1
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Wang XX, Jiao L. Dual Ligand Enabled Pd-Catalyzed Ortho-Alkylation of Iodoarenes. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 39236317 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c06544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
The synthesis of complex polysubstituted aromatic molecules from simple precursors is a central goal in organic chemistry. In this study, we developed an approach for the ortho-alkylation of iodoarenes utilizing a dual ligand catalytic system. By combining Pd/olefin ligand cooperative catalysis with bulky trialkylphosphine ligand-promoted C(sp2)-I reductive elimination, we have established an ortho-alkylative Catellani-type reaction with the aryl-iodine bond reconstruction as the final step, which opens new synthetic opportunities within the Catellani-type reactions. Through in-depth mechanistic investigations, we have isolated and characterized key organopalladium intermediates, revealing the synergistic interaction of the dual ligands in merging the Catellani-type process with C(sp2)-I reductive elimination. The present study showcases the unique advantages of Pd/olefin ligand catalysis and emphasizes the effectiveness of the dual ligand system in expanding the chemical space of the Catellani chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xia Wang
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lei Jiao
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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2
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Tang Q, Lu Y, Song J, He Z, Xu JB, Tan J, Gao F, Li X. Light-promoted stereoselective late-stage difunctionalization and anti-tumor activity of oridonin. Fitoterapia 2024; 177:106131. [PMID: 39067489 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2024.106131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
The late-stage difunctionalization of diterpene oridonin by light-promoted direct oxyamination with various O-benzoylhydroxylamines was carried out to afford C16α-N-C17-OBz-oridonin derivatives (1-25) for the first time. Though as a radical reaction, it features high stereoselectivity to only produce C16α-N-C17-OBz-oridonins. The in vitro antiproliferative activity of these C16α-N-C17-OBz-oridonins against the human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7) was evaluated by MTT assay, showing that most of the synthesized compounds possessed moderate anticancer activity against MCF-7 cell lines superior or similar to the parent compound oridonin. The derivative 25 with a N-methyl-N-(naphthalen-1-ylmethyl) substitution showed better cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cells (IC50 value of 11.75 μM) than oridonin (IC50 value of 17.95 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianhui Tang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, No. 111, Erhuan Rd, Chengdu 610031, PR China
| | - Yougan Lu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, No. 111, Erhuan Rd, Chengdu 610031, PR China
| | - Junying Song
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, No. 111, Erhuan Rd, Chengdu 610031, PR China
| | - Zhengyang He
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, No. 111, Erhuan Rd, Chengdu 610031, PR China
| | - Jin-Bu Xu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, No. 111, Erhuan Rd, Chengdu 610031, PR China
| | - Jiao Tan
- School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, No.82, University Town Central Road, Chongqing 401331, PR China
| | - Feng Gao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, No. 111, Erhuan Rd, Chengdu 610031, PR China
| | - Xiaohuan Li
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, No. 111, Erhuan Rd, Chengdu 610031, PR China.
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3
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Sun Y, Zhao T, Wang H, Pan Y, Huang L, Feng H. Precision Propargylic Substitution Reaction: Pd-Catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura Coupling of Nonactivated Propargylamines with Boronic Acids. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 39215753 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Palladium-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling is an efficient approach for C-C bond construction. Here we report a deaminative Suzuki-Miyaura reaction to achieve chemo- and regioselectivity in the cross-coupling of nonactivated propargylamines with boronic acids, in which methyl propiolate is introduced to promote the cleavage of the C-N bond to form the C-C bond. This method features a wide range of substrates, good functional group tolerance, and ease of operation, providing an alternative approach to accessing valuable propargylated aromatic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Sun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Tao Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Haixiang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Ya Pan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Liliang Huang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Huangdi Feng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
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4
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Shi Y, Derasp JS, Guzman SM, Patrick BO, Hein JE. Halide Salts Alleviate TMSOK Inhibition in Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-Couplings. ACS Catal 2024; 14:12671-12680. [PMID: 39169912 PMCID: PMC11334106 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.4c02407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 07/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
The Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling (SMC) remains one of the most widely used transformations available to chemists. Recently, robust new conditions achieving rapid reactivity under homogeneous aprotic conditions enabled by the use of potassium trimethylsilanolate (TMSOK) as a base were reported. However, the strong inhibitory effect of TMSOK restricts the generality of such conditions. Moreover, the basic nature of TMSOK impedes the use of protic heterocycles as substrates, as these latter anionic species are even more potent catalyst inhibitors. Herein, we report a thorough mechanistic study of these novel SMC conditions. Halide salt additives were found to provide a dramatic rate acceleration and mitigate the inhibitory effect of TMSOK. NMR experiments revealed that this is largely achieved by impacting the unexpected formation of inactive [LnPd(Ar)(μ-OH)]2, favoring the formation of active LnPd(Ar)(X) instead. These findings enabled an impressive substrate scope even at low catalyst loadings (0.1 mol %). Finally, halide additives were observed to enable the use of protic heterocyclic substrates, which could otherwise completely inhibit reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Shi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Joshua S. Derasp
- Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Sara M. Guzman
- Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Brian O. Patrick
- Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Jason E. Hein
- Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway
- Acceleration
Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 3H6, Canada
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5
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Lee LCC, Lo KKW. Shining New Light on Biological Systems: Luminescent Transition Metal Complexes for Bioimaging and Biosensing Applications. Chem Rev 2024; 124:8825-9014. [PMID: 39052606 PMCID: PMC11328004 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Luminescence imaging is a powerful and versatile technique for investigating cell physiology and pathology in living systems, making significant contributions to life science research and clinical diagnosis. In recent years, luminescent transition metal complexes have gained significant attention for diagnostic and therapeutic applications due to their unique photophysical and photochemical properties. In this Review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the recent development of luminescent transition metal complexes for bioimaging and biosensing applications, with a focus on transition metal centers with a d6, d8, and d10 electronic configuration. We elucidate the structure-property relationships of luminescent transition metal complexes, exploring how their structural characteristics can be manipulated to control their biological behavior such as cellular uptake, localization, biocompatibility, pharmacokinetics, and biodistribution. Furthermore, we introduce the various design strategies that leverage the interesting photophysical properties of luminescent transition metal complexes for a wide variety of biological applications, including autofluorescence-free imaging, multimodal imaging, organelle imaging, biological sensing, microenvironment monitoring, bioorthogonal labeling, bacterial imaging, and cell viability assessment. Finally, we provide insights into the challenges and perspectives of luminescent transition metal complexes for bioimaging and biosensing applications, as well as their use in disease diagnosis and treatment evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Cho-Cheung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- Laboratory for Synthetic Chemistry and Chemical Biology Limited, Units 1503-1511, 15/F, Building 17W, Hong Kong Science Park, New Territories, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Kenneth Kam-Wing Lo
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
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6
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Shekhawat B, Gahlaut PS, Gautam D, Jana B. N-Alkylation of amines with primary/secondary alcohols using a novel cobalt(II) inverse triazolyl-pyridine complex. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:8581-8584. [PMID: 39045651 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc01996b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report a highly effective homogeneous methodology for the N-alkylation of amines with primary and secondary alcohols using a Co(II)-complex of an inverse triazolyl-pyridine ligand. The developed methodology tolerates various functional groups to produce the desired N-alkylated products in up to 98% yield. A number of control experiments establish that the developed methodology follows a hydrogen auto-transfer (HAT) pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhawana Shekhawat
- Organometallic and Supramolecular Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, JLN Marg, Jhalana Gram, Malviya Nagar, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 302017, India.
| | - Puneet Singh Gahlaut
- Organometallic and Supramolecular Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, JLN Marg, Jhalana Gram, Malviya Nagar, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 302017, India.
| | - Deepak Gautam
- Organometallic and Supramolecular Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, JLN Marg, Jhalana Gram, Malviya Nagar, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 302017, India.
| | - Barun Jana
- Organometallic and Supramolecular Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, JLN Marg, Jhalana Gram, Malviya Nagar, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 302017, India.
