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Ahad JME, Martel R, Calderhead AI. Isotope forensics of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) in a contaminated shallow aquifer. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 342:140169. [PMID: 37709057 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Diesel was accidently released into the shallow subsurface at an industrial site in the province of Québec, Canada, in the late 1980s. Subsequent remediation efforts removed much of the contamination; however, traces of petroleum hydrocarbons continue to impact the local aquifer. In addition to the historical diesel spill, more recent yet unconfirmed accidental releases from ongoing on-site and neighbouring industrial activities may have potentially contributed to elevated levels of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) in groundwater. To identify the main source(s) of contamination, compound-specific stable carbon isotope ratios (δ13C) of PACs in groundwater monitoring wells were compared to those in asphalt produced from a nearby plant and in fuel oil #6 oil being used by local industry. The δ13C values of five individual compounds (biphenyl, C2-naphthalene, C1-fluorene, dibenzothiophene and phenanthrene) and two groups of combined C1-phenanthrenes/anthracenes in all groundwater samples were within analytical uncertainty (±0.5‰). Moreover, the δ13CPAC values in groundwater samples were distinct from those in asphalt and fuel oil #6, indicating negligible contributions from these sources. The similarity in δ13CPAC values across monitoring wells, including one situated in the former source zone containing a floating hydrocarbon phase, pointed to a common source of subsurface contamination that was attributed to the historical diesel spill. These results thus demonstrate that δ13CPAC values can be used for source apportionment in shallow aquifers decades after the original spill event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M E Ahad
- Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Québec, QC, G1K 9A9, Canada.
| | - Richard Martel
- INRS Eau Terre Environnement, Québec, QC, G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - Angus I Calderhead
- INRS Eau Terre Environnement, Québec, QC, G1K 9A9, Canada; Now at Environment and Climate Change Canada, Québec, QC, G1J 5E9, Canada
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2
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Zhang Z, Sun J, Gong X, Wang C, Wang H. Anaerobic biodegradation of pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene by a new sulfate-reducing Desulforamulus aquiferis strain DSA. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 459:132053. [PMID: 37482040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
The study of anaerobic high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (HMW-PAHs) biodegradation under sulfate-reducing conditions by microorganisms, including microbial species responsible for biodegradation and relative metabolic processes, remains in its infancy. Here, we found that a new sulfate-reducer, designated as Desulforamulus aquiferis strain DSA, could biodegrade pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene (two kinds of HMW-PAHs) coupled with the reduction of sulfate to sulfide. Interestingly, strain DSA could simultaneously biodegrade pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene when they co-existed in culture. Additionally, the metabolic processes for anaerobic pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene biodegradation by strain DSA were newly proposed in this study based on the detection of intermediates, quantum chemical calculations and analyses of the genome and RTqPCR. The initial activation step for anaerobic pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene biodegradation by strain DSA was identified as the formation of pyrene-2-carboxylic acid and benzo[a]pyrene-11-carboxylic acid by carboxylation Thereafter, CoA ligase, ring reduction through hydrogenation, and ring cracking occurred, and short-chain fatty acids and carbon dioxide were identified as the final products. Additionally, DSA could also utilize benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, and benz[a]anthracene as carbon sources. Our study can provide new guidance for the anaerobic HMW-PAHs biodegradation under sulfate-reducing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuotao Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiao Sun
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Gong
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chongyang Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Heker I, Haberhauer G, Meckenstock RU. Naphthalene Carboxylation in the Sulfate-Reducing Enrichment Culture N47 Is Proposed to Proceed via 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition to the Cofactor Prenylated Flavin Mononucleotide. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0192722. [PMID: 36815794 PMCID: PMC10057960 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01927-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are persistent pollutants of anthropogenic or natural origin in the environment and accumulate in anoxic habitats. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of the enzyme naphthalene carboxylase as a model reaction for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon activation by carboxylation. An enzyme assay was established with cell extracts of the highly enriched culture N47. In assays without addition of ATP, naphthalene carboxylase catalyzed a stable isotope exchange of the carboxyl group of naphthoate with 13C-labeled bicarbonate buffer, which can only occur via a partial backwards reaction of the naphthalene carboxylase reaction to an intermediate that does not include the carboxyl group. Hence, a new carboxyl group from the labeled bicarbonate is added upon forward reaction to the naphthoate. This indicates that the reaction mechanism consists of two or more steps and that at least the latter steps are reversible and ATP independent. Naphthalene carboxylation assays were carried out in deuterated buffer and revealed the incorporation of 0, 1, 2, or 3 deuterium atoms in the final product naphthoyl-coenzyme A, indicating that the reaction is fully reversible. Putative reaction mechanisms were tested by quantum mechanical calculations. The proposed mechanism of the reaction consists of three steps: the activation of the naphthalene by 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of the cofactor prFMN to naphthalene, release of a proton and rearomatization producing a stable intermediate, and a carboxylation with a reverse 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition and cleavage of the bond to the cofactor producing 2-naphthoate. IMPORTANCE Pollution with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons poses a great hazard to humans and animals, with considerable long-term effects. The anaerobic degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in anoxic zones and anaerobic growth of such organisms is very slow, leading to only poor investigation of the degradation pathways, so far. In this work, we elucidated the mechanism of naphthalene carboxylase, a key enzyme in anaerobic naphthalene degradation. This is the first mechanism proposed for a carboxylase targeting nonsubstituted (polycyclic) aromatic compounds and can serve as a model for the initial activation reaction in the anaerobic degradation of benzene or nonsubstituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, as well as similar enzymatic reactions from the expanding class of UbiD-like (de)carboxylases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Heker
- Institute for Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, Aquatic Microbiology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Gebhard Haberhauer
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Rainer U. Meckenstock
- Institute for Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, Aquatic Microbiology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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Wang G, Jiang N, Liu Y, Wang X, Liu Y, Jiao D, Wang H. Competitive microbial degradation among PBDE congeners in anaerobic wetland sediments: Implication by multiple-line evidences including compound-specific stable isotope analysis. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 412:125233. [PMID: 33513555 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widespread contaminants in the environment. Microbial reductive debromination is one of the important attenuation processes for PBDEs in the anaerobic sediments. This study first investigated the interaction between BDE-47 and BDE-153 during the microbial degradation in wetland sediments by the multiple-line approaches including biodegradation kinetics, microbial community structures and stable isotope composition. BDE-47 and BDE-153 biodegradation fitted pseudo-zero-order kinetics, with the higher degradation rates in single than combined exposure, indicating the mutual inhibition in co-exposure condition. BDE-47 and BDE-153 shared the common dehalogenators (genus Dehalococcoides and Acinetobacter) with enrichment in combined exposure, indicating the potential competition in dehalogenating bacteria during biodegradation. Microbial degradation could lead to the isotopic fractionation of BDE-47 and BDE-153, with the smaller changes in δ13C in combined than single exposure. The apparent kinetic isotope effect of carbon (AKIEC) was different between BDE-47 and BDE-153 in single exposure, whilst identical in combined exposure, indicating the similar degradation mechanism for BDE-47 and BDE-153 in co-exposure condition. These results revealed that the competition on microbial degradation occurred among PBDEs in co-exposure condition, which was important for the comprehensive risk assessment of simultaneous exposure to multiple PBDE congeners in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoguang Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China.
