1
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Tan S, Dorokhov VS, White LV, Zard SZ. Synthesis of 4-Alkyl-2-chloro Imidazoles Using Intermolecular Radical Additions. Org Lett 2024; 26:5989-5994. [PMID: 38975858 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Here, we report an intermolecular radical addition-based reaction sequence that permits preparation of functionalized imidazoles via a 5-step/3-pot procedure. In contrast to traditional, transition-metal mediated protocols, which generally provide access to 2-substituted imidazoles, the strategy described here allows incorporation of a structurally diverse range of complex alkyl side chains at the 4-position. This work demonstrates that intermolecular free-radical addition reactions are a powerful alternative to traditional methods used to synthesize medicinally important heterocyclic frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Tan
- Institute for Advanced and Applied Chemical Synthesis, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique, CNRS, École Polytechnique, Palaiseau 91128, France
| | - Valentin S Dorokhov
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique, CNRS, École Polytechnique, Palaiseau 91128, France
| | - Lorenzo V White
- Institute for Advanced and Applied Chemical Synthesis, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique, CNRS, École Polytechnique, Palaiseau 91128, France
| | - Samir Z Zard
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique, CNRS, École Polytechnique, Palaiseau 91128, France
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2
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Johansen Å, Lin J, Yamada S, Mohamed-Ahmed S, Yassin MA, Gjerde C, Hutchinson DJ, Mustafa K, Malkoch M. Photo-Clickable Triazine-Trione Thermosets as Promising 3D Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Applications. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2401202. [PMID: 39021283 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202401202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
There is an overwhelming demand for new scaffolding materials for tissue engineering (TE) purposes. Polymeric scaffolds have been explored as TE materials; however, their high glass transition state (Tg) limits their applicability. In this study, a novel materials platform for fabricating TE scaffolds is proposed based on solvent-free two-component heterocyclic triazine-trione (TATO) formulations, which cure at room temperature via thiol-ene/yne photochemistry. Three ester-containing thermosets, TATO-1, TATO-2, and TATO-3, are used for the fabrication of TE scaffolds including rigid discs, elastic films, microporous sponges, and 3D printed objects. After 14 days' incubation the materials covered a wide range of properties, from the soft TATO-2 having a compression modulus of 19.3 MPa and a Tg of 30.4 °C to the hard TATO-3 having a compression modulus of 411 MPa and a Tg of 62.5 °C. All materials exhibit micro- and nano-surface morphologies suited for bone tissue engineering, and in vitro studies found them all to be cytocompatible, supporting fast cell proliferation while minimizing cell apoptosis and necrosis. Moreover, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells on the surface of the materials are successfully differentiated into osteoblasts, adipocytes, and neuronal cells, underlining the broad potential for the biofabrication of TATO materials for TE clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Åshild Johansen
- Center of Translational Oral Research (TOR), Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Clinical Dentistry, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 19, Bergen, 5009, Norway
| | - Jinjian Lin
- School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Division of Coating Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Shuntaro Yamada
- Center of Translational Oral Research (TOR), Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Clinical Dentistry, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 19, Bergen, 5009, Norway
| | - Samih Mohamed-Ahmed
- Center of Translational Oral Research (TOR), Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Clinical Dentistry, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 19, Bergen, 5009, Norway
| | - Mohammed A Yassin
- Center of Translational Oral Research (TOR), Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Clinical Dentistry, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 19, Bergen, 5009, Norway
| | - Cecilie Gjerde
- Center of Translational Oral Research (TOR), Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Clinical Dentistry, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 19, Bergen, 5009, Norway
| | - Daniel J Hutchinson
- School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Division of Coating Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Kamal Mustafa
- Center of Translational Oral Research (TOR), Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Clinical Dentistry, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 19, Bergen, 5009, Norway
| | - Michael Malkoch
- School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Division of Coating Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
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3
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Zachmann AKZ, Drappeau JA, Liu S, Alexanian EJ. C(sp 3)-H (N-Phenyltetrazole)thiolation as an Enabling Tool for Molecular Diversification. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202404879. [PMID: 38657161 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Methods enabling the broad diversification of C(sp3)-H bonds from a common intermediate are especially valuable in chemical synthesis. Herein, we report a site-selective (N-phenyltetrazole)thiolation of aliphatic and (hetero)benzylic C(sp3)-H bonds using a commercially available disulfide to access N-phenyltetrazole thioethers. The thioether products are readily elaborated in diverse fragment couplings for C-C, C-O, or C-N construction. The C-H functionalization proceeds via a radical-chain pathway involving hydrogen atom transfer by the electron-poor N-phenyltetrazolethiyl radical. Hexafluoroisopropanol was found to be essential to reactions involving aliphatic C(sp3)-H thiolation, with computational analysis consistent with dual hydrogen bonding of the N-phenyltetrazolethiyl radical imparting increased radical electrophilicity to facilitate the hydrogen atom transfer. Substrate is limiting reagent in all cases, and the reaction displays an exceptional functional group tolerance well suited to applications in late-stage diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley K Z Zachmann
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Justine A Drappeau
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Shubin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Research Computing Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Erik J Alexanian
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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4
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Ruccolo S, Emmert M, Bottecchia C, Qin Y, Barrientos R, Raymond K, Haley M. Electrocatalytic Reduction of Disulfide Bonds across Chemical Modalities. Org Lett 2024. [PMID: 38996056 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
The chemical properties of disulfides are leveraged in a wide array of applications, ranging from protein-drug conjugates for cancer treatment to self-healing materials. However, disulfide reduction strategies remain severely underdeveloped despite being the key to efficiently accessing the desired targets. Specifically, no homogeneous catalyst has been reported for this reaction, and conditions that allow the use of mild and green reductants (e.g., via electrochemical reduction) are not known. Herein, we unveil a vitamin B12-catalyzed, electrochemically driven protocol for efficiently reducing disulfide bonds in various aqueous buffers over a broad pH range. This robust and simple method is suitable for disulfide reductions of substrates ranging from small molecules to large proteins. Finally, one-pot reduction and conjugation of disulfide bonds in a monoclonal antibody were demonstrated to produce antibody conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Ruccolo
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Company, Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Marion Emmert
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Company, Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Cecilia Bottecchia
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Company, Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Yangzhong Qin
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Company, Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Rodell Barrientos
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Company, Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Kelly Raymond
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Company, Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Monica Haley
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Company, Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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5
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Kikura T, Taura Y, Aramaki Y, Ooi T. p-Diarylboryl Halothiophenols as Multifunctional Catalysts via Photoactive Intramolecular Frustrated Lewis Pairs. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 38973719 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c06122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
p-Diarylboryl halothiophenols are developed and unequivocally characterized. Their photophysical properties and catalytic performance are unveiled by experimental and theoretical investigations. This novel class of triarylboranes behaves as a Brønsted acid to generate the corresponding borylthiophenolate that can absorb visible light to undergo intramolecular charge transfer to form a radical pair consisting of a boron radical anion and thiyl radical, which acts as a single-electron reductant while engaging in hydrogen atom transfer to regenerate the parent borylthiophenol. The synthetic relevance of this mode of action is demonstrated by the establishment of unique catalysis that integrates three different yet tunable functions in a single catalytic cycle, thereby allowing borylthiophenols to solely promote the assembly of sterically congested 1,2-diols and 1,2-aminoalcohol derivatives via radical-radical cross-coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeru Kikura
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yuya Taura
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Aramaki
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takashi Ooi
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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6
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Liu H, Han X, Feng X, Zhang L, Sun F, Jia F, Zhao Z, Liu H, Li X. Redox Reactions of Organic Molecules Using Rotating Magnetic Field and Metal Rods. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:18143-18150. [PMID: 38916056 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c05987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, redox reactions have harnessed light or mechanical energy to enable the formation of chemical bonds. We postulated a complementary approach that electromagnetic induction could promote the redox reaction of organic molecules using a rotating magnetic field and metal rods. Here, we report that electromotive force activates the redox-active trifluoromethylating reagents. This magnetoredox system can be applied to the trifluoromethylation of heteroarenes with high regioselectivity and hydrotrifluoromethylation of alkenes without the need for catalysts and organic additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haodong Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255000, China
| | - Xuliang Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255000, China
| | - Xiaomei Feng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255000, China
| | - Lizhi Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255000, China
| | - Fenggang Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255000, China
| | - Fuchao Jia
- School of Physics and Optoelelctronic Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255000, China
| | - Zengdian Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255000, China
| | - Hui Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255000, China
| | - Xinjin Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255000, China
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7
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Zhou C, Ji D, Wang X, Yang C, Zhou P, Huo C. Decyanative Heteroarylations of Glycine Derivatives. Org Lett 2024; 26:5323-5328. [PMID: 38885186 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Amino acids and aromatic nitrogen heterocycles are widely used in pharmaceuticals. Herein, we present an effective visible-light-driven thiobenzoic acid (TBA)-catalyzed decyanative C(sp3)-H heteroarylation of glycine derivatives. This process occurs under mild and straightforward conditions, affording a range of valuable yet challenging-to-obtain α-heteroaryl amino acid derivatives. Moreover, this organocatalytic C(sp3)-C(sp2) bond formation reaction is applicable to the late-stage modification of various short peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxing Zhou
- Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water-Retention Chemical Functional Materials; Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Dongsheng Ji
- Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water-Retention Chemical Functional Materials; Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Xuxia Wang
- Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water-Retention Chemical Functional Materials; Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Caixia Yang
- Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water-Retention Chemical Functional Materials; Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Pengxin Zhou
- Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water-Retention Chemical Functional Materials; Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Congde Huo
- Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water-Retention Chemical Functional Materials; Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
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8
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An B, Zhou L, Liu S, Zheng Y, Li C, Cui F, Yue C, Liu H, Sui Y, Ji C, Yan J, Li Y. Radical Homopolymerization of Linear α-Olefins Enabled by 1,4-Cyano Group Migration. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202402511. [PMID: 38634323 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
α-Olefins are valued and abundant building blocks from fossil resources. They are widely used to provide small-molecule or polymeric products. Despite numerous advantages of radical polymerization, it has been well-documented as textbook knowledge that α-olefins and their functionalized derivatives cannot be radically homopolymerized because of the degradative chain transfer side reactions. Herein, we report our studies on the homopolymerization of thiocyanate functionalized α-olefins enabled by 1,4-cyano group migration under radical conditions. By this approach, a library of ABC sequence-controlled polymers with high molecular weights can be prepared. We can also extend this strategy to the homopolymerization of α-substituted styrenic and acylate monomers which are known to be challenging to achieve. Overall, the demonstrated functional group migration radical polymerization could provide new possibilities to synthesize polymers with unprecedented main chain sequences and structures. These polymers are promising candidates for novel polymeric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bang An
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Litao Zhou
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Yaxin Zheng
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Changhu Li
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Feichen Cui
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Chaowei Yue
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Hua Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Yang Sui
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Chonglei Ji
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Jiajun Yan
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Yifan Li
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
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9
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Tang L, Shen C, Hao S, Dong K. A Type of Chiral C 2-Symmetric Arylthiol Catalyst for Highly Enantioselective Anti-Markovnikov Hydroamination. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:16248-16256. [PMID: 38808533 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
The development of chiral hydrogen donor catalysts is fundamental in the expansion and innovation of asymmetric organocatalyzed reactions via an enantioselective hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) process. Herein, an unprecedented type of chiral C2-symmetric arylthiol catalysts derived from readily available enantiomeric lactate ester was developed. With these catalysts, an asymmetric anti-Markovnikov alkene hydroamination-cyclization reaction was established, affording a variety of pharmaceutically interesting 3-substituted piperidines with moderate to high enantioselectivity. Results of the designed control experiments and theoretical computation rationalized the origin of stereocontrol and disclosed the spatial effect of the moiety of chiral thiols on the enantioselectivity. We believed the facile synthesis, flexible tunability, and effective enantioselectivity-controlling capability of these catalysts would shed light on the development of versatile chiral HAT catalysts and related asymmetric reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular & Process Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Chaoren Shen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular & Process Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Shaoyu Hao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular & Process Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Kaiwu Dong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular & Process Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- Chang-Kung Chuang Institute, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
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10
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Yang Z, Liu J, Xie LG. Stabilized Carbon-Centered Radical-Mediated Carbosulfenylation of Styrenes: Modular Synthesis of Sulfur-Containing Glycine and Peptide Derivatives. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2402428. [PMID: 38852190 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202402428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Sulfur-containing amino acids and peptides play critical roles in organisms. Thiol-ene reactions between the thiol residues of L-cysteine and the alkenyl fragments in the designed coupling partners serve as primary tools for constructing C─S bonds in the synthesis of unnatural sulfur-containing amino acid derivatives. These reactions are favored due to the preference for hydrogen transfer from thiol to β-sulfanyl carbon radical intermediates. In this paper, the study proposes utilizing carbon-centered radicals stabilized by the capto-dative effect, generated under photocatalytic conditions from N-aryl glycine derivatives. The aim is to compete with the thiol hydrogen, enabling radical C─C bond formation with β-sulfanyl carbon radicals. This protocol is robust in the presence of air and water, offers significant potential as a modular and efficient platform for synthesizing sulfur-containing amino acids and modifying peptides, particularly with abundant disulfides and styrenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihui Yang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jia Liu
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lan-Gui Xie
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
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11
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Nachimuthu K, Nallasivam JL. Recent updates on vinyl cyclopropanes, aziridines and oxiranes: access to heterocyclic scaffolds. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:4212-4242. [PMID: 38738483 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00246f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
This present review delineates the repertoire of vinyl cyclopropanes and their stuctural analogues to accomplish a wide array of oxa-cycles, aza-cycles, and thia-cycles under transition metal catalysis and metal-free approaches from early 2019 to the present date. The generation of electrophilic π-allyl intermediates and 1-3/1-5-dipolarophile chemistry originating from VCPs are always green, step- and atom-economical and sustainable strategies in comparsion with prefunctionalized and/or C-H activation protocols. Here, the strained ring-system extends its applicability by relieving the strain to undergo a ring-expansion reaction to accomplish 5-9 membered carbo- and heterocyclic systems. The availability of chiral ligands in the ring-expansion reaction of VCPs and their analogues has paved the way to realizing asymmetric synthetic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiruthika Nachimuthu
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, Tiruchirappalli-620 015, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Jothi Lakshmi Nallasivam
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, Tiruchirappalli-620 015, Tamil Nadu, India.
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12
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Kuznetsova EA, Rysaeva RR, Smolobochkin AV, Gazizov AS, Gerasimova TP, Gerasimova DP, Lodochnikova OA, Morozov VI, Vatsadze SZ, Burilov AR, Pudovik MA. Hypervalent Sulfur Derivatives as Sulfenylating Reagents: Visible-Light-Mediated Direct Thiolation of Activated C(sp 2)-H Bonds with Dihalosulfuranes. Org Lett 2024; 26:4323-4328. [PMID: 38723192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
In contrast to hypervalent iodine compounds, the chemistry of their sulfur analogues has been considerably less explored. Herein, we report the direct C-H bond thiolation of electron-rich heterocycles, arenes, and 1,3-dicarbonyls by dichlorosulfuranes under mild conditions. Mechanistic studies and density functional theory calculations suggest the radical chain mechanism of the disclosed transformation. The key to success is attributed to a strikingly low S-Cl bond dissociation energy, which enables the generation of radical species upon exposure to daylight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizaveta A Kuznetsova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzova Street 8, Kazan 420088, Russian Federation
- Kazan National Research Technological University, Karla Marksa Street 68, Kazan 420015, Russian Federation
| | - Regina R Rysaeva
- Organic Chemistry Department, Butlerov Chemistry Institute, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya 18, Kazan 420008, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey V Smolobochkin
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzova Street 8, Kazan 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Almir S Gazizov
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzova Street 8, Kazan 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Tatyana P Gerasimova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzova Street 8, Kazan 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Daria P Gerasimova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzova Street 8, Kazan 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Olga A Lodochnikova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzova Street 8, Kazan 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir I Morozov
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzova Street 8, Kazan 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey Z Vatsadze
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander R Burilov
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzova Street 8, Kazan 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Michail A Pudovik
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzova Street 8, Kazan 420088, Russian Federation
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13
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Gupta D, Guliani E, Bajaj K. Coumarin-Synthetic Methodologies, Pharmacology, and Application as Natural Fluorophore. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2024; 382:16. [PMID: 38722386 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-024-00462-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Coumarins are secondary metabolites made up of benzene and α-pyrone rings fused together that can potentially treat various ailments, including cancer, metabolic, and degenerative disorders. Coumarins are a diverse category of both naturally occurring as well as synthesized compounds with numerous biological and therapeutic properties. Coumarins as fluorophores play a key role in fluorescent labeling of biomolecules, metal ion detection, microenvironment polarity detection, and pH detection. This review provides a detailed insight into the characteristics of coumarins as well as their biosynthesis in plants and metabolic pathways. Various synthetic strategies for coumarin core involving both conventional and green methods have been discussed comparing advantages and disadvantages of each method. Conventional methods discussed are Pechmann, Knoevenagel, Perkin, Wittig, Kostanecki, Buchwald-Hartwig, and metal-induced coupling reactions such as Heck and Suzuki, as well as green approaches involving microwave or ultrasound energy. Various pharmacological applications of coumarin derivatives are discussed in detail. The structural features and conditions responsible for influencing the fluorescence of coumarin core are also elaborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepshikha Gupta
- Amity Institute of Applied Sciences, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector 125, Noida, India.