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7
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Odena C, Santiago TG, Linares ML, Castellanos-Blanco N, McGuire RT, Chaves-Arquero B, Alonso JM, Diéguez-Vázquez A, Tan E, Alcázar J, Buijnsters P, Cañellas S, Martin R. Late-Stage C( sp2)-C( sp3) Diversification via Nickel Oxidative Addition Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:21264-21270. [PMID: 39052124 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c08404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we describe nickel oxidative addition complexes (Ni-OACs) of drug-like molecules as a platform to rapidly generate lead candidates with enhanced C(sp3) fraction. The potential of Ni-OACs to access new chemical space has been assessed not only in C(sp2)-C(sp3) couplings but also in additional bond formations without recourse to specialized ligands and with improved generality when compared to Ni-catalyzed reactions. The development of an automated diversification process further illustrates the robustness of Ni-OACs, thus offering a new gateway to expedite the design-make-test-analyze (DMTA) cycle in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlota Odena
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avenida Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Departament de Química Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, c/Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Tomás G Santiago
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avenida Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | | | - Nahury Castellanos-Blanco
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avenida Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Ryan T McGuire
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avenida Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Belén Chaves-Arquero
- Janssen-Cilag, S.A., a Johnson & Johnson Company, C/Jarama 75A, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Jose Manuel Alonso
- Janssen-Cilag, S.A., a Johnson & Johnson Company, C/Jarama 75A, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | | | - Eric Tan
- Janssen Pharmaceutica Nv, A Johnson & Johnson Company, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Jesús Alcázar
- Janssen-Cilag, S.A., a Johnson & Johnson Company, C/Jarama 75A, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Peter Buijnsters
- Janssen Pharmaceutica Nv, A Johnson & Johnson Company, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Santiago Cañellas
- Janssen-Cilag, S.A., a Johnson & Johnson Company, C/Jarama 75A, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Ruben Martin
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avenida Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys, 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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8
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Xu Z, Wang M, Shaver MP. Polymeric bis(triphenylphosphine)iminium chloride as a recyclable catalyst. Chem Sci 2024:d4sc03119a. [PMID: 39263665 PMCID: PMC11382542 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc03119a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Metal-free catalysts have garnered considerable interest as an environmental and economical alternative to precious metal catalysts. Bis(triphenylphosphine)iminium chloride (PPNCl) has emerged as a prominent choice due to its air and thermal stability and broad reactivity, especially in applications where a bulky cation is needed. The high phosphorus content and synthetic effort required for catalyst synthesis increase environmental impact; the recyclability of PPNCl in catalytic processes remains largely unexplored. The potential development of a polymer-supported PPNCl catalysts therefore desirable to enable this recyclability. In this work, we synthesise polymeric PPNCl (poly(PPNCl)) for the first time. Poly(PPNCl) demonstrates a comparative catalytic reactivity to its small molecule variant when employed as a catalyst in halogen-exchange reactions and CO2/epoxide coupling. For the latter the effect of catalyst loading, CO2 pressure, reaction time and addition of co-catalyst on conversion and selectivity was investigated. Poly(PPNCl) was easily recovered from the crude product by simple precipitation and its catalytic reactivity was well-maintained over three reaction cycles, providing environmental and economic advantages for sustainable reaction development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Xu
- Department of Materials, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester Manchester UK
- Sustainable Materials Innovation Hub, The University of Manchester Royce Hub Building, Oxford Road Manchester UK
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Materials, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester Manchester UK
- Sustainable Materials Innovation Hub, The University of Manchester Royce Hub Building, Oxford Road Manchester UK
| | - Michael P Shaver
- Department of Materials, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester Manchester UK
- Sustainable Materials Innovation Hub, The University of Manchester Royce Hub Building, Oxford Road Manchester UK
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9
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Chen D, Lepori C, Guillot R, Gil R, Bezzenine S, Hannedouche J. A Rationally Designed Iron(II) Catalyst for C(sp 3)-C(sp 2) and C(sp 3)-C(sp 3) Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-Coupling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202408419. [PMID: 38774966 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202408419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Despite the paramount importance of the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling (SMC) in academia and industry, and the great promise of iron to offer sustainable catalysis, iron-catalyzed SMC involving sp3-hybridized partners is still in its infancy. We herein report the development of a versatile, well-defined electron-deficient anilido-aldimine iron(II) catalyst. This catalyst effectively performed C(sp3)-C(sp2) and C(sp3)-C(sp3) SMC of alkyl halide electrophiles and (hetero)aryl boronic ester and alkyl borane nucleophiles respectively, in the presence of a lithium amide base. These couplings operated under mild reaction conditions and displayed wide functional group compatibility including various medicinally relevant N-, O- and S-based heterocycles. They also tolerated primary, secondary and tertiary alkyl halides (Br, Cl, I), electron-neutral, -rich and -poor boronic esters and primary and secondary alkyl boranes. Our methodology could be directly and efficiently applied to synthesize key intermediates relevant to pharmaceuticals and a potential drug candidate. For C(sp3)-C(sp2) couplings, radical probe experiments militated in favor of a carbon-centered radical derived from the electrophile. At the same time, reactions run with a pre-formed activated boron nucleophile coupled to competition experiments supported the involvement of neutral, rather than an anionic, (hetero)aryl boronic ester in the key transmetalation step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghuang Chen
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 17 avenue des Sciences, 91400, Orsay, France
| | - Clément Lepori
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 17 avenue des Sciences, 91400, Orsay, France
| | - Régis Guillot
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 17 avenue des Sciences, 91400, Orsay, France
| | - Richard Gil
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 17 avenue des Sciences, 91400, Orsay, France
| | - Sophie Bezzenine
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 17 avenue des Sciences, 91400, Orsay, France
| | - Jérôme Hannedouche
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 17 avenue des Sciences, 91400, Orsay, France
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10
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Xu J, Liu Y, Wang Q, Tao X, Ni S, Zhang W, Yu L, Pan Y, Wang Y. Electrochemical deoxygenative amination of stabilized alkyl radicals from activated alcohols. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6116. [PMID: 39033147 PMCID: PMC11271281 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50596-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Alkylamine structures represent one of the most functional and widely used in organic synthesis and drug design. However, the general methods for the functionalization of the shielded and deshielded alkyl radicals remain elusive. Here, we report a general deoxygenative amination protocol using alcohol-derived carbazates and nitrobenzene under electrochemical conditions. A range of primary, secondary, and tertiary alkylamines are obtained. This practical procedure can be scaled up through electrochemical continuous flow technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yilin Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiangzhang Tao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shengyang Ni
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weigang Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
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11
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Hanley D, Li ZQ, Gao S, Virgil SC, Arnold FH, Alfonzo E. Stereospecific Enzymatic Conversion of Boronic Acids to Amines. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:19160-19167. [PMID: 38958264 PMCID: PMC11294186 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Boronic acids and esters are highly regarded for their safety, unique reactivity, and versatility in synthesizing a wide range of small molecules, bioconjugates, and materials. They are not exploited in biocatalytic synthesis, however, because enzymes that can make, break, or modify carbon-boron bonds are rare. We wish to combine the advantages of boronic acids and esters for molecular assembly with biocatalysis, which offers the potential for unsurpassed selectivity and efficiency. Here, we introduce an engineered protoglobin nitrene transferase that catalyzes the new-to-nature amination of boronic acids using hydroxylamine. Initially targeting aryl boronic acids, we show that the engineered enzyme can produce a wide array of anilines with high yields and total turnover numbers (up to 99% yield and >4000 TTN), with water and boric acid as the only byproducts. We also demonstrate that the enzyme is effective with bench-stable boronic esters, which hydrolyze in situ to their corresponding boronic acids. Exploring the enzyme's capacity for enantioselective catalysis, we found that a racemic alkyl boronic ester affords an enantioenriched alkyl amine, a transformation not achieved with chemocatalysts. The formation of an exclusively unrearranged product during the amination of a boronic ester radical clock and the reaction's stereospecificity support a two-electron process akin to a 1,2-metallate shift mechanism. The developed transformation enables new biocatalytic routes for synthesizing chiral amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre Hanley
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Zi-Qi Li
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Shilong Gao
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Scott C. Virgil
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Frances H. Arnold
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Edwin Alfonzo
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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12
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Singh H, Inaththappulige SINH, Tak RK, Giri R. α-Bromoacetate as a Mild and Safe Brominating Agent in the Light-Driven Vicinal Dibromination of Unactivated Alkenes and Alkynes. Org Lett 2024; 26:5478-5481. [PMID: 38917275 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Light-induced vicinal dibromination of unactivated alkenes and alkynes has been demonstrated by using methyl α-bromoacetate as a mild brominating agent. A near-visible light (370 nm) light-emitting diode (LED) mediates this simple dibromination reaction under mild conditions with the inexpensive and nontoxic α-bromoacetate. The reaction proceeds well with both terminal and internal alkenes and alkynes and those contained in N/O-heterocycles, indicating its versatility in synthesizing dibrominated organic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshvardhan Singh
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | | | - Raj K Tak
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Ramesh Giri
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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13
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Wang Y, Wang Y, Qu J, Yang T, Zhang Y, Yuan C, Guo H, Wang C. BF 3·OEt 2 Catalyzed Cascade [4 + 2] Benzannulation of Vinyloxiranes with Coumarins to Construct Benzocoumarin Derivatives. J Org Chem 2024; 89:9462-9472. [PMID: 38869450 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
A BF3·OEt2-catalyzed cascade cyclization reaction of vinyloxirane with coumarin is described, affording the benzocoumarin derivatives with moderate to excellent yields (72-92%). The reaction demonstrates exceptional substrate tolerance and has been extensively explored for its potential in drug development, including scale-up experiments, functional group transformations, and screening of the products for anticancer activity. Moreover, the reaction mechanism has been rigorously validated through intermediate trapping and control experiments. Additionally, this reaction represents the uncommon nonmetal catalyzed intermolecular cyclization of vinyloxiranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250117, PR China
| | - Yujia Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250117, PR China
| | - Jiaxin Qu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250117, PR China
| | - Tongtong Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250117, PR China
| | - Yining Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250117, PR China
| | - Chunhao Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong 271016, PR China
