1
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Gou Y, Jiang X, Lian J. Intricate Metabolic Network for Paclitaxel Biosynthesis. BIODESIGN RESEARCH 2024; 6:0035. [PMID: 38725579 PMCID: PMC11079447 DOI: 10.34133/bdr.0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Paclitaxel is a renowned broad-spectrum anticancer drug. With the establishment of a chromosome-level high-quality reference genome map of Taxus, recent research on paclitaxel biosynthesis has flourished. The oxetane ring is a distinctive chemical moiety of paclitaxel, and three recent studies have proposed different enzymes involved in its formation, reflecting divergent opinions on whether the pathway proceeds via acetylation followed by epoxidation or vice versa. Subsequently, researchers have elucidated gene clusters responsible for the biosynthesis of the key intermediate baccatin III. Despite varying reports, two studies successfully achieved heterologous biosynthesis of baccatin III by transient expression in tobacco. Taxadiene 5α-hydroxylase (T5αH), the first cytochrome P450 in the pathway, exhibited varied product profiles upon heterologous expression systems, contrasting with observations in native Taxus species, probably due to differences in partner proteins or cellular microenvironments. Further elucidation of biosynthesis mechanisms, including the reaction order and the promiscuity of key enzymes, is anticipated through collaborative efforts among botanists, chemists, and synthetic biologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanwei Gou
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, National Key Laboratory of Biobased Transportation Fuel Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering,
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center,
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Xiaojing Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, National Key Laboratory of Biobased Transportation Fuel Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering,
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jiazhang Lian
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, National Key Laboratory of Biobased Transportation Fuel Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering,
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center,
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
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2
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Yang C, Wang Y, Su Z, Xiong L, Wang P, Lei W, Yan X, Ma D, Zhao G, Zhou Z. Biosynthesis of the highly oxygenated tetracyclic core skeleton of Taxol. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2339. [PMID: 38490987 PMCID: PMC10942993 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46583-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Taxol is a widely-applied anticancer drug that inhibits microtubule dynamics in actively replicating cells. Although a minimum 19-step biosynthetic pathway has been proposed and 16 enzymes likely involved have been characterized, stepwise biosynthetic reactions from the well-characterized di-oxygenated taxoids to Taxol tetracyclic core skeleton are yet to be elucidated. Here, we uncover the biosynthetic pathways for a few tri-oxygenated taxoids via confirming the critical reaction order of the second and third hydroxylation steps, unearth a taxoid 9α-hydroxylase catalyzing the fourth hydroxylation, and identify CYP725A55 catalyzing the oxetane ester formation via a cascade oxidation-concerted acyl rearrangement mechanism. After identifying a acetyltransferase catalyzing the formation of C7-OAc, the pathway producing the highly-oxygenated 1β-dehydroxybaccatin VI with the Taxol tetracyclic core skeleton is elucidated and its complete biosynthesis from taxa-4(20),11(12)-diene-5α-ol is achieved in an engineered yeast. These systematic studies lay the foundation for the complete elucidation of the biosynthetic pathway of Taxol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengshuai Yang
- Key Laboratories of Plant Design and Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratories of Plant Design and Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Su
- Key Laboratories of Plant Design and Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lunyi Xiong
- Key Laboratories of Plant Design and Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pingping Wang
- Key Laboratories of Plant Design and Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Lei
- Shanghai Research Institute of Chemical Industry, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing Yan
- Key Laboratories of Plant Design and Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Dawei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Guoping Zhao
- Key Laboratories of Plant Design and Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Zhihua Zhou
- Key Laboratories of Plant Design and Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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3
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Wang D, Wei J, Yuan X, Chen Z, Wang L, Geng Y, Zhang J, Wang Y. Transcriptome and comparative chloroplast genome analysis of Taxus yunnanensis individuals with high and low paclitaxel yield. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27223. [PMID: 38455575 PMCID: PMC10918223 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Paclitaxel is a potent anti-cancer drug that is mainly produced through semi-synthesis, which still requires plant materials as precursors. The content of paclitaxel and 10-deacetyl baccatin III (10-DAB) in Taxus yunnanensis has been found to differ from that of other Taxus species, but there is little research on the mechanism underlying the variation in paclitaxel content in T. yunnanensis of different provenances. In this experiment, the contents of taxoids and precursors in twigs between a high paclitaxel-yielding individual (TG) and a low paclitaxel-yielding individual (TD) of T. yunnanensis were compared, and comparative analyses of transcriptomes as well as chloroplast genomes were performed. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) detection showed that 10-DAB and baccatin III contents in TG were 18 and 47 times those in TD, respectively. Transcriptomic analysis results indicated that genes encoding key enzymes in the paclitaxel biosynthesis pathway, such as taxane 10-β-hydroxylase (T10βH), 10-deacetylbaccatin III 10-O-acetyltransferase (DBAT), and debenzoyl paclitaxel N-benzoyl transferase (DBTNBT), exhibited higher expression levels in TG. Additionally, qRT-PCR showed that the relative expression level of T10βH and DBAT in TG were 29 and 13 times those in TD, respectively. In addition, six putative transcription factors were identified that may be involved in paclitaxel biosynthesis from transcriptome data. Comparative analysis of plastid genomes showed that the TD chloroplast contained a duplicate of rps12, leading to a longer plastid genome length in TD relative to TG. Fifteen mutation hotspot regions were identified between the two plastid genomes that can serve as candidate DNA barcodes for identifying high-paclitaxel-yield individuals. This experiment provides insight into the difference in paclitaxel accumulation among different provenances of T. yunnanensis individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- College of Forestry, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China
- Laboratory of Forest Plant Cultivation and Utilization, The Key Laboratory of Rare and Endangered Forest Plants of State Forestry Administration, Yunnan Academy of Forestry and Grassland, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Jiansheng Wei
- Haba Snow Mountain Provincial Nature Reserve Management and Protection Bureau, Diqing, 674402, China
| | - Xiaolong Yuan
- Laboratory of Forest Plant Cultivation and Utilization, The Key Laboratory of Rare and Endangered Forest Plants of State Forestry Administration, Yunnan Academy of Forestry and Grassland, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Zhonghua Chen
- Laboratory of Forest Plant Cultivation and Utilization, The Key Laboratory of Rare and Endangered Forest Plants of State Forestry Administration, Yunnan Academy of Forestry and Grassland, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Laboratory of Forest Plant Cultivation and Utilization, The Key Laboratory of Rare and Endangered Forest Plants of State Forestry Administration, Yunnan Academy of Forestry and Grassland, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Yunfen Geng
- Laboratory of Forest Plant Cultivation and Utilization, The Key Laboratory of Rare and Endangered Forest Plants of State Forestry Administration, Yunnan Academy of Forestry and Grassland, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Jinfeng Zhang
- Laboratory of Forest Plant Cultivation and Utilization, The Key Laboratory of Rare and Endangered Forest Plants of State Forestry Administration, Yunnan Academy of Forestry and Grassland, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Laboratory of Forest Plant Cultivation and Utilization, The Key Laboratory of Rare and Endangered Forest Plants of State Forestry Administration, Yunnan Academy of Forestry and Grassland, Kunming, 650201, China
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4
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Xiao Z, Yang Q, Lin X, Li FR, Zhang X, Xu HM, Wang Z, Wang J, Dong LB. Cytochrome P450-Mediated Skeleton Rearrangement of Taxadiene in an Engineered Escherichia coli System. Org Lett 2024; 26:1640-1644. [PMID: 38382064 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we constructed a taxadiene overproduction platform and identified a cytochrome P450, CYP701A8, that activates the inert C-H bonds in taxadiene to produce three oxidized products (1-3). Compound 1 possesses a newly identified 1 (15→11) abeotaxane skeleton, while 3 features a distinctive 6/10-fused carbocyclic core with an α,β-unsaturated ketone moiety. Our quantum computations suggested a carbocation-driven rearrangement in the formation of 1. These results support CYP701A8 as a promising biocatalyst for the generation of novel taxane diterpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Qian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Xiaoxu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Fang-Ru Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Hui-Min Xu
- The Public Laboratory Platform, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Zengyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Jie Wang
- The Public Laboratory Platform, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Liao-Bin Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
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5
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Liu JCT, De La Peña R, Tocol C, Sattely ES. Reconstitution of early paclitaxel biosynthetic network. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1419. [PMID: 38360800 PMCID: PMC10869802 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45574-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Paclitaxel is an anticancer therapeutic produced by the yew tree. Over the last two decades, a significant bottleneck in the reconstitution of early paclitaxel biosynthesis has been the propensity of heterologously expressed pathway cytochromes P450, including taxadiene 5α-hydroxylase (T5αH), to form multiple products. Here, we structurally characterize four new products of T5αH, many of which appear to be over-oxidation of the primary mono-oxidized products. By tuning the promoter strength for T5αH expression in Nicotiana plants, we observe decreased levels of these proposed byproducts with a concomitant increase in the accumulation of taxadien-5α-ol, the paclitaxel precursor, by three-fold. This enables the reconstitution of a six step biosynthetic pathway, which we further show may function as a metabolic network. Our result demonstrates that six previously characterized Taxus genes can coordinatively produce key paclitaxel intermediates and serves as a crucial platform for the discovery of the remaining biosynthetic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ricardo De La Peña
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Christian Tocol
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth S Sattely
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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6
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Kurniawan R, Sukrasno S, Ashari A, Suhartati T. Diving into paclitaxel: isolation and screening content from Taxus sumatrana at Singgalang Conservation Center, West Sumatra. Nat Prod Res 2024:1-5. [PMID: 38321599 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2024.2312540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