| | - Eksha Guliani
- Amity Institute of Applied Sciences, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector 125, Noida, India
| | - Kiran Bajaj
- Amity Institute of Applied Sciences, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector 125, Noida, India
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14
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Sun Q, Xu Y, Yang L, Zheng CL, Wang G, Wang HB, Fang Z, Wang CS, Guo K. Direct C-H Sulfuration: Synthesis of Disulfides, Dithiocarbamates, Xanthates, Thiocarbamates and Thiocarbonates. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202400124. [PMID: 38421239 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
In light of the important biological activities and widespread applications of organic disulfides, dithiocarbamates, xanthates, thiocarbamates and thiocarbonates, the continual persuit of efficient methods for their synthesis remains crucial. Traditionally, the preparation of such compounds heavily relied on intricate multi-step syntheses and the use of highly prefunctionalized starting materials. Over the past two decades, the direct sulfuration of C-H bonds has evolved into a straightforward, atom- and step-economical method for the preparation of organosulfur compounds. This review aims to provide an up-to-date discussion on direct C-H disulfuration, dithiocarbamation, xanthylation, thiocarbamation and thiocarbonation, with a special focus on describing scopes and mechanistic aspects. Moreover, the synthetic limitations and applications of some of these methodologies, along with the key unsolved challenges to be addressed in the future are also discussed. The majority of examples covered in this review are accomplished via metal-free, photochemical or electrochemical approaches, which are in alignment with the overraching objectives of green and sustainable chemistry. This comprehensive review aims to consolidate recent advancements, providing valuable insights into the dynamic landscape of efficient and sustainable synthetic strategies for these crucial classes of organosulfur compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Sun
- School of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Rd S., Nanjing, 211816, PR China
| | - Yuan Xu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Liu Yang
- School of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Rd S., Nanjing, 211816, PR China
| | - Chun-Ling Zheng
- School of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Rd S., Nanjing, 211816, PR China
| | - Guowei Wang
- School of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Rd S., Nanjing, 211816, PR China
| | - Hai-Bo Wang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Rd S., Nanjing, 211816, PR China
| | - Zheng Fang
- School of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Rd S., Nanjing, 211816, PR China
| | - Chang-Sheng Wang
- School of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Rd S., Nanjing, 211816, PR China
| | - Kai Guo
- School of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Rd S., Nanjing, 211816, PR China
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15
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Shlapakov NS, Kobelev AD, Burykina JV, Cheng YZ, You SL, Ananikov VP. Sulfur in Waste-Free Sustainable Synthesis: Advancing Carbon-Carbon Coupling Techniques. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202402109. [PMID: 38421344 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
This review explores the pivotal role of sulfur in advancing sustainable carbon-carbon (C-C) coupling reactions. The unique electronic properties of sulfur, as a soft Lewis base with significant mesomeric effect make it an excellent candidate for initiating radical transformations, directing C-H-activation, and facilitating cycloaddition and C-S bond dissociation reactions. These attributes are crucial for developing waste-free methodologies in green chemistry. Our mini-review is focused on existing sulfur-directed C-C coupling techniques, emphasizing their sustainability and comparing state-of-the-art methods with traditional approaches. The review highlights the importance of this research in addressing current challenges in organic synthesis and catalysis. The innovative use of sulfur in photocatalytic, electrochemical and metal-catalyzed processes not only exemplifies significant advancements in the field but also opens new avenues for environmentally friendly chemical processes. By focusing on atom economy and waste minimization, the analysis provides broad appeal and potential for future developments in sustainable organic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita S Shlapakov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect, 47, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey D Kobelev
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect, 47, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Julia V Burykina
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect, 47, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuan-Zheng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu-Li You
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Valentine P Ananikov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect, 47, 119991, Moscow, Russia
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16
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Zeng J, You F, Zhu J. Screening seven-electron boron-centered radicals for dinitrogen activation. J Comput Chem 2024; 45:648-654. [PMID: 38073508 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.27281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The activation of dinitrogen is significant as nitrogen-containing compounds play an important role in industries. However, the inert NN triple bond caused by its large HOMO-LUMO gap (10.8 eV) and high bond dissociation energy (945 kJ mol-1 ) renders its activation under mild conditions particularly challenging. Recent progress shows that a few main group species can mimic transition metal complexes to activate dinitrogen. Here, we demonstrate that a series of seven-electron (7e) boron-centered radical can be used to activate N2 via density functional theory calculations. It is found that boron-centered radicals containing amine ligand perform best on the thermodynamics of dinitrogen activation. In addition, when electron-donating groups are introduced at the boron atom, these radicals can be used to activate N2 with low reaction barriers. Further analysis suggests that the electron transfer from the boron atom to the π* orbitals of dinitrogen is essential for its activation. Our findings suggest great potential of 7e boron radicals in the field of dinitrogen activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zeng
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Feiying You
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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17
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Pehlivan Ö, Wojtkowiak K, Jezierska A, Waliczek M, Stefanowicz P. Photochemical Transformations of Peptides Containing the N-(2-Selenoethyl)glycine Moiety. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:16775-16791. [PMID: 38617632 PMCID: PMC11007844 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c01015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
The diselenide bond has attracted considerable attention due to its ability to undergo the metathesis reaction in response to visible light. In our previous study, we demonstrated visible-light-induced diselenide metathesis of selenocysteine-containing linear peptides, allowing for the convenient generation of peptide libraries. Here, we investigated the transformation of linear and cyclic peptides containing the N-(2-selenoethyl)glycine moiety. The linear peptides were highly susceptible to the metathesis reaction, whereas the cyclic systems gave only limited conversion yields of the metathesis product. In both cases, side reactions leading to the formation of mono-, di-, and polyselenides were observed upon prolonged irradiation. To confirm the radical mechanism of the reaction, the radical initiator 2,2'-azobis[2-(2-imidazolin-2-yl)propane] dihydrochloride (VA-044) was tested, and it was found to induce diselenide metathesis without photochemical activation. The data were interpreted in the light of quantum-chemical simulations based on density functional theory (DFT). The simulations were performed at the B3LYP-D3BJ/def2-TZVP level of theory using a continuum solvation model (IEF-PCM) and methanol as a solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özge Pehlivan
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie str. 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Kamil Wojtkowiak
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie str. 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Aneta Jezierska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie str. 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Mateusz Waliczek
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie str. 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Piotr Stefanowicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie str. 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
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18
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Uryu K, Imamura Y, Shimoyama R, Mase T, Fujimura Y, Hayashi M, Ohtaki M, Otani K, Hibino M, Horiuchi S, Fukui T, Fukai R, Chihara Y, Iwase A, Yamada N, Tamura Y, Harada H, Shinozaki N, Shimada T, Tsuya A, Fukuoka M, Minami H. Prognostic impact of concomitant pH-regulating drugs in patients with non-small cell lung cancer receiving epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors: the Tokushukai REAl-world Data project 01-S1. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2024:10.1007/s00280-024-04666-4. [PMID: 38584202 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-024-04666-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to examine the prognostic impact of concomitant pH-regulating drug use in patients with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mutation-positive non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) receiving EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). METHODS We conducted a nationwide retrospective cohort study and reviewed clinical data of consecutive patients with NSCLC treated with the first-line EGFR-TKIs in 46 hospitals between April 2010 and March 2020. Cox regression analyses were conducted to examine the differences in overall survival (OS) between patients treated with and without concomitant pH-regulating drugs, including potassium-competitive acid blockers (P-CABs), proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), and H2-receptor antagonists (H2RAs). RESULTS A total of 758 patients were included in the final dataset, of which 307 (40%) were administered concomitant pH-regulating drugs while receiving frontline EGFR-TKIs. After adjusting for basic patient characteristics, patients administered gefitinib, erlotinib, afatinib, and osimertinib with concomitant pH-regulating drugs had lower OS than those without concomitant pH-regulating drugs, with hazard ratios of 1.74 (with a 95% confidence interval of 1.34-2.27), 1.33 (0.80-2.22), 1.73 (0.89-3.36), and 5.04 (1.38-18.44), respectively. The 2-year OS rates of patients receiving gefitinib with or without concomitant pH-regulating drugs were 65.4 and 77.5%, those for erlotinib were 55.8 and 66.6%, and those for afatinib were 63.2 and 76.9%, respectively. The 1-year OS rates of patients receiving osimertinib with or without concomitant pH-regulating drugs were 88.1% and 96.9%, respectively. CONCLUSION In addition to the first-generation EGFR-TKIs, the second- and third-generation EGFR-TKIs also resulted in OS deterioration in patients with EGFR mutation-positive NSCLC when used concurrently with pH-regulating drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoaki Uryu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Yao Tokushukai General Hospital, 1-17, Wakakusa-Cho, Yao-Shi, Osaka, 581-0011, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Imamura
- Department of Medical Oncology and Haematology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-Cho, Chuo-Ku, Kobe, Hyougo, 650-0017, Japan.