| | - Hongchao Guo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Chang Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250117, PR China
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14
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Polynski MV, Vlasova YS, Solovev YV, Kozlov SM, Ananikov VP. Computational analysis of R-X oxidative addition to Pd nanoparticles. Chem Sci 2024; 15:9977-9986. [PMID: 38966374 PMCID: PMC11220582 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00628c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Oxidative addition (OA) is a necessary step in mechanisms of widely used synthetic methodologies such as the Heck reaction, cross-coupling reactions, and the Buchwald-Hartwig amination. This study pioneers the exploration of OA of aryl halide to palladium nanoparticles (NPs), a process previously unaddressed in contrast to the activity of well-studied Pd(0) complexes. Employing DFT modeling and semi-empirical metadynamics simulations, the oxidative addition of phenyl bromide to Pd nanoparticles was investigated in detail. Energy profiles of oxidative addition to Pd NPs were analyzed and compared to those involving Pd(0) complexes forming under both ligand-stabilized (phosphines) and ligandless (amine base) conditions. Metadynamics simulations highlighted the edges of the (1 1 1) facets of Pd NPs as the key element of oxidative addition activity. We demonstrate that OA to Pd NPs is not only kinetically facile at ambient temperatures but also thermodynamically favorable. This finding accentuates the necessity of incorporating OA to Pd NPs in future investigations, thus providing a more realistic view of the involved catalytic mechanisms. These results enhance the understanding of aryl halide (cross-)coupling reactions, reinforcing the concept of a catalytic "cocktail". This concept posits dynamic interconversions between diverse active and inactive centers, collectively affecting the outcome of the reaction. High activity of Pd NPs in direct C-X activation paves the way for novel approaches in catalysis, potentially enhancing the field and offering new catalytic pathways to consider.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail V Polynski
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore 4 Engineering Drive 4 Singapore 117585 Singapore
| | - Yulia S Vlasova
- Faculty of Chemistry, Moscow State University Leninskiye Gory 1-3 Moscow 119991 Russia
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky Prospect 47 Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Yaroslav V Solovev
- M. M. Shemyakin and Yu. A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10 Moscow 117997 Russia
| | - Sergey M Kozlov
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore 4 Engineering Drive 4 Singapore 117585 Singapore
| | - Valentine P Ananikov
- Faculty of Chemistry, Moscow State University Leninskiye Gory 1-3 Moscow 119991 Russia
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky Prospect 47 Moscow 119991 Russia
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15
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Shi Y, Derasp JS, Maschmeyer T, Hein JE. Phase transfer catalysts shift the pathway to transmetalation in biphasic Suzuki-Miyaura cross-couplings. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5436. [PMID: 38937470 PMCID: PMC11211432 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49681-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The Suzuki-Miyaura coupling is a widely used C-C bond forming reaction. Numerous mechanistic studies have enabled the use of low catalyst loadings and broad functional group tolerance. However, the dominant mode of transmetalation remains controversial and likely depends on the conditions employed. Herein we detail a mechanistic study of the palladium-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura coupling under biphasic conditions. The use of phase transfer catalysts results in a remarkable 12-fold rate enhancement in the targeted system. A shift from an oxo-palladium based transmetalation to a boronate-based pathway lies at the root of this activity. Furthermore, a study of the impact of different water loadings reveals reducing the proportion of the aqueous phase increases the reaction rate, contrary to reaction conditions typically employed in the literature. The importance of these findings is highlighted by achieving an exceptionally broad substrate scope with benzylic electrophiles using a 10-fold reduction in catalyst loading relative to literature precedent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Shi
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Joshua S Derasp
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada.
| | - Tristan Maschmeyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Jason E Hein
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
- Acceleration Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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16
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Wang WL, Zhang ZC, Yu D, Ni BL, Sun WM. Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-Coupling Reaction Catalyzed by Al 12M (M = Be, Al, C, and P) Superatoms with Different Numbers of Valence Electrons. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:11768-11778. [PMID: 38864539 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
The exploration of low-cost, efficient, environmentally safe, and selective catalysts for the activation of carbon-halogen bonds has become an important and challenging topic in modern chemistry. With the help of density functional theory (DFT), it is found that phenyl bromide (PhBr) can be efficiently chemisorbed by the Al12M (M = Be, Al, C, and P) superatoms via forming highly polarized Al-Br covalent bonds, where the C-Br bonds of PhBr can be effectively activated through the electron transfer from Al12M. The different electronic structures of these four Al12M superatoms pose a substantial effect on their performances on the activation of PhBr and the catalytic mechanisms of the Suzuki-Miyaura (SM) reaction. Among them, the alkali-metal-like superatom Al12P exhibits the best performance for the activation of PhBr. In particular, Al13 and Al12P with open-shell electronic structures exhibit catalytic performances comparable to those of previously reported catalysts for this coupling reaction. Hence, it is highly expected that Al13 and Al12P could be used as novel superatom catalysts for C-C coupling reactions and, therefore, open up new possibilities to use nonprecious superatoms in catalyzing the activation and transformation of carbon-halogen bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Lu Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Drug Target Discovery and Structural and Functional Research, Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Nano Biomedical Technology of Fujian Province, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Chao Zhang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Drug Target Discovery and Structural and Functional Research, Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Nano Biomedical Technology of Fujian Province, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Yu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Bi-Lian Ni
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Drug Target Discovery and Structural and Functional Research, Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Nano Biomedical Technology of Fujian Province, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Ming Sun
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Drug Target Discovery and Structural and Functional Research, Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Nano Biomedical Technology of Fujian Province, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, People's Republic of China
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
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17
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Petrova VV, Solovev YV, Porozov YB, Polynski MV. Will We Witness Enzymatic or Pd-(Oligo)Peptide Catalysis in Suzuki Cross-Coupling Reactions? J Org Chem 2024; 89:8478-8485. [PMID: 38861408 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Despite the development of numerous advanced ligands for Pd-catalyzed Suzuki cross-coupling reaction, the potential of (oligo)peptides serving as ligands remains unexplored. This study demonstrates via density functional theory (DFT) modeling that (oligo)peptide ligands can drive superior activity compared to classic phosphines in these reactions. The utilization of natural amino acids such as Met, SeMet, and His leads to strong binding of the Pd center, thereby ensuring substantial stability of the system. The increasing sustainability and economic viability of (oligo)peptide synthesis open new prospects for applying Pd-(oligo)peptide systems as greener catalysts. The feasibility of de novo engineering an artificial Pd-based enzyme for Suzuki cross-coupling is discussed, laying the groundwork for future innovations in catalytic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlada V Petrova
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow 117997, Russia
- Quantum Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetsky Prospect 26, Saint Petersburg 198504, Russia
| | - Yaroslav V Solovev
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Yuri B Porozov
- St. Petersburg School of Physics, Mathematics, and Computer Science, HSE University, Kantemirovskaya Street 3-1A, Saint Petersburg 194100, Russia
- Advitam Laboratory, Vodovodska 158, Belgrade 11147, Serbia
| | - Mikhail V Polynski
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585, Singapore
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18
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DaRos J, Naruse M, Mendoza JM, Nangunoori A, Smith JH, Millstone JE, Koide K. Catalysis-Based Fluorometric Method for Semiquantifying Trace Palladium in Sulfur-Containing Compounds and Ibuprofen. J Org Chem 2024; 89:8005-8010. [PMID: 38804706 PMCID: PMC11165445 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Trace palladium in synthetic materials can be rapidly and inexpensively semiquantified by a catalysis-based fluorometric method that converts resorufin allyl ether to resorufin. However, whether sulfur compounds would interfere with this method has not been systematically studied. Herein, we show that although thiourea in solution interferes with quantification, sulfide, thiol, and thiocarbamate do not. The fluorometric method can also detect palladium bound to sulfur-based scavenger resin and outperform inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for detecting trace palladium in ibuprofen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judey
T. DaRos
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Miho Naruse
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Jasmyne M. Mendoza
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Abhimanyu Nangunoori
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Jacob H. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Jill E. Millstone
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Kazunori Koide
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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19
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Goebel JF, Stemmer J, Krüger N, Sakhaee N, Gooßen LJ. Coupling of Aryl Chlorides with Lithium Nucleophiles Enabled by Molecularly Defined Alkynyllithium Palladium Catalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202408974. [PMID: 38837734 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202408974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Palladium-catalyzed cross-couplings of aryl chlorides usually call for bulky, electron-rich ligands such as phosphines or heterocyclic carbenes. We have now found that similarly powerful cross-coupling catalysts are obtained by the reaction of palladium salts with alkynyllithium reagents. The species initially formed in this process was characterized as a dilithium tetraalkinyl palladate complex. It catalyzes the coupling of aryl chlorides with the lithium salts of various terminal alkynes to give alkynyl arenes. The isolated Li-alkynyl-Pd complex also efficiently promotes the reaction of aryl, and allyl chlorides with (hetero)aryl-, alkyl-, and allyllithium compounds as well as lithium amides. None of these reactions proceeded in the presence of palladium salts alone. The preparative utility of this approach was demonstrated by the synthesis of 49 molecules, including pharmaceutically relevant compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas F Goebel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Johanna Stemmer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Nele Krüger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Nader Sakhaee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Lukas J Gooßen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
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20
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Parte LG, Fernández S, Sandonís E, Guerra J, López E. Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Transformations for the Synthesis of Marine Drugs. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:253. [PMID: 38921564 PMCID: PMC11204618 DOI: 10.3390/md22060253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Transition metal catalysis has contributed to the discovery of novel methodologies and the preparation of natural products, as well as new chances to increase the chemical space in drug discovery programs. In the case of marine drugs, this strategy has been used to achieve selective, sustainable and efficient transformations, which cannot be obtained otherwise. In this perspective, we aim to showcase how a variety of transition metals have provided fruitful couplings in a wide variety of marine drug-like scaffolds over the past few years, by accelerating the production of these valuable molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía G. Parte
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Science Faculty, University of Valladolid (UVa), Paseo de Belén 7, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; (L.G.P.); (E.S.)