The report features the first isolation of paclitaxel from wood of conservated Taxus sumatrana. The T. sumatrana is a nationally protected endemic plant that has been successfully cultivated outside its natural habitat at the Singgalang Conservation Centre in West Sumatra. The paclitaxel was utilised as a reference standard for evaluating its presence in different parts of T. sumatrana. This analysis exhibits that the acetone extract from T. sumatrana bark contained the highest paclitaxel concentration, measuring about 0.473 ± 0.031 ppm. The isolated paclitaxel demonstrated potent cytotoxic activity against A549, HeLa, and MCF7 cancer cells, by IC50 values of 3.26 ± 0.334, 2.85 ± 0.257, and 3.81 ± 0.013 μM, respectively. This outcome provides scientific support for conservation programs and campaigns for the community to engage in conservation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahmat Kurniawan
- Chemistry Department, Institute Technology Sumatera, South Sumatera, Indonesia
| | | | - Arif Ashari
- Chemistry Department, Institute Technology Sumatera, South Sumatera, Indonesia
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7
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Zhao Y, Liang F, Xie Y, Duan YT, Andeadelli A, Pateraki I, Makris AM, Pomorski TG, Staerk D, Kampranis SC. Oxetane Ring Formation in Taxol Biosynthesis Is Catalyzed by a Bifunctional Cytochrome P450 Enzyme. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:801-810. [PMID: 38129385 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Taxol is a potent drug used in various cancer treatments. Its complex structure has prompted extensive research into its biosynthesis. However, certain critical steps, such as the formation of the oxetane ring, which is essential for its activity, have remained unclear. Previous proposals suggested that oxetane formation follows the acetylation of taxadien-5α-ol. Here, we proposed that the oxetane ring is formed by cytochrome P450-mediated oxidation events that occur prior to C5 acetylation. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed the genomic and transcriptomic information for Taxus species to identify cytochrome P450 candidates and employed two independent systems, yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and plant (Nicotiana benthamiana), for their characterization. We revealed that a single enzyme, CYP725A4, catalyzes two successive epoxidation events, leading to the formation of the oxetane ring. We further showed that both taxa-4(5)-11(12)-diene (endotaxadiene) and taxa-4(20)-11(12)-diene (exotaxadiene) are precursors to the key intermediate, taxologenic oxetane, indicating the potential existence of multiple routes in the Taxol pathway. Thus, we unveiled a long-elusive step in Taxol biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhao
- Biochemical Engineering Group, Plant Biochemistry Section, Department of Plant and Environment Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C 1871, Denmark
| | - Feiyan Liang
- Biochemical Engineering Group, Plant Biochemistry Section, Department of Plant and Environment Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C 1871, Denmark
| | - Yuman Xie
- Biochemical Engineering Group, Plant Biochemistry Section, Department of Plant and Environment Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C 1871, Denmark
| | - Yao-Tao Duan
- Biochemical Engineering Group, Plant Biochemistry Section, Department of Plant and Environment Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C 1871, Denmark
| | - Aggeliki Andeadelli
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research & Technology, Hellas (CERTH), Thessaloniki 57001, Greece
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of the Aegean, Myrina 81100, Lemnos, Greece
| | - Irini Pateraki
- Biochemical Engineering Group, Plant Biochemistry Section, Department of Plant and Environment Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C 1871, Denmark
| | - Antonios M Makris
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research & Technology, Hellas (CERTH), Thessaloniki 57001, Greece
| | - Thomas G Pomorski
- Transport Section, Department of Plant and Environment Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C 1871, Denmark
| | - Dan Staerk
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Sotirios C Kampranis
- Biochemical Engineering Group, Plant Biochemistry Section, Department of Plant and Environment Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C 1871, Denmark
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8
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Watanabe T, Oga K, Matoba H, Nagatomo M, Inoue M. Total Synthesis of Taxol Enabled by Intermolecular Radical Coupling and Pd-Catalyzed Cyclization. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:25894-25902. [PMID: 37972241 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Taxol (1) is a clinically used antineoplastic diterpenoid. The tetracyclic ring system comprises a 6/8/6-membered carbocycle (ABC-ring) and a fused oxetane ring (D-ring) embedded with a bridgehead double bond and decorated with multiple oxygen functionalities. Here, we report a convergent total synthesis of this exceedingly complex natural product. The C-ring fragment was designed to possess a bromocyclohexenone and an extra tetrahydrofuran ring to control the reactivity and selectivity, as well as to minimize functional group manipulations en route to 1. The α-alkoxyacyl telluride of the A-ring served as a radical precursor, and intermolecular radical coupling with the C-ring realized the installation of the C2- and C3-stereocenters and reductive removal of the bromide. After the C8-quaternary stereocenter was constructed by exploiting the three-dimensional shape of the intermediate, the C11-vinyl triflate of A-ring and the C8-methyl ketone of C-ring were utilized for Pd(0)-catalyzed cyclization of the central eight-membered B-ring with the bridgehead olefin. Adjustment of the oxidation level and attachment of the oxetane D-ring completed the total synthesis of 1 (28 steps, as the longest linear sequence). The fragment design principle and implementation of the powerful radical coupling reaction described in the present synthesis provide valuable information for planning and executing syntheses of diverse densely oxygenated terpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Watanabe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo113-0033, Japan
| | - Kyohei Oga
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Matoba
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo113-0033, Japan
| | - Masanori Nagatomo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo113-0033, Japan
| | - Masayuki Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo113-0033, Japan
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9
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Gupta A, Laha JK. Growing Utilization of Radical Chemistry in the Synthesis of Pharmaceuticals. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202300207. [PMID: 37565381 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Our current unhealthy lifestyle and the exponential surge in the population getting affected by a variety of diseases have made pharmaceuticals or drugs an imperative part of life, making the development of innovative strategies for drug discovery or the introduction of refined, cost-effective and modern technologies for the synthesis of clinically used drugs, a need of the hour. Ever since their discovery, free radicals and radical cations or anions as reactive intermediates have captivated the chemists, resulting in an exceptional utilization of these moieties throughout the field of chemical synthesis, owing to their unprecedented and widespread reactivity. Sticking with the idea of not judging the book by its cover, despite the conventional thought process of radicals being unstable and difficult to control entities, scientists and academicians around the globe have done an appreciable amount of work utilizing both persistent as well as transient radicals for a variety of organic transformations, exemplifying them with the synthesis of significant biologically active pharmaceutical ingredients. This review truly accounts for the organic radical transformations including radical addition, radical cascade cyclization, radical/radical cross-coupling, coupling with metal-complexes and radical cations coupling with nucleophiles, that offers fascinating and unconventional approaches towards the construction of intricate structural frameworks of marketed APIs with high atom- and step-economy; complementing the otherwise employed traditional methods. This tutorial review presents a comprehensive package of diverse methods utilized for radical generation, featuring their reactivity to form critical bonds in pharmaceutical total synthesis or in building key starting materials or intermediates of their synthetic journey, acknowledging their excellence, downsides and underlying mechanisms, which are otherwise poorly highlighted in the literature. Despite great achievements over the past few decades in this area, many challenges and obstacles are yet to be unraveled to shorten the distance between the academics and the industry, which are all discussed in summary and outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Process Chemistry), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER) S.A.S. Nagar, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, Mohali, 160062, India
| | - Joydev K Laha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Process Chemistry), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER) S.A.S. Nagar, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, Mohali, 160062, India
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10
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Santoyo-Garcia JH, Valdivia-Cabrera M, Ochoa-Villarreal M, Casasola-Zamora S, Ripoll M, Escrich A, Moyano E, Betancor L, Halliday KJ, Loake GJ, Rios-Solis L. Increased paclitaxel recovery from Taxus baccata vascular stem cells using novel in situ product recovery approaches. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2023; 10:68. [PMID: 38647629 PMCID: PMC10991628 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-023-00687-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, several approaches were tested to optimise the production and recovery of the widely used anticancer drug Taxol® (paclitaxel) from culturable vascular stem cells (VSCs) of Taxus baccata, which is currently used as a successful cell line for paclitaxel production. An in situ product recovery (ISPR) technique was employed, which involved combining three commercial macro-porous resin beads (HP-20, XAD7HP and HP-2MG) with batch and semi-continuous cultivations of the T. baccata VSCs after adding methyl jasmonate (Me-JA) as an elicitor. The optimal resin combination resulted in 234 ± 23 mg of paclitaxel per kg of fresh-weight cells, indicating a 13-fold improved yield compared to the control (with no resins) in batch cultivation. This resin treatment was further studied to evaluate the resins' removal capacity of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can cause poor cell growth or reduce product synthesis. It was observed that the ISPR cultivations had fourfold less intracellular ROS concentration than that of the control; thus, a reduced ROS concentration established by the resin contributed to increased paclitaxel yield, contrary to previous studies. These paclitaxel yields are the highest reported to date using VSCs, and this scalable production method could be applied for a diverse range of similar compounds utilising plant cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge H Santoyo-Garcia
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3FB, UK.
- Centre for Engineering Biology, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK.
| | - Marissa Valdivia-Cabrera
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Marisol Ochoa-Villarreal
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | | | - Magdalena Ripoll
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología, Universidad ORT Uruguay, Mercedes 1237, 11100, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Graduate Program in Chemistry, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ainoa Escrich
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisabeth Moyano
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lorena Betancor
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología, Universidad ORT Uruguay, Mercedes 1237, 11100, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Karen J Halliday
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Gary J Loake
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
- Green Bioactives, Douglas House, Pentland Science Park, Midlothian, EH16 0PL, UK
| | - Leonardo Rios-Solis
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3FB, UK.
