or secondary relaxation peaks) toward the high-temperature region from -140 to -45 °C. Thus, this paper outlines the usage of different solid-state characterization techniques in understanding the different molecular dynamics present in the polymer, drug, and their interactions in ASDs with the integrated information obtained from individual techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thulasinath Raman Venkatesan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.,Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Aymeric Ousset
- Department of Product Design and Performance, UCB Pharma, 1420 Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Kim Van Hollebeke
- Department of Product Design and Performance, UCB Pharma, 1420 Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Luc Aerts
- Department of Product Design and Performance, UCB Pharma, 1420 Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | | | - Guy Van den Mooter
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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21
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Ahlmann S, Hoffmann L, Keppler M, Münzner P, Tonauer CM, Loerting T, Gainaru C, Böhmer R. Isotope effects on the dynamics of amorphous ices and aqueous phosphoric acid solutions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:14846-14856. [PMID: 35697341 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01455f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The glass transitions of amorphous ices as well as of aqueous phosphoric acid solutions were reported to display very large 1H/2H isotope effects. Using dielectric spectroscopy, in both types of glassformers for equimolar protonated/deuterated mixtures an almost ideal isotope-mixing behavior rather than a bimodal relaxation is found. For the amorphous ices this finding is interpreted in terms of a glass-to-liquid rather than an orientational glass transition scenario. Based on calorimetric results revealing that major 16O/18O isotope effects are missing, the latter scenario was previously favored for the amorphous ices. Considering the dielectric results on 18O substituted amorphous ices and by comparison with corresponding results for the aqueous phosphoric acid solutions, it is argued that the present findings are compatible with the glass-to-liquid scenario. To provide additional information regarding the deeply supercooled state of 1H/2H isotopically mixed and 18O substituted glassformers, the aqueous phosphoric acid solutions are studied using shear mechanical spectroscopy as well, a technique which so far could not successfully be applied to characterize the glass transitions of the amorphous ices.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ahlmann
- Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - L Hoffmann
- Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - M Keppler
- Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - P Münzner
- Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - C M Tonauer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - T Loerting
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - C Gainaru
- Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44221 Dortmund, Germany.,Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - R Böhmer
- Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
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22
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Becher M, Lichtinger A, Minikejew R, Vogel M, Rössler EA. NMR Relaxometry Accessing the Relaxation Spectrum in Molecular Glass Formers. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095118. [PMID: 35563506 PMCID: PMC9105706 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
It is a longstanding question whether universality or specificity characterize the molecular dynamics underlying the glass transition of liquids. In particular, there is an ongoing debate to what degree the shape of dynamical susceptibilities is common to various molecular glass formers. Traditionally, results from dielectric spectroscopy and light scattering have dominated the discussion. Here, we show that nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), primarily field-cycling relaxometry, has evolved into a valuable method, which provides access to both translational and rotational motions, depending on the probe nucleus. A comparison of 1H NMR results indicates that translation is more retarded with respect to rotation for liquids with fully established hydrogen-bond networks; however, the effect is not related to the slow Debye process of, for example, monohydroxy alcohols. As for the reorientation dynamics, the NMR susceptibilities of the structural (α) relaxation usually resemble those of light scattering, while the dielectric spectra of especially polar liquids have a different broadening, likely due to contributions from cross correlations between different molecules. Moreover, NMR relaxometry confirms that the excess wing on the high-frequency flank of the α-process is a generic relaxation feature of liquids approaching the glass transition. However, the relevance of this feature generally differs between various methods, possibly because of their different sensitivities to small-amplitude motions. As a major advantage, NMR is isotope specific; hence, it enables selective studies on a particular molecular entity or a particular component of a liquid mixture. Exploiting these possibilities, we show that the characteristic Cole-Davidson shape of the α-relaxation is retained in various ionic liquids and salt solutions, but the width parameter may differ for the components. In contrast, the low-frequency flank of the α-relaxation can be notably broadened for liquids in nanoscopic confinements. This effect also occurs in liquid mixtures with a prominent dynamical disparity in their components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Becher
- Nordbayerisches NMR Zentrum, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany; (M.B.); (A.L.); (R.M.)
| | - Anne Lichtinger
- Nordbayerisches NMR Zentrum, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany; (M.B.); (A.L.); (R.M.)
| | - Rafael Minikejew
- Nordbayerisches NMR Zentrum, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany; (M.B.); (A.L.); (R.M.)
| | - Michael Vogel
- Institut für Physik Kondensierter Materie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany;
| | - Ernst A. Rössler
- Nordbayerisches NMR Zentrum, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany; (M.B.); (A.L.); (R.M.)