| | - Sergio Fernández
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London (QMUL), Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK;
| | - Eva Sandonís
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Science Faculty, University of Valladolid (UVa), Paseo de Belén 7, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; (L.G.P.); (E.S.)
| | - Javier Guerra
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Science Faculty, University of Valladolid (UVa), Paseo de Belén 7, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; (L.G.P.); (E.S.)
| | - Enol López
- Department of Organic Chemistry, ITAP, School of Engineering (EII), University of Valladolid (UVa), Dr Mergelina, 47002 Valladolid, Spain
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21
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Deckers C, Rehm TH. In situ Diazonium Salt Formation and Photochemical Aryl-Aryl Coupling in Continuous Flow Monitored by Inline NMR Spectroscopy. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303692. [PMID: 38462439 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
A novel class of diazonium salts is introduced for the photochemical aryl-aryl coupling to produce (substituted) biphenyls. As common diazonium tetrafluoroborate salts fail, soluble and safe aryl diazonium trifluoroacetates are applied. In this mild synthesis route no catalysts are required to generate an aryl-radical by irradiation with UV-A light (365 nm). This reactive species undergoes direct C-H arylation at an arene, forming the product in reasonable reaction times. With the implementation of a continuous flow setup in a capillary photoreactor 13 different biphenyl derivatives are successfully synthesized. By integrating an inline 19F-NMR benchtop spectrometer, samples are reliably quantified as the fluorine-substituents act as a probe. Here, real-time NMR spectroscopy is a perfect tool to monitor the continuously operated system, which produces fine chemicals of industrial relevance even in a multigram scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Deckers
- Division Chemistry, Sustainable Chemical Syntheses Group, Fraunhofer Institute for Microengineering and Microsystems IMM, Carl-Zeiss-Strasse 18-20, 55129, Mainz, Germany
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Department of Chemistry, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas H Rehm
- Division Chemistry, Sustainable Chemical Syntheses Group, Fraunhofer Institute for Microengineering and Microsystems IMM, Carl-Zeiss-Strasse 18-20, 55129, Mainz, Germany
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22
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Wang B, Shao Y, Chen Z, Xia Y, Xue F, Jin W, Wu S, Zhang Y, Liu C. Photoinduced Catalyst-Free Deuterodefunctionalization of Aryltriazenes with CDCl 3. Org Lett 2024; 26:4329-4334. [PMID: 38743509 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
A photoinduced deuterodetriazenation of aryltriazenes with CDCl3 under catalyst-free conditions is reported. The reactions featured simple operation, ecofriendly conditions, readily available reagents, inexpensive D sources, precise site selectivity, and a wide range of substrates. Since aryltriazenes could be readily synthesized from arylamine, this protocol can be used as a general method for easily and accurately incorporating deuterium into aromatic systems by using CDCl3 as a D source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Urumqi Key Laboratory of Green Catalysis and Synthesis Technology, Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education & Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, P. R. China
- Analysis and Testing Center, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, P. R. China
| | - Yang Shao
- Urumqi Key Laboratory of Green Catalysis and Synthesis Technology, Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education & Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, P. R. China
| | - Ziren Chen
- Urumqi Key Laboratory of Green Catalysis and Synthesis Technology, Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education & Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, P. R. China
| | - Yu Xia
- Urumqi Key Laboratory of Green Catalysis and Synthesis Technology, Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education & Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, P. R. China
| | - Fei Xue
- Urumqi Key Laboratory of Green Catalysis and Synthesis Technology, Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education & Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Jin
- Urumqi Key Laboratory of Green Catalysis and Synthesis Technology, Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education & Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, P. R. China
| | - Shaofeng Wu
- Urumqi Key Laboratory of Green Catalysis and Synthesis Technology, Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education & Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, P. R. China
| | - Yonghong Zhang
- Urumqi Key Laboratory of Green Catalysis and Synthesis Technology, Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education & Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, P. R. China
- Institute of Materia Medica, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, P. R. China
| | - Chenjiang Liu
- Urumqi Key Laboratory of Green Catalysis and Synthesis Technology, Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education & Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, P. R. China
- Institute of Materia Medica, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, P. R. China
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23
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Xu S, Li M, Zhou B, Duan C, Zou F, Zou S, Long X, Chen G, Yan K. CuCl 2/FeCl 3 Bimetallic Photocatalyst for Sustainable Ethylene Production from Ethanol via Recoverable Redox Cycles. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:4640-4646. [PMID: 38647347 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Photocatalytic conversions of ethanol to valuable chemicals are significant organic synthesis reactions. Herein, we developed a CuCl2/FeCl3 bimetallic photocatalyst for sustainable dehydration of ethanol to ethylene by recoverable redox cycles. The selectivity of ethylene was 98.3% for CuCl2/FeCl3, which is much higher than that of CuCl2 (34.5%) and FeCl3 (86.5%). Due to the ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) process involved in generating the liquid products, the CuCl2/FeCl3 catalyst will be reduced to CuCl/FeCl2. Oxygen (O2) is required for the recovery of CuCl2/FeCl3 to avoid exhaustion. The soluble Fe3+/Fe2+ redox species deliver catalyst regeneration properties more efficiently than single metal couples, making a series of redox reactions (Cu2+/Cu+, Fe3+/Fe2+, and O2/ethanol couples) recyclable with synergistic effects. A flow reactor was designed to facilitate the continuous production of ethylene. The understanding of bimetallic synergism and consecutive reactions promotes the industrial application process of photocatalytic organic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Xu
- School of Environment and Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Mingjie Li
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Biao Zhou
- School of Environment and Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Chenghao Duan
- School of Environment and Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Feilin Zou
- School of Environment and Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Shibing Zou
- School of Environment and Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Xia Long
- Low Carbon College, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Guangxu Chen
- School of Environment and Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Keyou Yan
- School of Environment and Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510000, China
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24
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Jia Y, Yang L, Wang X, Yang W, Zhao W. Cobalt-Catalyzed Selective Hydroboration of 1,3-Enynes with HBpin toward 1,3-Dienylboronate Esters. Org Lett 2024; 26:3258-3262. [PMID: 38568149 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
An efficient cobalt-catalyzed selective hydroboration of 1,3-enynes with HBpin toward 1,3-dienylboronate esters is disclosed. With a commercially available catalytic system of Co(acac)2 and dppf, the hydroboration reactions proceeded well to afford a wide range of 1,3-dienylborates in moderate to high yields. This protocol features a cheap base-metal catalytic system, broad substrate scope, excellent selectivity, easy gram-scale preparation, and good functional group tolerance and provides access to synthetically valuable 1,3-dienylborates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yining Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, P. R. China
| | - Liu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, P. R. China
| | - Xueqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, P. R. China
| | - Wen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, P. R. China
| | - Wanxiang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, P. R. China
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25
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Benny AT, Thamim M, Srivastava P, Suresh S, Thirumoorthy K, Rangasamy L, S K, Easwaran N, Radhakrishnan EK. Synthesis and study of antibiofilm and antivirulence properties of flavonol analogues generated by palladium catalyzed ligand free Suzuki-Miyaura coupling against Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. RSC Adv 2024; 14:12278-12293. [PMID: 38633488 PMCID: PMC11019961 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra08617h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The Suzuki-Miyaura coupling is one of the ubiquitous method for the carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions in organic chemistry. Its popularity is due to its ability to undergo extensive coupling reactions to generate a broad range of biaryl motifs in a straightforward manner displaying a high level of functional group tolerance. A convenient and efficient synthetic route to arylate different substituted flavonols through the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction has been explained in this study. The arylated products were acquired by the coupling of a variety of aryl boronic acids with flavonols under Pd(OAc)2 catalyzed reaction conditions in a ligand-free reaction strategy. Subsequently, the antibiofilm and antivirulence properties of the arylated flavonols against Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 were studied thoroughly. The best ligands for quorum sensing proteins LasR, RhlR, and PqsR were identified using molecular docking study. These best fitting ligands were then studied for their impact on gene expression level of P. aeruginosa by RT-PCR towards quorum sensing genes lasB, rhlA, and pqsE. The downregulation in the gene expression with the effect of synthesized flavonols endorse the antibiofilm efficiency of the compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjitha Theres Benny
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore-632014 India
| | - Masthan Thamim
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore-632014 India
| | | | - Sindoora Suresh
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore-632014 India
| | - Krishnan Thirumoorthy
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore-632014 India
| | - Loganathan Rangasamy
- Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics (CBCMT), Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore-632014 India
| | - Karthikeyan S
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioscience and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore-632014 India
| | - Nalini Easwaran
- Department of Integrative Biology, School of Bioscience and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology VIT Vellore-632014 India
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26
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Mills LR, Simmons EM, Lee H, Nester E, Kim J, Wisniewski SR, Pecoraro MV, Chirik PJ. (Phenoxyimine)nickel-Catalyzed C(sp 2)-C(sp 3) Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-Coupling: Evidence for a Recovering Radical Chain Mechanism. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:10124-10141. [PMID: 38557045 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Phenoxyimine (FI)-nickel(II)(2-tolyl)(DMAP) compounds were synthesized and evaluated as precatalysts for the C(sp2)-C(sp3) Suzuki-Miyaura cross coupling of (hetero)arylboronic acids with alkyl bromides. With 5 mol % of the optimal (MeOMeFI)Ni(Aryl)(DMAP) precatalyst, the scope of the cross-coupling reaction was established and included a variety of (hetero)arylboronic acids and alkyl bromides (>50 examples, 33-97% yield). A β-hydride elimination-reductive elimination sequence from reaction with potassium isopropoxide base, yielding a potassium (FI)nickel(0)ate, was identified as a catalyst activation pathway that is responsible for halogen atom abstraction from the alkyl bromide. A combination of NMR and EPR spectroscopies identified (FI)nickel(II)-aryl complexes as the resting state during catalysis with no evidence for long-lived organic radical or odd-electron nickel intermediates. These data establish that the radical chain is short-lived and undergoes facile termination and also support a "recovering radical chain" process whereby the (FI)nickel(II)-aryl compound continually (re)initiates the radical chain. Kinetic studies established that the rate of C(sp2)-C(sp3) product formation was proportional to the concentration of the (FI)nickel(II)-aryl resting state that captures the alkyl radical for chain propagation. The proposed mechanism involves two key and concurrently operating catalytic cycles; the first involving a nickel(I/II/III) radical propagation cycle consisting of radical capture at (FI)nickel(II)-aryl, C(sp2)-C(sp3) reductive elimination, bromine atom abstraction from C(sp3)-Br, and transmetalation; and the second involving an off-cycle catalyst recovery process by slow (FI)nickel(II)-aryl → (FI)nickel(0)ate conversion for nickel(I) regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Reginald Mills
