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Patinglag L, Esfahani MMN, Ragunathan K, He P, Brown NJ, Archibald SJ, Pamme N, Tarn MD. On-chip electrochemical detection of glucose towards the miniaturised quality control of carbohydrate-based radiotracers. Analyst 2020; 145:4920-4930. [DOI: 10.1039/c9an01881f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We have developed two microfluidic platforms for the electrochemical detection of glucose, using either a screen-printed electrode or wire electrodes, towards the quality control testing of carbohydrate-based radiotracers used in medical imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Patinglag
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Hull
- Hull
- UK
| | | | | | - Ping He
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Hull
- Hull
- UK
- Positron Emission Tomography Research Centre
| | | | - Stephen J. Archibald
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Hull
- Hull
- UK
- Positron Emission Tomography Research Centre
| | - Nicole Pamme
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Hull
- Hull
- UK
| | - Mark D. Tarn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Hull
- Hull
- UK
- Positron Emission Tomography Research Centre
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2
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Prospects of pulsed amperometric detection in flow-based analytical systems - A review. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1052:10-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.10.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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3
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Coufalík P, Čmelík R, Křůmal K, Čapka L, Mikuška P. Determination of short-term changes in levoglucosan and dehydroabietic acid in aerosols with Condensation Growth Unit - Aerosol Counterflow Two-Jets Unit - LC-MS. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 210:279-286. [PMID: 30005349 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Residential areas in urban agglomerations and also in the countryside are often burdened with high concentrations of aerosol in winter, this originating from local combustion sources. Aerosol sources can be identified by a monitoring of organic markers of biomass burning. Abundant markers of biomass and softwood burning are levoglucosan and dehydroabietic acid, respectively. The aim of this research was to develop an analytical method for the determination of levoglucosan and dehydroabietic acid in aerosol over short time periods involving aerosol sampling into liquid samples, quantitative pre-concentration of analytes, and their determination by liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry. A Condensation Growth Unit - Aerosol Counterflow Two-Jets Unit (CGU-ACTJU) sampler was used for the quantitative collection of aerosol directly into water. Dehydroabietic acid was pre-concentrated from the aqueous phase by solid phase extraction (C-18). Afterwards, levoglucosan in water samples was concentrated on a vacuum evaporator. The detection limits of levoglucosan and dehydroabietic acid were 28 ng m-3 and 5.5 ng m-3, respectively. The results obtained by the developed method were compared with an independent determination of both markers in aerosol by means of the sampling of aerosols on a filter and subsequent analysis by GC-MS. The developed method demonstrated sufficient agreement with the independent determination for generated standard aerosol as well as for urban aerosol over an eight-day winter campaign. The presented method allows the monitoring of concentration changes in biomass burning markers in 2-h intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Coufalík
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Veveří 97, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Richard Čmelík
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Veveří 97, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Křůmal
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Veveří 97, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Čapka
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Veveří 97, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Mikuška
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Veveří 97, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic
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4
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Janoszka K, Czaplicka M. Methods for the determination of levoglucosan and other sugar anhydrides as biomass burning tracers in environmental samples - A review. J Sep Sci 2018; 42:319-329. [PMID: 30350917 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, there is a great pressure on finding an alternative source of energy. One such source is biomass combustion. Biomass is any organic matter such as wood, crops, seaweed, and animal wastes that during combustion emits energy but also smoke and solid residue. Biomass burning tracers, such as levoglucosan, mannosan and galactosan, are sugar anhydrides produced during burning of biomass that contain cellulose and hemicellulose. Analysis of environmental samples for tracers is the source of information about the type of biofuel burned. In this article, a literature review of the preparation and determination of biomass burning tracers for environmental samples was presented. The review discusses the preparation of different samples (particulate matter, soils, sediments, biological samples), extraction, derivatization, and determination. Amongst determination methods the most popular was gas chromatography with mass spectrometry but other techniques were also used, such as high-performance liquid chromatography with aerosol charge detection, capillary electrophoresis with pulsed amperometric detection, and ion chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Janoszka