- Centre for Engineering Biology, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK.
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Division, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, The Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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11
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Chun-Ting Liu J, De La Pena R, Tocol C, Sattely ES. Reconstitution of Early Paclitaxel Biosynthetic Network. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.27.559859. [PMID: 37808792 PMCID: PMC10557666 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.27.559859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Paclitaxel is an anticancer therapeutic produced by the yew tree. Over the last two decades, a significant bottleneck in the reconstitution of early paclitaxel biosynthesis has been the propensity of heterologously expressed pathway cytochromes P450, including taxadiene 5α-hydroxylase (T5αH), to form multiple products. This diverts metabolic flux away from the paclitaxel precursor, taxadien-5α-ol, thus previous attempts of reconstitution have not yielded sufficient material for characterization, regardless of the heterologous host. Here, we structurally characterized four new products of T5αH, many of which appear to be over-oxidation of the primary mono-oxidized products. By tuning the promoter strength for T5αH expression, levels of these proposed byproducts decrease with a concomitant increase in the accumulation of taxadien-5α-ol by four-fold. This engineered system enabled the reconstitution of a six step biosynthetic pathway to produce isolatable 5α,10β-diacetoxy-taxadien-13α-ol. Furthermore, we showed that this pathway may function as a metabolic network rather than a linear pathway. The engineering of the paclitaxel biosynthetic network demonstrates that Taxus genes can coordinatively function for the biosynthetic production of key early stage paclitaxel intermediates and serves as a crucial platform for the discovery of the remaining biosynthetic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Chun-Ting Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Ricardo De La Pena
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Christian Tocol
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Elizabeth S Sattely
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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12
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Han X, Liu K, Fu A, Ma Z, Wang Z, Li X, Tang X, Zhang D, Li G. Heterolactone and Heterolactams A-M, Verticillane Diterpenoids with Anti-Inflammatory and Hepatoprotective Activities from the Soft Coral Heteroxenia ghardaqensis. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 86:2131-2138. [PMID: 37672747 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.3c00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Fourteen new verticillane diterpenoids, heterolactone (1) and heterolactams A-M (2-14), were isolated from the soft coral Heteroxenia ghardaqensis. They structurally share the same 6/12 bicyclic carbon skeleton that is not commonly encountered in marine organisms. The structures, including the absolute configurations, were determined by extensive spectroscopic analysis, single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, calculated ECD spectra, and DP4+ probability analyses. Compounds 5, 8, and 9 showed anti-inflammatory activities, and 2, 8, and 12 displayed hepatoprotective activities in zebrafish assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Han
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Anran Fu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongchen Ma
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolei Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuli Tang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, People's Republic of China
| | - Dahai Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Marine Drugs and Biological Products, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, People's Republic of China
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13
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Analogues of Anticancer Natural Products: Chiral Aspects. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065679. [PMID: 36982753 PMCID: PMC10058835 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Life is chiral, as its constituents consist, to a large degree, of optically active molecules, be they macromolecules (proteins, nucleic acids) or small biomolecules. Hence, these molecules interact disparately with different enantiomers of chiral compounds, creating a preference for a particular enantiomer. This chiral discrimination is of special importance in medicinal chemistry, since many pharmacologically active compounds are used as racemates—equimolar mixtures of two enantiomers. Each of these enantiomers may express different behaviour in terms of pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity. The application of only one enantiomer may improve the bioactivity of a drug, as well as reduce the incidence and intensity of adverse effects. This is of special significance regarding the structure of natural products since the great majority of these compounds contain one or several chiral centres. In the present survey, we discuss the impact of chirality on anticancer chemotherapy and highlight the recent developments in this area. Particular attention has been given to synthetic derivatives of drugs of natural origin, as naturally occurring compounds constitute a major pool of new pharmacological leads. Studies have been selected which report the differential activity of the enantiomers or the activities of a single enantiomer and the racemate.
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14
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Min L, Han JC, Zhang W, Gu CC, Zou YP, Li CC. Strategies and Lessons Learned from Total Synthesis of Taxol. Chem Rev 2023; 123:4934-4971. [PMID: 36917457 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
Taxol (paclitaxel), the most well-known taxane diterpenoid, is the best-selling natural-source anticancer drug ever produced and one of the most common prescriptions in the treatment of breast, lung, and ovarian cancers, saving countless lives around the world. Structurally, Taxol possesses a highly oxygenated [6-8-6-4] core bearing 11 stereocenters, seven of which are contiguous chiral centers. Moreover, the extremely strained bicyclo[5.3.1] undecane ring system with a bridgehead double bond is a unique structural feature. All these features make Taxol a highly challenging synthetic target. Tremendous synthetic efforts from more than 60 research groups around the world have already culminated in ten total syntheses and three formal syntheses, as well as more than 60 synthetic model studies of Taxol. This review is intended to provide a long-overdue appraisal of the great achievements in the total syntheses of Taxol reported in the last few decades. In doing so, we summarize the development of synthesis toward Taxol from 1994 to 2022, including the evolution of synthetic strategy for accessing this complex molecular scaffold and key lessons learned from such endeavors. Finally, we briefly discuss the future of the research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Min
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jing-Chun Han
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chen-Chen Gu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yun-Peng Zou
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chuang-Chuang Li
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China.,Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518132, China
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15
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Imamura Y, Takaoka K, Komori Y, Nagatomo M, Inoue M. Total Synthesis of Taxol Enabled by Inter- and Intramolecular Radical Coupling Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202219114. [PMID: 36646637 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202219114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Taxol is a clinically used drug for the treatment of various types of cancers. Its 6/8/6/4-membered ring (ABCD-ring) system is substituted by eight oxygen functional groups and flanked by four acyl groups, including a β-amino acid side chain. Here we report a 34-step total synthesis of this unusually oxygenated and intricately fused structure. Inter- and intramolecular radical coupling reactions connected the A- and C-ring fragments and cyclized the B-ring, respectively. Functional groups of the A- and C-rings were then efficiently decorated by employing newly developed chemo-, regio-, and stereoselective reactions. Finally, construction of the D-ring and conjugation with the β-amino acid delivered taxol. The powerful coupling reactions and functional group manipulations implemented in the present synthesis provide new valuable information for designing multistep target-oriented syntheses of diverse bioactive natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Imamura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kyohei Takaoka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yuma Komori
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masanori Nagatomo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masayuki Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
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16
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Kochkin DV, Demidova EV, Globa EB, Nosov AM. Profiling of Taxoid Compounds in Plant Cell Cultures of Different Species of Yew ( Taxus spp.). Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052178. [PMID: 36903424 PMCID: PMC10004465 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant cell cultures of various yew species are a profitable source of taxoids (taxane diterpenoids) with antitumor activity. So far, despite intensive studies, the principles of the formation of different groups of taxoids in cultured in vitro plant cells have not been fully revealed. In this study, the qualitative composition of taxoids of different structural groups was assessed in callus and suspension cell cultures of three yew species (Taxus baccata, T. canadensis, and T. wallichiana) and two T. × media hybrids. For the first time, 14-hydroxylated taxoids were isolated from the biomass of the suspension culture of T. baccata cells, and their structures were identified by high-resolution mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy as 7β-hydroxy-taxuyunnanin C, sinenxane C, taxuyunnanine C, 2α,5α,9α,10β,14β-pentaacetoxy-4(20), 11-taxadiene, and yunnanxane. UPLC-ESI-MS screening of taxoids was performed in more than 20 callus and suspension cell lines originating from different explants and grown in over 20 formulations of nutrient media. Regardless of the species, cell line origin, and conditions, most of the investigated cell cultures retained the ability to form taxane diterpenoids. Nonpolar 14-hydroxylated taxoids (in the form of polyesters) were predominant under in vitro culture conditions in all cell lines. These results, together with the literature data, suggest that dedifferentiated cell cultures of various yew species retain the ability to synthesize taxoids, but predominantly of the 14-OH taxoid group compared to the 13-OH taxoids found in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry V. Kochkin
- Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya Str. 35, 127276 Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-12, 119234 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (D.V.K.); (A.M.N.)
| | - Elena V. Demidova
- Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya Str. 35, 127276 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena B. Globa
- Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya Str. 35, 127276 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander M. Nosov
- Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya Str. 35, 127276 Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-12, 119234 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (D.V.K.); (A.M.N.)
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17
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Natural Taxanes: From Plant Composition to Human Pharmacology and Toxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415619. [PMID: 36555256 PMCID: PMC9779243 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biologically active taxanes, present in small- to medium-sized evergreen conifers of various Taxus species, are widely used for their antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects, but mostly for their antitumour effects used in the treatment of solid tumours of the breast, ovary, lung, bladder, prostate, oesophagus and melanoma. More of the substances found in Taxus plant extracts have medical potential. Therefore, at the beginning of this review, we describe the methods of isolation, identification and determination of taxanes in different plant parts. One of the most important taxanes is paclitaxel, for which we summarize the pharmacokinetic parameters of its different formulations. We also describe toxicological risks during clinical therapy such as hypersensitivity, neurotoxicity, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, haematological, skin and renal toxicity and toxicity to the respiratory system. Since the effect of the drug-form PTX is enhanced by various Taxus spp. extracts, we summarize published clinical intoxications and all fatal poisonings for the Taxus baccata plant. This showed that, despite their significant use in anticancer treatment, attention should also be focused on the risk of fatal intoxication due to ingestion of extracts from these plants, which are commonly found in our surroundings.
