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Ou J, Huang Z, Klimont Z, Jia G, Zhang S, Li C, Meng J, Mi Z, Zheng H, Shan Y, Louie PKK, Zheng J, Guan D. Role of export industries on ozone pollution and its precursors in China. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5492. [PMID: 33127894 PMCID: PMC7603491 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19035-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study seeks to estimate how global supply chain relocates emissions of tropospheric ozone precursors and its impacts in shaping ozone formation. Here we show that goods produced in China for foreign markets lead to an increase of domestic non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) emissions by 3.5 million tons in 2013; about 13% of the national total or, equivalent to half of emissions from European Union. Production for export increases concentration of NMVOCs (including some carcinogenic species) and peak ozone levels by 20-30% and 6-15% respectively, in the coastal areas. It contributes to an estimated 16,889 (3,839-30,663, 95% CI) premature deaths annually combining the effects of NMVOCs and ozone, but could be reduced by nearly 40% by closing the technology gap between China and EU. Export demand also alters the emission ratios between NMVOCs and nitrogen oxides and hence the ozone chemistry in the east and south coast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamin Ou
- Department of Sociology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CH, the Netherlands
- School of International Development, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7JT, UK
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Zhijiong Huang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zbigniew Klimont
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria.
| | - Guanglin Jia
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, University Town, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaohui Zhang
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
- School of Economics and Management, Beihang University, 37 Xueyuan Road, 100091, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Li
- Research Center for Eco-Envivronmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, China
| | - Jing Meng
- The Bartlett School of Construction and Project Management, University College London, London, WC1E 7HB, UK
| | - Zhifu Mi
- The Bartlett School of Construction and Project Management, University College London, London, WC1E 7HB, UK
| | - Heran Zheng
- School of International Development, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7JT, UK
- Industrial Ecology Programme, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Yuli Shan
- Integrated Research on Energy, Environment and Society (IREES), Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9747, AG, the Netherlands
| | - Peter K K Louie
- Hong Kong Environmental Protection Department, 5 Gloucester Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Junyu Zheng
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Dabo Guan
- The Bartlett School of Construction and Project Management, University College London, London, WC1E 7HB, UK.
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
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Ma X, Jia H, Sha T, An J, Tian R. Spatial and seasonal characteristics of particulate matter and gaseous pollution in China: Implications for control policy. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 248:421-428. [PMID: 30825767 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
By employing the air pollution data including particular matter (PM) and gaseous pollutants (SO2, NO2, CO, and O3) measured over 130 cities in China from April 2014 to March 2015, the spatial and seasonal variations of air pollution are analyzed. The 9 representative regions including Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei (BTH), Yangze River Delta (YRD), central China (CC), Sichuan Basin (SB), northeast China (NEC), northwest China (NWC), Pearl River Delta (PRD), Yungui Plateau (YP), and Tibet, are chose to quantify the conditions of PM and gaseous pollution. According to the magnitudes of PM2.5 from high to low, the regions are listed in sequence as BTH, CC, SB, YRD, NEC, NWC, PRD, YP, and Tibet. The spatial patters of gaseous pollutants except O3 are generally consistent with PM's. The CO maximum is found in BTH and NWC while the O3 maximum in YRD, PRD, and Tibet. The seasonal cycles of SO2 and NO2 are quite similar to that of PM, but the SO2 is overall higher than NO2 in winter over the northern China while the opposite is true over the southern China. The O3 concentrations are generally low in winter, but high in spring and summer due to active photochemical reaction when temperature is high. The percentage of haze days (daily PM2.5 exceeds NAAQS Grade II, i.e. 75 μg m-3) to the entire year is 45, 32 and 29%, respectively over BTH, CC, and SB, three most PM pollution regions during the study period. Although the most severe haze region occurs in BTH (139 days) from annual mean, the most severe winter in SB (54 days) owing to its basin landform and high air pollutant emissions. In contrary to PM pollution, gaseous pollution in China are overall quite trivial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME)/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC)/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD)/Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - Hailing Jia
- Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME)/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC)/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD)/Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Tong Sha
- Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME)/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC)/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD)/Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Junlin An
- Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME)/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC)/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD)/Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Rong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME)/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC)/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD)/Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
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Cheng X, Long R, Chen H. Obstacle diagnosis of green competition promotion: a case study of provinces in China based on catastrophe progression and fuzzy rough set methods. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:4344-4360. [PMID: 29181756 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0762-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
As "green" and "sustainable" become the new themes of regional economic development, green competitiveness will undoubtedly become a new engine for regions to solve environmental, resource use, and other global problems to fit the new development themes. Unfortunately, the performance of regional green competitiveness is not always satisfactory due to various shortcomings. In this study, we abandoned the conventional research approach that directly explores the factors that promote regional green competitiveness and analyzed, instead, the obstacles to green competitiveness among provinces in China. The barrier degree was calculated for each obstacle using a catastrophe progression method and fuzzy rough set. Results showed that (a) resource and environmental problems have become increasingly prominent and have been the most common obstacles to promoting green competitiveness of provinces in China and (b) the obstacles to improving regional green competitiveness showed spatial differences and peculiarity according to the barrier degree. The outcome of the study can help policy makers to better understand and prioritize implementation strategies to develop effective action and policy interventions toward more successful construction of regional green competitiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Cheng
- School of Management, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China
| | - Ruyin Long
- School of Management, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China.