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Eric M Simmons
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Heejun Lee
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Eva Nester
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Junho Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Steven R Wisniewski
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Matthew V Pecoraro
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Paul J Chirik
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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27
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Hossain MM, Shaikh AC, Kaur R, Gianetti TL. Red Light-Blue Light Chromoselective C(sp 2)-X Bond Activation by Organic Helicenium-Based Photocatalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:7922-7930. [PMID: 38498938 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Chromoselective bond activation has been achieved in organic helicenium (nPr-DMQA+)-based photoredox catalysis. Consequently, control over chromoselective C(sp2)-X bond activation in multihalogenated aromatics has been demonstrated. nPr-DMQA+ can only initiate the halogen atom transfer (XAT) pathway under red light irradiation to activate low-energy-accessible C(sp2)-I bonds. In contrast, blue light irradiation initiates consecutive photoinduced electron transfer (conPET) to activate more challenging C(sp2)-Br bonds. Comparative reaction outcomes have been demonstrated in the α-arylation of cyclic ketones with red and blue lights. Furthermore, red-light-mediated selective C(sp2)-I bonds have been activated in iodobromoarenes to keep the bromo functional handle untouched. Finally, the strength of the chromoselective catalysis has been highlighted with two-fold functionalization using both photo-to-transition metal and photo-to-photocatalyzed transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mubarak Hossain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Aslam C Shaikh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab 140001, India
| | - Ramandeep Kaur
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Thomas L Gianetti
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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28
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Hou H, Ou W, Su C. Photochemical C(sp 3)-H Activation for Diversity-Oriented Synthesis of 3-Functionalized Oxindoles. J Org Chem 2024; 89:4120-4127. [PMID: 38439707 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Heteroatom-adjacent C(sp3) radical cyclization of N-arylacrylamides provides a straightforward pathway to synthesize valuable 3-functionalized oxindoles. Traditional cyclization reactions normally require harsh conditions or transition-metal catalysts. Here, we developed a metal-free, diversity-oriented synthesis of 3-functionalized oxindoles via photochemically induced selective cleavage of C(sp3)-H bonds. A variety of 3-substituted oxindoles with functionalities such as ethers, polyhalogens, benzyl, and formyl groups can be obtained by a rational design. This strategy is characterized by its simple operation and mild conditions, aligning well with the developmental requirements for sustainable chemistry. The gram-scale continuous-flow synthesis and efficient construction of bioactive molecules highlight its practical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Hou
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Wei Ou
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Chenliang Su
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
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29
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Fier PS, Kim S. Transition-Metal-Free C-N Cross-Coupling Enabled by a Multifunctional Reagent. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:6476-6480. [PMID: 38437454 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
We report the design and development of a transition-metal-free cross-coupling reaction of phenols and primary amines using a simple and readily available multifunctional reagent. The reactions work by induced proximity and electronic activation of both the nucleophile and the electrophile for net dehydrative C-N coupling reactions. Notably, the reactions do not involve the use of a transition metal for C-N bond formation, preactivation of the phenol electrophile, or exclusion of air or moisture. The mild conditions tolerate a broad range of functional groups and allow for this to be applied to the late-stage functionalization of complex substrates with a wide scope of coupling partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick S Fier
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Suhong Kim
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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30
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Iyer K, Kavthe RD, Lammert RM, Yirak JR, Lipshutz BH. Ligated Pd-Catalyzed Aminations of Aryl/Heteroaryl Halides with Aliphatic Amines under Sustainable Aqueous Micellar Conditions. JACS AU 2024; 4:680-689. [PMID: 38425930 PMCID: PMC10900223 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Sustainable technology for constructing Pd-catalyzed C-N bonds involving aliphatic amines is reported. A catalytic system that relies on low levels of recyclable precious metal, a known and commercially available ligand, and a recyclable aqueous medium are combined, leading to a newly developed procedure. This new technology can be used in ocean water with equal effectiveness. Applications involving highly challenging reaction partners constituting late-stage functionalization are documented, as is a short but efficient synthesis of the drug naftopidil. Comparisons with existing aminations highlight the many advances being offered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert M. Lammert
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Jordan R. Yirak
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Bruce H. Lipshutz
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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31
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Shen J, Li J, Chen M, Yue X, Shi X. Photoinduced Radical Desulfurative C(sp 3)-C(sp 2) Coupling via Electron Donor-Acceptor Complexes. Org Lett 2024; 26:1495-1500. [PMID: 38334317 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we disclose a radical desulfurative C-C coupling protocol for the synthesis of 4-alkylpyridines. A variety of substituents on both benzyl thiols and 4-cyanopyridines are tolerated. The reaction is carried out under mild and photocatalyst- and transition-metal-free conditions. Preliminary mechanistic studies show that an electron donor-acceptor complex is formed between benzyl thiols and 4-cyanopyridines under alkaline conditions. Then, a variety of 1°, 2°, and 3° C(sp3)-centered radicals was formed by cleavage of the C-S bond, and the 4-alkylpyridines were achieved through a radical-radical coupling with the pyridyl radical anion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxuan Shen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Henan Normal University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Jincan Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Henan Normal University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Meijun Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Henan Normal University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Xuerong Yue
- Chongqing Ensky Chemical CO., LTD., North New Zone, Chongqing 401121, China
| | - Xin Shi
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Henan Normal University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
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32
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Tian M, Cui Q, Xu Q, Wu W, Wang Y, Wei K, Sun R, Wang J. Ligand-free Pd-catalyzed highly selective arylation of activated and unactivated alkenes via oxidative and reductive heck coupling. RSC Adv 2024; 14:6470-6475. [PMID: 38390499 PMCID: PMC10879848 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra08186a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
In this work, an eco-friendly, green, efficient approach for oxidative and reductive Heck-Mizoroki (HM) reactions was developed, which offered acceptable yields from first-pass experiments. Mono-arylation was achieved without the use of ligands, directing groups, or prefunctionalized alkenes. Considering mild reaction conditions, good functional group compatibility, and great regioselectivity, the method can find broad applications in novel medicine and material development and discovery processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mixiang Tian
- Center for Scientific Research, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine Kunming Yunnan 650500 P. R. China
| | - Qinghong Cui
- Center for Scientific Research, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine Kunming Yunnan 650500 P. R. China
| | - Qiuling Xu
- Center for Scientific Research, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine Kunming Yunnan 650500 P. R. China
| | - Wenwen Wu
- Center for Scientific Research, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine Kunming Yunnan 650500 P. R. China
| | - Yuxian Wang
- Center for Scientific Research, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine Kunming Yunnan 650500 P. R. China
| | - Kun Wei
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University Kunming Yunnan 650500 P. R. China
| | - Ruifen Sun
- Center for Scientific Research, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine Kunming Yunnan 650500 P. R. China
| | - Junliang Wang
- Center for Scientific Research, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine Kunming Yunnan 650500 P. R. China
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33
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Rogova T, Ahrweiler E, Schoetz MD, Schoenebeck F. Recent Developments with Organogermanes: their Preparation and Application in Synthesis and Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202314709. [PMID: 37899306 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Within the sphere of traditional Pd0 /PdII cross coupling reactions, organogermanes have been historically outperformed both in terms of scope and reactivity by more conventional transmetalating reagents. Subsequently, this class of compounds has been largely underutilized as a coupling partner in bond-forming strategies. Most recent studies, however, have shown that alternative modes of activation of these notoriously robust building blocks transform organogermanes into the most reactive site of the molecule-capable of outcompeting other functional groups (such as boronic acids, esters and silanes) for both C-C and C-heteroatom bond formation. As a result, over the past few years, the literature has increasingly featured methodologies that explore the potential of organogermanes as chemoselective and orthogonal coupling partners. Herein we highlight some of these recent advances in the field of organogermane chemistry both with respect to their synthesis and applications in synthetic and catalytic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Rogova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Eric Ahrweiler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Markus D Schoetz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Franziska Schoenebeck
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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34