- Correspondence:
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23
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Interplay of vitrification and ice formation in a cryoprotectant aqueous solution at low temperature. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2112248119. [PMID: 35302891 PMCID: PMC8944663 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2112248119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Studying water crystallization at low temperature and the lower limit of ice formation is crucial both for a fundamental understanding of water and for practical reasons such as cryopreservation. By taking advantage of the polarized neutron scattering technique and by considering a nanosegregated water–glycerol solution, we are able to characterize the key parameters of ice formation at temperatures near and below the calorimetric glass transition of the solution and provide a general rule for estimating the lower temperature limit of water crystallization in a broad range of aqueous solutions. We also show that nanosegregated water in the glassy solution at low temperature is not in a high-density form but in a low-density one. The proneness of water to crystallize is a major obstacle to understanding its putative exotic behavior in the supercooled state. It also represents a strong practical limitation to cryopreservation of biological systems. Adding some concentration of glycerol, which has a cryoprotective effect preventing, to some degree, water crystallization, has been proposed as a possible way out, provided the concentration is small enough for water to retain some of its bulk character and/or for limiting the damage caused by glycerol on living organisms. Contrary to previous expectations, we show that, in the “marginal” glycerol molar concentration ≈ 18%, at which vitrification is possible with no crystallization on rapid cooling, water crystallizes upon isothermal annealing even below the calorimetric glass transition of the solution. Through a time-resolved polarized neutron scattering investigation, we extract key parameters, size and shape of the ice crystallites, fraction of water that crystallizes, and crystallization time, which are important for cryoprotection, as a function of the annealing temperature. We also characterize the nature of the out-of-equilibrium liquid phases that are present at low temperature, providing more arguments against the presence of an isocompositional liquid–liquid transition. Finally, we propose a rule of thumb to estimate the lower temperature limit below which water crystallization does not occur in aqueous solutions.
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24
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van der Sman R, Ubbink J, Dupas-Langlet M, Kristiawan M, Siemons I. Scaling relations in rheology of concentrated starches and maltodextrins. Food Hydrocoll 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2021.107306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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25
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Direct observation of reversible liquid-liquid transition in a trehalose aqueous solution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2113411119. [PMID: 35074875 PMCID: PMC8812557 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2113411119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies on liquid water suggest that the two liquid waters exist in the supercooled temperature region and that their existence relates to the anomalous behavior of low-temperature liquid water such as the maximum density at 4 °C. However, the experimental investigation of two liquid waters is difficult because of the rapid crystallization. In this study, a reversible liquid–liquid transition in a trehalose aqueous solution by the change in pressure was observed directly. This result suggests strongly that two liquid waters exist in the aqueous solution. This study has implications for wide fields related to liquid water, such as solution chemistry, cryobiology, meteorology, and food engineering. Water forms two glassy waters, low-density and high-density amorphs, which undergo a reversible polyamorphic transition with the change in pressure. The two glassy waters transform into the different liquids, low-density liquid (LDL) and high-density liquid (HDL), at high temperatures. It is predicted that the two liquid waters also undergo a liquid–liquid transition (LLT). However, the reversible LLT, particularly the LDL-to-HDL transition, has not been observed directly due to rapid crystallization. Here, I prepared a glassy dilute trehalose aqueous solution (0.020 molar fraction) without segregation and measured the isothermal volume change at 0.01 to 1.00 GPa below 160 K. The polyamorphic transition and the glass-to-liquid transition for the high-density and low-density solutions were examined, and the liquid region where both LDL and HDL existed was determined. The results show that the reversible polyamorphic transition induced by the pressure change above 140 K is the LLT. That is, the transition from LDL to HDL is observed. Moreover, the pressure hysteresis of LLT suggests strongly that the LLT has a first-order nature. The direct observation of the reversible LLT in the trehalose aqueous solution has implications for understanding not only the liquid–liquid critical point hypothesis of pure water but also the relation between aqueous solution and water polyamorphism.
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26
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Structural characterization and fluidness analysis of lactose/whey protein isolate composite hydrocolloids as printing materials for 3D printing. Food Res Int 2022; 152:110908. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Biedenbänder T, Aladin V, Saeidpour S, Corzilius B. Dynamic Nuclear Polarization for Sensitivity Enhancement in Biomolecular Solid-State NMR. Chem Rev 2022; 122:9738-9794. [PMID: 35099939 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state NMR with magic-angle spinning (MAS) is an important method in structural biology. While NMR can provide invaluable information about local geometry on an atomic scale even for large biomolecular assemblies lacking long-range order, it is often limited by low sensitivity due to small nuclear spin polarization in thermal equilibrium. Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) has evolved during the last decades to become a powerful method capable of increasing this sensitivity by two to three orders of magnitude, thereby reducing the valuable experimental time from weeks or months to just hours or days; in many cases, this allows experiments that would be otherwise completely unfeasible. In this review, we give an overview of the developments that have opened the field for DNP-enhanced biomolecular solid-state NMR including state-of-the-art applications at fast MAS and high magnetic field. We present DNP mechanisms, polarizing agents, and sample constitution methods suitable for biomolecules. A wide field of biomolecular NMR applications is covered including membrane proteins, amyloid fibrils, large biomolecular assemblies, and biomaterials. Finally, we present perspectives and recent developments that may shape the field of biomolecular DNP in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Biedenbänder
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany.,Department Life, Light & Matter, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 25, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Victoria Aladin
