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Fung PL, Savadkoohi M, Zaidan MA, Niemi JV, Timonen H, Pandolfi M, Alastuey A, Querol X, Hussein T, Petäjä T. Constructing transferable and interpretable machine learning models for black carbon concentrations. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 184:108449. [PMID: 38286044 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) has received increasing attention from researchers due to its adverse health effects. However, in-situ BC measurements are often not included as a regulated variable in air quality monitoring networks. Machine learning (ML) models have been studied extensively to serve as virtual sensors to complement the reference instruments. This study evaluates and compares three white-box (WB) and four black-box (BB) ML models to estimate BC concentrations, with the focus to show their transferability and interpretability. We train the models with the long-term air pollutant and weather measurements in Barcelona urban background site, and test them in other European urban and traffic sites. Despite the difference in geographical locations and measurement sites, BC correlates the strongest with particle number concentration of accumulation mode (PNacc, r = 0.73-0.85) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2, r = 0.68-0.85) and the weakest with meteorological parameters. Due to its similarity of correlation behaviour, the ML models trained in Barcelona performs prominently at the traffic site in Helsinki (R2 = 0.80-0.86; mean absolute error MAE = 3.90-4.73 %) and at the urban background site in Dresden (R2 = 0.79-0.84; MAE = 4.23-4.82 %). WB models appear to explain less variability of BC than BB models, long short-term memory (LSTM) model of which outperforms the rest of the models. In terms of interpretability, we adopt several methods for individual model to quantify and normalize the relative importance of each input feature. The overall static relative importance commonly used for WB models demonstrate varying results from the dynamic values utilized to show local contribution used for BB models. PNacc and NO2 on average have the strongest absolute static contribution; however, they simultaneously impact the estimation positively and negatively at different sites. This comprehensive analysis demonstrates that the possibility of these interpretable air pollutant ML models to be transfered across space and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pak Lun Fung
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00560, Finland; Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00560, Finland.
| | - Marjan Savadkoohi
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Mining, Industrial and ICT Engineering (EMIT), Manresa School of Engineering (EPSEM), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Manresa 08242, Spain.
| | - Martha Arbayani Zaidan
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00560, Finland; Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00560, Finland; Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00560, Finland.
| | - Jarkko V Niemi
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY), Helsinki FI-00066, Finland.
| | - Hilkka Timonen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki FI-00560, Finland.
| | - Marco Pandolfi
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Andrés Alastuey
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Xavier Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Tareq Hussein
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00560, Finland; Environmental and Atmospheric Research Laboratory (EARL), Department of Physics, School of Science, Amman 11942, Jordan.
| | - Tuukka Petäjä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00560, Finland.
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Bekbulat B, Agrawal P, Allen RW, Baum M, Boldbaatar B, Clark LP, Galsuren J, Hystad P, L’Orange C, Vakacherla S, Volckens J, Marshall JD. Application of an Ultra-Low-Cost Passive Sampler for Light-Absorbing Carbon in Mongolia. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:8977. [PMID: 37960676 PMCID: PMC10647794 DOI: 10.3390/s23218977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Low-cost, long-term measures of air pollution concentrations are often needed for epidemiological studies and policy analyses of household air pollution. The Washington passive sampler (WPS), an ultra-low-cost method for measuring the long-term average levels of light-absorbing carbon (LAC) air pollution, uses digital images to measure the changes in the reflectance of a passively exposed paper filter. A prior publication on WPS reported high precision and reproducibility. Here, we deployed three methods to each of 10 households in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia: one PurpleAir for PM2.5; two ultrasonic personal aerosol samplers (UPAS) with quartz filters for the thermal-optical analysis of elemental carbon (EC); and two WPS for LAC. We compared multiple rounds of 4-week-average measurements. The analyses calibrating the LAC to the elemental carbon measurement suggest that 1 µg of EC/m3 corresponds to 62 PI/month (R2 = 0.83). The EC-LAC calibration curve indicates an accuracy (root-mean-square error) of 3.1 µg of EC/m3, or ~21% of the average elemental carbon concentration. The RMSE values observed here for the WPS are comparable to the reported accuracy levels for other methods, including reference methods. Based on the precision and accuracy results shown here, as well as the increased simplicity of deployment, the WPS may merit further consideration for studying air quality in homes that use solid fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bujin Bekbulat
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (B.B.); (L.P.C.)
| | - Pratyush Agrawal
- Center for Study of Science, Technology & Policy, Bengaluru 560095, Karnataka, India; (P.A.); (S.V.)
| | - Ryan W. Allen
- Department of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada;
| | | | - Buyantushig Boldbaatar
- School of Public Health, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 14210, Mongolia; (B.B.); (J.G.)
| | - Lara P. Clark
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (B.B.); (L.P.C.)
| | - Jargalsaikhan Galsuren
- School of Public Health, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 14210, Mongolia; (B.B.); (J.G.)
| | - Perry Hystad
- Department of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;
| | - Christian L’Orange
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (C.L.); (J.V.)
| | - Sreekanth Vakacherla
- Center for Study of Science, Technology & Policy, Bengaluru 560095, Karnataka, India; (P.A.); (S.V.)
| | - John Volckens
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (C.L.); (J.V.)
| | - Julian D. Marshall
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (B.B.); (L.P.C.)