- Institute of Environmental Engineering Polish Academy of Science, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Marianna Czaplicka
- Institute of Environmental Engineering Polish Academy of Science, Zabrze, Poland
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5
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Nozière B, Kalberer M, Claeys M, Allan J, D'Anna B, Decesari S, Finessi E, Glasius M, Grgić I, Hamilton JF, Hoffmann T, Iinuma Y, Jaoui M, Kahnt A, Kampf CJ, Kourtchev I, Maenhaut W, Marsden N, Saarikoski S, Schnelle-Kreis J, Surratt JD, Szidat S, Szmigielski R, Wisthaler A. The molecular identification of organic compounds in the atmosphere: state of the art and challenges. Chem Rev 2015; 115:3919-83. [PMID: 25647604 DOI: 10.1021/cr5003485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Nozière
- †Ircelyon/CNRS and Université Lyon 1, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | - Barbara D'Anna
- †Ircelyon/CNRS and Université Lyon 1, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | - Irena Grgić
- ○National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | | | - Yoshiteru Iinuma
- ¶Leibniz-Institut für Troposphärenforschung, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Ivan Kourtchev
- ‡University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Willy Maenhaut
- §University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium.,□Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Jason D Surratt
- ▼University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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6
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Fedorowski J, LaCourse WR. A review of pulsed electrochemical detection following liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 861:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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7
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Review of progress in solvent-extraction techniques for the determination of polyaromatic hydrocarbons as airborne pollutants. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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8
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Mizuno-Yasuhira A, Jingu S, Okuyama S. Development and validation of a liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometric method for the quantification of 5-thio-d-glucose in rat and human plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 885-886:8-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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9
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Saarnio K, Teinilä K, Aurela M, Timonen H, Hillamo R. High-performance anion-exchange chromatography–mass spectrometry method for determination of levoglucosan, mannosan, and galactosan in atmospheric fine particulate matter. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:2253-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4151-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Revised: 08/11/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Vehovec T, Obreza A. Review of operating principle and applications of the charged aerosol detector. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:1549-56. [PMID: 20083252 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2009] [Revised: 12/27/2009] [Accepted: 01/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recently a new detection method, based upon aerosol charging (the charged aerosol detector (CAD)) has been introduced as an alternative to evaporative light-scattering detector (ELSD), chemiluminescent nitrogen detector and refractive index detector for detection of non-ultraviolet and weakly ultraviolet active compounds and for UV-absorbing compounds in the absence of standards. The content of this review article includes description of operation principle, advantages and disadvantages of CAD system, and short reports of selected applications of this detector. The main advantages of CAD detector are unique performance characteristics: better sensitivity than ELSD system, a dynamic range of up to 4 orders of magnitude, ease of use and constancy of response factors. Both detectors are mass dependent and the response generated does not depend on the spectral or physicochemical properties of the analyte. This attractive feature of a detection technique generating universal response factors is the potential use of a single, universal standard for calibration against which all other compounds or impurities can be qualified. CAD also has the same limitation as ELSD, namely, the response is affected by mobile-phase composition. This problem has been resolved by using inverse gradient compensation as is done for high pressure liquid chromatography and supercritical fluid chromatography. CAD has been applied for the analysis of structurally diverse compounds used in the pharmaceutical, chemical, food, and consumer products industries and in life science research. They include nonvolatile and semivolatile neutral, acidic, basic, and zwitterionic compounds, both polar and nonpolar (e.g. lipids, proteins, steroids, polymers, carbohydrates, peptides).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Vehovec
- Stability Testing Department, Krka d.d., Smarjeska cesta 6, 8501 Novo mesto, Slovenia.