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany.,Department Life, Light & Matter, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 25, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Siavash Saeidpour
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany.,Department Life, Light & Matter, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 25, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Björn Corzilius
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany.,Department Life, Light & Matter, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 25, 18059 Rostock, Germany
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Maidannyk VA, McSweeney DJ, Montgomery S, Cenini VL, O’Hagan BMG, Gallagher L, Miao S, McCarthy NA. The Effect of High Protein Powder Structure on Hydration, Glass Transition, Water Sorption, and Thermomechanical Properties. Foods 2022; 11:foods11030292. [PMID: 35159444 PMCID: PMC8834494 DOI: 10.3390/foods11030292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor solubility of high protein milk powders can be an issue during the production of nutritional formulations, as well as for end-users. One possible way to improve powder solubility is through the creation of vacuoles and pores in the particle structure using high pressure gas injection during spray drying. The aim of this study was to determine whether changes in particle morphology effect physical properties, such as hydration, water sorption, structural strength, glass transition temperature, and α-relaxation temperatures. Four milk protein concentrate powders (MPC, 80%, w/w, protein) were produced, i.e., regular (R) and agglomerated (A) without nitrogen injection and regular (RN) and agglomerated (AN) with nitrogen injection. Electron microscopy confirmed that nitrogen injection increased powder particles’ sphericity and created fractured structures with pores in both regular and agglomerated systems. Environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) showed that nitrogen injection enhanced the moisture uptake and solubility properties of RN and AN as compared with non-nitrogen-injected powders (R and A). In particular, at the final swelling at over 100% relative humidity (RH), R, A, AN, and RN powders showed an increase in particle size of 25, 20, 40, and 97% respectively. The injection of nitrogen gas (NI) did not influence calorimetric glass transition temperature (Tg), which could be expected as there was no change to the powder composition, however, the agglomeration of powders did effect Tg. Interestingly, the creation of porous powder particles by NI did alter the α-relaxation temperatures (up to ~16 °C difference between R and AN powders at 44% RH) and the structural strength (up to ~11 °C difference between R and AN powders at 44% RH). The results of this study provide an in-depth understanding of the changes in the morphology and physical-mechanical properties of nitrogen gas-injected MPC powders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentyn A. Maidannyk
- Food Chemistry and Technology Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Co. Cork, Ireland; (V.A.M.); (D.J.M.); (S.M.); (S.M.)
| | - David J. McSweeney
- Food Chemistry and Technology Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Co. Cork, Ireland; (V.A.M.); (D.J.M.); (S.M.); (S.M.)
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Sharon Montgomery
- Food Chemistry and Technology Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Co. Cork, Ireland; (V.A.M.); (D.J.M.); (S.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Valeria L. Cenini
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine BT52 1SA, UK; (V.L.C.); (B.M.G.O.); (L.G.)
| | - Barry M. G. O’Hagan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine BT52 1SA, UK; (V.L.C.); (B.M.G.O.); (L.G.)
| | - Lucille Gallagher
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine BT52 1SA, UK; (V.L.C.); (B.M.G.O.); (L.G.)
| | - Song Miao
- Food Chemistry and Technology Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Co. Cork, Ireland; (V.A.M.); (D.J.M.); (S.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Noel A. McCarthy
- Food Chemistry and Technology Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Co. Cork, Ireland; (V.A.M.); (D.J.M.); (S.M.); (S.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +353-25-42238
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29
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Huber ST, Sarajlic E, Huijink R, Weis F, Evers WH, Jakobi AJ. Nanofluidic chips for cryo-EM structure determination from picoliter sample volumes. eLife 2022; 11:72629. [PMID: 35060902 PMCID: PMC8786315 DOI: 10.7554/elife.72629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryogenic electron microscopy has become an essential tool for structure determination of biological macromolecules. In practice, the difficulty to reliably prepare samples with uniform ice thickness still represents a barrier for routine high-resolution imaging and limits the current throughput of the technique. We show that a nanofluidic sample support with well-defined geometry can be used to prepare cryo-EM specimens with reproducible ice thickness from picoliter sample volumes. The sample solution is contained in electron-transparent nanochannels that provide uniform thickness gradients without further optimisation and eliminate the potentially destructive air-water interface. We demonstrate the possibility to perform high-resolution structure determination with three standard protein specimens. Nanofabricated sample supports bear potential to automate the cryo-EM workflow, and to explore new frontiers for cryo-EM applications such as time-resolved imaging and high-throughput screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan T Huber
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology
| | | | | | - Felix Weis
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)
| | - Wiel H Evers
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology
| | - Arjen J Jakobi
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Nattapol Ma
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Satoshi Horike
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- AIST-Kyoto University Chemical Energy Materials Open Innovation Laboratory (ChEM-OIL), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Rayong, 21210, Thailand
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31
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Ivanov MY, Surovtsev NV, Fedin MV. Ionic liquid glasses: properties and applications. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr5031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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32
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Neffati R, Judeinstein P, Rault J. Supercooled nano-droplets of water confined in hydrophobic rubber. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:25347-25355. [PMID: 34750601 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03774a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hydrophobic elastomers are capable of absorbing a small amount of water that forms droplets around hydrophilic sites. These systems allow the study of confinement effects by a hydrophobic environment on the dynamics and thermodynamic behaviour of water molecules. The freezing-melting properties and the dynamics of water inside nano-droplets in butyl rubber are affected, as revealed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance (2H-NMR). Upon cooling down, all water crystalizes with a bimodal droplet population (da = 3.4 nm and db = 4.4 nm) in a temperature range associated with the droplet size distribution. However, the melting temperature is not shifted according to the Gibbs-Thomson equation. The relative decrease of the 2H-NMR longitudinal magnetization is not a single exponential and, by inverse Laplace transformation, it was deduced to be bimodal in agreement with the DSC measurements (T1,a ∼ 10 ms and T1,b ∼ 200 ms). The deduced correlation time of molecular reorientation is longer than that of bulk water and the behaviour with temperature follows the Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann (VFT) equations with a changing fragility as the droplet size is reduced when reducing hydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Neffati
