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Yang Z, Fang Y, Liu J, Chen A, Cheng Y, Wang Y. Moderate acidification mitigates the toxic effects of phenanthrene on the mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 294:133783. [PMID: 35101431 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater acidification and phenanthrene may result in complex adverse effects on aquatic animals. Juvenile Chinese mitten crabs (Eriocheir sinensis) were exposed to different pH levels (7.8, 6.5, and 5.5) under phenanthrene (PHE) (0 (control) and 50 μg/L) conditions for 14 days. Antioxidant and transcriptomic responses were determined under stress conditions to evaluate the physiological adaptation of crabs. Under the control pH 7.8, PHE led to significantly reduced activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione S-transferase (GST), but increased glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), 7-ethoxyresorufin-o-deethylase (EROD) activities, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. However, moderate acidification (pH 6.5) changed PHE effects by increasing antioxidant enzymes. Acidification generally reduced SOD, GPx, GST and EROD activities, but increased CAT, GR, MDA. Compared with pH7.8 group, pH7.8 × PHE and pH6.5 × PHE groups had 1148 and 1498 differentially expressed genes, respectively, with "Biological process" being the main category in the two experimental groups. pH7.8 × PHE treatment caused significant enrichment of disease and immune-related pathways, while under pH6.5 × PHE, more pathways related to metabolism, detoxification, environmental information processing, and energy supply were significantly enriched. Thus, PHE had a significant inhibitory effect on antioxidant performance in crabs, while moderate acidification (pH6.5) mitigated the toxic effects of PHE. Overall, moderate acidification has a positive effect on the defense against the negative effects of PHE in Chinese mitten crabs, and this study provides insights into the defense mechanism of crustaceans in response to combined stress of acidification and PHE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Centre for Research on Environmental Ecology and Fish Nutrition (CREEFN) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Yucheng Fang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Centre for Research on Environmental Ecology and Fish Nutrition (CREEFN) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Jiani Liu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Centre for Research on Environmental Ecology and Fish Nutrition (CREEFN) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Aqin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Centre for Research on Environmental Ecology and Fish Nutrition (CREEFN) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Yongxu Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Centre for Research on Environmental Ecology and Fish Nutrition (CREEFN) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Youji Wang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Centre for Research on Environmental Ecology and Fish Nutrition (CREEFN) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.
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Gearhart-Serna LM, Tacam M, Slotkin TA, Devi GR. Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon intake in the US adult population from NHANES 2005-2014 identifies vulnerable subpopulations, suggests interaction between tobacco smoke exposure and sociodemographic factors. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 201:111614. [PMID: 34216610 PMCID: PMC9922165 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a toxic and ubiquitous class of environmental chemicals, products of fuel combustion from human and natural sources. The objective of this study was to identify vulnerable populations for high PAH exposure and variability, to better understand where to target PAH exposure reduction initiatives. Urinary metabolite data were collected from 9517 individuals from the U.S. CDC National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey years 2005-2014 for four parental PAHs naphthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene, and pyrene. We utilized these urinary biomarkers to estimate PAH intake, and regression models were fit for multiple demographic and lifestyle variables, to determine variable effects, interactions, odds of high versus low PAH intake. Smoking and secondhand smoke exposure accounted for the largest PAH intake rate variability (25.62%), and there were strongest interactions between race/ethnicity and smoking or SHS exposure, reflected in a much greater contribution of smoking to PAH intake in non-Hispanic Whites as compared to other races/ethnicities. Increased odds of high PAH intake were seen in older age groups, obese persons, college graduates, midrange incomes, smokers, and those who were SHS exposed. Among the non-smoking population, effects of other demographic factors lessened, suggesting a highly interactive nature. Our results suggest that there are demographic subpopulations with high PAH intake as a result of different smoking behaviors and potentially other exposures. This has human health, environmental justice, and regulatory implications wherein smoking cessation programs, SHS exposure regulations, and public health initiatives could be better targeted towards vulnerable subpopulations to meaningfully reduce PAH exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa M Gearhart-Serna
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Moises Tacam
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Trinity College of Arts & Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Theodore A Slotkin
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Gayathri R Devi
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Women's Cancer Program, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC, USA.