| | - Rai Shimoyama
- Department of General Surgery, Shonan Kamakura General Hospital, 1370-1, Okamoto, Kamakura, Kanagawa, 247-8533, Japan
| | - Takahiro Mase
- Department of Breast Surgery, Ogaki Tokushukai Hospital, 6-85-1, Hayashi-Cho, Ogaki-Shi, Gifu, 503-0015, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Fujimura
- Tokushukai Information System Inc., 1-3-1-800, Umeda, Kita-Ku, Osaka, 530-0001, Japan
| | - Maki Hayashi
- Mirai Iryo Research Centre Inc., 1-8-7, Kojimachi, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo, 102-0083, Japan
| | - Megu Ohtaki
- deCult Co., Ltd., 2-7-9, Miyajimaguchiue, Hatsukaichi-Shi, Hiroshima, 739-0413, Japan
| | - Keiko Otani
- deCult Co., Ltd., 2-7-9, Miyajimaguchiue, Hatsukaichi-Shi, Hiroshima, 739-0413, Japan
| | - Makoto Hibino
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shonan Fujisawa Tokushukai Hospital, 1-5-1, Tsujidokandai, Fujisawa-Shi, Kanagawa, 251-0041, Japan
| | - Shigeto Horiuchi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shonan Fujisawa Tokushukai Hospital, 1-5-1, Tsujidokandai, Fujisawa-Shi, Kanagawa, 251-0041, Japan
| | - Tomoya Fukui
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shonan Kamakura General Hospital, 1370-1, Okamoto, Kamakura, Kanagawa, 247-8533, Japan
| | - Ryuta Fukai
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Shonan Kamakura General Hospital, 1370-1, Okamoto, Kamakura, Kanagawa, 247-8533, Japan
| | - Yusuke Chihara
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Uji Tokushukai Medical Centre, 145, Ishibashi, Makishima-Cho, Uji-Shi, Kyoto, 611-0041, Japan
| | - Akihiko Iwase
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Chibanishi General Hospital, 107-1, Kanegasaku, Matsudo-Shi, Chiba, 270-2251, Japan
| | - Noriko Yamada
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Chibanishi General Hospital, 107-1, Kanegasaku, Matsudo-Shi, Chiba, 270-2251, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Tamura
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Oosumi Kanoya Hospital, Shinkawa-Cho, Kanoya-Shi, Kagoshima, 6081-1893-0015, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Harada
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Yao Tokushukai General Hospital, 1-17, Wakakusa-Cho, Yao-Shi, Osaka, 581-0011, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Shinozaki
- Department of General Surgery, Shonan Kamakura General Hospital, 1370-1, Okamoto, Kamakura, Kanagawa, 247-8533, Japan
- General Incorporated Association Tokushukai, 1-3-1, Kudanminami, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo, 102-0074, Japan
| | - Toyoshi Shimada
- SiHsReact Co., Ltd., 284-1, Mikami, Yasu-Shi, Shiga, 520-2323, Japan
| | - Asuka Tsuya
- Department of Medical Oncology, Izumi City General Hospital, 4-5-1, Wake-Cho, Izumi, Osaka, 594-0073, Japan
| | - Masahiro Fukuoka
- Department of Medical Oncology, Izumi City General Hospital, 4-5-1, Wake-Cho, Izumi, Osaka, 594-0073, Japan
| | - Hironobu Minami
- Department of Medical Oncology and Haematology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-Cho, Chuo-Ku, Kobe, Hyougo, 650-0017, Japan
- Cancer Centre, Kobe University Hospital, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-Cho, Chuo-Ku, Kobe, Hyougo, 650-0017, Japan
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19
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Peters-Clarke TM, Quan Q, Anderson BJ, McGee WM, Lohr E, Hebert AS, Westphall MS, Coon JJ. Phosphorothioate RNA Analysis by NETD Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Mol Cell Proteomics 2024; 23:100742. [PMID: 38401707 PMCID: PMC11047293 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2024.100742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic RNAs are routinely modified during their synthesis to ensure proper drug uptake, stability, and efficacy. Phosphorothioate (PS) RNA, molecules in which one or more backbone phosphates are modified with a sulfur atom in place of standard nonbridging oxygen, is one of the most common modifications because of ease of synthesis and pharmacokinetic benefits. Quality assessment of RNA synthesis, including modification incorporation, is essential for drug selectivity and performance, and the synthetic nature of the PS linkage incorporation often reveals impurities. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of PS RNA via tandem mass spectrometry (MS). We show that activated ion-negative electron transfer dissociation MS/MS is especially useful in diagnosing PS incorporation, producing diagnostic a- and z-type ions at PS linkage sites, beyond the standard d- and w-type ions. Analysis using resonant and beam-type collision-based activation reveals that, overall, more intense sequence ions and base-loss ions result when a PS modification is present. Furthermore, we report increased detection of b- and x-type product ions at sites of PS incorporation, in addition to the standard c- and y-type ions. This work reveals that the gas-phase chemical stability afforded by sulfur alters RNA dissociation and necessitates inclusion of additional product ions for MS/MS of PS RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trenton M Peters-Clarke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Qiuwen Quan
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Benton J Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | - Emily Lohr
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Alexander S Hebert
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Michael S Westphall
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Joshua J Coon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
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20
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Benny A, Di Simo L, Guazzelli L, Scanlan EM. Radical Mediated Decarboxylation of Amino Acids via Photochemical Carbonyl Sulfide (COS) Elimination. Molecules 2024; 29:1465. [PMID: 38611745 PMCID: PMC11013372 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Herein, we present the first examples of amino acid decarboxylation via photochemically activated carbonyl sulfide (COS) elimination of the corresponding thioacids. This method offers a mild approach for the decarboxylation of amino acids, furnishing N-alkyl amino derivatives. The methodology was compatible with amino acids displaying both polar and hydrophobic sidechains and was tolerant towards widely used amino acid-protecting groups. The compatibility of the reaction with continuous-flow conditions demonstrates the scalability of the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alby Benny
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland; (A.B.); (L.D.S.)
| | - Lorenzo Di Simo
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland; (A.B.); (L.D.S.)
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Guazzelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Eoin M. Scanlan
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland; (A.B.); (L.D.S.)
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21
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Wang Y, Du J, Huang H. Reversible Thiyl Radical Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer Polymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318898. [PMID: 38284482 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Developing reversible-deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) methods that could directly control the thiyl radical propagation is highly desirable yet remains challenging in modern polymer chemistry. Here, we reported the first reversible thiyl radical addition-fragmentation chain transfer (SRAFT) polymerization strategy, which utilizes allyl sulfides as chain transfer agents for reversibly deactivating the propagating thiyl radicals, thus allowing us to directly control a challenging thiyl radical chain polymerization to afford polymers with well-defined architectures. A linear dependence of molecular weight on conversion, high chain-end fidelity, and efficient chain extension proved good controllability of the polymerization. In addition, density functional theory calculations provided insight into the reversible deactivation ability of allyl sulfides. The SRAFT strategy developed in this work represents a promising platform for discovering new controlled polymerizations based on thiyl radical chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjin Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jiaman Du
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hanchu Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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22
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Rabadán González I, McLean JT, Ostrovitsa N, Fitzgerald S, Mezzetta A, Guazzelli L, O'Shea DF, Scanlan EM. A thiol-ene mediated approach for peptide bioconjugation using 'green' solvents under continuous flow. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:2203-2210. [PMID: 38414440 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00122b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Flow chemistry has emerged as an integral process within the chemical sector permitting energy efficient synthetic scale-up while improving safety and minimising solvent usage. Herein, we report the first applications of the photoactivated, radical-mediated thiol-ene reaction for peptide bioconjugation under continuous flow. Bioconjugation reactions employing deep eutectic solvents, bio-based solvents and fully aqueous systems are reported here for a range of biologically relevant peptide substrates. The use of a water soluble photoinitiator, Irgacure 2959, permitted synthesis of glycosylated peptides in fully aqueous conditions, obviating the need for addition of organic solvents and enhancing the green credentials of these rapid, photoactivated, bioconjugation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Rabadán González
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Joshua T McLean
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Nikita Ostrovitsa
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Sheila Fitzgerald
- Department of Chemistry, RCSI, 123 St Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | | | | | - Donal F O'Shea
- Department of Chemistry, RCSI, 123 St Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Eoin M Scanlan
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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23
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Tian Y, Li XT, Liu JR, Cheng J, Gao A, Yang NY, Li Z, Guo KX, Zhang W, Wen HT, Li ZL, Gu QS, Hong X, Liu XY. A general copper-catalysed enantioconvergent C(sp 3)-S cross-coupling via biomimetic radical homolytic substitution. Nat Chem 2024; 16:466-475. [PMID: 38057367 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01385-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Although α-chiral C(sp3)-S bonds are of enormous importance in organic synthesis and related areas, the transition-metal-catalysed enantioselective C(sp3)-S bond construction still represents an underdeveloped domain probably due to the difficult heterolytic metal-sulfur bond cleavage and notorious catalyst-poisoning capability of sulfur nucleophiles. Here we demonstrate the use of chiral tridentate anionic ligands in combination with Cu(I) catalysts to enable a biomimetic enantioconvergent radical C(sp3)-S cross-coupling reaction of both racemic secondary and tertiary alkyl halides with highly transformable sulfur nucleophiles. This protocol not only exhibits a broad substrate scope with high enantioselectivity but also provides universal access to a range of useful α-chiral alkyl organosulfur compounds with different sulfur oxidation states, thus providing a complementary approach to known asymmetric C(sp3)-S bond formation methods. Mechanistic results support a biomimetic radical homolytic substitution pathway for the critical C(sp3)-S bond formation step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tian
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cross-Coupling Reactions, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xi-Tao Li
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Ji-Ren Liu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Cheng
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ang Gao
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ning-Yuan Yang
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhuang Li
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kai-Xin Guo
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Han-Tao Wen
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhong-Liang Li
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qiang-Shuai Gu
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xin Hong
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Liu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cross-Coupling Reactions, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
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24
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Wang CS, Xu Y, Wang SP, Zheng CL, Wang G, Sun Q. Recent advances in selective mono-/dichalcogenation and exclusive dichalcogenation of C(sp 2)-H and C(sp 3)-H bonds. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:645-681. [PMID: 38180073 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01847d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Organochalcogen compounds are prevalent in numerous natural products, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, polymers, biological molecules and synthetic intermediates. Direct chalcogenation of C-H bonds has evolved as a step- and atom-economical method for the synthesis of chalcogen-bearing compounds. Nevertheless, direct C-H chalcogenation severely lags behind C-C, C-N and C-O bond formations. Moreover, compared with the C-H monochalcogenation, reports of selective mono-/dichalcogenation and exclusive dichalcogenation of C-H bonds are relatively scarce. The past decade has witnessed significant advancements in selective mono-/dichalcogenation and exclusive dichalcogenation of various C(sp2)-H and C(sp3)-H bonds via transition-metal-catalyzed/mediated, photocatalytic, electrochemical or metal-free approaches. In light of the significance of both mono- and dichalcogen-containing compounds in various fields of chemical science and the critical issue of chemoselectivity in organic synthesis, the present review systematically summarizes the advances in these research fields, with a special focus on elucidating scopes and mechanistic aspects. Moreover, the synthetic limitations, applications of some of these processes, the current challenges and our own perspectives on these highly active research fields are also discussed. Based on the substrate types and C-H bonds being chalcogenated, the present review is organized into four sections: (1) transition-metal-catalyzed/mediated chelation-assisted selective C-H mono-/dichalcogenation or exclusive dichalcogenation of (hetero)arenes; (2) directing group-free selective C-H mono-/dichalcogenation or exclusive dichalcogenation of electron-rich (hetero)arenes; (3) C(sp3)-H dichalcogenation; (4) dichalcogenation of both C(sp2)-H and C(sp3)-H bonds. We believe the present review will serve as an invaluable resource for future innovations and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Sheng Wang
- School of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Rd S., Nanjing 211816, PR China.
| | - Yuan Xu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore.
| | - Shao-Peng Wang
- School of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Rd S., Nanjing 211816, PR China.
| | - Chun-Ling Zheng
- School of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Rd S., Nanjing 211816, PR China.
| | - Guowei Wang
- School of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Rd S., Nanjing 211816, PR China.
| | - Qiao Sun
- School of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Rd S., Nanjing 211816, PR China.