| | - Na Jiang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China; Environmental Information Institute, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Xu Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Yuxin Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Dian Jiao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Haixia Wang
- Navigation College, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
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Wang Y, Li T, Zhang R, Russell J, Xiao X, Cheng Y, Zhang F, Liu Z, Guan M, Han Q. Fingerprinting characterization of sedimentary PAHs and black carbon in the East China Sea using carbon and hydrogen isotopes. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115415. [PMID: 33254710 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we present the application of a dual-isotope approach for the source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and black carbon (BC) in the East China Sea (ECS). The δ13C and δ2H isotope signatures of the PAHs were determined from surface sediments collected from the ECS. A Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) model was used to the environmental source identifications with dual-isotope PAHs data. The results indicate that the coal combustion source is predominant (with average of 41%) in the ECS. Liquid fossil fuels combustion, biomass combustion, and petrogenic sources account for 23%, 20%, and 12% of the total PAH burden, respectively. Additionally, we also determine the stable and radio carbon isotopes (δ13C and Δ14C) of total BC in sediment samples of the ECS. The results demonstrate the quantitative source apportionments for different sources, reflecting the contributions of fossil fuels (coal combustion and petroleum-related emissions), biomass (C3 and C4 plants) combustion, and rock-weathering sources. The fossil combustion in BC accounts for 67%, with 23% for biomass sources, meanwhile the rock weathering source in BC is an average of 10%. These results show a remarkable similarity and extensive homologies at source apportionment of PAHs and BC in the ECS, even though some differences in source mechanisms and processes. These findings on the environmental source apportionment will provide a reference for improved emission inventories, and will help to provide guidance for the efforts to mitigate environmental pollution in the coastal areas and marginal sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yipeng Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment /Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, Jiangsu Province, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, Jiangsu Province, China; School of Marine Technology and Geomatics, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Tiegang Li
- First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, Shandong Province, China; Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266061, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Rui Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment /Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, Jiangsu Province, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, Jiangsu Province, China; School of Marine Technology and Geomatics, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, Jiangsu Province, China; Department of Earth, Environmental, and Planetary Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA.
| | - James Russell
- Department of Earth, Environmental, and Planetary Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Xin Xiao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yaxin Cheng
- School of Marine Technology and Geomatics, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Zhiyong Liu
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medicine College, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Minglei Guan
- School of Marine Technology and Geomatics, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qi Han
- School of Ocean Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China
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6
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Tang T, Cheng Z, Xu B, Zhang B, Zhu S, Cheng H, Li J, Chen Y, Zhang G. Triple Isotopes (δ 13C, δ 2H, and Δ 14C) Compositions and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Naphthalene: A Key Surrogate of Intermediate-Volatility Organic Compounds (IVOCs). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:5409-5418. [PMID: 32259434 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Naphthalene (NAP), as a surrogate of intermediate-volatility organic compounds (IVOCs), has been proposed to be an important precursor of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). However, the relative contribution of its emission sources is still not explicit. This study firstly conducted the source apportionment of atmospheric NAP using a triple-isotope (δ13C, δ2H, and Δ14C) technique combined with a Bayesian model in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region of China. At the urban sites, stable carbon (-27.7 ± 0.7‰, δ13C) and radiocarbon (-944.0 ± 20.4‰, Δ14C) isotope compositions of NAP did not exhibit significant seasonal variation, but the deuterium system showed a relatively more 2H depleted signature in winter (-86.7 ± 8.9‰, δ2H) in comparison to that in summer (-56.4 ± 3.9‰, δ2H). Radiocarbon signatures indicated that 95.1 ± 1.8% of NAP was emitted from fossil sources in these cities. The Bayesian model results indicated that the emission source compositions in the BTH urban sites had a similar pattern. The contribution of liquid fossil combustion was highest (46.7 ± 2.6%), followed by coal high-temperature combustion (26.8 ± 7.1%), coal low-temperature combustion (18.9 ± 6.4%), and biomass burning (7.6 ± 3.1%). At the suburban site, the contribution of coal low-temperature combustion could reach 70.1 ± 6.4%. The triple-isotope based approach provides a top-down constraint on the sources of atmospheric NAP and could be further applied to other IVOCs in the ambient atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiangang Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhineng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Buqing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Bolong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Sanyuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Hairong Cheng
- School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingjun Chen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
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Zhang R, Li T, Russell J, Zhang F, Xiao X, Cheng Y, Liu Z, Guan M, Han Q. Source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in continental shelf of the East China Sea with dual compound-specific isotopes (δ 13C and δ 2H). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 704:135459. [PMID: 31812388 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we firstly report the application of a dual-isotope approach for the source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the East China Sea (ECS). The δ13C and δ2H isotope signatures of the PAHs were determined in the surface sediments collected from the ECS. Statistical modeling based on a Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) framework was used to the environmental dual-isotope PAH data. An end-member PAH isotope database was also compiled to account for the uncertainties and quantitative contributions on the potential PAH sources, including coal combustions, liquid fossil fuel combustions, biomass combustions and petrogenic sources. The results indicate that the PAHs in the ECS had a clear predominance of the coal combustion source (~42%). The combustion of liquid fossil fuels, biomass as well as petrogenic sources represented approximately 23%, 21%, and 11% of the total PAH burden, respectively. This study on the source apportionment of environmental PAHs will provide a reference for improvingemission inventories of the PAHs, and also give guidance for the efforts to extenuate PAH pollutions in the marginal sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- School of Geomatics and Marine Information, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, Jiangsu Province, China; Department of Earth, Environmental, and Planetary Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang 222005, Jiangsu Province, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang 222005, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Tiegang Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Sedimentology and Environmental Geology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Geology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266061, China.