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Gearhart-Serna LM, Davis JB, Jolly MK, Jayasundara N, Sauer SJ, Di Giulio RT, Devi GR. A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-enriched environmental chemical mixture enhances AhR, antiapoptotic signaling and a proliferative phenotype in breast cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 2020; 41:1648-1659. [PMID: 32747956 PMCID: PMC7791619 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgaa047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests the role of environmental chemicals, in particular endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), in progression of breast cancer and treatment resistance, which can impact survival outcomes. However, most research tends to focus on tumor etiology and the effect of single chemicals, offering little insight into the effects of realistic complex mixture exposures on tumor progression. Herein, we investigated the effect of a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-enriched EDC mixture in a panel of normal and breast cancer cells and in a tumor organoid model. Cells or organoids in culture were treated with EDC mixture at doses estimated from US adult intake of the top four PAH compounds within the mixture from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey database. We demonstrate that low-dose PAH mixture (6, 30 and 300 nM) increased aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) expression and CYP activity in estrogen receptor (ER) positive but not normal mammary or ER-negative breast cancer cells, and that upregulated AhR signaling corresponded with increased cell proliferation and expression of antiapoptotic and antioxidant proteins XIAP and SOD1. We employed a mathematical model to validate PAH-mediated increases in AhR and XIAP expression in the MCF-7 ER-positive cell line. Furthermore, the PAH mixture caused significant growth increases in ER-negative breast cancer cell derived 3D tumor organoids, providing further evidence for the role of a natural-derived PAH mixture in enhancing a tumor proliferative phenotype. Together, our integrated cell signaling, computational and phenotype analysis reveals the underlying mechanisms of EDC mixtures in breast cancer progression and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa M Gearhart-Serna
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Sciences, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Pathology, Durham, NC, USA
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Durham, NC, USA
| | - John B Davis
- Department of Biology, Trinity School of Arts and Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Mohit Kumar Jolly
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nishad Jayasundara
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Durham, NC, USA
- School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Scott J Sauer
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Sciences, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Gayathri R Devi
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Sciences, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Pathology, Durham, NC, USA
- Women’s Cancer Program, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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Wang C, Zhou S, Wu S, Tang J, Li H, Du J. Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in people living in urban and rural areas as revealed by hair analysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 246:125764. [PMID: 31911331 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are carcinogenic and mutagenic to humans. However, little is known about PAH exposure to people living in urban and suburban areas through comparative studies. Some studies have indicated that human hair can be used as a noninvasive biomarker of PAH exposure. Therefore, we collected hair samples from 66 volunteers from Nanjing and Ningbo, China, to detect PAH concentrations in this work. The highest levels in the hair samples were found in phenanthrene > anthracene > naphthalene among the parent PAHs. Sixteen parent PAHs showed higher concentrations in the samples from Nanjing than in the samples from Ningbo. Significantly higher levels of some PAHs were observed in male hair than in female hair in Nanjing, and in hair from smokers than in hair from non-smokers in both Nanjing and Ningbo. In addition, there was a significant effect of the age on the concentration of low-molecular-weight PAHs and ∑PAHs in human hair in both Nanjing and Ningbo. Studying the inter-chemical associations between these PAHs indicated similarities and differences between Nanjing and Ningbo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Wang
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
| | - Shenglu Zhou
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China.
| | - Shaohua Wu
- Institute of Land and Urban-rural Development, Zhejiang University of Finance & Economics, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
| | - Junhong Tang
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
| | - Huanxuan Li
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
| | - Jia Du
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
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Gearhart-Serna LM, Jayasundara N, Tacam M, Di Giulio R, Devi GR. Assessing Cancer Risk Associated with Aquatic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Pollution Reveals Dietary Routes of Exposure and Vulnerable Populations. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 2018:5610462. [PMID: 30327676 PMCID: PMC6169233 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5610462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure is widespread, and many PAHs are considered carcinogenic. The PAH-contaminated AWI Superfund site in Virginia provides a model for studying a complex PAH mixture and its extrapolation to cancer risk and PAH exposure in the general population. We examined cancer risk at the Superfund site due to sediment-derived PAHs and then evaluated PAH sources in the general population and potentially vulnerable subpopulations upon PAH mixture exposure. The PAH mixture was assessed for potential carcinogenicity using the US EPA's OncoLogic™ ranking tool and the US EPA list of priority PAHs. Cancer risk due to PAH exposure was calculated for Superfund site users and compared to the US EPA assessment. Human intake and health endpoints of PAHs within the mixture were extracted from USEtox® chemical fate database, while mean intake exposure was calculated for U.S. adults for select PAHs using NHANES database urinary biomarkers. Eleven PAH compounds within the mixture were of carcinogenic concern, and seven PAHs conveyed significant excess cancer risk at the Superfund site and in the general population, wherein PAH-contaminated seafood ingestion was a main contributor. Other dietary sources of PAHs derived from PAH-contaminated soil or water could also play a role in total exposure. Vulnerable populations to PAH exposure and coinciding increased cancer risk may include, in addition to smokers, children and non-Hispanic blacks, which is a public health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa M. Gearhart-Serna