| | - Hong Chen
- School of Management, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China.
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Examining PM2.5 Emissions Embodied in China’s Supply Chain Using a Multiregional Input-Output Analysis. SUSTAINABILITY 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/su9050727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Bandowe BAM, Meusel H, Huang R, Hoffmann T, Cao J, Ho K. Azaarenes in fine particulate matter from the atmosphere of a Chinese megacity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:16025-16036. [PMID: 27146538 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6740-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Azaarenes (AZAs) are toxicologically relevant organic compounds with physicochemical properties that are significantly different from the well-studied polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). However, little is known about their concentrations, seasonal variations, fate, and relationship with PAHs in air. This paper reports the temporal variations in the concentrations and composition patterns of AZAs in PM2.5 that was sampled once per 6 days from outdoor air of Xi'an, China from July 2008 to August 2009. The concentrations of the ∑AZAs, quinoline (QUI), benzo[h]quinoline (BQI), and acridine (ACR) in PM2.5 were 213-6441, 185-520, 69-2483, and 10-3544 pg m(-3), respectively. These concentrations were higher than those measured in urban areas of Western Europe. AZA compositional patterns were dominated by BQI and ACR. The high concentration of AZAs, high AZA/related PAH ratio, and the dominance of three-ring AZAs (BQI and ACR) in PM2.5 of Xi'an are all in contrast to observations from Western European and North American cities. This contrast likely reflects differences in coal type and the more intense use of coal in China. The PM2.5-bound concentration of AZA in winter season (W) was higher than during the summer season (S) with W/S ratios of 5.7, 1.4, 4.1, and 13, for ∑AZAs, QUI, BQI, and ACR, respectively. Despite their significantly different physicochemical properties, AZAs were significantly (p < 0.05) positively correlated with their related PAHs and pyrogenic elemental carbon. The changes in AZA concentrations were positively correlated with ambient pressure but negatively correlated with ambient temperature, wind speed, and relative humidity. This trend is similar to that observed for the related PAHs. We conclude that Xi'an and possibly other Chinese cities have higher emission of AZAs into their atmosphere because of the more pronounced use of coal. We also conclude that in spite of differences in physicochemical properties between AZAs and related PAHs, the atmospheric dynamics and relationships with meteorological factors of both compound groups are similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Musa Bandowe
- Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Falkenplatz 16, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Hannah Meusel
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Rujin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 10 Fenghui South Road, 710075, Xi'an, China
- Centre for Atmospheric and Marine Sciences, Xiamen Huaxia University, Xiamen, 361024, China
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thorsten Hoffmann
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 10 Fenghui South Road, 710075, Xi'an, China
| | - Kinfai Ho
- Jockey Club School of Public Health & Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong
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Jiang X, Zhang Q, Zhao H, Geng G, Peng L, Guan D, Kan H, Huo H, Lin J, Brauer M, Martin RV, He K. Revealing the hidden health costs embodied in Chinese exports. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:4381-8. [PMID: 25751364 DOI: 10.1021/es506121s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
China emits a considerable amount of air pollutants when producing goods for export. Previous efforts have emphasized the magnitude of export-related emissions; however, their health consequences on the Chinese population have not been quantified. Here, we present an interdisciplinary study to estimate the health impact of export-related air pollution. The results show that export-related emissions elevated the annual mean population weighted PM2.5 by 8.3 μg/m(3) (15% of the total) in 2007, causing 157,000 deaths and accounting for 12% of the total mortality attributable to PM2.5-related air pollution. Compared to the eastern coastal provinces, the inner regions experience much larger export-related health losses relative to their economic production gains, owing to huge inter-regional disparities in export structures and technology levels. A shift away from emission-intensive production structure and export patterns, especially in inner regions, could significantly help improve national exports while alleviating the inter-regional cost-benefit inequality. Our results provide the first quantification of health consequences from air pollution related to Chinese exports. The proposed policy recommendations, based on health burden, economic production gains, and emission analysis, would be helpful to develop more sustainable and effective national and regional export strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xujia Jiang
- †Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Center for Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
- ‡State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- †Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Center for Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyan Zhao
- †Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Center for Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Guannan Geng