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18
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Dang PH, Nguyen HX, Le TH, Van Do TN, Nguyen MTT, Nguyen NT. A New abeo-Icetexane-Type Diterpenoid from the Stem Barks of Taxus wallichiana. Chem Biodivers 2022; 19:e202200520. [PMID: 36380709 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
From a CH2 Cl2 -soluble fraction of the stem barks of Taxus wallichiana, one new abeo-icetexane-type diterpenoid, taxamairin I (1), was isolated. Its absolute configuration was elucidated based on spectroscopic interpretation and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculation of optical rotation. In addition, the plausible biosynthesis pathway for the formation of the new abeo-icetexane-type diterpenoid was proposed. Taxamairin I (1), at a concentration of 100 μM, did not show cytotoxicity against Hep3B human liver cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phu Hoang Dang
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Research Lab for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Hai Xuan Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Research Lab for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tho Huu Le
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Research Lab for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Truong Nhat Van Do
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Research Lab for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Mai Thanh Thi Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Research Lab for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Cancer Research Laboratory, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nhan Trung Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Research Lab for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Cancer Research Laboratory, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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19
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He Z, Luo X, Lei Y, Zhang W. Five Species of Taxus Karyotype Based on Oligo-FISH for 5S rDNA and (AG 3T 3) 3. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13122209. [PMID: 36553477 PMCID: PMC9778077 DOI: 10.3390/genes13122209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
As a relict plant, Taxus is used in a variety of medicinal ingredients, for instance to treat a variety of cancers. Taxus plants are difficult to distinguish from one another due to their similar morphology; indeed, some species of Taxus cytogenetic data still are unclear. Oligo-FISH can rapidly and efficiently provide insight into the genetic composition and karyotype. This is important for understanding the organization and evolution of chromosomes in Taxus species. We analysed five Taxus species using two oligonucleotide probes. (AG3T3)3 signals were distributed at the chromosome ends and the centromere of five species of Taxus. The 5S rDNA signal was displayed on two chromosomes of five species of Taxus. In addition to Taxus wallichiana var. mairei, 5S rDNA signals were found proximal in the remaining four species, which signals a difference in its location. The karyotype formula of Taxus wallichiana was 2n = 2x = 24m, its karyotype asymmetry index was 55.56%, and its arm ratio was 3.0087. Taxus × media's karyotype formula was 2n = 2x = 24m, its karyotype asymmetry index was 55.09%, and its arm ratio was 3.4198. The karyotype formula of Taxus yunnanensis was 2n = 2x = 24m, its karyotype asymmetry index was 55.56%, and its arm ratio was 2.6402. The karyotype formula of Taxus cuspidate was 2n = 2x = 24m, its karyotype asymmetry index was 54.67%, its arm ratio was 3.0135, and two chromosomes exhibited the 5S rDNA signal. The karyotype formula of T. wallichiana var. mairei was 2n= 2x = 22m + 2sm, its karyotype asymmetry index was 54.33%, and its arm ratio was 2.8716. Our results provide the karyotype analysis and physical genetic map of five species of Taxus, which contributes to providing molecular cytogenetics data for Taxus.
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20
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Perea MA, Wang B, Wyler BC, Ham JS, O’Connor NR, Nagasawa S, Kimura Y, Manske C, Scherübl M, Nguyen JM, Sarpong R. General Synthetic Approach to Diverse Taxane Cores. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:21398-21407. [PMID: 36346461 PMCID: PMC9901290 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chemical synthesis of natural products is typically inspired by the structure and function of a target molecule. When both factors are of interest, such as in the case of taxane diterpenoids, a synthesis can both serve as a platform for synthetic strategy development and enable new biological exploration. Guided by this paradigm, we present here a unified enantiospecific approach to diverse taxane cores from the feedstock monoterpenoid (S)-carvone. Key to the success of our approach was the use of a skeletal remodeling strategy which began with the divergent reorganization and convergent coupling of two carvone-derived fragments, facilitated by Pd-catalyzed C-C bond cleavage tactics. This coupling was followed by additional restructuring using a Sm(II)-mediated rearrangement and a bioinspired, visible-light induced, transannular [2 + 2] photocycloaddition. Overall, this divergent monoterpenoid remodeling/convergent fragment coupling approach to complex diterpenoid synthesis provides access to structurally disparate taxane cores which have set the stage for the preparation of a wide range of taxanes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Benjamin C. Wyler
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jin Su Ham
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Nicholas R. O’Connor
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Shota Nagasawa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yuto Kimura
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Carolin Manske
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Maximilian Scherübl
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Johny M. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Richmond Sarpong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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21
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An Overview on Taxol Production Technology and Its Applications as Anticancer Agent. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-022-0063-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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22
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Wu Q, Qian W, Sun X, Jiang S. Small-molecule inhibitors, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and more: FDA-approved novel therapeutic drugs for solid tumors from 1991 to 2021. J Hematol Oncol 2022; 15:143. [PMID: 36209184 PMCID: PMC9548212 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-022-01362-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) has always been a forerunner in drug evaluation and supervision. Over the past 31 years, 1050 drugs (excluding vaccines, cell-based therapies, and gene therapy products) have been approved as new molecular entities (NMEs) or biologics license applications (BLAs). A total of 228 of these 1050 drugs were identified as cancer therapeutics or cancer-related drugs, and 120 of them were classified as therapeutic drugs for solid tumors according to their initial indications. These drugs have evolved from small molecules with broad-spectrum antitumor properties in the early stage to monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and antibody‒drug conjugates (ADCs) with a more precise targeting effect during the most recent decade. These drugs have extended indications for other malignancies, constituting a cancer treatment system for monotherapy or combined therapy. However, the available targets are still mainly limited to receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), restricting the development of antitumor drugs. In this review, these 120 drugs are summarized and classified according to the initial indications, characteristics, or functions. Additionally, RTK-targeted therapies and immune checkpoint-based immunotherapies are also discussed. Our analysis of existing challenges and potential opportunities in drug development may advance solid tumor treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wu
- School of Medical Imaging, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310053 Zhejiang China
| | - Wei Qian
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009 Zhejiang China
| | - Xiaoli Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003 Zhejiang China
| | - Shaojie Jiang
- School of Medical Imaging, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310053 Zhejiang China
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23
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Vélëz H, Gauchan DP, García-Gil MDR. Taxol and β-tubulins from endophytic fungi isolated from the Himalayan Yew, Taxus wallichiana Zucc. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:956855. [PMID: 36246258 PMCID: PMC9557061 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.956855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Paclitaxel, better known as the anticancer drug Taxol®, has been isolated from several plant species and has been shown to be produced by fungi, actinomycetes, and even bacteria isolated from marine macroalgae. Given its cytostatic effect, studies conducted in the 1990's showed that paclitaxel was toxic to many pathogenic fungi and oomycetes. Further studies led to the idea that the differences in paclitaxel sensitivity exhibited by different fungi were due to differences in the β-tubulin protein sequence. With the recent isolation of endophytic fungi from the leaves and bark of the Himalayan Yew, Taxus wallichiana Zucc., and the availability of genomes from paclitaxel-producing fungi, we decided to further explore the idea that endophytic fungi isolated from Yews should be well-adapted to their environment by encoding β-tubulin proteins that are insensitive to paclitaxel. Our results found evidence of episodic positive/diversifying selection at 10 sites (default p-value threshold of 0.1) in the β-tubulin sequences, corresponding to codon positions 33, 55, 172, 218, 279, 335, 359, 362, 379, and 406. Four of these positions (i.e., 172, 279, 359, and 362) have been implicated in the binding of paclitaxel by β-tubulin or formed part of the binding pocket. As expected, all the fungal endophytes grew in different media regardless of the paclitaxel concentration tested. Furthermore, our results also showed that Taxomyces andreanae CBS 279.92, the first fungus shown to produce paclitaxel, is a Basidiomycete fungus as the two beta tubulins encoded by the fungus clustered together with other Basidiomycete fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heriberto Vélëz
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Heriberto Vélëz
| | - Dhurva Prasad Gauchan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Science, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Nepal
| | - María del Rosario García-Gil
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
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24
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Drugs That Changed Society: Microtubule-Targeting Agents Belonging to Taxanoids, Macrolides and Non-Ribosomal Peptides. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175648. [PMID: 36080414 PMCID: PMC9457747 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
During a screening performed by the National Cancer Institute in the 1960s, the terpenoid paclitaxel was discovered. Paclitaxel expanded the treatment options for breast, lung, prostate and ovarian cancer. Paclitaxel is only present in minute amounts in the bark of Taxia brevifolia. A sustainable supply was ensured with a culture developed from Taxus chinensis, or with semi-synthesis from other taxanes. Paclitaxel is marketed under the name Taxol. An intermediate from the semi-synthesis docetaxel is also used as a drug and marketed as Taxotere. O-Methylated docetaxel is used for treatment of some paclitaxel-resistant cancer forms as cabazitaxel. The solubility problems of paclitaxel have been overcome by formulation of a nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel (NAB-paclitaxel, Abraxane). The mechanism of action is affinity towards microtubules, which prevents proliferation and consequently the drug would be expected primarily to be active towards cancer cells proliferating faster than benign cells. The activity against slowly growing tumors such as solid tumors suggests that other effects such as oncogenic signaling or cellular trafficking are involved. In addition to terpenoids, recently discovered microtubule-targeting polyketide macrolides and non-ribosomal peptides have been discovered and marketed as drugs. The revolutionary improvements for treatment of cancer diseases targeting microtubules have led to an intensive search for other compounds with the same target. Several polyketide macrolides, terpenoids and non-ribosomal peptides have been investigated and a few marketed.