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Sciences, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Pathology, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Nishad Jayasundara
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, ME, USA
| | - Moises Tacam
- Trinity School of Arts and Sciences, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Richard Di Giulio
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Gayathri R. Devi
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Sciences, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Pathology, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Women's Cancer Program, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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Al-Rifai A, Aqel A, Wahibi LA, ALOthman ZA, Badjah-Hadj-Ahmed AY. Carbon nanotube-based benzyl polymethacrylate composite monolith as a solid phase extraction adsorbent and a stationary phase material for simultaneous extraction and analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in water. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1535:17-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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de Almeida EV, Kütter VT, Marques ED, da Silva-Filho EV. First assessment of trace metal concentration in mangrove crab eggs and other tissues, SE Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2016; 188:421. [PMID: 27318940 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5413-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The mangrove crab Ucides cordatus is widespread in the Brazilian coast, which has an important role in nutrient cycling. This species reproduces in summer and females carry eggs about a month, when they maintain contact with water and sediments. It remains unclear if trace metals can be absorbed or adsorbed by the eggs during development. The present study aims to investigate, for the first time, trace metal concentrations in ovigerous female tissues and eggs of U. cordatus in two areas with different metal pollution levels in the Southeastern Brazil. Samples were collected in two different mangroves, Guanabara Bay (GB) highly polluted environment and Paraíba do Sul River (PSR). In both populations, we observed significant increase of V, Cr, and Mn concentrations along eggs maturation. The higher metals averages were found in PSR population. This trend was reported since the 1990s and lower concentrations in GB marine organisms were attributed to reducing conditions, high organic load, and the presence of sulfide ions. These conditions restrict the bioavailability of metals in the bay, with exception of Mn. No significant differences were observed in gills and muscles. In both populations of the present study, V, Zn, As, and Pb were higher in eggs of initial stage, whereas Mn, Ni, Cu, and Cd were higher in hepatopancreas. Beside this, V, Cr, Mn, As, and Pb showed an increase concerning egg development. Thus, V, As, and Pb in eggs come from two sources previous discussed: females and environment. Zinc came mainly from females due to essential function. Those new information should be considered as one of the mechanisms of trace metal transfer to the trophic chain, between benthonic and pelagic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Vianna de Almeida
- Campus do Valonguinho (Outeiro São João Batista, sem n°), Instituto de Química, Departamento de Geoquímica Ambiental (Sl. 404), Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, CEP: 24020-150, Brasil.
| | - Vinicius Tavares Kütter
- Campus do Valonguinho (Outeiro São João Batista, sem n°), Instituto de Química, Departamento de Geoquímica Ambiental (Sl. 404), Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, CEP: 24020-150, Brasil
| | | | - Emmanoel Vieira da Silva-Filho
- Campus do Valonguinho (Outeiro São João Batista, sem n°), Instituto de Química, Departamento de Geoquímica Ambiental (Sl. 404), Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, CEP: 24020-150, Brasil
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Chauhan A, Bhatia T, Singh A, Saxena PN, Kesavchandran C, Mudiam MKR. Application of nano-sized multi-template imprinted polymer for simultaneous extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites in urine samples followed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatographic analysis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 985:110-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Lim HH, Shin HS. Simultaneous determination of 2-naphthol and 1-hydroxypyrene in fish and shellfish contaminated with crude oil by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2013; 138:791-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Revised: 04/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Investigating the quantitative structure-activity relationships for antibody recognition of two immunoassays for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by multiple regression methods. SENSORS 2012; 12:9363-74. [PMID: 23012547 PMCID: PMC3444105 DOI: 10.3390/s120709363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous contaminants found in the environment. Immunoassays represent useful analytical methods to complement traditional analytical procedures for PAHs. Cross-reactivity (CR) is a very useful character to evaluate the extent of cross-reaction of a cross-reactant in immunoreactions and immunoassays. The quantitative relationships between the molecular properties and the CR of PAHs were established by stepwise multiple linear regression, principal component regression and partial least square regression, using the data of two commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. The objective is to find the most important molecular properties that affect the CR, and predict the CR by multiple regression methods. The results show that the physicochemical, electronic and topological properties of the PAH molecules have an integrated effect on the CR properties for the two ELISAs, among which molar solubility (Sm) and valence molecular connectivity index (3χv) are the most important factors. The obtained regression equations for RisC kit are all statistically significant (p < 0.005) and show satisfactory ability for predicting CR values, while equations for RaPID kit are all not significant (p > 0.05) and not suitable for predicting. It is probably because that the RisC immunoassay employs a monoclonal antibody, while the RaPID kit is based on polyclonal antibody. Considering the important effect of solubility on the CR values, cross-reaction potential (CRP) is calculated and used as a complement of CR for evaluation of cross-reactions in immunoassays. Only the compounds with both high CR and high CRP can cause intense cross-reactions in immunoassays.