| | - James Russell
- Department of Earth, Environmental, and Planetary Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University 222005, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xin Xiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University 222005, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yaxin Cheng
- School of Geomatics and Marine Information, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhiyong Liu
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medicine College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Minglei Guan
- School of Geomatics and Marine Information, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qi Han
- School of Ocean Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
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Marozava S, Meyer AH, Pérez-de-Mora A, Gharasoo M, Zhuo L, Wang H, Cirpka OA, Meckenstock RU, Elsner M. Mass Transfer Limitation during Slow Anaerobic Biodegradation of 2-Methylnaphthalene. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:9481-9490. [PMID: 31262174 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sviatlana Marozava
- Institute of Groundwater Ecology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Armin H. Meyer
- Institute of Groundwater Ecology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Alfredo Pérez-de-Mora
- Institute of Groundwater Ecology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Mehdi Gharasoo
- Institute of Groundwater Ecology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- University of Waterloo, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ecohydrology, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Lin Zhuo
- Institute of Groundwater Ecology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - He Wang
- Institute of Groundwater Ecology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Olaf A. Cirpka
- University of Tübingen, Center for Applied Geoscience, Hölderlinstrasse 12, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rainer U. Meckenstock
- University Duisburg-Essen, Biofilm Centre, Universitätsstrasse 5, D-45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Martin Elsner
- Institute of Groundwater Ecology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Technical University of Munich, Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Marchioninistrasse 17, 81377 Munich, Germany
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9
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Ojeda AS, Phillips E, Mancini SA, Lollar BS. Sources of Uncertainty in Biotransformation Mechanistic Interpretations and Remediation Studies using CSIA. Anal Chem 2019; 91:9147-9153. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ann Sullivan Ojeda
- Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Toronto, 22 Russell Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B1, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Phillips
- Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Toronto, 22 Russell Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B1, Canada
| | - Silvia A. Mancini
- Geosyntec Consultants Inc., 243 Islington Avenue #1201, Etobicoke, Ontario M8X 1Y9, Canada
| | - Barbara Sherwood Lollar
- Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Toronto, 22 Russell Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B1, Canada
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10
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Luo J, Wu L, Chen Y, Feng L, Cao J. Integrated approach to enhance the anaerobic biodegradation of benz[α]anthracene: A high-molecule-weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in sludge by simultaneously improving the bioavailability and microbial activity. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 365:322-330. [PMID: 30447640 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The biodegradation of benz[α]anthracene (BaA), which was a high-molecule-weight PAH, was enhanced via a combination of alkaline and alkyl polyglucosides (APG) treatment during waste activated sludge (WAS) anaerobic fermentation. The biodegradation efficiency of BaA was increased from 14.1% in the control to 30.2 and 47.8% in pH 10 and pH 10 & APG reactors, respectively. Mechanism investigations found that the alkaline and APG treatments stimulated the processes of BaA desorption from sludge and transfer/entry into microorganisms, and ultimately improved the BaA bioavailability. Meanwhile, the huge released substrates from WAS not only served as carbon sources but also involved in the electron transfer among microorganisms which contributed to the BaA biodegradation process. Moreover, the microbial activities involved in BaA biodegradation, including the abundances of functional bacteria, activities of enzymes and quantities of genes, were also incremented due to the alkaline and APG treatments. Overall, the simultaneous improvement of BaA bioavailability and microbial activities enhanced its biodegradation efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Lijuan Wu
- Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Nanjing, China
| | - Yinguang Chen
- State key laboratory of pollution control and Resources reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Leiyu Feng
- State key laboratory of pollution control and Resources reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Jiashun Cao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
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11
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Keller AH, Kleinsteuber S, Vogt C. Anaerobic Benzene Mineralization by Nitrate-Reducing and Sulfate-Reducing Microbial Consortia Enriched From the Same Site: Comparison of Community Composition and Degradation Characteristics. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2018; 75:941-953. [PMID: 29124312 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-017-1100-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Benzene mineralization under nitrate-reducing conditions was successfully established in an on-site reactor continuously fed with nitrate and sulfidic, benzene-containing groundwater extracted from a contaminated aquifer. Filling material from the reactor columns was used to set up anoxic enrichment cultures in mineral medium with benzene as electron donor and sole organic carbon source and nitrate as electron acceptor. Benzene degradation characteristics and community composition under nitrate-reducing conditions were monitored and compared to those of a well-investigated benzene-mineralizing consortium enriched from the same column system under sulfate-reducing conditions. The nitrate-reducing cultures degraded benzene at a rate of 10.1 ± 1.7 μM d-1, accompanied by simultaneous reduction of nitrate to nitrite. The previously studied sulfate-reducing culture degraded benzene at similar rates. Carbon and hydrogen stable isotope enrichment factors determined for nitrate-dependent benzene degradation differed significantly from those of the sulfate-reducing culture (ΛH/C nitrate = 12 ± 3 compared to ΛH/C sulfate = 28 ± 3), indicating different benzene activation mechanisms under the two conditions. The nitrate-reducing community was mainly composed of Betaproteobacteria, Ignavibacteria, and Anaerolineae. Azoarcus and a phylotype related to clone Dok59 (Rhodocyclaceae) were the dominant genera, indicating an involvement in nitrate-dependent benzene degradation. The primary benzene degrader of the sulfate-reducing consortium, a phylotype belonging to the Peptococcaceae, was absent in the nitrate-reducing consortium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas H Keller
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sabine Kleinsteuber
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Carsten Vogt
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.