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Rhodauricanol A, an analgesic diterpenoid with an unprecedented 5/6/5/7 tetracyclic system featuring a unique 16-oxa-tetracyclo[11.2.1.01,5.07,13]hexadecane core from Rhododendron dauricum. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.107742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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26
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Molecular-docking-guided design, palladium-catalyzed synthesis and anticancer activity of paclitaxel-benzoxazoles hybrids. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10021. [PMID: 35705688 PMCID: PMC9200075 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14172-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of new paclitaxel-benzoxazoles hybrids were designed based on both the molecular docking mode of beta-tubulin with paclitaxel derivatives (7a and 7g), and the activity-structure relationship of C-13 side chain in paclitaxel. Palladium-catalyzed direct Csp2–H arylation of benzoxazoles with different aryl-bromides was used as the key synthetic strategy for the aryl-benzoxazoles moieties in the hybrids. Twenty-six newly synthesized hybrids were screened for their antiproliferative activity against human cancer cell lines such as human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) and liver hepatocellular cells (HepG2) by the MTT assay and results were compared with paclitaxel. Interestingly, most hybrids (7a–7e, 7i, 7k, 7l, 7A, 7B, 7D and 7E) showed significantly active against both cell lines at concentration of 50 µM, which indicated that the hybrid strategy is effective to get structural simplified paclitaxel analogues with high anti-tumor activity.
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Li H, Tang Y, Liang KY, Zang Y, Osman EEA, Jin ZX, Li J, Xiong J, Li J, Hu JF. Phytochemical and biological studies on rare and endangered plants endemic to China. Part XXII. Structurally diverse diterpenoids from the leaves and twigs of the endangered conifer Torreya jackii and their bioactivities. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 198:113161. [PMID: 35283166 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A phytochemical investigation on the MeOH extract of the leaves and twigs of the endangered conifer Torreya jackii Chun led to the isolation and characterization of 21 structurally diverse diterpenoids. Among them, six are previously undescribed, including four abietane-type (torreyins A-D, resp.) and two labdane-type diterpenoids (torreyins E and F). Their structures and absolute configurations were determined by a combination of spectroscopic methods, calculated/experimental electronic circular dichroism (ECD) data, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. In particular, torreyins A-C are rare 11,12-seco-abietane type diterpenoids possessing a dilactone moiety, and their biosynthetic pathway starting from a co-occurring abietane derivative (i.e., cyrtophyllone B) was briefly proposed. Among the isolates, 7-oxo-dehydroabietic acid and 15-methoxy-7,13-abietadien-18-oic acid showed considerable inhibitory effects against acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase 1 (ACC1) and protein tyrosine phosphatase 1 B (PTP1B), with IC50 values of 3.1 and 6.8 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Institute of Natural Medicine and Health Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Zhejiang, 318000, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Yu Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Kai-Yuan Liang
- Institute of Natural Medicine and Health Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Zhejiang, 318000, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Yi Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Ezzat E A Osman
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, PR China; Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, P. O. Box 30 Imbaba, Giza, 12411, Egypt
| | - Ze-Xin Jin
- Institute of Natural Medicine and Health Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Zhejiang, 318000, PR China
| | - Jia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Juan Xiong
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, PR China.
| | - Junmin Li
- Institute of Natural Medicine and Health Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Zhejiang, 318000, PR China.
| | - Jin-Feng Hu
- Institute of Natural Medicine and Health Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Zhejiang, 318000, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, PR China.
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Nakada M. Research on the Efficient Enantioselective Total Synthesis of Useful Bioactive Polycyclic Compounds. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2022. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20210329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masahisa Nakada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1, Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 119-8555
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29
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Francisco KR, Ballatore C. Thietanes and derivatives thereof in medicinal chemistry. Curr Top Med Chem 2022; 22:1219-1234. [PMID: 35546768 DOI: 10.2174/1568026622666220511154228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Unlike the oxetane ring, which, as evidenced by numerous studies, is known to play an increasingly important role in medicinal chemistry, the thietane ring has thus far received comparatively limited attention. Nonetheless, a growing number of reports now indicate that this 4-membered ring heterocycle may provide opportunities in analog design. In the present review article, we discuss the possible use and utility of the thietane fragment in medicinal chemistry and provide an overview of its properties and recent applications with a focus on isosteric replacements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol R Francisco
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Carlo Ballatore
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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30
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Wang Z, Cui M, Ma B, Yang L, Yu Y, Cui H, Jin D, Shang H, Li D. Rapid and One-Step Screening of Taxane Compounds by a Two-Dimensional Carbon Microfiber Fractionation System Combined with Tandem Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:4774-4782. [PMID: 35389221 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c00573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Taxane compounds have attracted wide attention due to the basic chemical structure of taxol as an alternative anticancer drug. The full-scan tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) fragmentation behaviors of seven taxane compounds were studied. For taxanes of Sc-T and Sc-T-Xyl types, diagnostic product ions are originated from a cleavage in the ester bond of the C13 position and the C-O bond of the C7 position, and the subsequent fragmentation pattern is similar to those of M-type taxanes with the loss of different numbers of acetic acid moieties (AcOH), benzoic acid moieties (BzOH), and H2O molecules. A rapid (7 min) and one-step screening method of two-dimensional microscale carbon fiber and active carbon fiber columns combined with tandem mass spectrometry (2DμCFs-MS/MS) was developed for the screening of taxane compounds from Taxus cuspidata samples. Before MS/MS analysis, the 2DμCFs system can group the sample extract without any pretreatment into three chromatographic-type fractions of strong, medium, and weak polarity to avoid matrix interference, such as lipids and pigments. The 2DμCFs-MS/MS can also conduct qualitative and quantitative analysis of taxane compounds, which is evaluated by limits of detection ranging from 3 to 50 ng mL-1, limits of quantitation ranging from 10 to 150 ng mL-1, satisfactory recoveries from 75.2 to 112.2%, and reproducibilities with relative standard deviations from 1.4 to 11.7%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Yanbian University, Park Road 977, Yanji City, Jilin Province 133002, P.R. China
| | - Meiyu Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Yanbian University, Park Road 977, Yanji City, Jilin Province 133002, P.R. China
| | - Biao Ma
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
| | - Lei Yang
- Interdisciplinary Program of Biological Functional Molecules, College of Integration Science, Yanbian University, Park Road 977, Yanji City, Jilin Province 133002, P.R. China
| | - Yingli Yu
- Interdisciplinary Program of Biological Functional Molecules, College of Integration Science, Yanbian University, Park Road 977, Yanji City, Jilin Province 133002, P.R. China
| | - Haiyan Cui
- Interdisciplinary Program of Biological Functional Molecules, College of Integration Science, Yanbian University, Park Road 977, Yanji City, Jilin Province 133002, P.R. China
| | - Dongri Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Yanbian University, Park Road 977, Yanji City, Jilin Province 133002, P.R. China
| | - Haibo Shang
- Department of Chemistry, Yanbian University, Park Road 977, Yanji City, Jilin Province 133002, P.R. China
- Interdisciplinary Program of Biological Functional Molecules, College of Integration Science, Yanbian University, Park Road 977, Yanji City, Jilin Province 133002, P.R. China
| | - Donghao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Yanbian University, Park Road 977, Yanji City, Jilin Province 133002, P.R. China
- Interdisciplinary Program of Biological Functional Molecules, College of Integration Science, Yanbian University, Park Road 977, Yanji City, Jilin Province 133002, P.R. China
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31
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Majhi S. Synthesis of bioactive natural products and their analogs at room temperature – an update. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2021-0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Sustainability is a concept that is employed to distinguish methods and procedures that can ensure the long-term productivity of the environment as it includes environmental, social, and economic dimensions. New generations can live on this planet with less hazardous substances and minimum requirement of energy for chemical transformations as green chemistry is related to creativity and the development of innovative research. Among the 12 principles of this clean chemistry, the sixth principle is devoted to the “design of energy efficiency” which discloses that less or the minimum amount of energy is required to conduct a specific reaction with optimum productivity. The most successful way to save energy is to construct strategies/methodologies that are capable enough to carry out the chemical transformations at ambient temperature and standard pressure. Hence, the present review wishes to cover the synthesis of bioactive natural products and their derivatives at room temperature. Bioactive secondary metabolites play a crucial role in the drug discovery together with drug development process; chiefly anticancer along with antibiotic molecules is noticeably enriched with molecules of natural origin. Natural sources, structures, and biological activities of natural products are highlighted in this review and it is also aimed to offer an overview of the design and synthesis of bioactive natural products and their analogs at room temperature for the first time efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasadhar Majhi
- Department of Chemistry (UG & PG) , Triveni Devi Bhalotia College, Kazi Nazrul University , Raniganj , West Bengal 713347 , India
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Feng Y, Zha S, Gao B, Zhang H, Jin P, Zheng G, Ma Y, Yao G. Discovery of Kalmane Diterpenoids as Potent Analgesics from the Flowers of
Rhododendron dauricum. CHINESE J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202100764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Feng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan Hubei 430030 China
| | - Suqin Zha
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan Hubei 430030 China
| | - Biao Gao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan Hubei 430030 China
| | - Hanqi Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan Hubei 430030 China
| | - Pengfei Jin
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan Hubei 430030 China
| | - Guijuan Zheng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan Hubei 430030 China
| | - Yilin Ma
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan Hubei 430030 China
| | - Guangmin Yao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan Hubei 430030 China
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33
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Li H, Xie W, Zeng L, Li W, Shi B, Lei F. Development and evaluation of a hydrogenated rosin (β-acryloxyl ethyl) ester-bonded silica stationary phase for high-performance liquid chromatography separation of paclitaxel from yew bark. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1665:462815. [PMID: 35038614 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.462815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Paclitaxel (PTX) is a complex diterpenoid anticancer drug whose separation from yew biomass poses a significant challenge. In this study, a new stationary phase comprising hydrogenated rosin (β-acryloxyl ethyl) ester (HRE)-bonded silica (HRE@SiO2) is developed to separate and purify PTX from crude yew-bark extract using high-performance liquid chromatography. In HRE@SiO2, HRE molecules, which are functional ligands, are bonded to the surface of a silica gel matrix using a coupling agent, (3-mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane. The proposed HRE@SiO2 stationary phase was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, laser diffraction granulometry, and nitrogen gas adsorption. The HRE@SiO2 column exhibited excellent chromatographic performance, satisfactory performance reproducibility, and typical reversed-phase chromatographic behavior. An HRE@SiO2 column was used to separate PTX and its analogs, achieving resolutions exceeding 7.43 for consecutively eluted species. Stoichiometric displacement theory for retention (SDT-R), the van Deemter equation, and van 't Hoff plots were used to analyze the separation mechanism and properties of the HRE@SiO2 column. The results showed that hydrophobic interactions determine the analyte retention and the separation of PTX and its analogs on an HRE@SiO2 column is an exothermic process driven by enthalpy. Furthermore, an HRE@SiO2 column was employed to separate and purify PTX from crude yew-bark extract, increasing PTX purity from 6% to 82%. The findings of this study provide insights for developing rosin-based stationary phases for the separation of natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530006, China
| | - Wenbo Xie
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530006, China
| | - Lei Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530006, China
| | - Wen Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530006, China
| | - Boan Shi
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi 445000, China
| | - Fuhou Lei
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530006, China.