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SMITH JEROMEP, BIAGINI RAYMONDE, JOHNSON BELINDAC, OLSEN LARRYD, MACKENZIE BARBARAA, ROBERTSON SHIRLEYA, SAMMONS DEBORAHL, STRILEY CYNTHIAA, WALKER CYNTHIAV, SNAWDER JOHNE. Assessment of Exposure to PACs in Asphalt Workers: Measurement of Urinary PACs and their Metabolites with an ELISA Kit. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2011.604663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Beyer J, Jonsson G, Porte C, Krahn MM, Ariese F. Analytical methods for determining metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) pollutants in fish bile: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2010; 30:224-44. [PMID: 21787655 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2010.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 08/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolites in bile can serve as a tool for assessing environmental PAH exposure in fish. Biliary PAH metabolite levels can be measured using several analytical methods, including simple fluorescence assays (fixed fluorescence detection or synchronous fluorescence spectrometry); high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-F); gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) after deconjugation, extraction and derivatization of the bile sample, and finally by advanced liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) methods. The method alternatives are highly different both with regard to their analytical performance towards different PAH metabolite structures as well as in general technical demands and their suitability for different monitoring strategies. In the present review, the state-of-the-art for these different analytical methods is presented and the advantages and limitations of each approach as well as aspects related to analytical quality control and inter-laboratory comparability of data and availability of certified reference materials are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonny Beyer
- IRIS - International Research Institute of Stavanger, N-4068 Stavanger, Norway; University of Stavanger, N-4036 Stavanger, Norway
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Predicting the cross-reactivities of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ELISA by regression analysis and CoMFA methods. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 397:2551-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3785-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2010] [Revised: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Nudi AH, Wagener ADLR, Francioni E, Sette CB, Sartori AV, Scofield ADL. Biomarkers of PAHs exposure in crabs Ucides cordatus: laboratory assay and field study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2010; 110:137-145. [PMID: 20034625 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2009.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2009] [Revised: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 10/28/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Pyrene metabolites in urine and micronucleus in haemocytes of crabs (Ucides cordatus) were tested as biomarkers of exposure to oil derived PAHs in mangrove sediments. The goal was to verify how well pyrene metabolites in urine represent levels of oil contamination in mangroves and whether the micronuclei assay indicates exposure. For this, bioassays were performed using crabs from clean and contaminated areas, and field studies were conducted in four mangroves. Results of the bioassay show that U. cordatus assimilates, metabolises, and excretes pyrene in urine as pyrene-1-glucoside, pyrene-sulphate and pyrene-conjugate. OH-pyrene-sulphate was the major metabolite produced/excreted over 120 h of observation by crabs from the clean mangrove. The production/excretion of pyrene-1-glucoside in this case increased linearly with time at a rate of 2.3 x 10(-10)mol L(-1)day(-1). The number of micronuclei in haemocytes also increased with the time after pyrene inoculation, indicating that exposure to pyrene triggers genotoxic and mutagenic response. In crabs from a heavily oil-contaminated mangrove pyrene-1-glucoside was the major metabolite, an indication that production/excretion of a certain metabolite varies depending on adaptation of the animal to the environment. A highly significant correlation was found between the concentration of pyrene metabolites in urine of field crabs expressed as OH-pyrene equivalents and the sum of 38 PAHs determined in hepatopancreas/sediments (r=0.825, n=23, p<0.05). The response of these crabs to the micronuclei assay was not significantly related to concentration of individual or total PAHs. Nevertheless, metabolite results prove U. cordatus as excellent bioindicator for evaluating environmental quality in mangrove areas as related to PAHs and oil contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana H Nudi
- Departamento de Química Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Marques de São Vicente 225, 22453-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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15
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Koenig S, Savage C, Kim JP. Two novel non-destructive biomarkers to assess PAH-induced oxidative stress and porphyrinogenic effects in crabs. Biomarkers 2009; 14:452-64. [DOI: 10.3109/13547500903123026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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16