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12
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Karwautz C, Kus G, Stöckl M, Neu TR, Lueders T. Microbial megacities fueled by methane oxidation in a mineral spring cave. ISME JOURNAL 2017; 12:87-100. [PMID: 28949325 PMCID: PMC5739006 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2017.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Massive biofilms have been discovered in the cave of an iodine-rich former medicinal spring in southern Germany. The biofilms completely cover the walls and ceilings of the cave, giving rise to speculations about their metabolism. Here we report on first insights into the structure and function of the biofilm microbiota, combining geochemical, imaging and molecular analytics. Stable isotope analysis indicated that thermogenic methane emerging into the cave served as an important driver of biofilm formation. The undisturbed cavern atmosphere contained up to 3000 p.p.m. methane and was microoxic. A high abundance and diversity of aerobic methanotrophs primarily within the Methylococcales (Gammaproteobacteria) and methylotrophic Methylophilaceae (Betaproteobacteria) were found in the biofilms, along with a surprising diversity of associated heterotrophic bacteria. The highest methane oxidation potentials were measured for submerged biofilms on the cavern wall. Highly organized globular structures of the biofilm matrix were revealed by fluorescent lectin staining. We propose that the extracellular matrix served not only as an electron sink for nutrient-limited biofilm methylotrophs but potentially also as a diffusive barrier against volatilized iodine species. Possible links between carbon and iodine cycling in this peculiar habitat are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Karwautz
- Institute of Groundwater Ecology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Günter Kus
- Bavarian Environment Agency (LfU), Department 10: Geological Survey, Hof/Saale, Germany
| | - Michael Stöckl
- Institute of Groundwater Ecology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas R Neu
- Department of River Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Tillmann Lueders
- Institute of Groundwater Ecology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
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13
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Cui M, Zhang W, Fang J, Liang Q, Liu D. Carbon and hydrogen isotope fractionation during aerobic biodegradation of quinoline and 3-methylquinoline. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8379-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Vogt C, Dorer C, Musat F, Richnow HH. Multi-element isotope fractionation concepts to characterize the biodegradation of hydrocarbons — from enzymes to the environment. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2016; 41:90-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2016.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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15
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Kuntze K, Kozell A, Richnow HH, Halicz L, Nijenhuis I, Gelman F. Dual Carbon-Bromine Stable Isotope Analysis Allows Distinguishing Transformation Pathways of Ethylene Dibromide. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:9855-9863. [PMID: 27526716 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated dual carbon-bromine isotope fractionation of the common groundwater contaminant ethylene dibromide (EDB) during chemical and biological transformations, including aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation, alkaline hydrolysis, Fenton-like degradation, debromination by Zn(0) and reduced corrinoids. Significantly different correlation of carbon and bromine isotope fractionation (ΛC/Br) was observed not only for the processes following different transformation pathways, but also for abiotic and biotic processes with, the presumed, same formal chemical degradation mechanism. The studied processes resulted in a wide range of ΛC/Br values: ΛC/Br = 30.1 was observed for hydrolysis of EDB in alkaline solution; ΛC/Br between 4.2 and 5.3 were determined for dibromoelimination pathway with reduced corrinoids and Zn(0) particles; EDB biodegradation by Ancylobacter aquaticus and Sulfurospirillum multivorans resulted in ΛC/Br = 10.7 and 2.4, respectively; Fenton-like degradation resulted in carbon isotope fractionation only, leading to ΛC/Br ∞. Calculated carbon apparent kinetic isotope effects ((13)C-AKIE) fell with 1.005 to 1.035 within expected ranges according to the theoretical KIE, however, biotic transformations resulted in weaker carbon isotope effects than respective abiotic transformations. Relatively large bromine isotope effects with (81)Br-AKIE of 1.0012-1.002 and 1.0021-1.004 were observed for nucleophilic substitution and dibromoelimination, respectively, and reveal so far underestimated strong bromine isotope effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Kuntze
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ , Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anna Kozell
- Geological Survey of Israel, 30 Malkhei Israel St., Jerusalem, 95501, Israel
| | - Hans H Richnow
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ , Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ludwik Halicz
- Geological Survey of Israel, 30 Malkhei Israel St., Jerusalem, 95501, Israel
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw , 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ivonne Nijenhuis
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ , Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Faina Gelman
- Geological Survey of Israel, 30 Malkhei Israel St., Jerusalem, 95501, Israel
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16
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Marquès M, Mari M, Audí-Miró C, Sierra J, Soler A, Nadal M, Domingo JL. Photodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils under a climate change base scenario. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 148:495-503. [PMID: 26841292 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.01.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The photodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in two typical Mediterranean soils, either coarse- or fine-textured, was here investigated. Soil samples, spiked with the 16 US EPA priority PAHs, were incubated in a climate chamber at stable conditions of temperature (20 °C) and light (9.6 W m(-2)) for 28 days, simulating a climate change base scenario. PAH concentrations in soils were analyzed throughout the experiment, and correlated with data obtained by means of Microtox(®) ecotoxicity test. Photodegradation was found to be dependent on exposure time, molecular weight of each hydrocarbon, and soil texture. Fine-textured soil was able to enhance sorption, being PAHs more photodegraded than in coarse-textured soil. According to the EC50 values reported by Microtox(®), a higher detoxification was observed in fine-textured soil, being correlated with the outcomes of the analytical study. Significant photodegradation rates were detected for a number of PAHs, namely phenanthrene, anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, and indeno(123-cd)pyrene. Benzo(a)pyrene, commonly used as an indicator for PAH pollution, was completely removed after 7 days of light exposure. In addition to the PAH chemical analysis and the ecotoxicity tests, a hydrogen isotope analysis of benzo(a)pyrene was also carried out. The degradation of this specific compound was associated to a high enrichment in (2)H, obtaining a maximum δ(2)H isotopic shift of +232‰. This strong isotopic effect observed in benzo(a)pyrene suggests that compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) may be a powerful tool to monitor in situ degradation of PAHs. Moreover, hydrogen isotopes of benzo(a)pyrene evidenced a degradation process of unknown origin occurring in the darkness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montse Marquès
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain; Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Montse Mari
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain; Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Carme Audí-Miró
- Grup de Mineralogia Aplicada i Geoquímica de Fluids, Departament de Cristal·lografia, Mineralogia i Dipòsits Minerals, Facultat de Geologia, SIMGEO UB-CSIC, Universitat de Barcelona UB, Martí Franquès s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Sierra