- †Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Center for Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Liqun Peng
- †Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Center for Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
- ‡State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Dabo Guan
- †Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Center for Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
- §School of International Development, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Haidong Kan
- ∥Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Huo
- ⊥Institute of Energy, Environment and Economy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Jintai Lin
- #Laboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Studies, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Michael Brauer
- ¶School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Randall V Martin
- ∇Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Kebin He
- ‡State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
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Wu J, Fang X, Martin JW, Zhai Z, Su S, Hu X, Han J, Lu S, Wang C, Zhang J, Hu J. Estimated emissions of chlorofluorocarbons, hydrochlorofluorocarbons, and hydrofluorocarbons based on an interspecies correlation method in the Pearl River Delta region, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 470-471:829-834. [PMID: 24189105 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.09.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Although many studies have been conducted in recent years on the emissions of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) at the large regional (such as East Asia) and national scales, relatively few studies have been conducted for cities or metropolitan areas. In this study, 192 air samples were collected in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region of China in November 2010. The atmospheric mixing ratios of six halocarbons were analyzed, including trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11, CCl3F), dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12, CCl2F2), monochlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22, CHClF2), 1,1-dichloro-1-fluoroethane (HCFC-141b, CH3CCl2F), 1-dichloro-1,1-fluoroethane (HCFC-142b, CH3CClF2), and 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a, CH2FCF3), and their emissions were estimated based on an interspecies correlation method using HCFC-22 as the reference species. The results showed no significant change in the regional concentration and emission of CFC in the past 10years, suggesting that the continuous regional emission of CFC has had no significant effect on the CFC regional concentration in the PRD region. Concentrations and emissions of HCFCs and HFCs are significantly higher compared to previous research in the PRD region (P<0.05). The largest emission was for HCFC-22, most likely due to its substitution for CFC-12 in the industrial and commercial refrigeration subsector, and the rapid development of the room air-conditioner and extruded polystyrene subsectors. The PRD's ODP-weighted emissions of the target HCFCs provided 9% (7-12%) of the national emissions for the corresponding species. The PRD's GWP-weighted emissions of the target HCFCs and HFC-134a account for 10% (7-12%) and 8% (7-9%), respectively, of the national emissions for the corresponding species, and thus are important contributions to China's total emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuekun Fang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jonathan W Martin
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Zihan Zhai
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shenshen Su
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiarui Han
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Sihua Lu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianbo Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianxin Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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Abstract
China is the world's largest emitter of anthropogenic air pollutants, and measurable amounts of Chinese pollution are transported via the atmosphere to other countries, including the United States. However, a large fraction of Chinese emissions is due to manufacture of goods for foreign consumption. Here, we analyze the impacts of trade-related Chinese air pollutant emissions on the global atmospheric environment, linking an economic-emission analysis and atmospheric chemical transport modeling. We find that in 2006, 36% of anthropogenic sulfur dioxide, 27% of nitrogen oxides, 22% of carbon monoxide, and 17% of black carbon emitted in China were associated with production of goods for export. For each of these pollutants, about 21% of export-related Chinese emissions were attributed to China-to-US export. Atmospheric modeling shows that transport of the export-related Chinese pollution contributed 3-10% of annual mean surface sulfate concentrations and 0.5-1.5% of ozone over the western United States in 2006. This Chinese pollution also resulted in one extra day or more of noncompliance with the US ozone standard in 2006 over the Los Angeles area and many regions in the eastern United States. On a daily basis, the export-related Chinese pollution contributed, at a maximum, 12-24% of sulfate concentrations over the western United States. As the United States outsourced manufacturing to China, sulfate pollution in 2006 increased in the western United States but decreased in the eastern United States, reflecting the competing effect between enhanced transport of Chinese pollution and reduced US emissions. Our findings are relevant to international efforts to reduce transboundary air pollution.