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Tairova ZM, Giessing AMB, Hansen R, Andersen O. 1-Hydroxypyrene as a biomarker of PAH exposure in the marine polychaete Nereis diversicolor. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2009; 67:38-46. [PMID: 19058843 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2008.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2008] [Revised: 10/08/2008] [Accepted: 10/16/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The possibility of using the pyrene metabolite 1-hydroxypyrene as a biomarker of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) exposure was investigated by exposure of the marine polychaete Nereis diversicolor to several PAHs in the laboratory. Animals were exposed to pyrene alone and to five different PAHs - phenanthrene, anthracene, pyrene, benzo[a]pyrene and benzo[k]flouranthene. After five days of exposure the concentrations of parent PAHs and 1-hydroxypyrene were identified using three different analytical methods, high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC/F), synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy (SFS) and gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (GC/MS). The SFS measurements of 1-hydroxypyrene were validated by the more sensitive method HPLC/F. The positive correlation between total PAHs and 1-hydroxypyrene concentrations in the polychaete tissues observed in experiments, suggests the feasibility of 1-hydroxypyrene as a suitable biomarker for total PAH exposure assessment. Furthermore, the possibility of employment of the simple and rapid SFS method instead of HPLC/F for biomarker analysis has been confirmed by the positive and significant correlation between results achieved by these two analytical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanna M Tairova
- Department of Science, Systems and Models, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
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17
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Koenig S, Savage C, Kim JP. Non-destructive assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure by fluorimetric analysis of crab urine. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2008; 56:2003-2008. [PMID: 18845307 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2008] [Revised: 08/13/2008] [Accepted: 08/18/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The detection of urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolites by fluorescence spectrophotometry is particularly effective as a practical means to assess PAH exposure in decapod crabs. However, the practical application of this technique has thus far only been tested for the European shore crab (Carcinus maenas) and only a few field studies have been conducted in heavily polluted areas. The present study evaluated the adaptability of this method as a rapid, cost-effective and non-destructive biomonitoring tool for the New Zealand crab species, Macrophthalmus hirtipes (stalk-eyed mud crab). A field gradient could be detected among the sites and different input sources of PAH contamination could be discerned through the differentiation of pyrogenic and petrogenic PAH signatures. The present study shows that the fluorescence screening method is sensitive to relatively low levels of PAH contamination and more broadly applicable to smaller crab species than C. maenas, for which the technique was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Koenig
- Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, 310 Castle Street, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
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18
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Jørgensen A, Giessing AMB, Rasmussen LJ, Andersen O. Biotransformation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in marine polychaetes. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2008; 65:171-186. [PMID: 18023473 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2007.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2007] [Revised: 09/21/2007] [Accepted: 10/10/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Deposit-feeding polychaetes constitute the dominant macrofauna in marine environments that tend to be depositional centers for organic matter and contaminants. Polychaetes are known to accumulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from both particulate and dissolved phases but less is known about the mechanisms underlying elimination of accumulated PAHs. An important pathway of elimination is through biotransformation which results in increased aqueous solubility of the otherwise hydrophobic PAHs. Biotransformation in marine polychaetes proceeds in a two phased process similar to those well studied in vertebrates, phase I enzymes belonging to the Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme family, along with a few phase II enzymes have been identified in marine polychaetes. In this review we aim at highlighting advances in the mechanistic understanding of PAH biotransformation in marine polychaetes by including data obtained using analytical chemistry and molecular techniques. In marine polychaetes induction of CYP enzyme activity after exposure to PAHs and the mechanism behind this is currently not well established. Conflicting results regarding the inducibility of CYP enzymes from polychaetes have led to the suggestion that induction in polychaetes is mediated through a different mechanistic pathway, which is corroborated by the apparent lack of an AhR homologous in marine polychaetes. Also, none of the currently identified CYP genes from marine polychaetes are isoforms of those regulated by the AhR in vertebrates. Relatively few studies of phase II enzymes in marine polychaetes are currently available and most of these studies have not measured the activity of specific phase II enzymes and identified phase II metabolites but used an extraction technique only allowing determination of the overall amount of phase II metabolites. Studies in insects and various marine invertebrates suggest that in invertebrates, enzymes in the important phase II enzyme family, UDP-glucuronosyl transferases primarily use glucoside as co-substrate as opposed to the vertebrate cosubstrate glucuronic acid. Recent studies in marine polychaetes have however identified glucuronidation of PAHs indicating no mechanistic difference in co-substrate preference among UDP-glucuronosyl transferases between vertebrates and marine polychaetes but it might suggest a mechanistic difference between marine polychaetes and insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Jørgensen