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25
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Cao Z, Wang Q, Neumann H, Beller M. Regiodivergent Carbonylation of Alkenes: Selective Palladium-Catalyzed Synthesis of Linear and Branched Selenoesters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202313714. [PMID: 37988191 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202313714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
An unprecedented regiodivergent palladium-catalyzed carbonylation of aromatic alkenes has been developed. Utilizing commercially available Pd(CH3 CN)2 Cl2 in the presence of 1,1'-ferrocenediyl-bis(tert-butyl(pyridin-2-yl)phosphine) ligand L8 diverse selenoesters are obtained in a straightforward manner. Key to success for the control of the regioselectivity of the carbonylation step is the concentration of the acidic co-catalyst. This general protocol features wide functional group compatibility and good regioselectivity. Mechanistic studies suggest that the presence of stoichiometric amounts of acid changes the properties and coordination mode of the ligand leading to reversed regioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhusong Cao
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V.an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Qiang Wang
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V.an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Helfried Neumann
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V.an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Matthias Beller
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V.an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
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26
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Samanta D, Saha P, Maity S, Mondal S, Ghosh P. Coligands Controlled Reactivities of Ruthenium(II) Precursors: Antiferromagnetically Coupled Ruthenium(III)-Phenoxyl versus Ruthenium(II)-Phenoxyl Forms. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:229-246. [PMID: 38141026 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The study disclosed that the reactivities of [RuII (PPh3)3Cl2] and [RuII(PPh3)3(CO)(H)Cl] precursors toward a trimethoxyarylimino-phenol derivative are sensibly different. The former promotes methoxy demethylation reaction affording a [Phenolato-RuIII-Phenolato] unit, while the latter containing π-acidic CO and hydride as coligands leads to C-H activation reaction, generating a [Phenolato-RuII-Aryl] unit. Notably, the oxidized analogues of these two forms produce antiferromagnetically coupled [RuIII-phenoxyl] and paramagnetic [RuII-phenoxyl] forms, which exhibit diverse reactivities. Surprisingly, the magnetically coupled [RuIII-phenoxyl] form obtained from [Phenolato-RuIII-Phenolato] motif leads to coligand, PPh3 oxidation and undergoes dimerization, making a Ru-Ru bond (2.599(2) Å), while the [RuII-phenoxyl] form obtained from [Phenolato-RuII-Aryl] motif leads to C-C coupling and H abstraction reactions. The coupling reaction affords a 4,4'-dibenzosemiquinonate anion radical complex, but the H-abstraction of the phenoxyl form gives a [RuII-Phenol] complex. For comparison, [RuII(IQR 0)] and [RuII(ISQR·-)] complexes were also isolated, where IQR 0 and ISQR·- are p-R-o-iminobenzoquinone and p-R-o-iminobenzosemiquinonate anion radicals. However, they fail to promote any bond-formation reaction. The molecular and electronic structures of the ruthenium (II/III) complexes were confirmed by single-crystal X-ray crystallography, EPR spectroscopy, and DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debasish Samanta
- Department of Chemistry, Ramakrishna Mission Residential College, Narendrapur, Kolkata 700103, India
| | - Pinaki Saha
- Department of Chemistry, Ramakrishna Mission Residential College, Narendrapur, Kolkata 700103, India
| | - Suvendu Maity
- Department of Chemistry, Ramakrishna Mission Residential College, Narendrapur, Kolkata 700103, India
| | - Sudipto Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Ramakrishna Mission Residential College, Narendrapur, Kolkata 700103, India
| | - Prasanta Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Ramakrishna Mission Residential College, Narendrapur, Kolkata 700103, India
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27
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Lipilin DL, Zubkov MO, Kosobokov MD, Dilman AD. Direct conversion of carboxylic acids to free thiols via radical relay acridine photocatalysis enabled by N-O bond cleavage. Chem Sci 2024; 15:644-650. [PMID: 38179514 PMCID: PMC10762721 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05513b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Carboxylic acids and thiols are basic chemical compounds with diverse utility and widespread reactivity. However, the direct conversion of unprotected acids to thiols is hampered due to a fundamental problem - free thiols are incompatible with the alkyl radicals formed on decarboxylation of carboxylic acids. Herein, we describe a concept for the direct photocatalytic thiolation of unprotected acids allowing unprotected thiols and their derivatives to be obtained. The method is based on the application of a thionocarbonate reagent featuring the N-O bond. The reagent serves both for the rapid trapping of alkyl radicals and for the facile regeneration of the acridine-type photocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry L Lipilin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Leninsky Prosp. 47 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail O Zubkov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Leninsky Prosp. 47 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail D Kosobokov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Leninsky Prosp. 47 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Alexander D Dilman
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Leninsky Prosp. 47 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
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28
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Dehnert BW, Dworkin JH, Kwon O. Dealkenylative Functionalizations: Conversion of Alkene C(sp 3)-C(sp 2) Bonds into C(sp 3)-X Bonds via Redox-Based Radical Processes. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2024; 56:71-86. [PMID: 38832211 PMCID: PMC11147281 DOI: 10.1055/a-2044-4571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
This review highlights the history and recent advances in dealkenylative functionalization. Through this deconstructive strategy, radical functionalizations occur under mild, robust conditions. The reactions described proceed with high efficiency, good stereoselectivity, tolerate many functional groups, and are completed within a matter of minutes. By cleaving the C(sp3)-C(sp2) bond of terpenes and terpenoid-derived precursors, rapid diversification of natural products is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brady W Dehnert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jeremy H Dworkin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ohyun Kwon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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29
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Peschke F, Taladriz‐Sender A, Andrews MJ, Watson AJB, Burley GA. Glutathione Mediates Control of Dual Differential Bio-orthogonal Labelling of Biomolecules. ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 135:e202313063. [PMID: 38515866 PMCID: PMC10953330 DOI: 10.1002/ange.202313063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Traditional approaches to bio-orthogonal reaction discovery have focused on developing reagent pairs that react with each other faster than they are metabolically degraded. Glutathione (GSH) is typically responsible for the deactivation of most bio-orthogonal reagents. Here we demonstrate that GSH promotes a Cu-catalysed (3+2) cycloaddition reaction between an ynamine and an azide. We show that GSH acts as a redox modulator to control the Cu oxidation state in these cycloadditions. Rate enhancement of this reaction is specific for ynamine substrates and is tuneable by the Cu:GSH ratio. This unique GSH-mediated reactivity gradient is then utilised in the dual sequential bio-orthogonal labelling of peptides and oligonucleotides via two distinct chemoselective (3+2) cycloadditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Peschke
- Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry & the Strathclyde Centre for Molecular BioscienceUniversity of Strathclyde295 Cathedral StreetGlasgowG1 1XLUK
| | - Andrea Taladriz‐Sender
- Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry & the Strathclyde Centre for Molecular BioscienceUniversity of Strathclyde295 Cathedral StreetGlasgowG1 1XLUK
| | - Matthew J. Andrews
- EaStCHEMSchool of ChemistryUniversity of Saint AndrewsNorth HaughSt AndrewsFifeKY16 9STUK
| | - Allan J. B. Watson
- EaStCHEMSchool of ChemistryUniversity of Saint AndrewsNorth HaughSt AndrewsFifeKY16 9STUK
| | - Glenn A. Burley
- Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry & the Strathclyde Centre for Molecular BioscienceUniversity of Strathclyde295 Cathedral StreetGlasgowG1 1XLUK
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30
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Peschke F, Taladriz‐Sender A, Andrews MJ, Watson AJB, Burley GA. Glutathione Mediates Control of Dual Differential Bio-orthogonal Labelling of Biomolecules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202313063. [PMID: 37906440 PMCID: PMC10952886 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202313063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Traditional approaches to bio-orthogonal reaction discovery have focused on developing reagent pairs that react with each other faster than they are metabolically degraded. Glutathione (GSH) is typically responsible for the deactivation of most bio-orthogonal reagents. Here we demonstrate that GSH promotes a Cu-catalysed (3+2) cycloaddition reaction between an ynamine and an azide. We show that GSH acts as a redox modulator to control the Cu oxidation state in these cycloadditions. Rate enhancement of this reaction is specific for ynamine substrates and is tuneable by the Cu:GSH ratio. This unique GSH-mediated reactivity gradient is then utilised in the dual sequential bio-orthogonal labelling of peptides and oligonucleotides via two distinct chemoselective (3+2) cycloadditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Peschke
- Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry & the Strathclyde Centre for Molecular BioscienceUniversity of Strathclyde295 Cathedral StreetGlasgowG1 1XLUK
| | - Andrea Taladriz‐Sender
- Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry & the Strathclyde Centre for Molecular BioscienceUniversity of Strathclyde295 Cathedral StreetGlasgowG1 1XLUK
| | - Matthew J. Andrews
- EaStCHEMSchool of ChemistryUniversity of Saint AndrewsNorth HaughSt AndrewsFifeKY16 9STUK
| | - Allan J. B. Watson
- EaStCHEMSchool of ChemistryUniversity of Saint AndrewsNorth HaughSt AndrewsFifeKY16 9STUK
| | - Glenn A. Burley
- Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry & the Strathclyde Centre for Molecular BioscienceUniversity of Strathclyde295 Cathedral StreetGlasgowG1 1XLUK
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31
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Bian KJ, Lu YC, Nemoto D, Kao SC, Chen X, West JG. Photocatalytic hydrofluoroalkylation of alkenes with carboxylic acids. Nat Chem 2023; 15:1683-1692. [PMID: 37957278 PMCID: PMC10983801 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01365-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Incorporation of fluoroalkyl motifs in pharmaceuticals can enhance the therapeutic profiles of the parent molecules. The hydrofluoroalkylation of alkenes has emerged as a promising route to diverse fluoroalkylated compounds; however, current methods require superstoichiometric oxidants, expensive/oxidative fluoroalkylating reagents and precious metals, and often exhibit limited scope, making a universal protocol that addresses these limitations highly desirable. Here we report the hydrofluoroalkylation of alkenes with cheap, abundant and available fluoroalkyl carboxylic acids as the sole reagents. Hydrotrifluoro-, difluoro-, monofluoro- and perfluoroalkylation are all demonstrated, with broad scope, mild conditions (redox neutral) and potential for late-stage modification of bioactive molecules. Critical to success is overcoming the exceedingly high redox potential of feedstock fluoroalkyl carboxylic acids such as trifluoroacetic acid by leveraging cooperative earth-abundant, inexpensive iron and redox-active thiol catalysis, enabling these reagents to be directly used as hydroperfluoroalkylation donors without pre-activation. Preliminary mechanistic studies support the radical nature of this cooperative process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Jie Bian