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Black Carbon in Bulgaria—Observed and Modelled Concentrations in Two Cities for Two Months. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13020213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) is one of the particulate matter (PM) components that both affects human health and contributes to climate change. In this study, we present the preliminary results of the investigation of BC concentrations in PM2.5 for two Bulgarian cites—Sofia and Burgas. The parallel PM2.5 samplings were organized in October 2020 and January 2021. The Multi-Wavelength Absorption Black carbon Instrument (MABI) was used for the evaluation of light-absorbing carbon. In addition, we compared the observed BC and PM2.5 values to modelled ones and analyzed the spatial distribution over the country, using data from advanced operational chemical transport models (CTM)—the European (regional) air quality system established at the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS). Generally, the observed BC and PM2.5 values were higher in January than in October for both cities. In October, the model underestimated the observed BC concentrations (Sofia—2.44 μg.m−3, Burgas—1.63 μg.m−3) by 17% and 51%. In January 2021, the observed monthly BC concentrations were higher (Sofia—3.62 μg.m−3, Burgas—1.75 μg.m−3), and the bias of the model was less than that in October, with an overestimation of 22% for Sofia. The relative bias for PM2.5 in October (17% for Sofia and −6% for Burgas) was less than the relative bias in January when the model underestimated PM2.5 monthly mean concentrations by 20% (Sofia) and 42% (Burgas). In addition, we also elaborate on two episodes with high observed BC concentrations in view of the meteorological conditions.
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Suitability of Different Methods for Measuring Black Carbon Emissions from Marine Engines. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) emissions intensify global warming and are linked to adverse health effects. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) considers the impact of BC emissions from international shipping. A prerequisite for the anticipated limits to BC emissions from marine engines is a reliable measurement method. The three candidate methods (photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS), laser-induced incandescence (LII), and filter smoke number (FSN)) selected by the IMO were evaluated with extensive ship exhaust matrices obtained by different fuels, engines, and emission control devices. A few instruments targeted for atmospheric measurements were included as well. The BC concentrations were close to each other with the smoke meters (AVL 415S and 415SE), PAS (AVL MSS), LII (Artium-300), MAAP 5012, aethalometers (Magee AE-33 and AE-42), and EC (TOA). In most cases, the standard deviation between instruments was in the range of 5–15% at BC concentrations below 30 mg Sm−3. Some differences in the BC concentrations measured with these instruments were potentially related to the ratio of light-absorbing compounds to sulphates or to particle sizes and morphologies. In addition, calibrations, sampling, and correction of thermophoretic loss of BC explained differences in the BC results. However, overall differences in the BC results obtained with three candidate methods selected by the IMO were low despite challenging exhaust compositions from marine diesel engines. Findings will inform decision making on BC emission control from marine engines.
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Air Quality in the Italian Northwestern Alps during Year 2020: Assessment of the COVID-19 «Lockdown Effect» from Multi-Technique Observations and Models. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12081006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The effect of COVID-19 confinement regulations on air quality in the northwestern Alps is assessed here based on measurements at five valley sites in different environmental contexts. Surface concentrations of nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2), ozone (O3), particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), together with a thorough microphysical (size), chemical, and optical (light absorption) aerosol characterisation, complemented by observations along the vertical column are considered. Even in the relatively pristine environment of the Alps, the «lockdown effect» is well discernible, both in the early confinement phase and in late 2020. The variations observed during the first confinement period in the city of Aosta (−61% NO, −43% NO2, +5% O3, +9% PM2.5, −12% PM10, relative to average 2015–2019 conditions) are attributed to the competing effects of air pollution lockdown-induced changes (−74%, −52%, +18%, −13%, −27%, relative to the counterfactual scenario for 2020 provided by a predictive statistical model trained on past measurements) and meteorology (+52%, +18%, −11%, +25%, +20%, relative to average conditions). These changes agree well with the ones obtained from a chemical transport model with modified emissions according to the restrictions. With regard to column-integrated quantities and vertical profiles, the NO2 column density decreases by >20% due to the lockdown, whereas tropospheric aerosols are mainly influenced by large-scale dynamics (transport of secondary particles from the Po basin and mineral dust from the Sahara desert and the Caspian Sea), except a shallow layer about 500 m thick close to the surface, possibly sensitive to curtailed emissions (especially exhaust and non-exhaust particles from road traffic and fugitive emissions from the industry).
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Lai Y, Sheng X, Dong L, Li P, Li Q, Yu S, Zhou Q, Liu J. Digestive Elimination of Coexisting Microplastics for Determination of Particulate Black Carbon in Environmental Waters. Anal Chem 2021; 93:11184-11190. [PMID: 34347439 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Determination of particulate black carbon (PBC) in the environment is of great importance but faces a new challenge due to the increasing occurrence of coexisting microplastics (MPs), which are an emerging contaminant with properties very similar to those of PBC and cannot be discriminated in the chemical digestion procedure of the reported PBC analysis method. Herein, a comprehensive method has been developed for accurately determining PBC by digestive elimination of the coexisting MPs and other non-black carbon organic matter. Water samples were filtered with a glass fiber membrane (0.3 μm pore size), and the collected substances with the membrane were subjected to sulfonation with chlorosulfonic acid and Fenton digestion in sequence and then to the total organic carbon analyzer for quantification of PBC. Under the optimized conditions, MPs of various sizes and polymer types were efficiently eliminated (>91.0%), whereas various PBC samples were undigested with recoveries over 91.7% except for the relatively low recovery of 65.6% for the PBC prepared at a low pyrolysis temperature of 400 °C. The feasibility of the proposed method was verified by analysis of real water samples with a spike recovery of 88.6-100.2%. We anticipate that this work will pave an avenue for reliable determination of PBC in the presence of MPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujian Lai
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China.,State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xueying Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China.,State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Lijie Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Peng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qingcun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Sujuan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Qingxiang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Jingfu Liu
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China.,State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Huang Z, Qi S, Zhou T, Dong Q, Ma X, Zhang S, Bi J, Shi J. Investigation of aerosol absorption with dual-polarization lidar observations. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:7028-7035. [PMID: 32225938 DOI: 10.1364/oe.390475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polarization lidar has been widely used in recent decades to observe the vertical structures of aerosols and clouds in the atmosphere. We developed a dual-polarization lidar system that can detect polarization measurements simultaneously at 355 nm and 532 nm. Dust events and haze episodes over northern China in 2014 were observed by the developed lidar. The results showed that the dust-dominated aerosol depolarization ratios at 532 nm were larger than those at 355 nm, but those of the air pollutants were smaller, indicating that this tool could provide a more accurate classification of aerosols. Moreover, we found a good relationship between the absorption coefficient of aerosols and the ratio of depolarization ratios at 532 nm and 355 nm for dust aerosols. Our results imply that aerosol absorption from polarization measurements may be determined by lidar at the ultraviolet and visible wavelengths.