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain; Laboratory of Soil Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Albert Soler
- Grup de Mineralogia Aplicada i Geoquímica de Fluids, Departament de Cristal·lografia, Mineralogia i Dipòsits Minerals, Facultat de Geologia, SIMGEO UB-CSIC, Universitat de Barcelona UB, Martí Franquès s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martí Nadal
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - José L Domingo
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain
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17
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Marquès M, Mari M, Audí-Miró C, Sierra J, Soler A, Nadal M, Domingo JL. Climate change impact on the PAH photodegradation in soils: Characterization and metabolites identification. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 89-90:155-165. [PMID: 26859521 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are airborne pollutants that are deposited on soils. As climate change is already altering temperature and solar radiation, the global warming is suggested to impact the environmental fate of PAHs. This study was aimed at evaluating the effect of climate change on the PAH photodegradation in soils. Samples of Mediterranean soils were subjected to different temperature and light radiation conditions in a climate chamber. Two climate scenarios were considered according to IPCC projections: 1) a base (B) scenario, being temperature and light intensity 20°C and 9.6W/m(2), respectively, and 2) a climate change (CC) scenario, working at 24°C and 24W/m(2), respectively. As expected, low molecular weight PAHs were rapidly volatilized when increasing both temperature and light intensity. In contrast, medium and high molecular weight PAHs presented different photodegradation rates in soils with different texture, which was likely related to the amount of photocatalysts contained in both soils. In turn, the hydrogen isotopic composition of some of the PAHs under study was also investigated to verify any degradation process. Hydrogen isotopes confirmed that benzo(a)pyrene is degraded in both B and CC scenarios, not only under light but also in the darkness, revealing unknown degradation processes occurring when light is lacking. Potential generation pathways of PAH photodegradation by-products were also suggested, being a higher number of metabolites formed in the CC scenario. Consequently, in a more or less near future, although humans might be less exposed to PAHs, they could be exposed to new metabolites of these pollutants, which might be even more toxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montse Marquès
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç, 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain; Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Montse Mari
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç, 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain; Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Carme Audí-Miró
- Grup de Mineralogia Aplicada i Geoquímica de Fluids, Departament de Cristal·lografia, Mineralogia i Dipòsits Minerals, Facultat de Geologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Martí i Franquès s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Sierra
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain; Laboratory of Soil Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Albert Soler
- Grup de Mineralogia Aplicada i Geoquímica de Fluids, Departament de Cristal·lografia, Mineralogia i Dipòsits Minerals, Facultat de Geologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Martí i Franquès s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martí Nadal
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç, 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - José L Domingo
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç, 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain
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18
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Kümmel S, Starke R, Chen G, Musat F, Richnow HH, Vogt C. Hydrogen Isotope Fractionation As a Tool to Identify Aerobic and Anaerobic PAH Biodegradation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:3091-3100. [PMID: 26855125 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic and anaerobic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) biodegradation was characterized by compound specific stable isotope analysis (CSIA) of the carbon and hydrogen isotope effects of the enzymatic reactions initiating specific degradation pathways, using naphthalene and 2-methylnaphtalene as model compounds. Aerobic activation of naphthalene and 2-methylnaphthalene by Pseudomonas putida NCIB 9816 and Pseudomonas fluorescens ATCC 17483 containing naphthalene dioxygenases was associated with moderate carbon isotope fractionation (εC = -0.8 ± 0.1‰ to -1.6 ± 0.2‰). In contrast, anaerobic activation of naphthalene by a carboxylation-like mechanism by strain NaphS6 was linked to negligible carbon isotope fractionation (εC = -0.2 ± 0.2‰ to -0.4 ± 0.3‰). Notably, anaerobic activation of naphthalene by strain NaphS6 exhibited a normal hydrogen isotope fractionation (εH = -11 ± 2‰ to -47 ± 4‰), whereas an inverse hydrogen isotope fractionation was observed for the aerobic strains (εH = +15 ± 2‰ to +71 ± 6‰). Additionally, isotope fractionation of NaphS6 was determined in an overlaying hydrophobic carrier phase, resulting in more reliable enrichment factors compared to immobilizing the PAHs on the bottle walls without carrier phase. The observed differences especially in hydrogen fractionation might be used to differentiate between aerobic and anaerobic naphthalene and 2-methylnaphthalene biodegradation pathways at PAH-contaminated field sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Kümmel
- UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research , Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- University of Freiburg , Faculty of Biology, Schaenzlestraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robert Starke
- UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research , Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gao Chen
- MPI-Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology , Department of Microbiology, Celsiusstrasse 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Florin Musat
- UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research , Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- MPI-Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology , Department of Microbiology, Celsiusstrasse 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Hans H Richnow
- UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research , Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Carsten Vogt
- UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research , Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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19
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Meckenstock RU, Boll M, Mouttaki H, Koelschbach JS, Cunha Tarouco P, Weyrauch P, Dong X, Himmelberg AM. Anaerobic Degradation of Benzene and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 26:92-118. [DOI: 10.1159/000441358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are very slowly degraded without molecular oxygen. Here, we review the recent advances in the elucidation of the first known degradation pathways of these environmental hazards. Anaerobic degradation of benzene and PAHs has been successfully documented in the environment by metabolite analysis, compound-specific isotope analysis and microcosm studies. Subsequently, also enrichments and pure cultures were obtained that anaerobically degrade benzene, naphthalene or methylnaphthalene, and even phenanthrene, the largest PAH currently known to be degradable under anoxic conditions. Although such cultures grow very slowly, with doubling times of around 2 weeks, and produce only very little biomass in batch cultures, successful proteogenomic, transcriptomic and biochemical studies revealed novel degradation pathways with exciting biochemical reactions such as for example the carboxylation of naphthalene or the ATP-independent reduction of naphthoyl-coenzyme A. The elucidation of the first anaerobic degradation pathways of naphthalene and methylnaphthalene at the genetic and biochemical level now opens the door to studying the anaerobic metabolism and ecology of anaerobic PAH degraders. This will contribute to assessing the fate of one of the most important contaminant classes in anoxic sediments and aquifers.