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yen-Chu Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David Nemoto
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shih-Chieh Kao
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiaowei Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Julian G West
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
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32
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Aschendorf CJ, Degbevi M, Prather KV, Tsui EY. EPR spin trapping of nucleophilic and radical reactions at colloidal metal chalcogenide quantum dot surfaces. Chem Sci 2023; 14:13080-13089. [PMID: 38023529 PMCID: PMC10664490 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04724e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The participation of the surfaces of colloidal semiconductor nanocrystal quantum dots (QDs) in QD-mediated photocatalytic reactions is an important factor that distinguishes QDs from other photosensitizers (e.g. transition metal complexes or organic dyes). Here, we probe nucleophilic and radical reactivity of surface sulfides and selenides of metal chalcogenide (CdSe, CdS, ZnSe, and PbS) QDs using chemical reactions and NMR spectroscopy. Additionally, the high sensitivity of EPR spectroscopy is adapted to study these surface-centered reactions through the use of spin traps like 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO) under photoexcitation and thermal conditions. We demonstrate that DMPO likely adds to CdSe QD surfaces under thermal conditions by a nucleophilic mechanism in which the surface chalcogenides add to the double bond, followed by further oxidation of the surface-bound product. In contrast, CdS QDs more readily form surface sulfur-centered radicals that can perform reactions including alkene isomerization. These results indicate that QD surfaces should be an important consideration for the design of photocatalysis beyond simply tuning QD semiconductor band gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline J Aschendorf
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN USA
| | - Mawuli Degbevi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN USA
| | - Keaton V Prather
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN USA
| | - Emily Y Tsui
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN USA
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33
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Didarataee S, Joshi N, Scaiano JC. A laser flash photolysis study of the free radical chemistry of lipoic acid and dihydrolipoic acid. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2023; 22:2579-2585. [PMID: 37740885 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-023-00473-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
The free radical chemistry of lipoic acid (LA) and dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA) intersect at the point where DHLA loses hydrogen to a good hydrogen abstracting radical, while LA reacts with strongly reducing ketyl radicals capable of donating a hydrogen atom. While aliphatic thiyl radicals have an absorbance at ~ 330 nm, the resulting radical, formally also a thiyl radical has distinct spectroscopic properties with a maximum at 385 nm, suggesting that the two sulphur centres interact strongly with each other as part of the chromophore. The reactions that form these radicals were studied by laser flash photolysis that revealed DHLA as an excellent hydrogen donor, while LA is an excellent hydrogen acceptor. The results support earlier evidence that the real antioxidant is DHLA, while LA is not; yet, the reported facile interconversion of the two molecules suggests that LA may be a better supplement, given its shelf stability, compared with a far more difficult-to-handle DHLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Didarataee
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Neeraj Joshi
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Juan C Scaiano
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.
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34
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Cáceres JC, Dolmatch A, Greene BL. The Mechanism of Inhibition of Pyruvate Formate Lyase by Methacrylate. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:22504-22515. [PMID: 37797332 PMCID: PMC10591478 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Pyruvate Formate Lyase (PFL) catalyzes acetyl transfer from pyruvate to coenzyme a by a mechanism involving multiple amino acid radicals. A post-translationally installed glycyl radical (G734· in Escherichia coli) is essential for enzyme activity and two cysteines (C418 and C419) are proposed to form thiyl radicals during turnover, yet their unique roles in catalysis have not been directly demonstrated with both structural and electronic resolution. Methacrylate is an isostructural analog of pyruvate and an informative irreversible inhibitor of pfl. Here we demonstrate the mechanism of inhibition of pfl by methacrylate. Treatment of activated pfl with methacrylate results in the conversion of the G734· to a new radical species, concomitant with enzyme inhibition, centered at g = 2.0033. Spectral simulations, reactions with methacrylate isotopologues, and Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations support our assignment of the radical to a C2 tertiary methacryl radical. The reaction is specific for C418, as evidenced by mass spectrometry. The methacryl radical decays over time, reforming G734·, and the decay exhibits a H/D solvent isotope effect of 3.4, consistent with H-atom transfer from an ionizable donor, presumably the C419 sulfhydryl group. Acrylate also inhibits PFL irreversibly, and alkylates C418, but we did not observe an acryl secondary radical in H2O or in D2O within 10 s, consistent with our DFT calculations and the expected reactivity of a secondary versus tertiary carbon-centered radical. Together, the results support unique roles of the two active site cysteines of PFL and a C419 S-H bond dissociation energy between that of a secondary and tertiary C-H bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Cáceres
- Biomolecular
Science and Engineering Program, University
of California, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - August Dolmatch
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Brandon L. Greene
- Biomolecular
Science and Engineering Program, University
of California, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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35
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Palkowitz MD, Emmanuel MA, Oderinde MS. A Paradigm Shift in Catalysis: Electro- and Photomediated Nickel-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:2851-2865. [PMID: 37772915 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusTransition-metal catalyzed cross-coupling reactions are fundamental reactions in organic chemistry, facilitating strategic bond formations for accessing natural products, organic materials, agrochemicals, and pharmaceuticals. Redox chemistry enables access to elusive cross-coupling mechanisms through single-electron processes as an alternative to classical two-electron strategies predominated by palladium catalysis. The seminal reports of Baran, MacMillan, Doyle, Molander, Weix, Lin, Fu, Reisman, and others in merging redox perturbation (photochemical, electrochemical, and purely chemical) with catalysis are pivotal to the current resurgence and mechanistic understanding of first-row transition metal-based catalysis. The hallmark of this redox platform is the systematic modulation of transition-metal oxidation states by a photoredox catalyst or at a heterogeneous electrode surface. Electrocatalysis and photocatalysis enhance transition metal catalysis' capacity for bond formation through electron- or energy-transfer processes that promote otherwise challenging elementary steps or elusive mechanisms. Cross-coupling conditions promoted by electrocatalysis and photocatalysis are mild, and bond formation proceeds with exceptionally high chemoselectivity and wide functional group tolerance. The interfacing of abundant first-row transition-metal catalysis with electrocatalysis and photocatalysis has brought about a paradigm shift in cross-coupling technology as practitioners are quickly applying these tools in synthesizing fine chemicals and pharmaceutically relevant motifs. In particular, the merger of Ni catalysis with electro- and photochemistry ushered in a new era for carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom cross-couplings with expanded generality compared to their thermally driven counterparts. Over the past decade, we have developed enabling photo- and electrochemical methods throughout our combined research experience in industry (BMS, AstraZeneca) and academia (Professor Baran, Scripps Research) in cross-disciplinary collaborative environments. In this Account, we will outline recent progress from our past and present laboratories in photo- and electrochemically mediated Ni-catalyzed cross-couplings. By highlighting these cross-coupling methodologies, we will also compare mechanistic features of both electro- and photochemical strategies for forging C(sp2)-C(sp3), C(sp3)-C(sp3), C-O, C-N, and C-S bonds. Through these side-by-side comparisons, we hope to demystify the subtle differences between the two complementary tools to enact redox control over transition metal catalysis. Finally, building off the collective experience of ourselves and the rest of the community, we propose a tactical user guide to photo- and electrochemically driven cross-coupling reactions to aid the practitioner in rapidly applying such tools in their synthetic designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian D Palkowitz
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, 250 Water Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, United States
| | - Megan A Emmanuel
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Martins S Oderinde
- Small Molecule Discovery Chemistry, Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
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36
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Wang K, Mao W, Song X, Chen M, Feng W, Peng B, Chen Y. Reactive X (where X = O, N, S, C, Cl, Br, and I) species nanomedicine. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:6957-7035. [PMID: 37743750 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00435f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, carbonyl, chlorine, bromine, and iodine species (RXS, where X = O, N, S, C, Cl, Br, and I) have important roles in various normal physiological processes and act as essential regulators of cell metabolism; their inherent biological activities govern cell signaling, immune balance, and tissue homeostasis. However, an imbalance between RXS production and consumption will induce the occurrence and development of various diseases. Due to the considerable progress of nanomedicine, a variety of nanosystems that can regulate RXS has been rationally designed and engineered for restoring RXS balance to halt the pathological processes of different diseases. The invention of radical-regulating nanomaterials creates the possibility of intriguing projects for disease treatment and promotes advances in nanomedicine. In this comprehensive review, we summarize, discuss, and highlight very-recent advances in RXS-based nanomedicine for versatile disease treatments. This review particularly focuses on the types and pathological effects of these reactive species and explores the biological effects of RXS-based nanomaterials, accompanied by a discussion and the outlook of the challenges faced and future clinical translations of RXS nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyi Wang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, P. R. China.
| | - Weipu Mao
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Xinran Song
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China.