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Merico E, Cesari D, Dinoi A, Gambaro A, Barbaro E, Guascito MR, Giannossa LC, Mangone A, Contini D. Inter-comparison of carbon content in PM 10 and PM 2.5 measured with two thermo-optical protocols on samples collected in a Mediterranean site. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:29334-29350. [PMID: 31396867 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06117-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Scientific interest is focusing on different approaches for characterising organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC) and equivalent black carbon (eBC), although EUSAAR2 protocol has been established and frequently used in EU for regulatory purposes. Discrepancies are observed due to thermal protocols used for OC/EC determinations and the effect of the chemical-physical properties of aerosol using optical measurements for eBC. In this work, a long-term inter-comparison of carbon measurements with two widely used protocols (EUSAAR2 and NIOSH870) was performed on PM2.5 and PM10 samples. The influence of the protocol on the evaluation of secondary organic aerosol (SOC) and on the correlation between EC and eBC was investigated. An extensive check of repeatability gave typical uncertainties of ~ 5% for TC and OC, and ~ 10% for EC for both thermal protocols. Results show that OC is statistically comparable between the two protocols but EC is significantly higher with EUSAAR2, especially during the warm season. The ratio OC/EC is lower with EUSAAR2, also showing a seasonality (lower values in the warm season) not observed with NIOSH870. Despite the differences in OC/EC ratios, the contribution of SOC to OC (~ 50%), evaluated using the EC-tracer method, did not differ significantly between the two protocols and for both size fractions. Further, SOC/OC ratios were comparable in cold and warm periods. eBC/EC ratios larger than one for both protocols were obtained, 1.62 (EUSAAR2) and 1.92 (NIOSH870), and also correlated with the ratio OC/EC for both protocols, especially in the cold season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Merico
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, ISAC-CNR, Str. Prv. Lecce-Monteroni km 1.2, 73100, Lecce, Italy.
| | - Daniela Cesari
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes, IDPA-CNR, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice Mestre, Italy
| | - Adelaide Dinoi
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, ISAC-CNR, Str. Prv. Lecce-Monteroni km 1.2, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Andrea Gambaro
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes, IDPA-CNR, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice Mestre, Italy
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice Mestre, Italy
| | - Elena Barbaro
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes, IDPA-CNR, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice Mestre, Italy
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice Mestre, Italy
| | - Maria R Guascito
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, ISAC-CNR, Str. Prv. Lecce-Monteroni km 1.2, 73100, Lecce, Italy
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Lorena C Giannossa
- Department of Economics, Management and Business Law, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Largo Abbazia Santa Scolastica 53, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Annarosa Mangone
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Daniele Contini
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, ISAC-CNR, Str. Prv. Lecce-Monteroni km 1.2, 73100, Lecce, Italy
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Mölders N, Edwin SG. Review of Black Carbon in the Arctic—Origin, Measurement Methods, and Observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.4236/ojap.2018.72010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Lappi MK, Ristimäki JM. Evaluation of thermal optical analysis method of elemental carbon for marine fuel exhaust. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2017; 67:1298-1318. [PMID: 28548907 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2017.1335251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The awareness of black carbon (BC) as the second largest anthropogenic contributor in global warming and an ice melting enhancer has increased. Due to prospected increase in shipping especially in the Arctic reliability of BC emissions and their invented amounts from ships is gaining more attention. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) is actively working toward estimation of quantities and effects of BC especially in the Arctic. IMO has launched work toward constituting a definition for BC and agreeing appropriate methods for its determination from shipping emission sources. In our study we evaluated the suitability of elemental carbon (EC) analysis by a thermal-optical transmittance (TOT) method to marine exhausts and possible measures to overcome the analysis interferences related to the chemically complex emissions. The measures included drying with CaSO4, evaporation at 40-180ºC, H2O treatment, and variation of the sampling method (in-stack and diluted) and its parameters (e.g., dilution ratio, Dr). A reevaluation of the nominal organic carbon (OC)/EC split point was made. Measurement of residual carbon after solvent extraction (TC-CSOF) was used as a reference, and later also filter smoke number (FSN) measurement, which is dealt with in a forthcoming paper by the authors. Exhaust sources used for collecting the particle sample were mainly four-stroke marine engines operated with variable loads and marine fuels ranging from light to heavy fuel oils (LFO and HFO) with a sulfur content range of <0.1-2.4% S. The results were found to be dependent on many factors, namely, sampling, preparation and analysis method, and fuel quality. It was found that the condensed H2SO4 + H2O on the particulate matter (PM) filter had an effect on the measured EC content, and also promoted the formation of pyrolytic carbon (PyC) from OC, affecting the accuracy of EC determination. Thus, uncertainty remained regarding the EC results from HFO fuels. IMPLICATIONS The work supports one part of the decision making in black carbon (BC) determination methodology. If regulations regarding BC emissions from marine engines will be implemented in the future, a well-defined and at best unequivocal method of BC determination is required for coherent and comparable emission inventories and estimating BC effects. As the aerosol from marine emission sources may be very heterogeneous and low in BC, special attention to the effects of sampling conditions and sample pretreatments on the validity of the results was paid in developing the thermal-optical analysis methodology (TOT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maija K Lappi