- Department of Science, Systems and Models, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
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19
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Myers SR, Zamora R, Ali Y, Cunningham CR, Wright T, Weeks J. ANALYSIS OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN AMNIOTIC FLUID SAMPLES FROM SMOKERS AND NONSMOKERS. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/10406630701779434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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20
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Simoneit BRT, Bi X, Oros DR, Medeiros PM, Sheng G, Fu J. Phenols and hydroxy-PAHs (arylphenols) as tracers for coal smoke particulate matter: source tests and ambient aerosol assessments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2007; 41:7294-7302. [PMID: 18044502 DOI: 10.1021/es071072u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Source tests were conducted to analyze and characterize diagnostic key tracers for emissions from burning of coals with various ranks. Ambient aerosol particulate matter was also collected in three areas of China and a background area in Corvallis, OR (U.S.) to confirm the presence of tracers specific for coal smoke. The results showed a series of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons and phenolic compounds, including PAHs and hydroxy-PAHs as the major tracers, as well as a significant unresolved complex mixture (UCM) of compounds. The tracers that were found characteristic of coal combustion processes included hydroxy-PAHs and PAHs. Atmospheric ambient samples from Beijing and Taiyuan, cities where coal is burned in northern China, revealed that the hydroxy-PAH tracers were present during the wintertime, but not in cities where coal is not commonly used (e.g., Guangzhou, South China). Thus, the mass of hydroxy-PAHs can be apportioned to coal smoke and the source strength modeled by summing the proportional contents of EC (elemental carbon), PAHs, UCM and alkanes with the hydroxy-PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd R T Simoneit
- Environmental Sciences Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA.
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21
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Nudi AH, de Luca Rebello Wagener A, Francioni E, de Lemos Scofield A, Sette CB, Veiga A. Validation of Ucides cordatus as a bioindicator of oil contamination and bioavailability in mangroves by evaluating sediment and crab PAH records. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2007; 33:315-27. [PMID: 17157381 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2006.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2006] [Revised: 09/22/2006] [Accepted: 11/01/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This study is aimed at verifying the relevance of Ucides cordatus as a bioindicator of oil contamination and PAH bioavailability in mangrove sediments. For this, crabs and sediment cores were sampled from five mangroves, including an area suspected of contamination derived from an MF380 oil spillage, and analyzed for the 16 PAH in the USEPA priority list as well as for the five series of alkylated homologues. Concentrations in sediments varied from 35 microg kg-1 in the lower core layer of the control area to 33,000 microg kg-1 in the upper layer of the most contaminated area. Total PAH contents in crabs varied from 206 to 62,000 microg kg-1 and were closely correlated to that in sediments. In general, individual PAH profiles in both matrices were in good agreement. Phenanthrenes, however, were more predominant in crabs making up to 30-46% of the Total PAH. Accumulation factors found in the range of 0.7 to 35 were highly variable even after normalizing concentrations for organic carbon and lipid content. Survival in highly contaminated environment and reliable record of environmental contamination in the tissue provide evidence that U. cordatus is an excellent bioindicator for oil in mangroves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Haddad Nudi
- Departamento de Química, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, 22543-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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22
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Dam E, Styrishave B, Rewitz KF, Andersen O. Intermoult duration affects the susceptibility of shore crabs Carcinus maenas (L.) to pyrene and their ability to metabolise it. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2006; 80:290-7. [PMID: 17056131 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2006.