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Zheng H, Cao S. The challenge to sustainable development in China revealed by "death villages". ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:9833-9834. [PMID: 22054218 DOI: 10.1021/es2037977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Heran Zheng
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinhuadong Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
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He LY, Huang XF, Xue L, Hu M, Lin Y, Zheng J, Zhang R, Zhang YH. Submicron aerosol analysis and organic source apportionment in an urban atmosphere in Pearl River Delta of China using high-resolution aerosol mass spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd014566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Jiang F, Guo H, Wang TJ, Cheng HR, Wang XM, Simpson IJ, Ding AJ, Saunders SM, Lam SHM, Blake DR. An ozone episode in the Pearl River Delta: Field observation and model simulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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13
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Kwok RHF, Fung JCH, Lau AKH, Fu JS. Numerical study on seasonal variations of gaseous pollutants and particulate matters in Hong Kong and Pearl River Delta Region. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Zhang YL, Guo H, Wang XM, Simpson IJ, Barletta B, Blake DR, Meinardi S, Rowland FS, Cheng HR, Saunders SM, Lam SHM. Emission patterns and spatiotemporal variations of halocarbons in the Pearl River Delta region, southern China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hung CC, Gong GC, Ko FC, Chen HY, Hsu ML, Wu JM, Peng SC, Nan FH, Yeager KM, Santschi PH. Relationships between persistent organic pollutants and carbonaceous materials in aquatic sediments of Taiwan. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2010; 60:1010-1017. [PMID: 20206366 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2009] [Revised: 01/24/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that many persistent organic pollutants (POPs, e.g., polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and various pesticides), are strongly associated with carbonaceous materials (including organic carbon (OC) and black carbon (BC)). We hypothesize that carbonaceous materials can be used as a first-order pollution index, to indicate areas where POP pollution may require further investigation. We tested our hypothesis and found that strong, positive correlations between BC and OC contents versus the concentrations of PCBs (and PAHs) existed in estuarine sediments of the Danshui River in 2005 and 2008. Thus, our preliminary results demonstrate that POC and BC are potential indicators of the POP pollution potential in fluvial sediments of the Danshui River in Taiwan. This innovative approach can provide a simple, relatively inexpensive and expedient means to monitor concentrations of POPs in polluted aquatic sediments of Taiwan, and/or those having a legacy of POP inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Chang Hung
- Institute of Marine Environmental Chemistry and Ecology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan.
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Shi JB, Ip CCM, Zhang G, Jiang GB, Li XD. Mercury profiles in sediments of the Pearl River Estuary and the surrounding coastal area of South China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2010; 158:1974-1979. [PMID: 20189273 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2010.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2009] [Revised: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/30/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The spatial and temporal variations of mercury (Hg) in sediments of the Pearl River Estuary (PRE) and the surrounding coastal area (South China Sea) were studied. In surface sediments, the concentrations of Hg ranged from 1.5 to 201ng/g, with an average of 54.4ng/g, displaying a decreasing trend with the distance from the estuary to the open sea. This pattern indicates that the anthropogenic emissions from the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region are probably the main sources of Hg in this coastal region. Using the (210)Pb dating technique, the historical changes in the concentrations and influxes of Hg in the last 100 years were also investigated. The variations in Hg influxes in sediment cores obviously correlate with the economic development and urbanization that has occurred the PRD region, especially in the last three decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-bo Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
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Cheng H, Guo H, Wang X, Saunders SM, Lam SHM, Jiang F, Wang T, Ding A, Lee S, Ho KF. On the relationship between ozone and its precursors in the Pearl River Delta: application of an observation-based model (OBM). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2010; 17:547-60. [PMID: 19806376 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-009-0247-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2009] [Accepted: 09/11/2009] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND, AIM, AND SCOPE Photochemical smog, characterized by high concentrations of O(3) and fine particles, is of great concern in the urban areas, in particular megacities and city clusters like the Pearl River Delta. MATERIALS, METHODS, AND RESULTS Ambient ozone (O(3)) and its precursors were simultaneously measured at two sites in the Pearl River Delta, namely, Wan Qing Sha (WQS) in Guangzhou and Tung Chung (TC) in Hong Kong, from 23 October to 01 December 2007 in order to explore their potential relationship. Eight high O(3) episode days were identified at WQS and two at TC during the sampling campaign, indicating a more serious O(3) pollution in Guangzhou than in Hong Kong. An observation-based model was employed to determine the ozone-precursor relationship. At both sites, O(3) production was found to be volatile organic compound (VOC)-limited, which is consistent with previous observations. Anthropogenic hydrocarbons played a key role in O(3) production, while reducing nitric oxide emissions aided the buildup of O(3) concentrations. Among VOC species, the summed relative incremental reactivity (RIR) of the top 12 compounds accounted for 89% and 85% of the total RIR at WQS and TC, respectively, indicating that local photochemical O(3) formation can be mainly attributed to a small number of VOC species. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS A large increment in both simulated HO(2) and O(3) concentrations was achieved with additional input of hourly carbonyl data. This suggested that apart from hydrocarbons, carbonyls might significantly contribute to the O(3) production in the Pearl River Delta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hairong Cheng
- Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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18
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Barr CD, Dominici F. Cap and trade legislation for greenhouse gas emissions: public health benefits from air pollution mitigation. JAMA 2010; 303:69-70. [PMID: 20051573 PMCID: PMC2913286 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2009.1955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Barr
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, 655 Huntington Ave, Bldg 2, Room 435A, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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19
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Environmental Policies in China over the Past 10 Years: Progress, Problems and Prospects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proenv.2010.10.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Teng J, Tang S, Ou S. Determination of perfluorooctanesulfonate and perfluorooctanoate in water samples by SPE-HPLC/electrospray ion trap mass spectrometry. Microchem J 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2009.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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21
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Guo H, Ding AJ, Wang T, Simpson IJ, Blake DR, Barletta B, Meinardi S, Rowland FS, Saunders SM, Fu TM, Hung WT, Li YS. Source origins, modeled profiles, and apportionments of halogenated hydrocarbons in the greater Pearl River Delta region, southern China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd011448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Holdren J, Tao S, Carpenter DO. Environment and health in the twenty-first century. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008; 1140:1-21. [PMID: 18991897 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1454.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
There are major challenges facing the countries in the Pacific Basin. These include issues of hazardous waste management and the consequent adverse effects of hazardous wastes on human health, the potential disruption of our whole way of life as a consequence of global climate change, and the increasing problem on human health of air pollution and the effects of breathing polluted air. These issues and others were the focus of the 12th meeting of the Pacific Basin Consortium for Environment and Health Sciences, held in Beijing in late 2007. This volume is a collection of papers presented at that meeting, and this introductory chapter provides some perspective on three of the major issues that are of concern in all of the countries in this region. This meeting provided an opportunity for Chinese scientists and those from other countries in the Pacific Basin to share perspectives and possible solutions with others from the international community, and these various approaches are reflected in these proceedings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Holdren
- Pacific Basin Consortium for Environment and Health, East-West Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
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Wang Q, Han Z, Wang T, Zhang R. Impacts of biogenic emissions of VOC and NOx on tropospheric ozone during summertime in eastern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2008; 395:41-9. [PMID: 18329698 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2007] [Revised: 01/19/2008] [Accepted: 01/29/2008] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This study is intended to understand and quantify the impacts of biogenic emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC) and nitrogen oxides (NO(x)) on the formation of tropospheric ozone during summertime in eastern China. The model system consists of the non-hydrostatic mesoscale meteorological model (MM5) and a tropospheric chemical and transport model (TCTM) with the updated carbon-bond chemical reaction mechanism (CBM-IV). The spatial resolution of the system domain is 30 km x 30 km. The impacts of biogenic emissions are investigated by performing simulations (36 h) with and without biogenic emissions, while anthropogenic emissions are constant. The results indicate that biogenic emissions have remarkable impacts on surface ozone in eastern China. In big cities and their surrounding areas, surface ozone formation tends to be VOC-limited. The increase in ozone concentration by biogenic VOC is generally 5 ppbv or less, but could be more than 10 ppbv or even 30 ppbv in some local places. The impacts of biogenic NO(x) are different or even contrary in different regions, depending on the relative availability of NO(x) and VOC. The surface ozone concentrations reduced or increased by the biogenic NO(x) could be as much as 10 ppbv or 20 ppbv, respectively. The impacts of biogenic emissions on ozone aloft are generally restricted to the boundary layer and generally more obvious during the daytime than during the nighttime. This study is useful for understanding the role of biogenic emissions and for planning strategies for surface ozone abatement in eastern China. Due to limitations of the emission inventories used and the highly non-linear nature of zone formation, however, some uncertainties remain in the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin'geng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