- a VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland , Espoo , Finland
| | - Jyrki M Ristimäki
- b Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd, Newbuilding and Innovation , Turku , Finland
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Annual Variability of Black Carbon Concentrations Originating from Biomass and Fossil Fuel Combustion for the Suburban Aerosol in Athens, Greece. ATMOSPHERE 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos8120234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Dhar P, De BK, Banik T, Gogoi MM, Babu SS, Guha A. Atmospheric aerosol radiative forcing over a semi-continental location Tripura in North-East India: Model results and ground observations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 580:499-508. [PMID: 28034546 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Northeast India (NEI) is located within the boundary of the great Himalayas in the north and the Bay of Bengal (BoB) in the southwest, experiences the mixed influence of the westerly dust advection from the Indian desert, anthropogenic aerosols from the highly polluted Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) and marine aerosols from BoB. The present study deals with the estimation and characterization of aerosol radiative forcing over a semi-continental site Tripura, which is a strategic location in the western part of NEI having close proximity to the outflow of the IGP. Continuous long term measurements of aerosol black carbon (BC) mass concentrations and columnar aerosol optical depth (AOD) are used for the estimation of aerosol radiative forcing in each monthly time scale. The study revealed that the surface forcing due to aerosols was higher during both winter and pre-monsoon seasons, having comparable values of 32W/m2 and 33.45W/m2 respectively. The atmospheric forcing was also higher during these months due to increased columnar aerosol loadings (higher AOD ~0.71) shared by abundant BC concentrations (SSA ~0.7); while atmospheric forcing decreased in monsoon due to reduced magnitude of BC (SSA ~0.94 in July) as well as columnar AOD. The top of the atmosphere (TOA) forcing is positive in pre-monsoon and monsoon months with the highest positive value of 3.78W/m2 in June 2012. The results are discussed in light of seasonal source impact and transport pathways from adjacent regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranab Dhar
- Department of Physics, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar 799022, India
| | - Barin Kumar De
- Department of Physics, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar 799022, India
| | - Trisanu Banik
- Department of Physics, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar 799022, India
| | - Mukunda M Gogoi
- Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram 695022, India
| | - S Suresh Babu
- Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram 695022, India
| | - Anirban Guha
- Department of Physics, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar 799022, India.
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Giannoni M, Calzolai G, Chiari M, Cincinelli A, Lucarelli F, Martellini T, Nava S. A comparison between thermal-optical transmittance elemental carbon measured by different protocols in PM2.5 samples. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 571:195-205. [PMID: 27471984 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Although controlled procedures for the determination of carbonaceous fractions are of importance for any air quality measurements, currently no reference method for elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC) analysis is established yet in Europe. The implementation of the different thermal evolution protocols available in the literature, differing in temperature and duration of the heating ramps, affects the results and can result in a wide variation of EC and OC values. In this study three different protocols for thermal-optical-transmittance analysis of EC and OC were compared, namely He-870 (a variation of the NIOSH protocol), He-550 (a proxy of the IMPROVE protocol), and EUSAAR_2. Measurements were carried out on PM2.5 samples collected on Quartz fibre filters in three sites of different typology: urban background and urban traffic in Florence (Italy) and regional background in Livorno (Italy). The samples were analysed before and after a washing procedure to remove possible water-soluble organic compounds (WSOC), which may enhance the charring process, complicating the EC quantification. This study evidenced a very good agreement for TC measurement (at 2-3% level) and some discrepancies in EC measurement (up to 40%), as expected. WSOC and Pyrolitic Carbon (PyC) present a good correlation, independently of site typology, demonstrating that water soluble compound can be responsible of charring mechanism during the He phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Giannoni
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, Via G. Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, (FI), Italy; National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN), Division of Florence, Via G. Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, (FI), Italy.