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2006] [Revised: 09/17/2006] [Accepted: 09/18/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We have studied pyrene (PYR) toxicity and the ability to metabolise and eliminate PYR in two colour forms of shore crabs Carcinus maenas (Linnaeus, 1758). In addition, we analysed differences in the expression of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) encoding specific cytochrome P450s (CYPs) by quantitative realtime PCR. Green and red intermoult crabs are considered to represent different adaptational life stages, allocating energy into growth (green) and reproduction (red), respectively. PYR injection resulted in significantly higher mortality in red crabs than in green crabs during a 51 days period. PYR is an ideal model PAH compound as only 1 phase I metabolite, 1-hydroxypyrene (1-HP) is formed, which is further conjugated to form various phase II metabolites. In this study, 1-HP was detected only after deconjugation of total PYR derived metabolites indicating that PYR hydroxylation (putatively CYP catalysed) conceivably is the rate-limiting step in PYR metabolism. Investigation of the accumulation of PYR and 1-HP (after deconjugation), in different tissues revealed a significantly higher accumulation of PYR in muscle and epidermis of red crabs compared to green crabs. Consistent with this observation, green crabs had significantly higher levels of 1-HP in the hepatopancreas than red crabs. This indicates that a larger portion of the injected PYR was metabolised into 1-HP in green crabs compared to red crabs. 1-HP was mainly detected in the hepatopancreas confirming its major role in the biotransformation of lipophilic compounds. CYP enzymes typically mediate the phase I hydroxylations of lipohilic contaminants such as PYR. In agreement with the higher rate of conversion of PYR into 1-HP in green compared to red crabs, increased abundance of several CYP transcripts was observed in green crabs. Furthermore, in vitro pyrene hydroxylase assays revealed significantly higher NADPH-depedent pyrene hydroxylase activity in hepatopancreas microsomes of green crabs (18.4 rhomol min(-1)mg(-1) protein) compared to red crabs (8 rhomol min(-1)mg(-1) protein). The present study demonstrates that the susceptibility of shore crabs to PYR and their ability to metabolise it is life stage dependent, conceivably due to life stage related differences in the expression of certain CYP genes, suggesting a mechanistic explanation of the observed life stage differences in PYR toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esben Dam
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Roskilde University, P.O. Box 260, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
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23
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Abstract
Marine pollution is a major threat to human and environmental health. Given the complexity of function of marine and coastal ecosystems, it is unlikely that a balanced view of the nature and extent of risk will easily be achieved if human and environmental risk assessments continue to be conducted in isolation. Here, the integration of assessment protocols is advocated as a holistic means of improving risk management. Biomarkers can provide the common conceptual framework and measurable endpoints necessary for successful integration. Examples are given of the ways in which suites of biomarkers encompassing molecular change, cellular pathology and physiological impairment can be developed and adapted for human and ecological scenarios. By placing a greater emphasis on the health status of impacted biota, it is more likely that risk assessment will develop the efficiency, reliability and predictive power to adapt to the unforeseen environmental threats that are an inevitable consequence of human development and global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara S Galloway
- Ecotoxicology and Stress Biology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8 AA, UK.
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Wang Y, Zhang W, Dong Y, Fan R, Sheng G, Fu J. Quantification of several monohydroxylated metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urine by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 383:804-9. [PMID: 16184365 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-0066-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2005] [Revised: 08/05/2005] [Accepted: 08/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatographic method with fluorescence detection has been developed to determine the urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites 2-hydroxynaphthalene, 2-hydroxyfluorene, 9-hydroxyphenanthrene, 1-hydroxypyrene and 3-hydroxybenz[a]pyrene. Solid phase extraction (SPE) was used to clean up the samples, and washing with 30% methanol was found to be the best way to remove interferences in the matrix. The method detection limits ranged from 0.044 microg/L for 1-hydroxypyrene to 1.615 microg/L for 3-hydroxybenz[a]pyrene, and the recoveries ranged between 40% for 3-hydroxybenz[a]pyrene and 99% for 2-hydroxynaphthalene. The within-day relative standard deviation was lowest for 2-hydroxynaphthalene at 0.67% and went up to 2.42% for 3-hydroxybenz[a]pyrene, and the between-day relative standard deviation ranged from 3.84% for 9-hydroxyphenanthrene to 10.42% for 2-hydroxyfluorene. The correlation coefficients were between 0.9962 and 0.9998. The developed method was successfully used to analyze samples from student volunteers in a high school.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment Protection & Resources Utilization, State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhuo Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, P.R. China
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25
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Liquid–liquid–liquid microextraction for the enrichment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites investigated with fluorescence spectroscopy and capillary electrophoresis. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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26