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, Saudi Arabia. .,Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Condensée, Département de Physique, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Campus Universitaire, 1060 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - P Judeinstein
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, 91405, Orsay, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, CEA, Laboratoire Léon Brillouin, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - J Rault
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, 91405, Orsay, France
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33
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Ohmine I, Saito S. Dynamical Behavior of Water; Fluctuation, Reactions and Phase Transitions. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20210269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iwao Ohmine
- Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Shinji Saito
- Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
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34
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Alkali metal chlorides in DMSO–methanol binary mixtures: insights into the structural properties through molecular dynamics simulations. Theor Chem Acc 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-021-02856-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Popovic
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstr. 1 Stuttgart 70569 Germany
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36
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Abstract
ConspectusBuilding rechargeable batteries for subzero temperature application is highly demanding for various specific applications including electric vehicles, grid energy storage, defense/space/subsea explorations, and so forth. Commercialized nonaqueous lithium ion batteries generally adapt to a temperature above -20 °C, which cannot well meet the requirements under colder conditions. Certain improvements have been achieved with nascent materials and electrolyte systems but have mainly been restrained to discharge and within a small rate at temperatures above -40 °C. Moreover, the recharging process of batteries based on the graphite anode still faces huge challenges from the simultaneous Li+ intercalation and potential Li stripping at subzero temperatures. Revealing the temperature-dependent evolution of physicochemical and electrochemical properties will greatly benefit our understanding of the limiting factors at low temperature, which is of significant importance.Herein, we dissect the ion movements in the liquid electrolyte and solid electrode as well as their interphase to analyze the temperature effect on Li+-diffusion behavior during charging/discharging processes. An electrolyte is the vital factor, and its ionic conductivity guarantees the smooth operation of the battery. However, it is the sluggish diffusion in the solid, especially the charge transfer at the solid electrolyte/electrode interfaces (SEI), that greatly limits the kinetics at low temperature. Many strategies have been put forward to tame electrolytes for low-temperature application. From a macroscopic point of view, multiple solvents are mixed to adjust the liquid temperature range and viscosity. With respect to the microscopic nature, research is focusing on the solvation structure by formulating the ratio of Li+ ions to solvent molecules. The binding energy of the Li+-solvent complex is crucial for the desolvation process at low temperature, which is manipulated with fluorinated solvents or other weakly solvating electrolytes. On the basis of an optimized electrolyte, electrodes and their reaction mechanism need to be coupled carefully because different materials show totally different responses to temperature change. To avoid the sluggish desolvation process or slow diffusion in the bulk intercalation compounds, several kinds of materials are summarized for low temperature use. The intercalation pseudocapacitive behavior can compensate for the kinetics to some extent, and a metal anode is a good candidate for replacing a graphite anode to build high-energy-density batteries at subzero temperature. It is also a wise choice to develop nascent battery chemistry based on the co-intercalation of solvent molecules into electrodes. Furthermore, the interfacial resistance contributes a lot at low temperature, which need be modified to accelerate the Li+ diffusion across the film. This will be linked to the electrolyte, exactly speaking, the solvation structure, to regulate the organic and inorganic components as well as the structure. Although it is difficult to investigate SEI on a graphite anode owing to its poor performance at low temperature, great efforts on Li metal anodes have offered some valuable information as reference. It is worth mentioning that the improvement in low-temperature performance calls for not only a change in the single composition but also the synergetic effect of each part in the whole battery. The elementary studies covered in this account could be taken as insight into some key strategies that help advance the low-temperature battery chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Dong
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Gang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Yongyao Xia
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
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37
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Bennett TD, Coudert FX, James SL, Cooper AI. The changing state of porous materials. NATURE MATERIALS 2021; 20:1179-1187. [PMID: 33859380 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-021-00957-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Porous materials contain regions of empty space into which guest molecules can be selectively adsorbed and sometimes chemically transformed. This has made them useful in both industrial and domestic applications, ranging from gas separation, energy storage and ion exchange to heterogeneous catalysis and green chemistry. Porous materials are often ordered (crystalline) solids. Order-or uniformity-is frequently held to be advantageous, or even pivotal, to our ability to engineer useful properties in a rational way. Here we highlight the growing evidence that topological disorder can be useful in creating alternative properties in porous materials. In particular, we highlight here several concepts for the creation of novel porous liquids, rationalize routes to porous glasses and provide perspectives on applications for porous liquids and glasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Bennett
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - François-Xavier Coudert
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, Paris, France.