| | - Giulia Calzolai
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, Via G. Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, (FI), Italy; National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN), Division of Florence, Via G. Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, (FI), Italy
| | - Massimo Chiari
- National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN), Division of Florence, Via G. Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, (FI), Italy
| | - Alessandra Cincinelli
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, (FI), Italy
| | - Franco Lucarelli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, Via G. Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, (FI), Italy; National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN), Division of Florence, Via G. Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, (FI), Italy
| | - Tania Martellini
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, (FI), Italy
| | - Silvia Nava
- National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN), Division of Florence, Via G. Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, (FI), Italy
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Chen Y, Schleicher N, Fricker M, Cen K, Liu XL, Kaminski U, Yu Y, Wu XF, Norra S. Long-term variation of black carbon and PM2.5 in Beijing, China with respect to meteorological conditions and governmental measures. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 212:269-278. [PMID: 26854696 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) and PM2.5 were studied for nine years from 2005 to 2013 in the Beijing urban area. The overall weekly average mass concentrations of BC and PM2.5 were 4.3 and 66.8 μg/m³. PM2.5 annual means of the nine years are around 2 times of the standard (GB3095-2012) in China, and are 5-7 times higher than the WHO standard. The Beijing Olympic Games in 2008 was a milestone to mitigate aerosol pollution. Temporal distribution of BC shows a distinct declining trend, and annual mean mass concentrations of PM2.5 after 2008 were lower than those before 2008 but increased from 2011 to 2013. Wind rose plots show that high BC concentrations are usually associated with low wind speed of northeastern or southwestern winds, generally causing poor visibility. Governmental mitigation measures such as traffic restriction despite increased motor vehicle numbers and gasoline consumption and industry relocation with declining consumption of coal and coke were successful in reducing BC emissions. Annual mean of BC was reduced by 38% in 2013 compared to 2005. However, BC contamination in Beijing is still severe when compared to other urban areas around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Chen
- Institute of Applied Geosciences, Working Group for Environmental Mineralogy and Environmental System Analysis, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Nina Schleicher
- Institute of Applied Geosciences, Working Group for Environmental Mineralogy and Environmental System Analysis, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Mathieu Fricker
- Air Quality Department, Research Center Human Biometeorology, German Meteorological Service, 79104, Freiburg i. Br., Germany
| | - Kuang Cen
- School of the Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, 100083, Beijing, China
| | - Xiu-Li Liu
- School of the Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, 100083, Beijing, China
| | - Uwe Kaminski
- Air Quality Department, Research Center Human Biometeorology, German Meteorological Service, 79104, Freiburg i. Br., Germany
| | - Yang Yu
- School of the Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, 100083, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Fang Wu
- School of the Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, 100083, Beijing, China
| | - Stefan Norra
- Institute of Applied Geosciences, Working Group for Environmental Mineralogy and Environmental System Analysis, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany; Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany; Institute of Mineralogy, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, Brennhausgasse 14, 09596, Freiberg, Germany
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15
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Ozdemir H, Pozzoli L, Kindap T, Demir G, Mertoglu B, Mihalopoulos N, Theodosi C, Kanakidou M, Im U, Unal A. Spatial and temporal analysis of black carbon aerosols in Istanbul megacity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 473-474:451-8. [PMID: 24388823 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.11.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) is an important component of particulate matter due to its effects on human health and climate. In this study, we present the first BC concentrations measured in the Istanbul megacity (~15 million inhabitants). Two measurement campaigns have been conducted to measure BC and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations at four locations, characterized by different traffic densities. In the first campaign, BC daily mean concentrations have been found to be between 4 μg/m(3) and 10 μg/m(3). In the second campaign, BC and PM2.5 have been measured at the site with the highest traffic density for an entire year. Annually averaged BC contributes by 38 ± 14% to the PM2.5 levels (annual average BC: 13 μg/m(3) and PM2.5: 36 μg/m(3)). Diurnal variations of BC concentrations followed those of traffic density (correlation coefficient of 0.87). These measurements are essential to identify the sources of BC and PM2.5 concentrations in Istanbul and develop mitigation measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huseyin Ozdemir
- Bahcesehir University, Department of Environmental Engineering, 34349 Besiktas, Istanbul, Turkey; Marmara University, Department of Environmental Engineering, Goztepe, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Luca Pozzoli
- Istanbul Technical University, Eurasia Institute of Earth Sciences, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tayfun Kindap
- Istanbul Technical University, Eurasia Institute of Earth Sciences, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Goksel Demir
- Bahcesehir University, Department of Environmental Engineering, 34349 Besiktas, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bulent Mertoglu
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Marmara University, Kadikoy, 34722 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nikos Mihalopoulos
- University of Crete, Department of Chemistry, Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, P.O. Box 2208, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Christina Theodosi
- University of Crete, Department of Chemistry, Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, P.O. Box 2208, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Maria Kanakidou
- University of Crete, Department of Chemistry, Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, P.O. Box 2208, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Ulas Im
- University of Crete, Department of Chemistry, Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, P.O. Box 2208, 71003 Heraklion, Greece; Joint Research Centre, Institute of Environment and Sustainability, Air and Climate Unit, Ispra, Italy
| | - Alper Unal
- Istanbul Technical University, Eurasia Institute of Earth Sciences, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Menon HB, Shirodkar S, Kedia S, S R, Babu S, Moorthy KK. Temporal variation of aerosol optical depth and associated shortwave radiative forcing over a coastal site along the west coast of India. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 468-469:83-92. [PMID: 24012896 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Optical characterization of aerosol was performed by assessing the columnar aerosol optical depth (AOD) and angstrom wavelength exponent (α) using data from the Microtops II Sunphotometer. The data were collected on cloud free days over Goa, a coastal site along the west coast of India, from January to December 2008. Along with the composite aerosol, the black carbon (BC) mass concentration from the Aethalometer was also analyzed. The AOD0.500 μm and angstrom wavelength exponent (α) were in the range of 0.26 to 0.7 and 0.52 to 1.33, respectively, indicative of a significant seasonal shift in aerosol characteristics during the study period. The monthly mean AOD0.500 μm exhibited a bi-modal distribution, with a primary peak in April (0.7) and a secondary peak in October (0.54), whereas the minimum of 0.26 was observed in May. The monthly mean BC mass concentration varied between 0.31 μg/m(3) and 4.5 μg/m(3), and the single scattering albedo (SSA), estimated using the OPAC model, ranged from 0.87 to 0.97. Modeled aerosol optical properties were used to estimate the direct aerosol shortwave radiative forcing (DASRF) in the wavelength range 0.25 μm4.0 μm. The monthly mean forcing at the surface, at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) and in the atmosphere varied between -14.1 Wm(-2) and -35.6 Wm(-2), -6.7 Wm(-2) and -13.4 Wm(-2) and 5.5 Wm(-2) to 22.5 Wm(-2), respectively. These results indicate that the annual SSA cycle in the atmosphere is regulated by BC (absorbing aerosol), resulting in a positive forcing; however, the surface forcing was governed by the natural aerosol scattering, which yielded a negative forcing. These two conditions neutralized, resulting in a negative forcing at the TOA that remains nearly constant throughout the year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harilal B Menon
- Department of Marine Sciences, Goa University, Taleigao Plateau, Panjim, Goa 403602, India.