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24
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Peters GP, Hertwich EG. CO2 embodied in international trade with implications for global climate policy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2008; 42:1401-7. [PMID: 18441780 DOI: 10.1021/es072023k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The flow of pollution through international trade flows has the ability to undermine environmental policies, particularly for global pollutants. In this article we determine the CO2 emissions embodied in international trade among 87 countries for the year 2001. We find that globally there are over 5.3 Gt of CO2 embodied in trade and that Annex B countries are net importers of CO2 emissions. Depending on country characteristics--such as size variables and geographic location--there are considerable variations in the embodied emissions. We argue that emissions embodied in trade may have a significant impact on participation in and effectiveness of global climate policies such as the Kyoto Protocol. We discuss several policy options to reduce the impact of trade in global climate policy. If countries take binding commitments as a part of a coalition, instead of as individual countries, then the impacts of trade can be substantially reduced. Adjusting emission inventories for trade gives a more consistent description of a country's environmental pressures and circumvents many trade related issues. It also gives opportunities to exploit trade as a means of mitigating emissions. Not least, a better understanding of the role that trade plays in a country's economic and environmental development will help design more effective and participatory climate policy post-Kyoto.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen P Peters
- Industrial Ecology Programme, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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25
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Craig L, Brook JR, Chiotti Q, Croes B, Gower S, Hedley A, Krewski D, Krupnick A, Krzyzanowski M, Moran MD, Pennell W, Samet JM, Schneider J, Shortreed J, Williams M. Air pollution and public health: a guidance document for risk managers. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2008; 71:588-698. [PMID: 18569631 DOI: 10.1080/15287390801997732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This guidance document is a reference for air quality policymakers and managers providing state-of-the-art, evidence-based information on key determinants of air quality management decisions. The document reflects the findings of five annual meetings of the NERAM (Network for Environmental Risk Assessment and Management) International Colloquium Series on Air Quality Management (2001-2006), as well as the results of supporting international research. The topics covered in the guidance document reflect critical science and policy aspects of air quality risk management including i) health effects, ii) air quality emissions, measurement and modeling, iii) air quality management interventions, and iv) clean air policy challenges and opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine Craig
- Network for Environmental Risk Assessment and Management, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
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Peters GP, Weber CL, Guan D, Hubacek K. China's growing CO2 emissions--a race between increasing consumption and efficiency gains. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2007; 41:5939-5944. [PMID: 17937264 DOI: 10.1021/es070108f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
China's rapidly growing economy and energy consumption are creating serious environmental problems on both local and global scales. Understanding the key drivers behind China's growing energy consumption and the associated CO2 emissions is critical for the development of global climate policies and provides insight into how other emerging economies may develop a low emissions future. Using recently released Chinese economic input-output data and structural decomposition analysis we analyze how changes in China's technology, economic structure, urbanization, and lifestyles affect CO2 emissions. We find that infrastructure construction and urban household consumption, both in turn driven by urbanization and lifestyle changes, have outpaced efficiency improvements in the growth of CO2 emissions. Net trade had a small effect on total emissions due to equal, but significant, growth in emissions from the production of exports and emissions avoided by imports. Technology and efficiency improvements have only partially offset consumption growth, but there remains considerable untapped potential to reduce emissions by improving both production and consumption systems. As China continues to rapidly develop there is an opportunity to further implement and extend policies, such as the Circular Economy, that will help China avoid the high emissions path taken by today's developed countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen P Peters
- Industrial Ecology Programme, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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