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Sahrawat AS, Polidori N, Kroutil W, Gruber K. Deciphering the Unconventional Reduction of C=N Bonds by Old Yellow Enzymes Using QM/MM. ACS Catal 2024; 14:1257-1266. [PMID: 38327643 PMCID: PMC10845114 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c04362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The reduction of C=X (X = N, O) bonds is a cornerstone in both synthetic organic chemistry and biocatalysis. Conventional reduction mechanisms usually involve a hydride ion targeting the less electronegative carbon atom. In a departure from this paradigm, our investigation into Old Yellow Enzymes (OYEs) reveals a mechanism involving transfer of hydride to the formally more electronegative nitrogen atom within a C=N bond. Beyond their known ability to reduce electronically activated C=C double bonds, e.g., in α, β-unsaturated ketones, these enzymes have recently been shown to reduce α-oximo-β-ketoesters to the corresponding amines. It has been proposed that this transformation involves two successive reduction steps and proceeds via imine intermediates formed by the reductive dehydration of the oxime moieties. We employ advanced quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) simulations, enriched by a two-tiered approach incorporating QM/MM (UB3LYP-6-31G*/OPLS2005) geometry optimization, QM/MM (B3LYP-6-31G*/amberff19sb) steered molecular dynamics simulations, and detailed natural-bond-orbital analyses to decipher the unconventional hydride transfer to nitrogen in both reduction steps and to delineate the role of active site residues as well as of substituents present in the substrates. Our computational results confirm the proposed mechanism and agree well with experimental mutagenesis and enzyme kinetics data. According to our model, the catalysis of OYE involves hydride transfer from the flavin cofactor to the nitrogen atom in oximoketoesters as well as iminoketoesters followed by protonation at the adjacent oxygen or carbon atoms by conserved tyrosine residues and active site water molecules. Two histidine residues play a key role in the polarization and activation of the C=N bond, and conformational changes of the substrate observed along the reaction coordinate underline the crucial importance of dynamic electron delocalization for efficient catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nakia Polidori
- Institute
of Molecular Biosciences, University of
Graz, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, Graz 8010, Austria
- Field
of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, Graz 8010, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Karl Gruber
- Institute
of Molecular Biosciences, University of
Graz, Graz 8010, Austria
- Field
of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, Graz 8010, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz 8010, Austria
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35
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Xie Z, Liu W, Liu Y, Song X, Zheng H, Su X, Redshaw C, Feng X. Influence of Steric Effects on the Emission Behavior of Pyrene-Based Blue Luminogens. J Org Chem 2024; 89:1681-1691. [PMID: 38207100 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Pyrene-based derivatives have been widely deployed in organic luminescent materials because of their bright fluorescence, high charge carrier mobility, and facile modification. Nevertheless, the fluorescence output of conventional pyrenes is prone to quenching upon aggregation due to extensive intermolecular π-π stacking interactions. To address this issue, a set of new Y-shaped pyrene-containing luminogens are synthesized from a new bromopyrene chemical precursor, 2-hydroxyl-7-tert-butyl-1,3-bromopyrene, where the bromo and hydroxyl groups at the pyrene core can be readily modified to obtain the target products and provide great flexibility in tuning the photophysical performances. When the hydroxy group at the 2-position of pyrene was replaced by a benzyl group, the steric hindrance of the benzyl group not only efficiently inhibits the detrimental intermolecular π-π stacking interactions but also rigidifies the molecular conformation, resulting in a narrow-band blue emission. Moreover, the TPE-containing compounds 2c and 3c possessed characteristic aggregation-induced emission (AIE) properties with fluorescence quantum yields of up to 66% and 38% in the solid state, respectively. Thus, this article has methodically investigated the factors influencing the optical behavior, such as intermolecular interactions, and the steric effects of the substituent group, thereby opening up the potential to develop narrow-band pyrene-based blue emitters for OLED device applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixin Xie
- Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yiwei Liu
- Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Xinyi Song
- Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Heng Zheng
- Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Su
- Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Carl Redshaw
- Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, Yorkshire, U.K
| | - Xing Feng
- Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
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36
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Spieß P, Matheu SA, Bauer A, Coussanes G, Shaaban S, Maulide N. Ni-Catalyzed Stereoconvergent Reductive Dimerization of Bromocyclobutenes. Org Lett 2024; 26:355-359. [PMID: 38147458 PMCID: PMC10789092 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
A nickel-catalyzed reductive dimerization of bromocyclobutenes to produce unusual and unprecedented cyclobutene dimers was developed. In a stereoconvergent procedure, various bromocyclobutenes were readily dimerized in good yields, with good diastereoselectivities and broad functional group tolerance. Notably, the presence of a carbonyl group in the starting material appears to dictate diastereoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adriano Bauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Guilhem Coussanes
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Saad Shaaban
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nuno Maulide
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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37
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Halder S, Moktan S, Sreeram V, Kancharla PK. Synthesis of chiral functional polyhydroxylated arenes via Mukaiyama aldol reaction from Perlin aldehydes. Carbohydr Res 2024; 535:109004. [PMID: 38091696 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2023.109004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Functionalized aryl polyhydroxylated compounds could be of great synthetic value for natural product synthesis. However, the synthesis of such compounds usually requires multi-step synthesis or the usage of sensitive reagents. We present here a practically simple route for the synthesis of such functionalized arylpolyols from glycal derived α,β-unsaturated 2,3-dideoxy aldehyde as well as α,β-saturated 2,3-dideoxy aldehyde (Perlin aldehydes) via Mukaiyama cross aldol condensation in the presence of silyl enol ether and TiCl4. It was observed that the nature of the electronic substitution of the silyl enol ether does not play any role in the yield of the desired products. Further functionalization of the products has also been shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvendu Halder
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Sangay Moktan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - V Sreeram
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Pavan K Kancharla
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India.
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38
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Zhou Z, Yang J, Yang B, Han Y, Zhu L, Xue XS, Zhu F. Photoredox Nickel-Catalysed Stille Cross-Coupling Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202314832. [PMID: 37946607 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The Stille cross-coupling reaction is one of the most common strategies for the construction of C-C bonds. Despite notable strides in the advancement of the Stille reaction, persistent challenges persist in hindering its greener evolution. These challenges encompass multiple facets, such as the high cost of precious metals and ligands, the demand for various additives, and the slow reaction rate. In comparison to the dominant palladium-catalysed Stille reactions, cost-effective nickel-catalysed systems lag behind, and enantioconvergent Stille reactions of racemic stannanes remain undeveloped. Herein, we present a pioneering instance of nickel-catalysed enantioconvergent Stille cross-coupling reactions of racemic stannane reagents, resulting in the formation of C-C bonds in good to high yields with excellent stereoselectivity. This strategy provides a practical, scalable, and operationally straightforward method for the synthesis of C(sp3 )-C(sp3 ), C(sp3 )-C(sp2 ), and C(sp3 )-C(sp) bonds under exceptionally mild conditions (without additives and bases, ambient temperature). The innovative use of synergistic photoredox/nickel catalysis enables a novel single-electron transmetalation process of stannane reagents, providing a new research paradigm of Stille reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghong Zhou
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules (FSCTM), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Jimin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - Bo Yang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules (FSCTM), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Yang Han
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules (FSCTM), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Lijuan Zhu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Song Xue
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules (FSCTM), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
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39
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Pooventhiran T, Khilari N, Koley D. Mechanistic Avenues in the Chan-Lam-Based Etherification Reaction: A Computational Exploration. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302983. [PMID: 37794822 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Ongoing advances in CuII -catalyzed aerobic oxidative coupling reactions between arylboronic esters and diverse heteroatom nucleophiles have strengthened the development of the general Chan-Lam (CL)-based reaction protocol, including C-O bond formation methodologies. In-depth mechanistic understanding of CL etherification with specific emphasis on different reaction routes and their energetics are still lacking, even though the reaction has been experimentally explored. Here, we present a DFT-guided computational study to unravel the mechanistic pathways of CL-based etherification. The computational findings provide some interesting insights into the fundamental steps of the catalytic cycle, particularly the rate-determining transmetalation event. An aryl boronic ester-coordinated, methoxide-bridged CuII intermediate that acts as resting state undergoes transmetalation with an activation barrier of 20.4 kcal mol-1 . The energy spans of the remaining fundamental steps leading to the methoxylated product are relatively low. The minor p-cresol product requires an additional 14.2 kcal mol-1 energy span to surmount in comparison to the favored route. Hammett studies for the substituted aryl boronic esters reveal higher reaction turnovers for electron-rich aryl systems. The results agree with previously reported spectroscopic and kinetic observations. For a series of alcohol substrates, it was observed that, except for cyclohexanol, moderate to high etherification turnovers are predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thangaiyan Pooventhiran
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741 246, India
| | - Nripen Khilari
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741 246, India
| | - Debasis Koley
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741 246, India
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40
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Huang J, Keenan T, Richard F, Lu J, Jenny SE, Jean A, Arseniyadis S, Leitch DC. Chiral, air stable, and reliable Pd(0) precatalysts applicable to asymmetric allylic alkylation chemistry. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8058. [PMID: 38052843 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43512-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Stereoselective carbon-carbon bond formation via palladium-catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation is a crucial strategy to access chiral natural products and active pharmaceutical ingredients. However, catalysts based on the privileged Trost and Pfaltz-Helmchen-Williams PHOX ligands often require high loadings, specific preactivation protocols, and excess chiral ligand. This makes these reactions uneconomical, often unreproducible, and thus unsustainable. Here we report several chiral single-component Pd(0) precatalysts that are active and practically-applicable in a variety of asymmetric allylic alkylation reactions. Despite the decades-long history and widespread use of Trost-type ligands, the precatalysts in this work are the only reported examples of stable, isolable Pd(0) complexes with these ligands. Evaluating these precatalysts across nine asymmetric allylic alkylation reactions reveals high reactivity and selectivity at low Pd loading. Importantly, we also report an unprecedented Pd-catalyzed enantioselective allylation of a hydantoin, achieved on gram scale in high yield and enantioselectivity with only 0.2 mol% catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjun Huang
- University of Victoria, Department of Chemistry, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Thomas Keenan
- Queen Mary University of London, Department of Chemistry, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - François Richard
- Queen Mary University of London, Department of Chemistry, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Jingru Lu
- University of Victoria, Department of Chemistry, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Sarah E Jenny
- Temple University, Department of Chemistry, 1901 N. Broad St, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Alexandre Jean
- Industrial Research Centre, Oril Industrie, 13 rue Desgenétais, 76210, Bolbec, France
| | - Stellios Arseniyadis
- Queen Mary University of London, Department of Chemistry, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK.