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Thermal/optical methods for elemental carbon quantification in soils and urban dusts: equivalence of different analysis protocols. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83462. [PMID: 24358286 PMCID: PMC3866270 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantifying elemental carbon (EC) content in geological samples is challenging due to interferences of crustal, salt, and organic material. Thermal/optical analysis, combined with acid pretreatment, represents a feasible approach. However, the consistency of various thermal/optical analysis protocols for this type of samples has never been examined. In this study, urban street dust and soil samples from Baoji, China were pretreated with acids and analyzed with four thermal/optical protocols to investigate how analytical conditions and optical correction affect EC measurement. The EC values measured with reflectance correction (ECR) were found always higher and less sensitive to temperature program than the EC values measured with transmittance correction (ECT). A high-temperature method with extended heating times (STN120) showed the highest ECT/ECR ratio (0.86) while a low-temperature protocol (IMPROVE-550), with heating time adjusted for sample loading, showed the lowest (0.53). STN ECT was higher than IMPROVE ECT, in contrast to results from aerosol samples. A higher peak inert-mode temperature and extended heating times can elevate ECT/ECR ratios for pretreated geological samples by promoting pyrolyzed organic carbon (PyOC) removal over EC under trace levels of oxygen. Considering that PyOC within filter increases ECR while decreases ECT from the actual EC levels, simultaneous ECR and ECT measurements would constrain the range of EC loading and provide information on method performance. Further testing with standard reference materials of common environmental matrices supports the findings. Char and soot fractions of EC can be further separated using the IMPROVE protocol. The char/soot ratio was lower in street dusts (2.2 on average) than in soils (5.2 on average), most likely reflecting motor vehicle emissions. The soot concentrations agreed with EC from CTO-375, a pure thermal method.
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18
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Schleicher N, Norra S, Fricker M, Kaminski U, Chen Y, Chai F, Wang S, Yu Y, Cen K. Spatio-temporal variations of black carbon concentrations in the Megacity Beijing. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 182:392-401. [PMID: 23978522 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The spatial and temporal distribution and the flux of black carbon (BC) concentration in Beijing were continuously investigated over a two-year period at five sites to highlight the relative influence of contributing sources. The results demonstrate firstly that there is significant spatio-temporal variability of BC in Beijing. Highest concentrations occurred during winter primarily due to stagnant meteorological conditions, and seasonal BC sources, such as coal combustion for heating purposes. Biomass burning was identified as a minor seasonal source during the summer months. BC also varied spatially with higher concentrations in the SE of Beijing and lower concentrations in the NW, due to the differing emission intensity of various local BC sources such as traffic and industry. Frequently, overnight BC concentrations were higher due to specific meteorological conditions, such as the lower urban mixing layer height and various anthropogenic activities, such as exclusive night-time heavy duty vehicle traffic in the inner-city.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Schleicher
- Institute of Mineralogy and Geochemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Adenauerring 20b, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Borsós T, Řimnáčová D, Ždímal V, Smolík J, Wagner Z, Weidinger T, Burkart J, Steiner G, Reischl G, Hitzenberger R, Schwarz J, Salma I. Comparison of particulate number concentrations in three Central European capital cities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 433:418-426. [PMID: 22819892 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Revised: 06/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Number size distributions of atmospheric aerosol particles in the mobility diameter range from 10 to 1000 nm were determined in Budapest, Prague and Vienna for a one-year-long period. Particle number concentrations in various size fractions, their diurnal and seasonal variations, mean size distributions and some properties of new particle formation events were derived and compared. Yearly median particle number concentrations for Budapest, Prague and Vienna were 10.6×10(3), 7.3×10(3) and 8.0×10(3) cm(-3). Differences were linked to the different pollution levels of the cities, and to diverse measurement environments and local conditions. Mean contributions of ultrafine particles (particles with a mobility diameter <100 nm) to the total number concentration were 80%, 84% and 74% for Budapest, Prague and Vienna, thus these particles represent an overwhelming share of all particles in each city. Seasonal variation of particle number concentrations was not obvious. Diurnal variations of particles with a diameter between 100 and 1000 nm (N(100-1000)) exhibited similar shape for the cities, which was related to the time-activity pattern of inhabitants and regional influences. The structure of the diurnal variation for ultrafine particles was also similar. It contained a huge morning peak in each city which was explained by emissions from vehicular traffic. The second peak was shifted from afternoon rush hours to late evenings as a result of the daily cycling in meteorological parameters. The character of the measurement site also influenced the diurnal variation. Diurnal variation of the mean ratio of ultrafine particles to N(100-1000) clearly revealed the presence and importance of new particle formation and subsequent growth in urban environments. Nucleation frequencies in Budapest and Prague were 27% and 23%, respectively on a yearly time scale. They showed a minimum in winter for both places, while the largest nucleation activity was observed in spring for Budapest, and in summer for Prague.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Borsós
- Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös University, Budapest, Hungary.