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34
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Wang Z, Teng Z, Wang Z, Song Z, Zhu P, Li N, Zhang Y, Liu X, Liu F. Melatonin ameliorates paclitaxel-induced mice spermatogenesis and fertility defects. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:1219-1228. [PMID: 35001532 PMCID: PMC8831955 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapeutic drug of paclitaxel (PTX) has been shown to cause reproductive toxicity thus affecting male fertility, but its underlying molecular basis is unclear. Melatonin (MLT) can mitigate the reproductive damage caused by certain chemotherapy drugs. In this study, we aimed to identify impact of PTX on the main biological processes and protective effect of MLT on reproductive damage caused by PTX. Mice exposed to PTX mainly impaired spermatogenesis, such as decreased sperm counts, reduced sperm motility and increased abnormal sperm. Decreased expressions of germ cell proliferation‐associated protein PCNA and meiosis‐related protein SYCP3 induced by PTX were determined by Western blot, while MLT ameliorated this effect and increased the expressions of PCNA, SYCP3, DMC1, STRA8 and fertility‐related protein of HSPA2, resulting in significantly improved spermatogenesis and sperm quality levels. In vitro fertilization experiment showed that PTX significantly decreased blastocyst formation rates, which can be improved by MLT administration, but not two‐cell development rates. Taken together, this work demonstrated PTX can adversely affect germ cell proliferation and meiosis, which ultimately influence sperm quality and male fertility, and highlighted the protective ability of MLT on ameliorating the side effects of PTX, especially on sperm quality. The results provide information to further the study on the molecular mechanism of PTX's effects on male reproduction and the protective mechanism of MLT.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZhiXin Wang
- Shandong Stem Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Zi Teng
- Shandong Stem Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - ZeLin Wang
- Shandong Stem Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Zhan Song
- Shandong Stem Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Peng Zhu
- Shandong Stem Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Ning Li
- Shandong Stem Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - YuSheng Zhang
- Shandong Stem Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - XueXia Liu
- Shandong Stem Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - FuJun Liu
- Shandong Stem Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
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35
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Yao EZ, Chai GL, Zhang P, Zhu B, Chang J. Chiral dihydroxytetraphenylene-catalyzed enantioselective conjugate addition of boronic acids to β-enaminones. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01845k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
An efficient (S)-2,15-Cl2-DHTP-catalyzed enantioselective conjugate addition of organic boronic acids to β-enaminones has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- En-Ze Yao
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Guo-Li Chai
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Bo Zhu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Junbiao Chang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
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Iiyama S, Fukaya K, Yamaguchi Y, Watanabe A, Yamamoto H, Mochizuki S, Saio R, Noguchi T, Oishi T, Sato T, Chida N. Total Synthesis of Paclitaxel. Org Lett 2021; 24:202-206. [PMID: 34904840 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c03851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The total synthesis of paclitaxel (Taxol) is described. Double Rubottom oxidation of the bis(silyl enol ether) derived from a tricarbocyclic diketone effectively installed a bridgehead olefin and C-5/C-13 hydroxy groups in a one-step operation. The novel Ag-promoted oxetane formation smoothly constructed the tetracyclic framework of paclitaxel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Iiyama
- Department Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Keisuke Fukaya
- Department Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Yu Yamaguchi
- Department Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Ami Watanabe
- Department Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Yamamoto
- Department Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Shota Mochizuki
- Department Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Saio
- Department Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Takashi Noguchi
- Department Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Takeshi Oishi
- School of Medicine, Keio University, 4-1-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8521, Japan
| | - Takaaki Sato
- Department Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Noritaka Chida
- Department Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
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Gerasimaitė R, Bucevičius J, Kiszka KA, Schnorrenberg S, Kostiuk G, Koenen T, Lukinavičius G. Blinking Fluorescent Probes for Tubulin Nanoscopy in Living and Fixed Cells. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:2130-2136. [PMID: 34734690 PMCID: PMC8609524 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Here we report a
small molecule tubulin probe for single-molecule
localization microscopy (SMLM), stimulated emission depletion (STED)
microscopy and MINFLUX nanoscopy, which can be used in living and
fixed cells. We explored a series of taxane derivatives containing
spontaneously blinking far-red dye hydroxymethyl silicon–rhodamine
(HMSiR) and found that the linker length profoundly affects the probe
permeability and off-targeting in living cells. The best performing
probe, HMSiR-tubulin, is composed of cabazitaxel and the 6′-regioisomer
of HMSiR bridged by a C6 linker. Microtubule diameter of ≤50
nm was routinely measured in SMLM experiments on living and fixed
cells. HMSiR-tubulin allows a complementary use of different nanoscopy
techniques for investigating microtubule functions and developing
imaging methods. For the first time, we resolved the inner microtubule
diameter of 16 ± 5 nm by optical nanoscopy and thereby demonstrated
the utility of a self-blinking dye for MINFLUX imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru̅ta Gerasimaitė
- Chromatin Labeling and Imaging group, Department of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jonas Bucevičius
- Chromatin Labeling and Imaging group, Department of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kamila A. Kiszka
- Department of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Georgij Kostiuk
- Chromatin Labeling and Imaging group, Department of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tanja Koenen
- Department of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gražvydas Lukinavičius
- Chromatin Labeling and Imaging group, Department of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Abstract
Taxol is one of the most famous natural diterpenoids and an important anticancer medicine. Taxol represents a formidable synthetic challenge and has prompted significant interest from the synthetic community. However, in all the previous syntheses of Taxol, there have been no reports of closing the desired eight-membered ring through C1-C2 bond formation. Furthermore, the existence of Taxol-resistant tumors and side effects of Taxol make the development of new approaches to synthesize Taxol and its derivatives highly desirable. Here, we report the asymmetric total synthesis of Taxol using a concise approach through 19 isolated intermediates. The synthetically challenging eight-membered ring was constructed efficiently by a diastereoselective intramolecular SmI2-mediated pinacol coupling reaction to form the C1-C2 bond. The unique biomimetic oxygen ene reaction and the newly developed facile tandem C2-benzoate formation and C13 side chain installation improved the efficiency of the synthesis. The mild oxygen ene reaction under light conditions would be an alternative reaction involved in Taxol biosynthesis. This new convergent approach will allow the diverse creation of Taxol derivatives to enable further biological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jian Hu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chen-Chen Gu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xin-Feng Wang
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Long Min
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chuang-Chuang Li
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Meng Q, Zhou J, You F, Wu Y, Yang L, Wang Y, Zhang X, Gao S, Yu R, Yin X. A novel biphenyl diester derivative, AB38b, inhibits glioblastoma cell growth via the ROS-AKT/mTOR pathway. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 194:114795. [PMID: 34687671 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AB38b is a novel biphenyl diester derivative synthesized in our laboratory, and it has been shown to improve the pathology of nephropathy and encephalopathy in diabetic mice. Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most lethal brain tumor, without effective drugs to date. The present study aims at investigating the role of AB38b in GBM growth and revealing the underlying molecular mechanisms. We found that AB38b administration showed a dose- and time-dependent inhibition on cell proliferation in multiple immortalized and primary GBM cell lines, but it had no significant effects on human astrocyte cell line. More importantly, AB38b blocked cell cycle progression, induced early apoptosis, decreased the activity of AKT/mTOR pathway, and increased the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in GBM cells. Interestingly, antioxidant treatments could reverse the AB38b-mediated abovementioned effects; overexpression of constitutively active AKT could partially rescue the suppressive effects of Ab38b on GBM cell proliferation. In addition, AB38b administration inhibited the tumor growth, decreased the activity of AKT/mTOR pathway, and prolonged the survival time in GBM animal models, without any adverse influences on the important organs. These findings suggest that AB38b exerts anti-glioma activity via elevating the ROS generation followed by inhibiting the activity of AKT/mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingming Meng
- Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Nervous System Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junbo Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Nervous System Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fangting You
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Nervous System Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Nervous System Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liquan Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Nervous System Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Nervous System Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Nervous System Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shangfeng Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Nervous System Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Rutong Yu
- Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Nervous System Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xiaoxing Yin
- Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China.