| | - David C Leitch
- University of Victoria, Department of Chemistry, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada.
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41
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Zaib S, Younas MT, Khan I, Ali HS, McAdam CJ, White JM, Jaber F, Awwad NS, Ibrahium HA. Pyrimidine-morpholine hybrids as potent druggable therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease: Synthesis, biochemical and in silico analyses. Bioorg Chem 2023; 141:106868. [PMID: 37738768 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
The identification of effective and druggable cholinesterase inhibitors to treat progressive neurodegenerative Alzheimer's disorder remains a continuous drug discovery hunt. In this perspective, the present study investigates the design and discovery of pyrimidine-morpholine hybrids (5a-l) as potent cholinesterase inhibitors. Palladium-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction was employed to introduce the structural diversity on the pyrimidine heterocyclic core. A range of commercially available boronic acids was successfully coupled showing a high functional group tolerance. In vitro cholinesterase inhibitory potential using Ellman's method revealed significantly strong potency. Compound 5h bearing a meta-tolyl substituent at 2-position of pyrimidine ring emerged as a lead candidate against AChE with an inhibitory potency of 0.43 ± 0.42 µM, ∼38-fold stronger value than neostigmine (IC50 = 16.3 ± 1.12 µM). Compound 5h also showed the lead inhibition against BuChE with an IC50 value of 2.5 ± 0.04 µM. The kinetics analysis of 5h revealed the non-competitive mode of inhibition against AChE whereas computational modelling results of potent leads depicted diverse contacts with the binding site amino acid residues. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed the stability of biomolecular system, while, ADME analysis demonstrated druglikeness behaviour of potent compounds. Overall, the investigated pyrimidine-morpholine scaffold presented a remarkable potential to be developed as efficacious anti-Alzheimer's drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumera Zaib
- Department of Basic and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Tayyab Younas
- Department of Basic and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Imtiaz Khan
- Department of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester MI 7DN, UK.
| | - Hafiz Saqib Ali
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and the INEOS Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | | | - Jonathan M White
- School of Chemistry and Bio-21 Institute, University of Melbourne, 3052 Parkville, Australia
| | - Fadi Jaber
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Center of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nasser S Awwad
- Department of Chemistry, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hala A Ibrahium
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
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42
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de Jesus R, Hiesinger K, van Gemmeren M. Preparative Scale Applications of C-H Activation in Medicinal Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202306659. [PMID: 37283078 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202306659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
C-H activation is an attractive methodology to increase molecular complexity without requiring substrate prefunctionalization. In contrast to well-established cross-coupling methods, C-H activation is less explored on large scales and its use in the production of pharmaceuticals faces substantial hurdles. However, the inherent advantages, such as shorter synthetic routes and simpler starting materials, motivate medicinal chemists and process chemists to overcome these challenges, and exploit C-H activation steps for the synthesis of pharmaceutically relevant compounds. In this review, we will cover examples of drugs/drug candidates where C-H activation has been implemented on a preparative synthetic scale (range between 355 mg and 130 kg). The optimization processes will be described, and each example will be examined in terms of its advantages and disadvantages, providing the reader with an in-depth understanding of the challenges and potential of C-H activation methodologies in the production of pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita de Jesus
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Kerstin Hiesinger
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Manuel van Gemmeren
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24118, Kiel, Germany
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43
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Babu R, Sukanya Padhy S, Kumar R, Balaraman E. Catalytic Amination of Alcohols Using Diazo Compounds under Manganese Catalysis Through Hydrogenative N-Alkylation Reaction. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302007. [PMID: 37486329 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable chemical production requires fundamentally new types of catalysts and catalytic technologies. The development of coherent and robust catalytic systems based on earth-abundant transition metals is essential, but highly challenging. Herein, we systematically explored a general hydrogenative cleavage/N-alkylation tandem of cyclic and acyclic diazo (N=N) compounds to value-added amines under manganese catalysis. The reaction is catalyzed by a single-site molecular manganese complex and proceeds via tandem dehydrogenation, transfer hydrogenation, and borrowing hydrogenation strategies. Interestingly, the reaction involves abundantly available renewable feedstocks, such as alcohols, that can act as (transfer)hydrogenating and alkylating agents. The synthetic application of our approach in large-scale pharmaceutical synthesis and easy access to highly demanding N-CH3 /CD3 derivatives are also demonstrated. Kinetic studies show that the reaction rate depends on the concentration of alcohol and Mn-catalyst and follows fractional orders. Several selective bond activation/formation reactions occur sequentially via amine-amide metal-ligand cooperation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshma Babu
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Tirupati, 517507, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Subarna Sukanya Padhy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Tirupati, 517507, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Rohit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Tirupati, 517507, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Ekambaram Balaraman
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Tirupati, 517507, Andhra Pradesh, India
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44
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Mills LR, Di Mare F, Gygi D, Lee H, Simmons EM, Kim J, Wisniewski SR, Chirik PJ. Phenoxythiazoline (FTz)-Cobalt(II) Precatalysts Enable C(sp 2 )-C(sp 3 ) Bond-Formation for Key Intermediates in the Synthesis of Toll-like Receptor 7/8 Antagonists. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023:e202313848. [PMID: 37917119 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202313848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Evaluation of the relative rates of the cobalt-catalyzed C(sp2 )-C(sp3 ) Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling between the neopentylglycol ester of 4-fluorophenylboronic acid and N-Boc-4-bromopiperidine established that smaller N-alkyl substituents on the phenoxyimine (FI) supporting ligand accelerated the overall rate of the reaction. This trend inspired the design of optimal cobalt catalysts with phenoxyoxazoline (FOx) and phenoxythiazoline (FTz) ligands. An air-stable cobalt(II) precatalyst, (FTz)CoBr(py)3 was synthesized and applied to the cross-coupling of an indole-5-boronic ester nucleophile with a piperidine-4-bromide electrophile that is relevant to the synthesis of reported toll-like receptor (TLR) 7/8 antagonist molecules including afimetoran. Addition of excess KOMe⋅B(Oi Pr)3 improved catalyst lifetime due to attenuation of alkoxide basicity that otherwise resulted in demetallation of the FI chelate. A first-order dependence on the cobalt precatalyst and a saturation regime in nucleophile were observed, supporting turnover-limiting transmetalation and the origin of the observed trends in N-imine substitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Reginald Mills
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Francesca Di Mare
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - David Gygi
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Heejun Lee
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Eric M Simmons
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Junho Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Steven R Wisniewski
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Paul J Chirik
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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45
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Yus M, Nájera C, Foubelo F, Sansano JM. Metal-Catalyzed Enantioconvergent Transformations. Chem Rev 2023; 123:11817-11893. [PMID: 37793021 PMCID: PMC10603790 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Enantioconvergent catalysis has expanded asymmetric synthesis to new methodologies able to convert racemic compounds into a single enantiomer. This review covers recent advances in transition-metal-catalyzed transformations, such as radical-based cross-coupling of racemic alkyl electrophiles with nucleophiles or racemic alkylmetals with electrophiles and reductive cross-coupling of two electrophiles mainly under Ni/bis(oxazoline) catalysis. C-H functionalization of racemic electrophiles or nucleophiles can be performed in an enantioconvergent manner. Hydroalkylation of alkenes, allenes, and acetylenes is an alternative to cross-coupling reactions. Hydrogen autotransfer has been applied to amination of racemic alcohols and C-C bond forming reactions (Guerbet reaction). Other metal-catalyzed reactions involve addition of racemic allylic systems to carbonyl compounds, propargylation of alcohols and phenols, amination of racemic 3-bromooxindoles, allenylation of carbonyl compounds with racemic allenolates or propargyl bromides, and hydroxylation of racemic 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Yus
- Centro
de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO−CINQA), Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - Carmen Nájera
- Centro
de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO−CINQA), Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - Francisco Foubelo
- Centro
de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO−CINQA), Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica and Instituto de Síntesis
Orgánica (ISO), Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - José M. Sansano
- Centro
de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO−CINQA), Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica and Instituto de Síntesis
Orgánica (ISO), Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