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20
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Babu SS, Chaubey JP, Krishna Moorthy K, Gogoi MM, Kompalli SK, Sreekanth V, Bagare SP, Bhatt BC, Gaur VK, Prabhu TP, Singh NS. High altitude (∼4520 m amsl) measurements of black carbon aerosols over western trans-Himalayas: Seasonal heterogeneity and source apportionment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Kumar R, Naja M, Satheesh SK, Ojha N, Joshi H, Sarangi T, Pant P, Dumka UC, Hegde P, Venkataramani S. Influences of the springtime northern Indian biomass burning over the central Himalayas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd015509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Hernández-Mena L, Saldarriaga-Noreña H, Murillo-Tovar MA, Amador-Muñoz O, López-López A, Waliszewski SM. Determination of black carbon in fine particles using a semi-continuous method at two sites in the city of Guadalajara, Mexico, during 2007. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2011; 87:336-342. [PMID: 21674153 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-011-0330-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The black carbon is a pollutant species primarily emitted from the combustion of fossil fuels (diesel). Their concentrations associated to PM2.5 were monitoring at two sites in the city of Guadalajara. From January to May (except April), downtown site shown 2.7, 2.6, 4.0 and 2.3 times higher monthly concentrations. The dry season two showed higher concentrations respect to at least one of the others seasons (p < 0.0001) at each site, probably due to atmospheric conditions less favorable for the dispersal of pollutants. During the 24 h period were observed at the year two peaks of concentrations: the highest morning peak and lower night peak, both probably related to anthropogenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonel Hernández-Mena
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A. C., Colinas de la Normal, Guadalajara, Mexico.
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Cheng Y, Zheng M, He KB, Chen Y, Yan B, Russell AG, Shi W, Jiao Z, Sheng G, Fu J, Edgerton ES. Comparison of two thermal-optical methods for the determination of organic carbon and elemental carbon: Results from the southeastern United States. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT 2011; 45:1913-1918. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
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Pathak B, Kalita G, Bhuyan K, Bhuyan PK, Moorthy KK. Aerosol temporal characteristics and its impact on shortwave radiative forcing at a location in the northeast of India. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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Chaubey JP, Moorthy KK, Babu SS, Nair VS, Tiwari A. Black carbon aerosols over coastal Antarctica and its scavenging by snow during the Southern Hemispheric summer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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26
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Vinoj V, Satheesh SK, Moorthy KK. Optical, radiative, and source characteristics of aerosols at Minicoy, a remote island in the southern Arabian Sea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd011810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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Schleicher N, Norra S, Chai F, Chen Y, Wang S, Stüben D. Anthropogenic versus geogenic contribution to total suspended atmospheric particulate matter and its variations during a two-year sampling period in Beijing, China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 12:434-41. [DOI: 10.1039/b914739j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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28
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Hu Y, Odman MT, Russell AG. Top-down analysis of the elemental carbon emissions inventory in the United States by inverse modeling using Community Multiscale Air Quality model with decoupled direct method (CMAQ-DDM). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd011987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wonaschütz A, Hitzenberger R, Bauer H, Pouresmaeil P, Klatzer B, Caseiro A, Puxbaum H. Application of the integrating sphere method to separate the contributions of brown and black carbon in atmospheric aerosols. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2009; 43:1141-1146. [PMID: 19320171 DOI: 10.1021/es8008503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Until about a decade ago, black carbon (BC) was thought to be the only light absorbing substance in the atmospheric aerosol except for soil or desert dust In more recent years, light absorbing polymeric carbonaceous material was found in atmospheric aerosols. Absorption increases appreciably toward short wavelengths, so this fraction was called brown carbon. Because brown carbon is thermally rather refractory, it influences the split between organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) in thermal methods and, through its light absorption characteristics, leads to overestimations of BC concentrations. The goal of the present study was to extend the integrating sphere method to correct the BC signal for the contribution of brown carbon and to obtain an estimate of brown carbon concentrations. Humic acid sodium salt was used as proxy for brown carbon. The extended method is first tested on mixtures of test substances and then applied to atmospheric samples collected during biomass smoke episodes (Easter bonfires) in Austria. The resulting concentrations of black and brown carbon are compared to EC obtained with a widely used thermal method, the Cachier method (Cachier et al. Tellus 1989, 41B, 379-390) and a thermal-optical method (Schmid et al. Atmos. Environ. 2001, 35, 2111-2121), as well as to concentrations of humic like substances (HULIS) and to biomass smoke POM (particulate organic matter). Both the thermal methods were found to overestimate BC on days with large contributions of woodsmoke, which agrees with the findings of the method intercomparison study by Reisinger et at. (Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42, 884-889). During the days of the bonfires, the Cachier method gave EC concentrations that were higher by a factor of 3.8 than the BC concentrations, while the concentrations obtained with the thermal-optical method were higher by a factor of 2.6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wonaschütz
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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Poot A, Quik JT, Veld H, Koelmans AA. Quantification methods of Black Carbon: Comparison of Rock-Eval analysis with traditional methods. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:613-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2008] [Revised: 05/22/2008] [Accepted: 08/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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31
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Hadley OL, Corrigan CE, Kirchstetter TW. Modified thermal-optical analysis using spectral absorption selectivity to distinguish black carbon from pyrolized organic carbon. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2008; 42:8459-8464. [PMID: 19068832 DOI: 10.1021/es800448n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a method for analyzing the black carbon (BC) mass loading on a quartz fiber filter using a modified thermal-optical analysis method, wherein light transmitted through the sample is measured over a spectral region instead of at a single wavelength. Evolution of the spectral light transmission signal depends on the relative amounts of light-absorbing BC and char, the latter of which forms when organic carbon in the sample pyrolyzes during heating. Absorption selectivities of BC and char are found to be distinct and are used to apportion the amount of light attenuated by each component in the sample. Light attenuation is converted to mass concentration on the basis of derived mass attenuation efficiencies (MAEs) of BC and char. The fractions of attenuation due to each component are scaled by their individual MAE values and added together as the total mass of light absorbing carbon (LAC). An iterative algorithm is used to find the MAE values for both BC and char that provide the best fit to the carbon mass remaining on the filter (derived from direct measurements of thermally evolved CO2) at temperatures higher than 480 degrees C. This method was applied to measure the BC concentration in precipitation samples collected in northern California. The uncertainty in the measured BC concentration of samples that contained a high concentration of organics susceptible to char ranged from 12% to 100%, depending on the mass loading of BC on the filter. The lower detection limit for this method was approximately 0.35 microg of BC, and the uncertainty approached 20% for BC mass loading greater than 1.0 microg of BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odelle L Hadley
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, MC 0221, La Jolla, California 92093-0221, USA.