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40
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Lange BM, Conner CF. Taxanes and taxoids of the genus Taxus - A comprehensive inventory of chemical diversity. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 190:112829. [PMID: 34329937 PMCID: PMC8393860 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The pseudoalkaloid diterpene Taxol® (paclitaxel) emerged as a best-selling anti-cancer drug in the mid-1990s. The compound attracted considerable interest because of its unique mechanism to stabilize microtubules, thus reducing dynamicity and ultimately promoting mitotic arrest. Taxol was originally isolated from members of the genus Taxus. Over the last 50 years, close to 600 metabolites with taxane scaffolds were isolated from various Taxus species and their structures reported. The present review article provides an overview of the known chemical diversity of taxanes, with an emphasis on the functionalization of diterpene scaffolds. The implications of the occurrence of chemically diverse taxane metabolites for unraveling Taxol biosynthesis and enabling pathway engineering are discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Markus Lange
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-7411, USA.
| | - Caleb F Conner
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-7411, USA
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Cheng J, Wang X, Liu X, Zhu X, Li Z, Chu H, Wang Q, Lou Q, Cai B, Yang Y, Lu X, Peng K, Liu D, Liu Y, Lu L, Liu H, Yang T, Ge Q, Shi C, Liu G, Dong Z, Xu X, Wang W, Jiang H, Ma Y. Chromosome-level genome of Himalayan yew provides insights into the origin and evolution of the paclitaxel biosynthetic pathway. MOLECULAR PLANT 2021; 14:1199-1209. [PMID: 33951484 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2021.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Taxus, commonly known as yew, is a well-known gymnosperm with great ornamental and medicinal value. In this study, by assembling a chromosome-level genome of the Himalayan yew (Taxus wallichiana) with 10.9 Gb in 12 chromosomes, we revealed that tandem duplication acts as the driving force of gene family evolution in the yew genome, resulting in the main genes for paclitaxel biosynthesis, i.e. those encoding the taxadiene synthase, P450s, and transferases, being clustered on the same chromosome. The tandem duplication may also provide genetic resources for the nature to sculpt the core structure of taxoids at different positions and subsequently establish the complex pathway of paclitaxel by neofunctionalization. Furthermore, we confirmed that there are two genes in the cluster encoding isoenzymes of a known enzyme in the paclitaxel biosynthetic pathway. The reference genome of the Himalayan yew will serve as a platform for decoding the complete biosynthetic pathway of paclitaxel and understanding the chemodiversity of taxoids in gymnosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China; National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China; Jiaxing Synbiolab Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Jiaxing 314006, China
| | - Xiaonan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Xiaoxi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zihe Li
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Huanyu Chu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - QianQian Lou
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Bijun Cai
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Yiqun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoyun Lu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Kai Peng
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Dingyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Yuwan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China; National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Lina Lu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China; National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Huan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ting Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qijin Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chengcheng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guichun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Zhiwei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Xun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Wen Wang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China.
| | - Huifeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China; National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China.
| | - Yanhe Ma
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China; National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
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Ren S, Zhang M, Wang Y, Guo J, Wang J, Li Y, Ding N. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel cabazitaxel analogues. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 41:116224. [PMID: 34058663 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cabazitaxel is one of the most recently FDA-approved taxane anticancer agent. In view of the advantages in preclinical and clinical data of cabazitaxel over former toxoids, the synthesis and biological evaluation of novel cabazitaxel analogues were conducted. First, a novel semi-synthesis of cabazitaxel was described. This strategy is concise and efficient, which needs five steps from the 10-deacetylbaccatin III (10-DAB) moiety and a commercially available C13 side chain precursor with a 32% overall yield. Besides, this strategy avoids using many hazardous reagents that involved in the previously reported processes. Then, a panel of cabazitaxel analogues were prepared basing on this strategy. The cytotoxicity evaluations showed that the majority of these cabazitaxel analogues are potent against both A549 and KB cells and their corresponding drug-resistant cell lines KB/VCR, and A549/T, respectively. Further in vivo antitumor efficacies assessment of 7,10-di-O-methylthiomethyl (MTM) modified cabazitaxel (compounds 16 and 19) on SCID mice A549 xenograft model showed they both had similar antitumor activity to the cabazitaxel. Since compound 19 was observed causing more body wight loss on the mice than 16, these preliminary studies suggest 16 might be a potent drug candidate for further preclinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumei Ren
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, China
| | - Minmin Zhang
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yujie Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jia Guo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Junfei Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yingxia Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ning Ding
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Shao F, Wilson IW, Qiu D. The Research Progress of Taxol in Taxus. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2021; 22:360-366. [PMID: 32564747 DOI: 10.2174/1389201021666200621163333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Taxus is a valuable woody species with important medicinal value. The bark of Taxus can produce taxol, a natural antineoplastic drug that is widely used in the treatment of breast, ovarian and lung cancers. However, the low content of taxol in the bark of Taxus can not meet the growing clinical demands, so the current research aims at finding ways to increase taxol production. OBJECTIVE In this review, the research progress of taxol including the factors affecting the taxol content, biosynthesis pathway of taxol, production of taxol in vitro and the application of multi-omics approaches in Taxus as well as future research prospects will be discussed. RESULTS The taxol content is not only dependent on the species, age and tissues but is also affected by light, moisture levels, temperature, soil fertility and microbes. Most of the enzymes in the taxol biosynthesis pathway have been identified and characterized. Total chemical synthesis, semi-synthesis, plant cell culture and biosynthesis in endophytic fungi have been explored to product taxol. Multi-omics have been used to study Taxus and taxol. CONCLUSION Further efforts in the identification of unknown enzymes in the taxol biosynthesis pathway, establishment of the genetic transformation system in Taxus and the regulatory mechanism of taxol biosynthesis and Taxus cell growth will play a significant role in improving the yield of taxol in Taxus cells and plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenjuan Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, The Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Iain W Wilson
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Deyou Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, The Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
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44
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Schneider F, Pan L, Ottenbruch M, List T, Gaich T. The Chemistry of Nonclassical Taxane Diterpene. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:2347-2360. [PMID: 33942612 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The taxane diterpenes are a pharmaceutically vital family of natural products, consisting of more than 550 congeners. All taxane diterpenes are isolated from slow growing evergreen shrubs (genus Taxus) commonly known as "yews" and have a history of over 50 years as potent anticancer compounds. The most prominent congener, taxol (paclitaxel = PTX), has been used in clinics for more than 25 years and is one of the top-selling anticancer drugs worldwide, with annual sales reaching 1.5 billion USD in 1999. Within the taxane diterpene family 11 different scaffolds originating from rearrangements, fragmentations, or transannular C-C bond formations of the "classical taxane core" are known. Among them, five different scaffolds alone belong to the so-called complex or cyclotaxane subfamily, their signature structural feature bearing different types and numbers of transannular C-C bonds across the classical taxane backbone. For synthetic chemists, these five scaffolds represent by far the most challenging of all and have thus evaded total synthesis as well as detailed pharmaceutical evaluation-the latter due to extremely poor sourcing from natural producers. The cousinship of complex taxanes to taxol renders them potentially interesting compounds for drug research in the fight against cancer.This Account specifically summarizes the work on nonclassical taxanes from a biosynthetic, as well as a synthetic, point and provides a synthetic perspective on complex taxanes. Special attention is given to the biosynthetic relationship of complex taxanes and their biological emergence from classical taxanes. The transannular C-C bond forming events in the biosynthesis leading to the five individual scaffolds within this subfamily are structured on the basis of the exact type and number of these specific C-C bond formations. Since functionalization of the classical taxane core in the "oxidase phase" of the biosynthesis precedes the formation of complex taxanes, and is in part prerequisite for these transannular cyclization events, a detailed discussion of these oxidations of the classical taxane backbone is provided. Synthetic efforts toward nonclassical taxanes are scarce in literature and are thus presented in a comprehensive manner for abeotaxanes and complex taxanes. The last part of this Account deals with a synthetic perspective on the synthesis of complex taxanes (cyclotaxanes) and how these most intricate scaffolds can potentially be obtained via a deconvolution strategy. This discussion involves in part unpublished results by our group and is based upon synthetic studies in the literature. The deconvolution strategy we advocate aims for selective fragmentations of the signature transannular C-C bonds of the most intricate scaffold represented by the natural product canataxpropellane, which has recently been synthesized by our group. This strategy represents the converse process of the biosynthesis of complex taxanes (e.g., transannular cyclizations) and is enabled and feasible due to our approach to the canataxpropellane scaffold. We show that, by following this deconvolution strategy, all five scaffolds of complex taxanes can thereby be accessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Schneider
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Lu Pan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Moritz Ottenbruch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Tatjana List
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Tanja Gaich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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45
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Recent advances in the total synthesis of natural products bearing the contiguous all-carbon quaternary stereocenters. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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46