| | - Stuart L James
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.
| | - Andrew I Cooper
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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38
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Abstract
The question of whether a first-order liquid-to-liquid transition is at the origin of water’s anomalous properties has been controversial since the pioneering experiments by Mishima et al. in 1985 and molecular simulations by Poole et al. in 1992. Since then, experiments aimed at shedding light on this question have been performed using amorphous ices made from crystalline ice, fueling criticism about their crystal-like nature. In the present study, we avoid crystalline ice at any time of the experiment yet still observe a first-order glass-to-glass transition in vitrified liquid droplets. This makes the strong case for glass polymorphism and the direct thermodynamic connection to the liquid-to-liquid transition at higher temperatures, dismissing the criticism voiced for three decades. The nature of amorphous ices has been debated for more than 35 years. In essence, the question is whether they are related to ice polymorphs or to liquids. The fact that amorphous ices are traditionally prepared from crystalline ice via pressure-induced amorphization has made a clear distinction tricky. In this work, we vitrify liquid droplets through cooling at ≥106 K ⋅ s−1 and pressurize the glassy deposit. We observe a first order–like densification upon pressurization and recover a high-density glass. The two glasses resemble low- and high-density amorphous ice in terms of both structure and thermal properties. Vitrified water shows all features that have been reported for amorphous ices made from crystalline ice. The only difference is that the hyperquenched and pressurized deposit shows slightly different crystallization kinetics to ice I upon heating at ambient pressure. This implies a thermodynamically continuous connection of amorphous ices with liquids, not crystals.
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Influence of the Molecular Structure of Constituents and Liquid Phase Non-Ideality on the Viscosity of Deep Eutectic Solvents. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26144208. [PMID: 34299483 PMCID: PMC8308104 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (DES) have recently been used as green alternatives to conventional solvents in several applications. In addition to their tunable melting temperature, the viscosity of DES can be optimized by selecting the constituents and molar ratio. This study examined the viscosity of 14 eutectic systems formed by natural substances over a wide range of temperatures and compositions. The eutectic systems in this study were classified as ideal or non-ideal based on their solid–liquid equilibria (SLE) data found in the literature. The eutectic systems containing constituents with cyclohexyl rings were considerably more viscous than those containing linear or phenyl constituents. Moreover, the viscosity of non-ideal eutectic systems was higher than that of ideal eutectic systems because of the strong intermolecular interactions in the liquid solution. At temperatures considerably lower than the melting temperature of the pure constituents, non-ideal and ideal eutectic systems with cyclohexyl constituents exhibited considerably high viscosity, justifying the kinetic limitations in crystallization observed in these systems. Overall, understanding the correlation between the molecular structure of constituents, SLE, and the viscosity of the eutectic systems will help in designing new, low-viscosity DES.
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40
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Li J, Knopf DA. Representation of Multiphase OH Oxidation of Amorphous Organic Aerosol for Tropospheric Conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:7266-7275. [PMID: 33974411 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c07668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Organic aerosol (OA) is ubiquitous in the atmosphere and, during transport, can experience chemical transformation with consequences for air quality and climate. Prediction of the chemical evolution of OA depends on its reactivity with atmospheric oxidants such as the OH radical. OA particles undergo amorphous phase transitions from liquid to solid (glassy) states in response to temperature changes, which, in turn, will impact its reactivity toward OH oxidation. To improve the predictability of OA reactivity toward OH oxidation, the reactive uptake coefficients (γ) of OH radicals reacting with triacontane and squalane serving as amorphous OA surrogates were measured at temperatures from 213-293 K. γ increases strongest with temperature when the organic species is in the liquid phase, compared to when being in the semisolid or solid phase. The resistor model is applied, accounting for the amorphous phase state changes using the organic species' glass transition temperature and fragility, to evaluate the physicochemical parameters of the temperature dependent OH uptake process. This allows for the derivation of a semiempirical formula, applicable to models, to predict the degree of oxidation and chemical lifetime of the condensed-phase organic species for typical tropospheric temperature and humidity when OA particle viscosity is known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jienan Li
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Daniel A Knopf
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
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41