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32
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Nair VS, Babu SS, Moorthy KK. Aerosol characteristics in the marine atmospheric boundary layer over the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea during ICARB: Spatial distribution and latitudinal and longitudinal gradients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd009823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Sunder Raman R, Hopke PK, Holsen TM. Carbonaceous aerosol at two rural locations in New York State: Characterization and behavior. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Reisinger P, Wonaschütz A, Hitzenberger R, Petzold A, Bauer H, Jankowski N, Puxbaum H, Chi X, Maenhaut W. Intercomparison of measurement techniques for black or elemental carbon under urban background conditions in wintertime: influence of biomass combustion. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2008; 42:884-9. [PMID: 18323117 DOI: 10.1021/es0715041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A generally accepted method to measure black carbon (BC) or elemental carbon (EC) still does not exist. An earlier study in the Vienna area comparing practically all measurement methods in use in Europe gave comparable BC and EC concentrations under summer conditions (Hitzenberger et al., 2006a). Under summer conditions, Diesel traffic is the major source for EC or BC in Vienna. Under winter conditions, space heating (also with biomass as fuel) is another important source (Caseiro et al., 2007). The present study compares the response of thermal methods (a modified Cachier method, Cachier et al., 1989; a thermal-optical method, Schmid et al., 2001; and two thermal-optical (TOT) methods using Sunset instruments, Birch and Cary, 1996 and Schauer et al., 2003) and optical methods (a light transmission method, Hansen et al., 1984; the integrating sphere method, Hitzenberger et al., 1996; and the multiangle absorption photometer MAAP, Petzold and Schönlinner, 2004). Significant differences were found between the TOT methods on the one hand and all other methods on the other. The TOT methods yielded EC concentrations that were lower by 44 and 17% than the average of all measured concentrations (including the TOT data). The largest discrepancy was found when the contribution of brown carbon (measured with the integrating sphere method) was largest.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Reisinger
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Nair VS, Moorthy KK, Alappattu DP, Kunhikrishnan PK, George S, Nair PR, Babu SS, Abish B, Satheesh SK, Tripathi SN, Niranjan K, Madhavan BL, Srikant V, Dutt CBS, Badarinath KVS, Reddy RR. Wintertime aerosol characteristics over the Indo‐Gangetic Plain (IGP): Impacts of local boundary layer processes and long‐range transport. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd008099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - B. Abish
- Space Physics Laboratory VSSC Trivandrum India
| | - S. K. Satheesh
- Centre for Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences IISc Bangalore India
| | | | - K. Niranjan
- Department of Physics Andhra University Visakhapatnam India
| | - B. L. Madhavan
- Department of Physics Andhra University Visakhapatnam India
| | - V. Srikant
- Department of Physics Andhra University Visakhapatnam India
| | - C. B. S. Dutt
- Indian Space Research Organisation Head Quarters Antariksh Bhavan Bangalore India
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Hitzenberger R, Ctyroky P, Berner A, Tursic J, Podkrajsek B, Grgić I. Size distribution of black (BC) and total carbon (TC) in Vienna and Ljubljana. CHEMOSPHERE 2006; 65:2106-13. [PMID: 16875711 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2005] [Revised: 06/13/2006] [Accepted: 06/14/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
During two campaigns in winter 2004, size segregated impactor samples (0.1-10 microm) and filter samples were taken in two Central European cities (Vienna, Austria and Ljubljana, Slovenia). The impactor samples were analyzed for major inorganic ions and short-chain organic acids, total carbon (TC) and black carbon (BC). Maximum concentrations of total mass were 71.6 microg m(-3) in Vienna and 73.1 microg m(-3) in Ljubljana. Minimum concentrations in Vienna were only half those in Ljubljana. The BC content of the aerosol was similar (ca. 8%), but the BC/TC ratio was higher in Vienna than in Ljubljana (0.39 vs. 0.29), reflecting the different contribution of diesel traffic emissions. The mass median diameters of the submicron size distributions of all major fractions (total mass, TC, BC and SO(4)(2-)) were smaller in Vienna (0.43 microm, 0.41 microm, 0.38 microm and 0.48 microm, respectively) than in Ljubljana (0.55 microm, 0.44 microm, 0.42 microm and 0.60 microm, respectively). Impactor/filter ratios for total mass were 0.79 in Vienna and 0.82 in Ljubljana, while the ratios for BC were 0.56 in Vienna and 0.49 in Ljubljana. An estimation of the mixing state of accumulation mode BC indicated that 33% and 37% of BC, respectively, are mixed externally to the aerosol in the accumulation size range in Vienna and Ljubljana.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hitzenberger
- University of Vienna, Institute for Experimental Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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