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Wei Feng
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China.
| | - Bo Peng
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, P. R. China.
| | - Yu Chen
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China.
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37
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Liu G, Chen Y, Chen Y, Shi Y, Zhang M, Shen G, Qi P, Li J, Ma D, Yu F, Huang X. Indirect Electrocatalysis S─N/S─S Bond Construction by Robust Polyoxometalate Based Foams. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2304716. [PMID: 37392073 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202304716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Indirect electrocatalytic conversion of cheap organic raw materials via the activation of S─H and N─H bonds into the value-added S─N/S─S bonds chemicals for industrial rubber production is a promising strategy to realize the atomic economic reaction, during which the kinetic inhibition that is associated with the electron transfer at the electrode/electrolyte interface in traditional direct electrocatalysis can be eliminated to achieve higher performance. In this work, a series of di-copper-substituted phosphotungstatebased foams (PW10 Cu2 @CMC) are fabricated with tunable loadings (17 to 44 wt%), which can be successfully applied in indirect electrocatalytic syntheses of sulfenamides and disulfides. Specifically, the optimal PW10 Cu2 @CMC (44 wt%) exhibits excellent electrocatalytic performance for the construction of S─N/S─S bonds (yields up to 99%) coupling with the efficient production of H2 (≈50 µmol g-1 h-1 ). Remarkably, it enables the scale-up production (≈14.4 g in a batch experiment) and the obtained products can serve as rubber vulcanization accelerators with superior properties to traditional industrial rubber additives in real industrial processes. This powerful catalysis system that can simultaneously produce rubber vulcanization accelerator and H2 may inaugurate a new electrocatalytic avenue to explore polyoxometalate-based foam catalysts in electrocatalysis field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong, 252059, P. R. China
| | - Yifa Chen
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of MPTES in High Energy and Safety LIBs, Engineering Research Center of MTEES (Ministry of Education), Key Lab. of ETESPG(GHEI), School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yulu Chen
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of MPTES in High Energy and Safety LIBs, Engineering Research Center of MTEES (Ministry of Education), Key Lab. of ETESPG(GHEI), School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yanqi Shi
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong, 252059, P. R. China
| | - Meiyu Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong, 252059, P. R. China
| | - Guodong Shen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong, 252059, P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Qi
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong, 252059, P. R. China
| | - Jikun Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Taishan University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271021, P. R. China
| | - Delong Ma
- National Rubber Additive Engineering Technology Center, Liaocheng, Shandong, 252059, P. R. China
| | - Fei Yu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Xianqiang Huang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong, 252059, P. R. China
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Zhang S, Wang Y, Huang H, Cao D. A Strategy for Controlling the Polymerizations of Thiyl Radical Propagation by RAFT Agents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308524. [PMID: 37478164 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
The ability to extend the polymerizations of thiyl radical propagation to be regulated by existing controlled methods would be highly desirable, yet remained very challenging to achieve because the thiyl radicals still cannot be reversibly controlled by these methods. In this article, we reported a novel strategy that could enable the radical ring-opening polymerization of macrocyclic allylic sulfides, wherein propagating specie is thiyl radical, to be controlled by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) agents. The key to the success of this strategy is the propagating thiyl radical can undergo desulfurization with isocyanide and generate a stabilized alkyl radical for reversible control. Systematic optimization of the reaction conditions allowed good control over the polymerization, leading to the formation of polymers with well-defined architectures, exemplified by the radical block copolymerization of macrocyclic allylic sulfides and vinyl monomers and the incorporation of sequence-defined segments into the polymer backbone. This work represents a significant step toward directly enabling the polymerizations of heteroatom-centered radical propagation to be regulated by existing reversible-deactivation radical polymerization techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yongjin Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hanchu Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Derong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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Piñeiro-García A, Semetey V. The "How" and "Where" Behind the Functionalization of Graphene Oxide by Thiol-ene "Click" Chemistry. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301604. [PMID: 37367388 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) is a 2D nanomaterial with unique chemistry due to the combination of sp2 hybridization and oxygen functional groups (OFGs) even in single layer. OFGs play a fundamental role in the chemical functionalization of GO to produce GO-based materials for diverse applications. However, traditional strategies that employ epoxides, alcohols, and carboxylic acids suffer from low control and undesirable side reactions, including by-product formation and GO reduction. Thiol-ene "click" reaction offers a promising and versatile chemical approach for the alkene functionalization (-C=C-) of GO, providing orthogonality, stereoselectivity, regioselectivity, and high yields while reducing by-products. This review examines the chemical functionalization of GO via thiol-ene "click" reactions, providing insights into the underlying reaction mechanisms, including the role of radical or base catalysts in triggering the reaction. We discuss the "how" and "where" the reaction takes place on GO, the strategies to avoid unwanted side reactions, such as GO reduction and by-product formation. We anticipate that multi-functionalization of GO via the alkene groups will enhance GO physicochemical properties while preserving its intrinsic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vincent Semetey
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, 11 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005, Paris, France
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40
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Mondal S, Chatterjee N, Maity S. Recent Developments on Photochemical Synthesis of 1,n-Dicarbonyls. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301147. [PMID: 37335758 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
1,n-dicarbonyls are one of the most fascinating chemical feedstocks finding abundant usage in the field of pharmaceuticals. Besides, they are utilized in a plethora of synthesis in general synthetic organic chemistry. A number of 'conventional' methods are available for their synthesis, such as the Stetter reaction, Baker-Venkatraman rearrangement, oxidation of vicinal diols, and oxidation of deoxybenzoins, synonymous with unfriendly reagents and conditions. In the last 15 years or so, photocatalysis has taken the world of synthetic organic chemistry by a remarkable renaissance. It is fair to say now that everybody loves the light and photoredox chemistry has opened a new gateway to organic chemists towards milder, more simpler alternatives to the previously available methods, allowing access to many sensitive reactions and products. In this review, we present the readers with the photochemical synthesis of a variety of 1,n-dicarbonyls. Diverse photocatalytic pathways to these fascinating molecules have been discussed, placing special emphasis on the mechanisms, giving the reader an opportunity to find all these significant developments in one place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhashis Mondal
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad, 826004, Jharkhand, India
| | - Nirbhik Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry, Kanchrapara College, North 24 Parganas, 743145, West Bengal, India
| | - Soumitra Maity
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad, 826004, Jharkhand, India
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41
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Ogawa A, Yamamoto Y. Multicomponent Reactions between Heteroatom Compounds and Unsaturated Compounds in Radical Reactions. Molecules 2023; 28:6356. [PMID: 37687185 PMCID: PMC10488953 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In this mini-review, we present our concepts for designing multicomponent reactions with reference to a series of sequential radical reactions that we have developed. Radical reactions are well suited for the design of multicomponent reactions due to their high functional group tolerance and low solvent sensitivity. We have focused on the photolysis of interelement compounds with a heteroatom-heteroatom single bond, which readily generates heteroatom-centered radicals, and have studied the photoinduced radical addition of interelement compounds to unsaturated compounds. First, the background of multicomponent radical reactions is described, and basic concepts and methodology for the construction of multicomponent reactions are explained. Next, examples of multicomponent reactions involving two interelement compounds and one unsaturated compound are presented, as well as examples of multicomponent reactions involving one interelement compound and two unsaturated compounds. Furthermore, multicomponent reactions involving intramolecular cyclization processes are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiya Ogawa
- Organization for Research Promotion, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Nakaku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Yuki Yamamoto
- Graduate Faculty of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi, 4-4-37 Takeda, Kofu 400-8510, Japan;
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42
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Morsy RMI, Samala G, Jalan A, Kopach ME, Venneti NM, Stockdill JL. Metal-free reductive desulfurization of C-sp 3-substituted thiols using phosphite catalysis. Chem Sci 2023; 14:9016-9023. [PMID: 37655042 PMCID: PMC10466286 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00045a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphines and phosphites are critical tools for non-metal desulfurative methodologies due to the strength of the P[double bond, length as m-dash]S bond. An overarching premise in these methods has been that stoichiometric (or excess) P(iii) reagent is required for reactivity. Despite decades of research, a desulfurative process that is catalytic in phosphine/phosphite has not been reported. Here, we report the successful merging of two thermal radical processes: the desulfurization of unactivated and activated alkyl thiols and the reduction of P(v) = S to P(iii) by reaction with a silyl radical species. We employ catalytic trimethyl phosphite, catalytic azo-bis(cyclohexyl)nitrile, and two equivalents of tris(trimethylsilyl)silane as the stoichiometric reductant and sulfur atom scavenger. This method is tolerant of common organic functional groups and affords products in good to excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana M I Morsy
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University Detroit MI 48202 USA
| | - Ganesh Samala
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University Detroit MI 48202 USA
| | - Ankur Jalan
- Eli Lilly and Company Indianapolis IN 46285 USA
| | | | - Naresh M Venneti
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University Detroit MI 48202 USA
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43
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Zhu ZM, Zhao Y, Zhao H, Liu C, Zhang Y, Fei W, Bi H, Li MB. Photochemical Route for Synthesizing Atomically Precise Metal Nanoclusters from Disulfide. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:7508-7515. [PMID: 37477210 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Practical approaches to the synthesis of atomically precise metal nanoclusters are in high demand as they provide the structural basis for investigating nanomaterials' structure-property correlations with atomic precision. The Brust-Schiffrin method has been widely used, while the essential reductive ligands (e.g., thiols) limit the application of this method for synthesizing metal nanoclusters with specific frameworks and surface ligands. In this work, we developed a photochemical route for synthesizing atomically precise metal nanoclusters by applying disulfide, which is a widely available, stable, and environmentally friendly sulfur source. This method enables the construction of structurally diverse metal nanoclusters and especially features the synthesis of PhS-protected metal nanoclusters that were not easily achieved previously and the gram-scale synthesis. A reduction-oxidation cascade mechanism has been revealed for the photochemical route. This work is expected to open up new opportunities for metal nanocluster synthesis and will contribute to the practical applications of this kind of nanomaterial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Min Zhu