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20
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Aüllo T, Berlendis S, Lascourrèges JF, Dessort D, Duclerc D, Saint-Laurent S, Schraauwers B, Mas J, Patriarche D, Boesinger C, Magot M, Ranchou-Peyruse A. New Bio-Indicators for Long Term Natural Attenuation of Monoaromatic Compounds in Deep Terrestrial Aquifers. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:122. [PMID: 26904000 PMCID: PMC4746249 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep subsurface aquifers despite difficult access, represent important water resources and, at the same time, are key locations for subsurface engineering activities for the oil and gas industries, geothermal energy, and CO2 or energy storage. Formation water originating from a 760 m-deep geological gas storage aquifer was sampled and microcosms were set up to test the biodegradation potential of BTEX by indigenous microorganisms. The microbial community diversity was studied using molecular approaches based on 16S rRNA genes. After a long incubation period, with several subcultures, a sulfate-reducing consortium composed of only two Desulfotomaculum populations was observed able to degrade benzene, toluene, and ethylbenzene, extending the number of hydrocarbonoclastic-related species among the Desulfotomaculum genus. Furthermore, we were able to couple specific carbon and hydrogen isotopic fractionation during benzene removal and the results obtained by dual compound specific isotope analysis (𝜀C = -2.4‰ ± 0.3‰; 𝜀H = -57‰ ± 0.98‰; AKIEC: 1.0146 ± 0.0009, and AKIEH: 1.5184 ± 0.0283) were close to those obtained previously in sulfate-reducing conditions: this finding could confirm the existence of a common enzymatic reaction involving sulfate-reducers to activate benzene anaerobically. Although we cannot assign the role of each population of Desulfotomaculum in the mono-aromatic hydrocarbon degradation, this study suggests an important role of the genus Desulfotomaculum as potential biodegrader among indigenous populations in subsurface habitats. This community represents the simplest model of benzene-degrading anaerobes originating from the deepest subterranean settings ever described. As Desulfotomaculum species are often encountered in subsurface environments, this study provides some interesting results for assessing the natural response of these specific hydrologic systems in response to BTEX contamination during remediation projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Aüllo
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie Pour l’Environnement et les Matériaux UMR 5254, Equipe Environnement et MicrobiologiePau, France
| | - Sabrina Berlendis
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie Pour l’Environnement et les Matériaux UMR 5254, Equipe Environnement et MicrobiologiePau, France
| | | | - Daniel Dessort
- TOTAL – Centre-Scientifique-Technique-Jean-FegerPau, France
| | | | - Stéphanie Saint-Laurent
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie Pour l’Environnement et les Matériaux UMR 5254, Equipe Environnement et MicrobiologiePau, France
| | | | - Johan Mas
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie Pour l’Environnement et les Matériaux UMR 5254, Equipe Environnement et MicrobiologiePau, France
| | | | | | - Michel Magot
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie Pour l’Environnement et les Matériaux UMR 5254, Equipe Environnement et MicrobiologiePau, France
| | - Anthony Ranchou-Peyruse
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie Pour l’Environnement et les Matériaux UMR 5254, Equipe Environnement et MicrobiologiePau, France
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21
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Jautzy JJ, Ahad JME, Gobeil C, Smirnoff A, Barst BD, Savard MM. Isotopic Evidence for Oil Sands Petroleum Coke in the Peace-Athabasca Delta. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:12062-70. [PMID: 26404505 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The continued growth of mining and upgrading activities in Canada's Athabasca oil sands (AOS) region has led to concerns about emissions of contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Whereas a recent increase in PAH emissions has been demonstrated within around 50 km of the main center of surface mining and upgrading operations, the exact nature of the predominant source(s) and the geographical extent of the deposition are still under debate. Here, we report a century-long source apportionment of PAHs using dual (δ(2)H, δ(13)C) compound-specific isotope analysis on phenanthrene deposited in a lake from the Athabasca sector of the Peace-Athabasca Delta situated ∼150 km downstream (north) of the main center of mining operations. The isotopic signatures in the core were compared to those of the main potential sources in this region (i.e., unprocessed AOS bitumen, upgrader residual coke, forest fires, coal, gasoline and diesel soot). A significant concurrent increase (∼55.0‰) in δ(2)H and decrease (∼1.5‰) in δ(13)C of phenanthrene over the last three decades pointed to an increasingly greater component of petcoke-derived PAHs. This study is the first to quantify long-range (i.e., >100 km) transport of a previously under-considered anthropogenic PAH source in the AOS region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josué J Jautzy
- INRS Eau Terre Environnement , Québec, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - Jason M E Ahad
- Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada , Québec, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - Charles Gobeil
- INRS Eau Terre Environnement , Québec, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - Anna Smirnoff
- Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada , Québec, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada
| | | | - Martine M Savard
- Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada , Québec, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada
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22
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Bosch C, Andersson A, Kruså M, Bandh C, Hovorková I, Klánová J, Knowles TDJ, Pancost RD, Evershed RP, Gustafsson Ö. Source Apportionment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Central European Soils with Compound-Specific Triple Isotopes (δ(13)C, Δ(14)C, and δ(2)H). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:7657-7665. [PMID: 26053501 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the first study applying a triple-isotope approach for source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The (13)C/(12)C, (14)C/(12)C, and (2)H/(1)H isotope ratios of PAHs were determined in forest soils from mountainous areas of the Czech Republic, European Union. Statistical modeling applying a Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) framework to the environmental triple isotope PAH data and an end-member PAH isotope database allowed comprehensive accounting of uncertainties and quantitative constraints on the PAH sources among biomass combustion, liquid fossil fuel combustion, and coal combustion at low and high temperatures. The results suggest that PAHs in this central European region had a clear predominance of coal combustion sources (75 ± 6%; uncertainties represent 1 SD), mainly coal pyrolysis at low temperature (∼650 °C; 61 ± 8%). Combustion of liquid fossil fuels and biomass represented 16 ± 3 and 9 ± 3% of the total PAH burden (∑PAH14), respectively. Although some soils were located close to potential PAH point sources, the source distribution was within a narrow range throughout the region. These observation-based top-down constraints on sources of environmental PAHs provide a reference for both improved bottom-up emission inventories and guidance for efforts to mitigate PAH emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carme Bosch
- †Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry and the Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - August Andersson
- †Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry and the Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Kruså
- †Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry and the Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Bandh
- †Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry and the Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ivana Hovorková
- ‡Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Klánová
- ‡Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Timothy D J Knowles
- §School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS Avon, United Kingdom
| | - Richard D Pancost
- §School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS Avon, United Kingdom
| | - Richard P Evershed
- §School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS Avon, United Kingdom
| | - Örjan Gustafsson
- †Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry and the Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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Kozell A, Yecheskel Y, Balaban N, Dror I, Halicz L, Ronen Z, Gelman F. Application of dual carbon-bromine isotope analysis for investigating abiotic transformations of tribromoneopentyl alcohol (TBNPA). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:4433-4440. [PMID: 25723316 DOI: 10.1021/es504887d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Many of polybrominated organic compounds, used as flame retardant additives, belong to the group of persistent organic pollutants. Compound-specific isotope analysis is one of the potential analytical tools for investigating their fate in the environment. However, the isotope effects associated with transformations of brominated organic compounds are still poorly explored. In the present study, we investigated carbon and bromine isotope fractionation during degradation of tribromoneopentyl alcohol (TBNPA), one of the widely used flame retardant additives, in three different chemical processes: transformation in aqueous alkaline solution (pH 8); reductive dehalogenation by zero-valent iron nanoparticles (nZVI) in anoxic conditions; oxidative degradation by H2O2 in the presence of CuO nanoparticles (nCuO). Two-dimensional carbon-bromine isotope plots (δ(13)C/Δ(81)Br) for each reaction gave different process-dependent isotope slopes (Λ(C/Br)): 25.2 ± 2.5 for alkaline hydrolysis (pH 8); 3.8 ± 0.5 for debromination in the presence of nZVI in anoxic conditions; ∞ in the case of catalytic oxidation by H2O2 with nCuO. The obtained isotope effects for both elements were generally in agreement with the values expected for the suggested reaction mechanisms. The results of the present study support further applications of dual carbon-bromine isotope analysis as a tool for identification of reaction pathway during transformations of brominated organic compounds in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kozell