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Makarov AS, Qiao JC, Kobelev NP, Aronin AS, Khonik VA. Relation of the fragility and heat capacity jump in the supercooled liquid region with the shear modulus relaxation in metallic glasses. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 33:275701. [PMID: 33910186 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/abfc6c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fragility constitutes a major parameter of supercooled liquids. The phenomenological definition of this quantity is related to the rate of a change of the shear viscosityηat the glass transition temperature. Although a large number of correlations of the fragility with different properties of metallic glasses were reported, an adequate understanding of its physical nature is still lacking. Attempting to uncover this nature, we performed the calculation of the fragility within the framework of the interstitialcy theory (IT) combined with the elastic shoving model. We derived an analytical expression for the fragility, which shows its relation with the high-frequency shear modulusGin the supercooled liquid state. To verify this result, specially designed measurements ofηandGwere performed on seven Zr-, Cu- and Pd-based metallic glasses. It was found that the fragility calculated from shear modulus relaxation data is in excellent agreement with the fragility derived directly from shear viscosity measurements. We also calculated the heat capacity jump ΔCsqlat the glass transition and showed that it is related to the fragility and, consequently, to shear modulus relaxation. The ΔCsql-value thus derived is in a good agreement with experimental data. It is concluded that the fragility and heat capacity jump in the supercooled liquid state can be determined by the evolution of the system of interstitial-type defects frozen-in from the melt upon glass production, as suggested by the IT. This connection is mediated by the high-frequency shear modulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Makarov
- Department of General Physics, State Pedagogical University, Lenin St. 86, Voronezh, 394043, Russia
| | - J C Qiao
- School of Mechanics, Civil Engineering and Architecture, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, People's Republic of China
| | - N P Kobelev
- Institute for Solid State Physics RAS, Chernogolovka, Moscow district, 142432, Russia
| | - A S Aronin
- Department of General Physics, State Pedagogical University, Lenin St. 86, Voronezh, 394043, Russia
- Institute for Solid State Physics RAS, Chernogolovka, Moscow district, 142432, Russia
| | - V A Khonik
- Department of General Physics, State Pedagogical University, Lenin St. 86, Voronezh, 394043, Russia
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42
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Rozsa V, Galli G. Solvation of simple ions in water at extreme conditions. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:144501. [PMID: 33858154 DOI: 10.1063/5.0046193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of ions and water at high pressure and temperature plays a critical role in Earth and planetary science yet remains poorly understood. Aqueous fluids affect geochemical properties ranging from water phase stability to mineral solubility and reactivity. Here, we report first-principles molecular dynamics simulations of mono-valent ions (Li+, K+, Cl-) as well as NaCl in liquid water at temperatures and pressures relevant to the Earth's upper mantle (11 GPa, 1000 K) and concentrations in the dilute limit (0.44-0.88 m), in the regime of ocean salinity. We find that, at extreme conditions, the average structural and vibrational properties of water are weakly affected by the presence of ions, beyond the first solvation shell, similar to what was observed at ambient conditions. We also find that the ionic conductivity of the liquid increases in the presence of ions by less than an order of magnitude and that the dielectric constant is moderately reduced by at most ∼10% at these conditions. Our findings may aid in the parameterization of deep earth water models developed to describe water-rock reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Rozsa
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Giulia Galli
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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43
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Hauptmann A, Hoelzl G, Loerting T. Optical cryomicroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry of buffer solutions containing cryoprotectants. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 163:127-140. [PMID: 33813056 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the pharmaceutical industry, cryoprotectants are added to buffer formulations to protect the active pharmaceutical ingredient from freeze- and thaw damage. We investigated the freezing and thawing of aqueous sodium citrate buffer with various cryoprotectants, specifically amino acids (cysteine, histidine, arginine, proline and lysine), disaccharides (trehalose and sucrose), polyhydric alcohols (glycerol and mannitol) and surfactants (polysorbate 20 and polysorbate 80). Hereby, we employed optical cryomicroscopy in combination with differential scanning calorimetry in the temperature range to -80 °C. The effect of cryoprotectants on the morphology of the ice crystals, the glass transition temperature and the initial melting temperature is presented. Some of the cryoprotectants have a significant impact on ice crystal size. Disaccharides restrict ice crystal growth, whereas surfactants and glycerol allow ice crystals to increase in size. Cysteine and mannitol cause dehydration after thawing. Either one or two glass transition temperatures were detected, where arginine, surfactants, glycerol, proline and lysine suppress the second, implying a uniform freeze-concentrated solution. The initial melting temperature of pure buffer solution can be shifted up by adding mannitol, both disaccharides and both surfactants; but down by glycerol, proline and lysine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Hauptmann
- Sandoz GmbH, Biochemiestrasse 10, 6336 Langkampfen, Austria; Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Georg Hoelzl
- Sandoz GmbH, Biochemiestrasse 10, 6336 Langkampfen, Austria.