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Majhi S. Applications of Yamaguchi Method to Esterification and Macrolactonization in Total Synthesis of Bioactive Natural Products. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202100206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sasadhar Majhi
- Department of Chemistry (UG & PG) Triveni Devi Bhalotia College Raniganj Kazi Nazrul University West Bengal 713347 India
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47
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Yu C, Zhang C, Xu X, Huang J, Chen Y, Luo X, Wang H, Shen C. Omic analysis of the endangered Taxaceae species Pseudotaxus chienii revealed the differences in taxol biosynthesis pathway between Pseudotaxus and Taxus yunnanensis trees. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:104. [PMID: 33622251 PMCID: PMC7903646 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-02883-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Taxol is an efficient anticancer drug accumulated in Taxus species. Pseudotaxus chienii is an important member of Taxaceae, however, the level of six taxoids in P. chienii is largely unknown. RESULTS High accumulation of 10-DAB, taxol, and 7-E-PTX suggested that P. chienii is a good taxol-yielding species for large-scale cultivation. By the omics approaches, a total of 3,387 metabolites and 61,146 unigenes were detected and annotated. Compared with a representative Taxus tree (Taxus yunnanensis), most of the differentially accumulated metabolites and differential expressed genes were assigned into 10 primary and secondary metabolism pathways. Comparative analyses revealed the variations in the precursors and intermediate products of taxol biosynthesis between P. chienii and T. yunnanensis. Taxusin-like metabolites highly accumulated in P. chienii, suggesting a wider value of P. chienii in pharmaceutical industry. CONCLUSIONS In our study, the occurrence of taxoids in P. chienii was determined. The differential expression of key genes involved in the taxol biosynthesis pathway is the major cause of the differential accumulation of taxoids. Moreover, identification of a number of differentially expressed transcription factors provided more candidate regulators of taxol biosynthesis. Our study may help to reveal the differences between Pseudotaxus and Taxus trees, and promote resource utilization of the endangered and rarely studied P. chienii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunna Yu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036 China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036 China
| | - Chengchao Zhang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036 China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036 China
| | - Xinyun Xu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036 China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036 China
| | - Jiefang Huang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036 China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036 China
| | - Yueyue Chen
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036 China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036 China
| | - Xiujun Luo
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036 China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036 China
| | - Huizhong Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036 China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036 China
| | - Chenjia Shen
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036 China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036 China
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Chen Y, Pan Y, Hu D, Peng J, Hao Y, Pan M, Yuan L, Yu Y, Qian Z. Recent progress in nanoformulations of cabazitaxel. Biomed Mater 2021; 16:032002. [PMID: 33545700 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/abe396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The antitumor efficacy of various paclitaxel (PTX) and docetaxel (DTX) formulations in clinical applications is seriously affected by drug resistance. Cabazitaxel, a second-generation taxane, exhibits greater anticancer activity than paclitaxel and docetaxel and has low affinity for the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux pump because of its structure. Therefore, cabazitaxel has the potential to overcome taxane resistance. However, owing to the high systemic toxicity and hydrophobicity of cabazitaxel and the instability of its commercial preparation, Jevtana®, the clinical use of cabazitaxel is restricted to patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) who show progression after docetaxel-based chemotherapy. Nanomedicine is expected to overcome the limitations associated with cabazitaxel application and surmount taxane resistance. This review outlines the drug delivery systems of cabazitaxel published in recent years, summarizes the challenges faced in the development of cabazitaxel nanoformulations, and proposes strategies to overcome these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Sichuan University West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, CHINA
| | - Yue Pan
- Sichuan University West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, CHINA
| | - Danrong Hu
- Sichuan University West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, CHINA
| | - Jinrong Peng
- Sichuan University West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, CHINA
| | - Ying Hao
- Sichuan University West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, CHINA
| | - Meng Pan
- Sichuan University West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, CHINA
| | - Liping Yuan
- Sichuan University, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, CHINA
| | - Yongyang Yu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, CHINA
| | - Zhiyong Qian
- West China Hospital West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, CHINA
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49
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Mosca L, Ilari A, Fazi F, Assaraf YG, Colotti G. Taxanes in cancer treatment: Activity, chemoresistance and its overcoming. Drug Resist Updat 2021; 54:100742. [PMID: 33429249 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2020.100742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Since 1984, when paclitaxel was approved by the FDA for the treatment of advanced ovarian carcinoma, taxanes have been widely used as microtubule-targeting antitumor agents. However, their historic classification as antimitotics does not describe all their functions. Indeed, taxanes act in a complex manner, altering multiple cellular oncogenic processes including mitosis, angiogenesis, apoptosis, inflammatory response, and ROS production. On the one hand, identification of the diverse effects of taxanes on oncogenic signaling pathways provides opportunities to apply these cytotoxic drugs in a more rational manner. On the other hand, this may facilitate the development of novel treatment modalities to surmount anticancer drug resistance. In the latter respect, chemoresistance remains a major impediment which limits the efficacy of antitumor chemotherapy. Taxanes have shown impact on key molecular mechanisms including disruption of mitotic spindle, mitosis slippage and inhibition of angiogenesis. Furthermore, there is an emerging contribution of cellular processes including autophagy, oxidative stress, epigenetic alterations and microRNAs deregulation to the acquisition of taxane resistance. Hence, these two lines of findings are currently promoting a more rational and efficacious taxane application as well as development of novel molecular strategies to enhance the efficacy of taxane-based cancer treatment while overcoming drug resistance. This review provides a general and comprehensive picture on the use of taxanes in cancer treatment. In particular, we describe the history of application of taxanes in anticancer therapeutics, the synthesis of the different drugs belonging to this class of cytotoxic compounds, their features and the differences between them. We further dissect the molecular mechanisms of action of taxanes and the molecular basis underlying the onset of taxane resistance. We further delineate the possible modalities to overcome chemoresistance to taxanes, such as increasing drug solubility, delivery and pharmacokinetics, overcoming microtubule alterations or mitotic slippage, inhibiting drug efflux pumps or drug metabolism, targeting redox metabolism, immune response, and other cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Mosca
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, P. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Ilari
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, Italian National Research Council (IBPM-CNR), c/o Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesco Fazi
- Dept. Anatomical, Histological, Forensic & Orthopedic Sciences, Section of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University, Via A. Scarpa 14-16, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Yehuda G Assaraf
- The Fred Wyszkowski Cancer Research Lab, Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Gianni Colotti
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, Italian National Research Council (IBPM-CNR), c/o Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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50
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Łomzik M, Hanif M, Budniok A, Błauż A, Makal A, Tchoń DM, Leśniewska B, Tong KKH, Movassaghi S, Söhnel T, Jamieson SMF, Zafar A, Reynisson J, Rychlik B, Hartinger CG, Plażuk D. Metal-Dependent Cytotoxic and Kinesin Spindle Protein Inhibitory Activity of Ru, Os, Rh, and Ir Half-Sandwich Complexes of Ispinesib-Derived Ligands. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:14879-14890. [PMID: 33003697 PMCID: PMC7584371 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Ispinesib is a potent inhibitor of kinesin spindle protein (KSP), which has been identified as a promising target for antimitotic anticancer drugs. Herein, we report the synthesis of half-sandwich complexes of Ru, Os, Rh, and Ir bearing the ispinesib-derived N,N-bidentate ligands (R)- and (S)-2-(1-amino-2-methylpropyl)-3-benzyl-7-chloroquinazolin-4(3H)-one and studies on their chemical and biological properties. Using the enantiomerically pure (R)- and (S)-forms of the ligand, depending on the organometallic moiety, either the SM,R or RM,S diastereomers, respectively, were observed in the molecular structures of the Ru- and Os(cym) (cym = η6-p-cymene) compounds, whereas the RM,R or SM,S diastereomers were found for the Rh- and Ir(Cp*) (Cp* = η5-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) derivatives. However, density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggest that the energy difference between the diastereomers is very small, and therefore a mixture of both will be present in solution. The organometallics exhibited varying antiproliferative activity in a series of human cancer cell lines, with the complexes featuring the (R)-enantiomer of the ligand being more potent than the (S)-configured counterparts. Notably, the Rh and Ir complexes demonstrated high KSP inhibitory activity, even at 1 nM concentration, which was independent of the chirality of the ligand, whereas the Ru and especially the Os derivatives were much less active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Łomzik
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Łódź, ul. Tamka 12, 91-403 Łódź, Poland
| | - Muhammad Hanif
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Aleksandra Budniok
- Cytometry Lab, Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, ul. Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Łódź, Poland
| | - Andrzej Błauż
- Cytometry Lab, Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, ul. Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Łódź, Poland
| | - Anna Makal
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, ul. Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Daniel M Tchoń
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, ul. Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Barbara Leśniewska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Białystok, ul. K. Ciołkowskiego 1 K, 15-245 Białystok, Poland
| | - Kelvin K H Tong
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Sanam Movassaghi
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Tilo Söhnel
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Stephen M F Jamieson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Ayesha Zafar
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jóhannes Reynisson
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Hornbeam Building, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, United Kingdom
| | - Błażej Rychlik
- Cytometry Lab, Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, ul. Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Łódź, Poland
| | - Christian G Hartinger
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Damian Plażuk
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Łódź, ul. Tamka 12, 91-403 Łódź, Poland
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