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11
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12
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High-sensitivity microchip electrophoresis determination of inorganic anions and oxalate in atmospheric aerosols with adjustable selectivity and conductivity detection. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:1503-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.12.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2008] [Revised: 12/21/2008] [Accepted: 12/29/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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13
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Berg C, Valdez DC, Bergeron P, Mora MF, Garcia CD, Ayon A. Lab-on-a-robot: Integrated microchip CE, power supply, electrochemical detector, wireless unit, and mobile platform. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:4914-21. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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14
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Gambaro A, Zangrando R, Gabrielli P, Barbante C, Cescon P. Direct Determination of Levoglucosan at the Picogram per Milliliter Level in Antarctic Ice by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography/Electrospray Ionization Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2008; 80:1649-55. [DOI: 10.1021/ac701655x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gambaro
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Venice, Ca' Foscari, 30123 Venice, Italy, Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental ProcessesCNR, 30123 Venice, Italy, and School of Earth Sciences and Byrd Polar Research Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Roberta Zangrando
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Venice, Ca' Foscari, 30123 Venice, Italy, Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental ProcessesCNR, 30123 Venice, Italy, and School of Earth Sciences and Byrd Polar Research Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Paolo Gabrielli
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Venice, Ca' Foscari, 30123 Venice, Italy, Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental ProcessesCNR, 30123 Venice, Italy, and School of Earth Sciences and Byrd Polar Research Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Carlo Barbante
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Venice, Ca' Foscari, 30123 Venice, Italy, Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental ProcessesCNR, 30123 Venice, Italy, and School of Earth Sciences and Byrd Polar Research Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Paolo Cescon
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Venice, Ca' Foscari, 30123 Venice, Italy, Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental ProcessesCNR, 30123 Venice, Italy, and School of Earth Sciences and Byrd Polar Research Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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15
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Mora MF, Felhofer J, Ayon A, Garcia CD. Surfactants as a Preferred Option to Improve Separation and Electrochemical Detection in Capillary Electrophoresis. ANAL LETT 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710701792927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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16
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CREVILLEN A, HERVAS M, LOPEZ M, GONZALEZ M, ESCARPA A. Real sample analysis on microfluidic devices☆. Talanta 2007; 74:342-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2007.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2007] [Revised: 09/27/2007] [Accepted: 10/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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17
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Revermann T, Götz S, Künnemeyer J, Karst U. Quantitative analysis by microchip capillary electrophoresis: current limitations and problem-solving strategies. Analyst 2007; 133:167-74. [PMID: 18227937 DOI: 10.1039/b711165g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Obstacles and possible solutions for the application of microchip capillary electrophoresis in quantitative analysis are described and critically discussed. Differences between the phenomena occurring during conventional capillary electrophoresis and microchip-based capillary electrophoresis are pointed out, with particular focus on electrolysis, bubble formation, clogging, surface interactions, injection and aspects related to the power supply. Current drawbacks are specified and improvements for successful quantitative microchip capillary electrophoresis are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Revermann
- Chemical Analysis Group and MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
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18
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Determination of saccharides in atmospheric aerosol using anion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography and pulsed-amperometric detection. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1171:37-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2007] [Revised: 08/31/2007] [Accepted: 09/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Advances in amperometric and conductometric detection in capillary and chip-based electrophoresis. Mikrochim Acta 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-007-0802-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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20