- †Geological Survey of Israel, 30 Malhei Israel Street, Jerusalem 95501, Israel
- ‡Department of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Yinon Yecheskel
- §Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Noa Balaban
- ∥Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Department of Environmental Hydrology and Microbiology, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Sede Boqer 84990, Israel
| | - Ishai Dror
- §Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Ludwik Halicz
- †Geological Survey of Israel, 30 Malhei Israel Street, Jerusalem 95501, Israel
- ⊥Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, 02-089, Poland
| | - Zeev Ronen
- ∥Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Department of Environmental Hydrology and Microbiology, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Sede Boqer 84990, Israel
| | - Faina Gelman
- †Geological Survey of Israel, 30 Malhei Israel Street, Jerusalem 95501, Israel
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Bahr A, Fischer A, Vogt C, Bombach P. Evidence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon biodegradation in a contaminated aquifer by combined application of in situ and laboratory microcosms using (13)C-labelled target compounds. WATER RESEARCH 2015; 69:100-109. [PMID: 25437342 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The number of approaches to evaluate the biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) within contaminated aquifers is limited. Here, we demonstrate the applicability of a novel method based on the combination of in situ and laboratory microcosms using (13)C-labelled PAHs as tracer compounds. The biodegradation of four PAHs (naphthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene, and acenaphthene) was investigated in an oxic aquifer at the site of a former gas plant. In situ biodegradation of naphthalene and fluorene was demonstrated using in situ microcosms (BACTRAP(®)s). BACTRAP(®)s amended with either [(13)C6]-naphthalene or [(13)C5/(13)C6]-fluorene (50:50) were incubated for a period of over two months in two groundwater wells located at the contaminant source and plume fringe, respectively. Amino acids extracted from BACTRAP(®)-grown cells showed significant (13)C-enrichments with (13)C-fractions of up to 30.4% for naphthalene and 3.8% for fluorene, thus providing evidence for the in situ biodegradation and assimilation of those PAHs at the field site. To quantify the mineralisation of PAHs, laboratory microcosms were set up with BACTRAP(®)-grown cells and groundwater. Naphthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene, or acenaphthene were added as (13)C-labelled substrates. (13)C-enrichment of the produced CO2 revealed mineralisation of between 5.9% and 19.7% for fluorene, between 11.1% and 35.1% for acenaphthene, between 14.2% and 33.1% for phenanthrene, and up to 37.0% for naphthalene over a period of 62 days. Observed PAH mineralisation rates ranged between 17 μg L(-1) d(-1) and 1639 μg L(-1) d(-1). The novel approach combining in situ and laboratory microcosms allowed a comprehensive evaluation of PAH biodegradation at the investigated field site, revealing the method's potential for the assessment of PAH degradation within contaminated aquifers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Bahr
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anko Fischer
- Isodetect GmbH, Deutscher Platz 5b, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Carsten Vogt
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Petra Bombach
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Isodetect GmbH, Deutscher Platz 5b, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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Dorer C, Höhener P, Hedwig N, Richnow HH, Vogt C. Rayleigh-based concept to tackle strong hydrogen fractionation in dual isotope analysis-the example of ethylbenzene degradation by Aromatoleum aromaticum. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:5788-5797. [PMID: 24738781 DOI: 10.1021/es404837g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) is a state-of-the-art analytical tool that can be used to establish and quantify biodegradation of pollutants such as BTEX compounds at contaminated field sites. Using isotopes of two elements and characteristic Lambda values (Λ) in dual-isotope-plots can provide insight into reaction mechanisms because kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) of both elements are reflected. However, the concept's validity in the case of reactions that show strong isotope fractionation needs to be examined. The anaerobic ethylbenzene degradation pathway of Aromatoleum aromaticum is initiated by the ethylbenzene dehydrogenase-catalyzed monohydroxylation of the benzylic carbon atom. Measurements of stable isotope ratios revealed highly pronounced hydrogen fractionation, which could not be adequately described by the classical Rayleigh approach. This study demonstrates the nonlinear behavior of hydrogen isotope ratios caused by anaerobic ethylbenzene hydroxylation both mathematically and experimentally, develops alternative dual plots to enable the comparison of reactions by considering the reacting atoms, and illustrates the importance of the stereochemical aspects of substrate and product for the quantification of hydrogen fractionation in an enzymatic reaction. With regard to field application, proposals for an improved CSIA evaluation procedure with respect to pronounced hydrogen enrichment are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conrad Dorer
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ , D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
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Jammer S, Voloshenko A, Gelman F, Lev O. Chiral and isotope analyses for assessing the degradation of organic contaminants in the environment: Rayleigh dependence. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:3310-3318. [PMID: 24471759 DOI: 10.1021/es4039209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The Rayleigh equation is frequently used to describe isotope fractionation as a function of conversion. In this article we propose to draw a parallel between isotope and enantiomeric enrichments and derive a set of conditions that allow the use of the Rayleigh approach to describe the enantiomeric enrichment-conversion dependencies. We demonstrate an implementation of the Rayleigh equation for the enantioselective enzymatic hydrolysis of Mecoprop-methyl, Dichlorprop-methyl, and dimethyl-methylsuccinate by lipases from Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas cepacia, and Candida rugosa. The data obtained for all the studied reactions gave good fits to the Rayleigh equation, with a linear regression R(2) > 0.96. In addition to that, our analysis of four microcosm studies on the hydrolysis of the individual enantiomers of Dichloroprop methyl, Lactofen, Fenoxaprop-ethyl, and Metalaxyl reported in the literature by other research groups revealed a suitability of the Rayleigh dependence. Two dimensional plots describing the isotope fractionation versus enantiomeric enrichment are demonstrated for all studied cases. Processes not accompanied by enantiomeric enrichment (acid and base hydrolysis) and by isotope enrichment (transesterification) are demonstrated, their 2-D plots are either horizontal or vertical which can illuminate concealed degradation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jammer
- The Casali Center of Applied Chemistry, The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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Bouchard D, Hunkeler D. Solvent-based dissolution method to sample gas-phase volatile organic compounds for compound-specific isotope analysis. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1325:16-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Shouakar-Stash O, Drimmie RJ. Online methodology for determining compound-specific hydrogen stable isotope ratios of trichloroethene and 1,2-cis-dichloroethene by continuous-flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2013; 27:1335-1344. [PMID: 23681811 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Carbon and chlorine compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) is utilized in chlorinated solvent contamination studies of soil and groundwater contaminated sites. However, in field studies, hydrogen CSIA has been used only in non-chlorinated volatile organic compound (VOC) investigations, due to low conversion yields into hydrogen gas and poor reproducibility. Therefore, it is important to develop hydrogen CSIA methodology for soil and subsurface contamination studies. METHODS A new analytical method for determining compound-specific hydrogen stable isotope ratios is presented. The isotopic ratios were measured by gas chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/IRMS) coupled with a chromium reduction system. The method was used to determine the δ(2) H values of trichloroethene (TCE) and 1,2-cis-dichloroethene (cis-DCE). RESULTS The accuracy of the method was verified by conducting comparison measurements of standards by the conventional offline technique and the new method. The precision of the new analytical method (better than ±7 ‰) is better than that obtained from the offline method. The quantification limits of the headspace-solid-phase microextraction (SPME) are 400 µg/L and 200 µg/L for TCE and cis-DCE, respectively. The quantification limits can be improved by adopting a more efficient pre-concentration system such as purge-and-trap or thermal adsorption. CONCLUSIONS This analytical method will facilitate the use of hydrogen CSIA on chlorinated solvents, which can be beneficial in multi-isotope approaches (coupling δ(2)H values with δ(13)C and/or δ(37)Cl values) in field site investigations where source identifications and contaminant behaviours are questioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orfan Shouakar-Stash
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, N2L 3G1.