| | - Thomas Loerting
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Wu Y, Huang W, Cui T, Fan F. Crystallization and strength analysis of amorphous maltose and maltose/whey protein isolate mixtures. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:2542-2551. [PMID: 33058153 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maltose is an essential derivative of starch. To understand the processability and stability of maltose-containing foods, material characterization of the phase and state transition from its amorphous state is required. Although the crystallization of amorphous maltose is well understood, few studies have reported the relationship between the crystallization and the glass transition temperature (Tg )-related molecular mobility. In this study, water sorption, crystallization, Tg -related α-relaxation, and the corresponding time factor for amorphous maltose and maltose / whey protein isolate (WPI) mixtures are measured at various water activity (aw ) levels and 25 °C. RESULTS The water-additive principle for maltose / WPI mixtures was observed at aw ≤ 0.440 at the molecular level, whereas the crystallization of amorphous maltose occurred at high aw values (≥0.534). The crystal formation and crystallization kinetics of amorphous maltose were affected by water and WPI at aw ≥ 0.534 and 25 °C, as determined by X-ray diffraction. The relationship between Tg and the water content was fitted by the Gordon-Taylor model, and its constant showed a compositional dependence for the maltose / WPI mixtures. The α-relaxation temperature of the amorphous samples decreased due to water plasticization, but increased with an increase in the WPI quantity. The Strength (S) value for amorphous maltose, which was a quantitative estimate of the compositional effects on molecular mobility, was based on the William-Landel-Ferry (WLF) equation. CONCLUSION The S concept exhibits considerable potential for application in controlling the crystallization of amorphous maltose and improving the processability and stability of maltose-containing foods. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaowen Wu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wanling Huang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tingting Cui
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fanghui Fan
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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Verde AR, de Oca JMM, Accordino SR, Alarcón LM, Appignanesi GA. Structural aspects of an energy-based water classification index and the structure-dynamics link in glassy relaxation. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2021; 44:47. [PMID: 33783648 DOI: 10.1140/epje/s10189-021-00057-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
An energy-based structural indicator for water, [Formula: see text], has been recently introduced by our group. In turn, in this work we aim at: (1) demonstrating that [Formula: see text] is indeed able to correctly classify water molecules between locally structured tetrahedral (T) and locally distorted (D) ones, circumventing the usual problem of certain previous indicators of overestimating the distorted state; (2) correlating [Formula: see text] with dynamic propensity, a measure of the molecular mobility tendency, in order to seek for the existence of a connection between structure and dynamics within the supercooled regime. More specifically, in the first part of this work we will show that [Formula: see text] accurately discriminates between merely thermally deformed local molecular arrangements and truly distorted molecules (defects). This fact will be made evident not only from radial distribution function results but also from the dynamic propensity distributions of the different kinds of molecules. In turn, we shall devote the second part of this work to finding correlations between T and D molecules with low- and high-dynamic-propensity molecules, respectively, thus revealing the existence of a link between local structure and dynamics, while also making evident the dominant role of the D molecules (defects) in the structural relaxation. Moreover, the availability of a proper molecular classification technique will enable us to study the timescale of such influence of structure on dynamics by defining a modified dynamic propensity measure and by applying it to the structured and unstructured water molecular states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro R Verde
- Departamento de Química, INQUISUR, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Avenida Alem 1253, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Joan Manuel Montes de Oca
- Departamento de Química, INQUISUR, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Avenida Alem 1253, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Sebastián R Accordino
- Departamento de Química, INQUISUR, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Avenida Alem 1253, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Laureano M Alarcón
- Departamento de Química, INQUISUR, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Avenida Alem 1253, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Gustavo A Appignanesi
- Departamento de Química, INQUISUR, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Avenida Alem 1253, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
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Roos YH. Glass Transition and Re-Crystallization Phenomena of Frozen Materials and Their Effect on Frozen Food Quality. Foods 2021; 10:foods10020447. [PMID: 33670558 PMCID: PMC7923164 DOI: 10.3390/foods10020447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Noncrystalline, freeze-concentrated structures are formed during food freezing. Such freeze-concentrated food materials often exhibit crystallization and recrystallization phenomena which can be related to the state of solutes and water. State diagrams are important tools in mapping the physical state and time-dependent properties of frozen materials at various storage temperatures. Transition of simple solutions, such as sucrose, can be used to describe vitrification and ice melting in freeze-concentrated materials. A maximally freeze-concentrated material often shows glass transition at Tg′. Ice melting occurs at temperatures above Tm′ These transitions at temperatures above Tm′ can be used to estimate crystallization and recrystallization phenomena and their rates in frozen foods. Furthermore, frozen food deterioration accelerates above Tm′ and particularly as a result of temperature fluctuations during frozen food distribution and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yrjö H Roos
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, T12 YK8AF Cork, Ireland