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Du Y, Wang E. Capillary electrophoresis and microchip capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical and electrochemiluminescence detection. J Sep Sci 2007; 30:875-90. [PMID: 17536733 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200600472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances and key strategies in capillary electrophoresis and microchip CE with electrochemical detection (ECD) and electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detection are reviewed. This article consists of four main parts: CE-ECD; microchip CE-ECD; CE-ECL; and microchip CE-ECL. It is expected that ECD and ECL will become powerful tools for CE microchip systems and will lead to the creation of truly disposable devices. The focus is on papers published in the last two years (from 2005 to 2006).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, PR China
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21
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Noblitt SD, Mazzoleni LR, Hering SV, Collett JL, Henry CS. Separation of common organic and inorganic anions in atmospheric aerosols using a piperazine buffer and capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1154:400-6. [PMID: 17462662 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.03.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2007] [Revised: 03/11/2007] [Accepted: 03/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The ability to monitor and quantify anionic components of aerosols is important for developing a better fundamental understanding of temporal and spatial variations in aerosol composition. Of the many methods that can be used to detect anions, capillary electrophoresis is among the most attractive ones because of its high separation efficiency, high resolving power for ionic compounds, and ability to be miniaturized for in-field monitoring. Here we present a method to baseline resolve common aerosol components nitrate, sulfate, chloride, and over two dozen organic acids in a single separation. A capillary electrophoresis separation utilizing a pH 5.78 piperazine buffer with 1,5-naphthalenedisulfonic acid as a probe for indirect UV absorbance detection was developed for this analysis. Previously, two different buffers were required to adequately separate all of these compounds. Electrophoretic mobilities, limits of detection, and migration time reproducibilities were measured for 38 organic and 8 inorganic anions. For solutions of low conductivity, detection limits for electrokinetic injections were found to be up to two orders of magnitude lower (0.2-0.4 microM) than those for pressure injection (1-45 microM). This separation was optimized and used for routine analysis of aqueous extracts of ambient atmospheric aerosols, but may be extended to other samples containing similar mixtures of anions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Noblitt
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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22
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Vickers JA, Caulum MM, Henry CS. Generation of hydrophilic poly(dimethylsiloxane) for high-performance microchip electrophoresis. Anal Chem 2007; 78:7446-52. [PMID: 17073411 DOI: 10.1021/ac0609632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) has become one of the most widely used materials for microchip capillary electrophoresis and microfluidics. The popularity of this material is the result of its low cost, simple fabrication, and rugged elastomeric properties. The hydrophobic nature of PDMS, however, limits its applicability for microchip CE, microfluidic patterning, and other nonelectrophoresis applications. The surface of PDMS can be made hydrophilic using a simple air plasma treatment; however, this property is quickly lost through hydrophobic recovery caused by diffusion of unreacted oligomer to the surface. Here, a simple approach for the generation of hydrophilic PDMS with long-term stability in air is presented. PDMS is rendered hydrophilic through a simple two-step extraction/oxidation process. First, PDMS is extracted in a series of solvents designed to remove unreacted oligomers from the bulk phase. Second, the oligomer-free PDMS is oxidized in a simple air plasma, generating a stable layer of hydrophilic SiO2. The conversion of surface-bound siloxane to SiO2 was followed with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. SiO2 on extracted-oxidized PDMS was stable for 7 days in air as compared to less than 3 h for native PDMS. Furthermore, the contact angle for modified PDMS was reduced to <40 degrees and remained low throughout the experiments. As a result of the decreased contact angle, capillary channels self-wet through capillary action, making the microchannels much easier to fill. Finally, the modification significantly improved the performance of the devices for microchip electrophoresis. The electroosmotic flow increased from 4.1 x 10(-4) to 6.8 x 10(-4) cm(2)/V.s for native compared to oxidized PDMS. Separation efficiencies for electrochemical detection also increased from 50 000 to 400 000 N/m for a 1.1-nL injection volume. The result of this modification is a significant improvement in the performance of PDMS for microchip electrophoresis and microfluidic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Vickers
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, USA