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Moore MN, Depledge MH, Readman JW, Paul Leonard DR. An integrated biomarker-based strategy for ecotoxicological evaluation of risk in environmental management. Mutat Res 2004; 552:247-68. [PMID: 15288556 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2004.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2004] [Revised: 05/14/2004] [Accepted: 05/17/2004] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Environmental impacts by both natural events and man-made interventions are a fact of life; and developing the capacity to minimise these impacts and their harmful consequences for biological resources, ecosystems and human health is a daunting task for environmental legislators and regulators. A major challenge in impact and risk assessment, as part of integrated environmental management (IEM), is to link harmful effects of pollution (including toxic chemicals) in individual sentinel animals to their ecological consequences. This obstacle has resulted in a knowledge-gap for those seeking to develop effective policies for sustainable use of resources and environmental protection. Part of the solution to this problem may lie with the use of diagnostic clinical-type laboratory-based ecotoxicological tests or biomarkers, utilising sentinel animals as integrators of pollution, coupled with direct immunochemical tests for contaminants. These rapid and cost-effective ecotoxicological tools can provide information on the health status of individuals and populations based on relatively small samples of individuals. In the context of ecosystem status or health of the environment, biomarkers are also being used to link processes of molecular and cellular damage through to higher levels (i.e., prognostic capability), where they can result in pathology with reduced physiological performance and reproductive success. Complex issues are involved in evaluating environmental risk, such as the effects of the physico-chemical environment on the speciation and uptake of pollutant chemicals and inherent inter-individual and inter-species differences in vulnerability to toxicity; and the toxicity of complex mixtures. Effectively linking the impact of pollutants through the various hierarchical levels of biological organisation to ecosystem and human health requires a pragmatic integrated approach based on existing information that either links or correlates processes of pollutant uptake, detoxication and pathology with each other and higher level effects. It is further proposed here that this process will be facilitated by pursuing a holistic or whole systems approach with the development of computational simulation models of cells, organs and animals in tandem with empirical data (i.e., the middle-out approach). In conclusion, an effective integrated environmental management strategy to secure resource sustainability requires an integrated capability for risk assessment and prediction. Furthermore, if such a strategy is to influence and help in the formulation of environmental policy decisions, then it is crucial to demonstrate scientific robustness of predictions concerning the long-term consequences of pollution to politicians, industrialists and environmental managers; and also increase stakeholder awareness of environmental problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael N Moore
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, West Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK.
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27
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Watson GM, Andersen OK, Galloway TS, Depledge MH. Rapid assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure in decapod crustaceans by fluorimetric analysis of urine and haemolymph. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2004; 67:127-142. [PMID: 15003698 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2003.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2002] [Revised: 11/03/2003] [Accepted: 11/17/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous and potentially harmful contaminants of the coastal and marine environment. Studies of their bioavailability, disposition and metabolism in marine organisms are therefore important for environmental monitoring purposes. Detecting PAH compounds in the biological fluids of marine organisms provides a measure of their environmental exposure to PAHs. In the present study, the shore crab Carcinus maenas was exposed to waterborne pyrene for 48h. Urine and haemolymph samples were analysed by direct fluorimetry utilising both fixed wavelength (FF) and synchronous scanning fluorescence (SFS) techniques. Samples from exposed crabs exhibited fluorescence due to 1-OH pyrene equivalents, whilst samples from control crabs did not. Levels of equivalents were exposure dependent. Urine was shown to be a more suitable medium for the analysis of PAH equivalents. In a separate experiment, depuration of pyrene equivalents in urine was monitored over time. Urinary levels reached a maximum 2-4 days after initial exposure and decreased steadily thereafter. No unchanged parent pyrene was detected in samples from exposed crabs. While fluorimetric techniques could discriminate between 1-OH pyrene equivalents and parent pyrene, identification of specific metabolites was only possible with HPLC/F analysis. This revealed crabs had bio-transformed pyrene into 3 major conjugates of 1-OH pyrene, which were excreted in the urine. While such biotransformation of PAH is well documented in fish and several crustaceans, this is the first study to use direct fluorimetry to detect PAH equivalents in exposed crustacean urine. Fluorimetric results correlated well with those obtained by HPLC/F and ELISA techniques. The technique has great potential as a rapid, inexpensive and non-destructive technique for field biomonitoring of PAH exposure in crustaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giles M Watson
- School of Biological Sciences, Plymouth Environmental Research Centre, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK.
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