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Hornberger K, Li R, Duarte ARC, Hubel A. Natural deep eutectic systems for nature-inspired cryopreservation of cells. AIChE J 2021; 67:e17085. [PMID: 34321676 PMCID: PMC8315112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Natural deep eutectic systems (NADES) are emerging as potential cryoprotective agents (CPA) for cell preservation. In this investigation, we develop an optimized CPA formulation using trehalose-glycerol NADES (T:G) diluted in Normosol-R and supplemented with isoleucine. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is used to define the thermophysical properties of NADES-based solutions, and Raman spectroscopy is used to characterize the effect of NADES on ice formation and hydrogen bonding. Jurkat cells are cryopreserved in each solution, and post-thaw cell recovery, apoptosis, and growth are quantified. Raman spectra and heat maps show that NADES suppresses both ice formation and dehydration of the nonfrozen region. Supplementing NADES with isoleucine does not affect the solution's thermophysical properties but significantly improves the cells' survival and proliferation post-thaw. The study indicates that thermophysical properties of CPA solutions alone cannot predict optimal cell survival, suggesting that stabilization of biological structures by CPAs may play a role in successful cryopreservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathlyn Hornberger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Ana Rita C. Duarte
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Allison Hubel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Bachler J, Fidler LR, Loerting T. Absence of the liquid-liquid phase transition in aqueous ionic liquids. Phys Rev E 2021; 102:060601. [PMID: 33466086 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.102.060601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The anomalies of supercooled water may be explained by an underlying liquid-liquid phase transition (LLPT) between high- and low-density states. Recently, its observation at 185 K was inferred using solutions containing aqueous ionic liquids at a solute mole fraction of x=0.156 [Woutersen et al., Science 359, 1127 (2018)10.1126/science.aao7049]. We employ x-ray diffraction, calorimetry, and dilatometry on these hydrazinium trifluoroacetate solutions at x=0.00-0.40 to show that the transition at 185 K is not related to a genuine LLPT of water. Continuous densification upon compression, continuous changes of halo position, and absence of thermal signatures for a high- to low-density transition rule out the possibility of an LLPT for x≥0.13. The data show that employing sophisticated solutions adds a layer of complexity that hampers extrapolation of the LLPT concept from one- to two-component systems. The possibility of an LLPT can only be probed for pure water or sufficiently dilute aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Bachler
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lilli-Ruth Fidler
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Loerting
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Rheology of carbohydrate blends close to the glass transition: Temperature and water content dependence of the viscosity in relation to fragility and strength. Food Res Int 2020; 138:109801. [PMID: 33288183 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Several modifications of the Williams-Landel-Ferry (WLF) equation that incorporate the water-content dependence of the viscosity are introduced and applied to the fitting the zero-shear viscosity of a systematic series of maltopolymer-maltose blends for water contents w between 4% and 70% (M. Dupas-Langlet et al., Carbohydrate Polymers 213 (2019) 147-158). These models include a previously published model that addresses the water-content dependence of the viscosity via a Gordon-Taylor-type modification of the C2 coefficient of the WLF equation. New models that are based on two simple assumptions are introduced: 1. The viscosity at the glass transition temperature Tg decreases exponentially with the water content and 2. The WLF coefficient C2 depends linearly on the water content. The modified WLF models allow to extract the so-called isoviscosity lines, that connect points of varying temperature and water content that are characterized by the same viscosity. Based on data obtained between T = -15 °C and 70 °C using shear rheology (w = 30-70% w/w) and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (w = 4-9% w/w), we conclude that the models provide a good fit of the experimental data, and that additional data, specifically very close to the glass transition line, is needed, to assess the hypotheses underlying the various modified WLF models. It is established that the viscosity at Tg is dependent on the composition and decreases with the content of maltose and water. The modified WLF models are used to determine Angell's fragility parameter m and Roos' strength parameter S. m and S are observed to increase, respectively decrease with increasing water and maltose content, signifying an increasing temperature dependence of the viscosity close to Tg with decreasing diluent content. The application of the isoviscosity concept to unit operations in the food and pharmaceutical industry is discussed. Specifically, we show how to analyze atomization, agglomeration, sintering and compaction using the isoviscosity concept.
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Ondrušková G, Veselý L, Zezula J, Bachler J, Loerting T, Heger D. Using Excimeric Fluorescence to Study How the Cooling Rate Determines the Behavior of Naphthalenes in Freeze-Concentrated Solutions: Vitrification and Crystallization. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:10556-10566. [PMID: 33156630 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c07817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We utilized fluorescence spectroscopy to learn about the molecular arrangement of naphthalene (Np) and 1-methylnaphthalene (MeNp) in frozen aqueous solutions. The freezing induces pronounced compound aggregation in the freeze-concentrated solution (FCS) in between the ice grains. The fluorescence spectroscopy revealed prevalent formation of a vitrified solution and minor crystallization of aromatic compounds. The FCS is shown as a specific environment, differing significantly from not only the pure compounds but also the ice surfaces. The results indicate marked disparity between the behavior of the Np and the MeNp; the cooling rate has a major impact on the former but not on the latter. The spectrum of the Np solution frozen at a faster cooling rate (ca 20 K/min) exhibited a temperature-dependent spectral behavior, whereas the spectrum of the solution frozen at a slower rate (ca 2 K/min) did not alter before melting. We interpret the observation through considering the varied composition of the FCS: Fast freezing leads to a higher water content expressed by the plasticizing effect, allowing molecular rearrangement, while slow cooling produces a more concentrated and drier environment. The experiments were conceived as generalizable for environmentally relevant pollutants and human-made freezing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Ondrušková
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Veselý
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Zezula
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Johannes Bachler
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrine 52c, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Loerting
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrine 52c, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dominik Heger
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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