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Revermann T, Götz S, Karst U. Quantitative analysis of thiols in consumer products on a microfluidic CE chip with fluorescence detection. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:1154-60. [PMID: 17340645 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A microchip CE-based method for the quantification of the thiols mercaptoethanoic acid (MAA) and 2-mercaptopropionic acid (2-MPA) in depilatory cream and cold wave lotions was developed. The thiols were first derivatized with the fluorogenic reagent ammonium-7-fluorobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole-4-sulfonate (SBD-F). The derivatives were separated within only 20 s by microchip CE and detected by their fluorescence. Conventional CE with diode array detection and LC with fluorescence detection were used for validation. The internal standard 3-mercaptopropionic acid (3-MPA) provided RSDs of multiple injections of only 4% or less for the MCE approach. LOD is 2 microM, LOQ 6 microM, and the linear range comprises nearly three decades of concentration starting at the LOQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Revermann
- Chemical Analysis Group and MESA, Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
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24
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Hoffmann D, Iinuma Y, Herrmann H. Development of a method for fast analysis of phenolic molecular markers in biomass burning particles using high performance liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1143:168-75. [PMID: 17257609 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2006] [Revised: 01/03/2007] [Accepted: 01/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A high performance liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation mass spectrometry (HPLC/APCI-MS) method for the fast analysis of 21 biomass burning tracers in particles samples has been developed. Separation was done with a Zorbax SB-C18 Rapid Resolution cartridge column (4.6 mm x 30 mm x 3.5 microm), using a CH3OH/H2O/CH3COOH gradient at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. The observed relative standard deviations (RSD) for the retention times and peak areas were <0.6 and <15%, respectively. With the short analytical column and the sensitive detector the total analysis time for the standard mixture was reduced to 15 min. Instrumental detection limits were <1 microM (S/N=3) for all standard compounds except homovanillic acid (4.3 microM). The suitability of the developed method for the analysis of biomass burning particles is demonstrated by the measurements of five different real biomass burning samples. The results of these measurements showed clear differences between the different kinds of biomass and they are in good agreement with results from earlier studies in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Hoffmann
- Leibniz-Institut für Troposphärenforschung, Permoserstr. 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
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25
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Ding Y, Mora MF, Merrill GN, Garcia CD. The effects of alkyl sulfates on the analysis of phenolic compounds by microchip capillary electrophoresis with pulsed amperometric detection. Analyst 2007; 132:997-1004. [PMID: 17893803 DOI: 10.1039/b704364c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The effects of different surfactants (sodium 2-ethylhexyl sulfate, sodium decyl sulfate, sodium dodecyl sulfate and sodium tetradecyl sulfate) on the analysis of phenolic compounds by microchip-CE with pulsed amperometric detection were investigated. Using sodium decyl sulfate as a model surfactant, the effects of concentration and pH were examined. Under the optimized conditions, the analysis of six phenolic compounds was performed and compared with control runs performed without surfactant. When these surfactants were present in the run buffer, decreases in the migration time and increases in the run-to-run reproducibility were observed. Systematic improvements in the electrochemical response for the phenolic compounds were also obtained. According to the results presented, surfactants enhance the analyte-electrode interaction and facilitate the electron transfer process. These results should allow a more rational selection of the surfactants based on their electrophoretic and electrochemical effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsheng Ding
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
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26
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Rashid M, Auger V, Williams L, Dou Y, Pruneanu S, Ali Z. Polymer based microchip for combined capillary electrophoresis and electrochemical detection. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2007; 2007:111-114. [PMID: 18001901 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2007.4352235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We have developed Microsystems with capillary electrophoresis and an electrochemical detector (CE-ECD). The microfabricated CE-ECD systems can be used as a disposable device and the characteristics have been optimized for application in electrochemical detection. The system has been realized on a Polystyrene (PS) polymer chip with gold electrodes. The injection and separation channels were produced by relatively simple and inexpensive methods. An electro-osmotic flow system (EOF) and a three-electrode electrochemical detector were fabricated on the same substrate in a single process. Cyclic voltammetry has been used to test the electrodes behaviour with catechol and dopamine in buffers of different pH. In this article, we give an overview on the methodological aspects of coupling ED (electrochemical Detection) with Capillary Electrophoretic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rashid
- Centre for Nano & Microsystems, School of Science and Technology, University of Teesside, TS1 3BA, UK.