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China
| | - Hongliang Zhao
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China
| | - Chang Liu
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China
| | - Wenwen Fei
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China
| | - Hong Bi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China
| | - Man-Bo Li
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China
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Meger FS, Murphy JA. Recent Advances in C-H Functionalisation through Indirect Hydrogen Atom Transfer. Molecules 2023; 28:6127. [PMID: 37630379 PMCID: PMC10459052 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28166127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The functionalisation of C-H bonds has been an enormous achievement in synthetic methodology, enabling new retrosynthetic disconnections and affording simple synthetic equivalents for synthons. Hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) is a key method for forming alkyl radicals from C-H substrates. Classic reactions, including the Barton nitrite ester reaction and Hofmann-Löffler-Freytag reaction, among others, provided early examples of HAT. However, recent developments in photoredox catalysis and electrochemistry have made HAT a powerful synthetic tool capable of introducing a wide range of functional groups into C-H bonds. Moreover, greater mechanistic insights into HAT have stimulated the development of increasingly site-selective protocols. Site-selectivity can be achieved through the tuning of electron density at certain C-H bonds using additives, a judicious choice of HAT reagent, and a solvent system. Herein, we describe the latest methods for functionalizing C-H/Si-H/Ge-H bonds using indirect HAT between 2018-2023, as well as a critical discussion of new HAT reagents, mechanistic aspects, substrate scopes, and background contexts of the protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip S. Meger
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 16 Avinguda dels Països Catalans, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - John A. Murphy
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, UK
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Köckenberger J, Klemt I, Sauer C, Arkhypov A, Reshetnikov V, Mokhir A, Heinrich MR. Cyanine- and Rhodamine-Derived Alkynes for the Selective Targeting of Cancerous Mitochondria through Radical Thiol-Yne Coupling in Live Cells. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301340. [PMID: 37171462 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite their long history and their synthetic potential underlined by various recent advances, radical thiol-yne coupling reactions have so far only rarely been exploited for the functionalization of biomolecules, and no examples yet exist for their application in live cells - although natural thiols show widespread occurrence therein. By taking advantage of the particular cellular conditions of mitochondria in cancer cells, we have demonstrated that radical thiol-yne coupling represents a powerful reaction principle for the selective targeting of these organelles. Within our studies, fluorescently labeled reactive alkyne probes were investigated, for which the fluorescent moiety was chosen to enable both mitochondria accumulation as well as highly sensitive detection. After preliminary studies under cell-free conditions, the most promising alkyne-dye conjugates were evaluated in various cellular experiments comprising analysis by flow cytometry and microscopy. All in all, these results pave the way for improved future therapeutic strategies relying on live-cell compatibility and selectivity among cellular compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Köckenberger
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Insa Klemt
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Organic Chemistry II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Caroline Sauer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anton Arkhypov
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Organic Chemistry II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Viktor Reshetnikov
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Organic Chemistry II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andriy Mokhir
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Organic Chemistry II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus R Heinrich
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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46
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Hejna BG, Ganley JM, Shao H, Tian H, Ellefsen JD, Fastuca NJ, Houk KN, Miller SJ, Knowles RR. Catalytic Asymmetric Hydrogen Atom Transfer: Enantioselective Hydroamination of Alkenes. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:16118-16129. [PMID: 37432783 PMCID: PMC10544660 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
We report a highly enantioselective radical-based hydroamination of enol esters with sulfonamides jointly catalyzed by an Ir photocatalyst, Brønsted base, and tetrapeptide thiol. This method is demonstrated for the formation of 23 protected β-amino-alcohol products, achieving selectivities up to 97:3 er. The stereochemistry of the product is set through selective hydrogen atom transfer from the chiral thiol catalyst to a prochiral C-centered radical. Structure-selectivity relationships derived from structural variation of both the peptide catalyst and olefin substrate provide key insights into the development of an optimal catalyst. Experimental and computational mechanistic studies indicate that hydrogen-bonding, π-π stacking, and London dispersion interactions are contributing factors for substrate recognition and enantioinduction. These findings further the development of radical-based asymmetric catalysis and contribute to the understanding of the noncovalent interactions relevant to such transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin G. Hejna
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Jacob M. Ganley
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Huiling Shao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Haowen Tian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Jonathan D. Ellefsen
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Nicholas J. Fastuca
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Scott J. Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Robert R. Knowles
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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47
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Lynch DM, Nolan MD, Williams C, Van Dalsen L, Calvert SH, Dénès F, Trujillo C, Scanlan EM. Traceless Thioacid-Mediated Radical Cyclization of 1,6-Dienes. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37418624 PMCID: PMC10367065 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Five-membered ring systems are ubiquitous throughout natural products and synthetic therapeutics, and thus, efficient methods to access this essential scaffold are required. Herein, we report the thioacid-mediated, 5-exo-trig cyclization of various 1,6-dienes, with high yields of up to 98%. The labile thioester functionality can be exploited to generate a free thiol residue which can be used as a functional handle or removed entirely to provide the traceless cyclized product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan M Lynch
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Mark D Nolan
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Conor Williams
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Leendert Van Dalsen
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Susannah H Calvert
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Fabrice Dénès
- Université de Nantes, CEISAM UMR CNRS 6230 UFR des Sciences et des Techniques, 2 rue de la Houssinière BP, 92208 - 44322 Cedex 3 Nantes, France
| | - Cristina Trujillo
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Eoin M Scanlan
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
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48
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Zhu Q, Costentin C, Stubbe J, Nocera DG. Disulfide radical anion as a super-reductant in biology and photoredox chemistry. Chem Sci 2023; 14:6876-6881. [PMID: 37389245 PMCID: PMC10306091 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01867a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Disulfides are involved in a broad range of radical-based synthetic organic and biochemical transformations. In particular, the reduction of a disulfide to the corresponding radical anion, followed by S-S bond cleavage to yield a thiyl radical and a thiolate anion plays critical roles in radical-based photoredox transformations and the disulfide radical anion in conjunction with a proton donor, mediates the enzymatic synthesis of deoxynucleotides from nucleotides within the active site of the enzyme, ribonucleotide reductase (RNR). To gain fundamental thermodynamic insight into these reactions, we have performed experimental measurements to furnish the transfer coefficient from which the standard E0(RSSR/RSSR˙-) reduction potential has been determined for a homologous series of disulfides. The electrochemical potentials are found to be strongly dependent on the structures and electronic properties of the substituents of the disulfides. In the case of cysteine, a standard potential of E0(RSSR/RSSR˙-) = -1.38 V vs. NHE is determined, making the disulfide radical anion of cysteine one of the most reducing cofactors in biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilei Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University 12 Oxford Street Cambridge Massachusetts 02138 USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah Salt Lake City Utah 84112 USA
| | | | - JoAnne Stubbe
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University 12 Oxford Street Cambridge Massachusetts 02138 USA
- Departments of Chemistry and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge Massachusetts 02139 USA
| | - Daniel G Nocera
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University 12 Oxford Street Cambridge Massachusetts 02138 USA
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49
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Wu Z, Pratt DA. Radical approaches to C-S bonds. Nat Rev Chem 2023:10.1038/s41570-023-00505-x. [PMID: 37344618 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-023-00505-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Organosulfur functionalities are ubiquitous in nature, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, materials and flavourants. Historically, these moieties were introduced almost exclusively using ionic chemistry; however, radical-based methods for the installation of sulfur-based functional groups have recently come to the fore. These radical methods have enabled their late-stage introduction into complex molecules, avoiding the need to preserve labile organosulfur moieties through multistep synthetic sequences. Here, we discuss homolytic C-S bond-forming processes, with a particular emphasis on radical substitution approaches to sulfide, disulfide and sulfinyl products, and the use of sulfur dioxide and its surrogates to build sulfonyl products. We also highlight the mechanistic considerations that we hope will guide further development of radical-based strategies compatible with the various organosulfur moieties that feature in modern chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijun Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Derek A Pratt
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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50
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Wang G, Gao L, Feng Y, Lin L. Visible-Light-Activated Nickel Thiolates for C-S Couplings. Org Lett 2023. [PMID: 37267073 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Thiolates are known as the inhibitors of metal catalysis due to their strong coordination with the metal. Herein, we reported visible-light-induced homolysis of the Ni-S bond to activate the nickel(II) thiolates for the C-S coupling, obviating the use of exogenous photocatalysts and other additives. Various aryl bromides/iodides can efficiently couple with thiols with a wide range of functional groups under mild conditions. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggested the homolysis of the Ni-S bond is the key step for couplings and nickel(0) is not involved in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohua Wang
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Lei Gao
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Yunhui Feng
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Luqing Lin
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
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