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46
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Grooms AJ, Nordmann AN, Badu-Tawiah AK. Dual Tunability for Uncatalyzed N-Alkylation of Primary Amines Enabled by Plasma-Microdroplet Fusion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023:e202311100. [PMID: 37770409 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
The fusion of non-thermal plasma with charged microdroplets facilitates catalyst-free N-alkylation for a variety of primary amines, without halide salt biproduct generation. Significant reaction enhancement (up to >200×) is observed over microdroplet reactions generated from electrospray. This enhancement for the plasma-microdroplet system is attributed to the combined effects of energetic collisions and the presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The ROS (e.g., O2 ⋅- ) act as a proton sink to increase abundance of free neutral amines in the charged microdroplet environment. The effect of ROS on N-alkylation is confirmed through three unique experiments: (i) utilization of radical scavenging reagent, (ii) characterization of internal energy distribution, and (iii) controls performed without plasma, which lacked reaction acceleration. Establishing plasma discharge in the wake of charged microdroplets as a green synthetic methodology overcomes two major challenges within conventional gas-phase plasma chemistry, including the lack of selectivity and product scale-up. Both limitations are overcome here, where dual tunability is achieved by controlling reagent concentration and residence time in the microdroplet environment, affording single or double N-alkylated products. Products are readily collected yielding milligram quantities in eight hours. These results showcase a novel synthetic strategy that represents a straightforward and sustainable C-N bond-forming process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Grooms
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH-43210, USA
| | - Anna N Nordmann
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH-43210, USA
| | - Abraham K Badu-Tawiah
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH-43210, USA
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47
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Monti A, López-Serrano J, Prieto A, Nicasio MC. Broad-Scope Amination of Aryl Sulfamates Catalyzed by a Palladium Phosphine Complex. ACS Catal 2023; 13:10945-10952. [PMID: 37614522 PMCID: PMC10443792 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c03166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Among phenol-derived electrophiles, aryl sulfamates are attractive substrates since they can be employed as directing groups for C-H functionalization prior to catalysis. However, their use in C-N coupling is limited only to Ni catalysis. Here, we describe a Pd-based catalyst with a broad scope for the amination of aryl sulfamates. We show that the N-methyl-2-aminobiphenyl palladacycle supported by the PCyp2ArXyl2 ligand (Cyp = cyclopentyl; ArXyl2 = 2,6-bis(2,6-dimethylphenyl)phenyl) efficiently catalyzes the C-N coupling of aryl sulfamates with a variety of nitrogen nucleophiles, including anilines, primary and secondary alkyl amines, heteroaryl amines, N-heterocycles, and primary amides. DFT calculations support that the oxidative addition of the aryl sulfamate is the rate-determining step. The C-N coupling takes place through a cationic pathway in the polar protic medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Monti
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Universidad
de Sevilla, Aptdo 1203, 41071 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Joaquín López-Serrano
- Instituto
de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Departamento de Química
Inorgánica and Centro de Innovación Química Avanzada
(ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Sevilla and
CSIC, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Auxiliadora Prieto
- Laboratorio
de Catálisis Homogénea, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, CIQSO-Centro
de Investigación en Química Sostenible and Departamento
de Química, Universidad de Huelva, Campus de El Carmen s/n, 21007 Huelva, Spain
| | - M. Carmen Nicasio
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Universidad
de Sevilla, Aptdo 1203, 41071 Sevilla, Spain
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48
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Martins CDF, Raposo MMM, Costa SPG. Dabcyl as a Naked Eye Colorimetric Chemosensor for Palladium Detection in Aqueous Medium. Molecules 2023; 28:6111. [PMID: 37630363 PMCID: PMC10459738 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28166111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Industrial activity has raised significant concerns regarding the widespread pollution caused by metal ions, contaminating ecosystems and causing adverse effects on human health. Therefore, the development of sensors for selective and sensitive detection of these analytes is extremely important. In this regard, an azo dye, Dabcyl 2, was synthesised and investigated for sensing metal ions with environmental and industrial relevance. The cation binding character of 2 was evaluated by colour changes as seen by the naked eye, UV-Vis and 1H NMR titrations in aqueous mixtures of SDS (0.02 M, pH 6) solution with acetonitrile (99:1, v/v). Out of the several cations tested, chemosensor 2 had a selective response for Pd2+, Sn2+ and Fe3+, showing a remarkable colour change visible to the naked eye and large bathochromic shifts in the UV-Vis spectrum of 2. This compound was very sensitive for Pd2+, Sn2+ and Fe3+, with a detection limit as low as 5.4 × 10-8 M, 1.3 × 10-7 M and 5.2 × 10-8 M, respectively. Moreover, comparative studies revealed that chemosensor 2 had high selectivity towards Pd2+ even in the presence of other metal ions in SDS aqueous mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Susana P. G. Costa
- Centre of Chemistry, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (C.D.F.M.); (M.M.M.R.)
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49
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Mills LR, Gygi D, Simmons EM, Wisniewski SR, Kim J, Chirik PJ. Mechanistic Investigations of Phenoxyimine-Cobalt(II)-Catalyzed C(sp 2)-C(sp 3) Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-Coupling. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:17029-17041. [PMID: 37490763 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c02103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of phenoxyimine (FI)-cobalt-catalyzed C(sp2)-C(sp3) Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling was studied using a combination of kinetic measurements and catalytic and stoichiometric experiments. A series of dimeric (FI)cobalt(II) bromide complexes, [(4-CF3PhFI)CoBr]2, [(4-OMePhFI)CoBr]2, and [(2,6-diiPrPhFI)CoBr]2, were isolated and characterized by 1H and 19F NMR spectroscopies, solution and solid-state magnetic susceptibility, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography, and diffusion-ordered NMR spectroscopy (DOSY). One complex, [(4-CF3PhFI)CoBr]2, was explored as a single-component precatalyst for C(sp2)-C(sp3) Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling. Addition of potassium methoxide to [(4-CF3PhFI)CoBr]2 generated the corresponding (FI)cobalt(II) methoxide complex as determined by 1H and 19F NMR and EPR spectroscopies. These spectroscopic signatures were used to identify this compound as the resting state during catalytic C(sp2)-C(sp3) coupling. Variable time normalization analysis (VTNA) of in situ catalytic 19F NMR spectroscopic data was used to establish an experimental rate law that was first-order in a (FI)cobalt(II) precatalyst, zeroth-order in the alkyl halide, and first-order in an activated potassium methoxide-aryl boronate complex. These findings are consistent with turnover-limiting transmetalation that occurs prior to activation of the alkyl bromide electrophile. The involvement of boronate intermediates in transmetalation was corroborated by Hammett studies of electronically differentiated aryl boronic esters. Together, a cobalt(II)/cobalt(III) catalytic cycle was proposed that proceeds through a "boronate"-type mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Reginald Mills
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - David Gygi
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Eric M Simmons
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Steven R Wisniewski
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Junho Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Paul J Chirik
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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Shao F, Ma F, Li Y, Jiang W, Wei Z, Zhong X, Wang H, Wang L, Wang J. Ru Supported on p-phthalic acid-Mn Derived from a Mn Metal-Organic Framework for Thermo- and Electrocatalytic Synthesis of Ethylene-D4 Glycol. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202202395. [PMID: 37012670 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202202395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Deuterium-labeled polyols are one of the most extensive applied chemicals in biochemistry and biophysics. However, the deuteriation still is insufficient, exhibiting a low deuterated ratio and indistinct reaction mechanism. Herein, Ru supported on MnBCD (MnBDC, derived from Mn p-phthalic acid metal-organic framework) as nanocatalyst with an agglomerated sheet-type structure; this allows the possibility of achieving both thermo- and electrocatalytic hydrogen isotope exchange (HIE) reaction. Furthermore, XPS characterization confirmed that the specific structural changes in the electron density of Ru outer layers were modulated through the impregnation and reduction processes. According to the change of outer electronic structure, hydrogen spillover and electron-rich flow promote the reaction of the catalyst in thermo- and electrocatalytic systems, respectively. In addition, the results indicate that a high deuterated ratio of 97 % can be obtained, hence the catalytic technology has enormous potential for the synthesis of a broad variety of deuterium-labeled compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangjun Shao
- Institute of Industrial Catalysis, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Fandong Ma
- Institute of Industrial Catalysis, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Yuanan Li
- Institute of Industrial Catalysis, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Wenjie Jiang
- Institute of Industrial Catalysis, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Zhongzhe Wei
- Institute of Industrial Catalysis, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Xing Zhong
- Institute of Industrial Catalysis, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Hong Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Ligeng Wang
- Institute of Industrial Catalysis, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Jianguo Wang
- Institute of Industrial Catalysis, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
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