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Götz S, Revermann T, Karst U. Quantitative on-chip determination of taurine in energy and sports drinks. LAB ON A CHIP 2007; 7:93-7. [PMID: 17180210 DOI: 10.1039/b609739a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A new method for the quantitative determination of taurine in beverages by microchip electrophoresis was developed. A rapid and simple sample preparation procedure, only including two dilution steps and the addition of the fluorogenic labeling reagent NBD-Cl (4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan), is applied. Using a home-built wavelength-resolved fluorescence detector, the separation and determination of the taurine derivative could be achieved in only 12 s, while the additional spectral information was utilized to ensure peak purity. Spanning from 0.1 to 50 mmol L(-1), the linear dynamic range of the applied method was adapted to the apparent contents in common taurine containing beverages. The smallest detectable amount of the taurine derivative actually injected into the separation channel was as low as 60 amol. The method was successfully validated by an independent liquid chromatographic method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Götz
- University of Twente, Chemical Analysis Group and MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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Ding Y, Garcia CD. Application of microchip-CE electrophoresis to follow the degradation of phenolic acids by aquatic plants. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:5119-27. [PMID: 17161003 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we describe the separation and detection of six phenolic acids using an electrophoretic microchip with pulsed amperometric detection (PAD). The selected phenolic acids are particularly important because of their biological activity. The analysis of these compounds is typically performed by chromatography or standard CE coupled with a wide variety of detection modes. However, these methods are slow, labor intensive, involve a multistep solvent extraction, require skilled personnel, or use bulky and expensive instrumentation. In contrast, microchip CE offers the possibility of performing simpler, less expensive, and faster analysis. In addition, integrated devices can be custom-fabricated and incorporated with portable computers to perform on-site analysis. In the present report, the effect of the separation potential, buffer pH and composition, injection time and PAD parameters were studied in an effort to optimize both the separation and detection of these phenolic acids. Using the optimized conditions, the analysis can be performed in less than 3 min, with detection limits ranging from 0.73 microM (0.10 microg/mL) for 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid to 2.12 microM (0.29 microg/mL) for salicylic acid. In order to demonstrate the capabilities of the device, the degradation of a mixture of these acids by two aquatic plants was followed using the optimized conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsheng Ding
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
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Ding Y, Garcia C. Determination of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs in Serum by Microchip Capillary Electrophoresis with Electrochemical Detection. ELECTROANAL 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200603648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Dittrich PS, Tachikawa K, Manz A. Micro Total Analysis Systems. Latest Advancements and Trends. Anal Chem 2006; 78:3887-908. [PMID: 16771530 DOI: 10.1021/ac0605602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 564] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Petra S Dittrich
- Institute for Analytical Sciences, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Strasse 11, D-44139 Dortmund, Germany
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Dabek-Zlotorzynska E, Celo V. Recent advances in capillary electrophoresis and capillary electrochromatography of pollutants. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:304-22. [PMID: 16315167 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in the CE and CEC separation, detection, and sample preparation methodologies applied to the determination of a variety of compounds having current or potential environmental relevance have been overviewed. The reviewed literature has illustrated the wide range of CE applications, indicating the continuing interest in CE and CEC in the environmental field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Dabek-Zlotorzynska
- Analysis and Air Quality Division, Environmental Technology Centre, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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Ding Y, Mora MF, Garcia CD. Analysis of alkyl gallates and nordihydroguaiaretic acid using plastic capillary electrophoresis – microchips. Anal Chim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Dixon RW, Baltzell G. Determination of levoglucosan in atmospheric aerosols using high performance liquid chromatography with aerosol charge detection. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1109:214-21. [PMID: 16448658 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2005] [Revised: 01/01/2006] [Accepted: 01/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive method for analysis of levoglucosan (1,6-anhydro-beta,d-glucopyranose) and other monosaccharide anhydrides, compounds present in biomass combustion smoke, was investigated employing high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with recently developed aerosol charge detection. Aerosol charge detection involves the conversion of the column effluent to an aerosol, which is charged to produce a current. Use of a cation-exchange column and a pure water eluent was found to separate levoglucosan and mannosan from other aerosol components with a detection limit of about 90 ng mL(-1) for levoglucosan or 5 ng injected. This method was demonstrated by successful analysis of aerosol filter samples from three locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy W Dixon
- Chemistry Department, California State University, 6000 J Street, Sacramento, CA 95819-6057, USA.
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Liu Y, MacDonald DA, Yu XY, Hering SV, Collett JL, Henry CS. Analysis of anions in ambient aerosols by microchip capillary electrophoresis. Analyst 2006; 131:1226-31. [PMID: 17066191 DOI: 10.1039/b608945c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We describe a microchip capillary electrophoresis method for the analysis of nitrate and sulfate in ambient aerosols. Investigating the chemical composition of ambient aerosol particles is essential for understanding their sources and effects. Significant progress has been made towards developing mass spectrometry-based instrumentation for rapid qualitative analysis of aerosols. Alternative methods for rapid quantification of selected high abundance compounds are needed to augment the capacity for widespread routine analysis. Such methods could provide much higher temporal and spatial resolution than can be achieved currently. Inorganic anions comprise a large percentage of particulate mass, with nitrate and sulfate among the most abundant species. While ion chromatography has proven very useful for analyzing extracts of time-integrated ambient aerosol samples collected on filters and for semi-continuous, on-line particle composition measurements, there is a growing need for development of new compact, inexpensive approaches to routine on-line aerosol ion analysis for deployment in spatially dense, atmospheric measurement networks. Microchip capillary electrophoresis provides the necessary speed and portability to address this need. In this report, on-column contact conductivity detection is used with hydrodynamic injection to create a simple microchip instrument for analysis of nitrate and sulfate. On-column contact conductivity detection was achieved using a Pd decoupler placed upstream from the working electrodes. Microchips containing two Au or Pd working electrodes showed a good linear range (5-500 microM) and low limits-of-detection for sulfate and nitrate, with Au providing the lowest detection limits (1 microM) for both ions. The completed microchip system was used to analyze ambient aerosol filter samples. Nitrate and sulfate concentrations measured by the microchip matched the concentrations measured by ion chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1872, USA
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Ding Y, Garcia CD. Pulsed amperometric detection with poly(dimethylsiloxane)-fabricated capillary electrophoresis microchips for the determination of EPA priority pollutants. Analyst 2006; 131:208-14. [PMID: 16440084 DOI: 10.1039/b509405d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A miniaturized analytical system for separation and detection of three EPA priority phenolic pollutants, based on a poly(dimethylsiloxane)-fabricated capillary electrophoresis microchip and pulsed amperometric detection is described. The approach offers a rapid (less than 2 min), simultaneous measurement of three phenolic pollutants: phenol, 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol and pentachlorophenol. The highly stable response (RSD = 6.1%) observed for repetitive injections (n > 100) reflects the effectiveness of Au working electrode cleaned by pulsed amperometric detection. The effect of solution conditions, separation potential and detection waveform were optimized for both the separation and detection of phenols. Under the optimum conditions (5.0 mM phosphate buffer pH = 12.4, detection potential: 0.7 V, separation potential: 1200 V, injection time: 10 s) the baseline separation of the three selected compounds was achieved. Limits of detection of 2.2 microM (2.8 fmol), 0.9 microM (1.1 fmol), and 1.3 microM (1.6 fmol) were achieved for phenol, 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol and pentachlorophenol, respectively. A local city water sample and two over-the-counter sore-throat medicines were analyzed in order to demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed technique to face real applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsheng Ding
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
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Schkolnik G, Rudich Y. Detection and quantification of levoglucosan in atmospheric aerosols: a review. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 385:26-33. [PMID: 16317539 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-0168-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2005] [Revised: 10/08/2005] [Accepted: 10/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Levoglucosan is a tracer for biomass burning sources in atmospheric aerosol particles. Therefore, much effort has been recently put into developing methods for its quantification. This review describes and compares both established and emerging analytical methods for levoglucosan quantification in ambient aerosol samples, with the special needs of the environmental analytical chemist in mind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gal Schkolnik
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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García C, Henry C. Coupling Capillary Electrophoresis and Pulsed Electrochemical Detection. ELECTROANAL 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200403235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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