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Jautzy J, Ahad JME, Gobeil C, Savard MM. Century-long source apportionment of PAHs in Athabasca oil sands region lakes using diagnostic ratios and compound-specific carbon isotope signatures. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:6155-63. [PMID: 23668471 DOI: 10.1021/es400642e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Evaluating the impact that airborne contamination associated with Athabasca oil sands (AOS) mining operations has on the surrounding boreal forest ecosystem requires a rigorous approach to source discrimination. This study presents a century-long historical record of source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in dated sediments from two headwater lakes located approximately 40 and 55 km east from the main area of open pit mining activities. Concentrations of the 16 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) priority PAHs in addition to retene, dibenzothiophene (DBT), and six alkylated groups were measured, and both PAH molecular diagnostic ratios and carbon isotopic signatures (δ(13)C) of individual PAHs were used to differentiate natural from anthropogenic inputs. Although concentrations of PAHs in these lakes were low and below the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) guidelines, diagnostic ratios pointed to an increasingly larger input of petroleum-derived (i.e., petrogenic) PAHs over the past 30 years concomitant with δ(13)C values progressively shifting to the value of unprocessed AOS bitumen. This petrogenic source is attributed to the deposition of bitumen in dust particles associated with wind erosion from open pit mines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josué Jautzy
- INRS Eau Terre Environnement, Québec, QC G1K 9A9, Canada
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30
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In situ microbial metabolism of aromatic-hydrocarbon environmental pollutants. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2013; 24:474-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2012] [Revised: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Luo XJ, Zeng YH, Chen HS, Wu JP, Chen SJ, Mai BX. Application of compound-specific stable carbon isotope analysis for the biotransformation and trophic dynamics of PBDEs in a feeding study with fish. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 176:36-41. [PMID: 23410674 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The debromination and trophic dynamics of PBDEs in fish and whether or not compound-specific isotopic analysis (CSIA) can be used to trace these processes were investigated. Two predator/prey relationships were established in laboratory by two predatory fish species, oscar fish (OF) and redtail catfish (RF) feeding on tiger barb (TB) exposed to a commercial PBDE mixture. Metabolic debromination of PBDEs was observed in the TB and the OF, but not in the RF. The calculated biomagnification factors (BMFs) were uniform for most of the congeners in RF/TB but varied in OF/TB, which can be attributed to the metabolic debromination in the OF. The δ(13)C values of BDE47 and BDE28 were lower in fish than in those in the commercial mixture but the δ(13)C values of BDE99 were slightly higher. These results indicated that CSIA can be used to trace the biotransformation of PBDEs in biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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Schreglmann K, Hoeche M, Steinbeiss S, Reinnicke S, Elsner M. Carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis of atrazine and desethylatrazine at sub-microgram per liter concentrations in groundwater. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 405:2857-67. [PMID: 23274558 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6616-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Environmental degradation of organic micropollutants is difficult to monitor due to their diffuse and ubiquitous input. Current approaches-concentration measurements over time, or daughter-to-parent compound ratios-may fall short, because they do not consider dilution, compound-specific sorption characteristics or alternative degradation pathways. Compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) offers an alternative approach based on evidence from isotope values. Until now, however, the relatively high limits for precise isotope analysis by gas chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-IRMS) have impeded CSIA of sub-microgram-per-liter scale micropollutant concentrations in field samples. This study presents the first measurements of C and N isotope ratios of the herbicide atrazine and its metabolite desethylatrazine at concentrations of 100 to 1,000 ng/L in natural groundwater samples. Solid-phase extraction and preparative HPLC were tested and validated for preconcentration and cleanup of groundwater samples of up to 10 L without bias by isotope effects. Matrix interferences after solid-phase extraction could be greatly reduced by a preparative HPLC cleanup step prior to GC-IRMS analysis. Sensitivity was increased by a factor of 6 to 8 by changing the injection method from large-volume to cold-on-column injection on the GC-IRMS system. Carbon and nitrogen isotope values of field samples showed no obvious correlation with concentrations or desethylatrazine-to-atrazine ratios. Contrary to expectations, however, δ (13) C values of desethylatrazine were consistently less negative than those of atrazine from the same sites. Potentially, this line of evidence may contain information about further desethylatrazine degradation. In such a case, the common practice of using desethylatrazine-to-atrazine ratios would underestimate natural atrazine degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Schreglmann
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Groundwater Ecology, Neuherberg, Germany
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Thullner M, Fischer A, Richnow HH, Wick LY. Influence of mass transfer on stable isotope fractionation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 97:441-52. [PMID: 23143531 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4537-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Biodegradation of contaminants is a common remediation strategy for subsurface environments. To monitor the success of such remediation means a quantitative assessment of biodegradation at the field scale is required. Nevertheless, the reliable quantification of the in situ biodegradation process it is still a major challenge. Compound-specific stable isotope analysis has become an established method for the qualitative analysis of biodegradation in the field and this method is also proposed for a quantitative analysis. However, to use stable isotope data to obtain quantitative information on in situ biodegradation requires among others knowledge on the influence of mass transfer processes on the observed stable isotope fractionation. This paper reviews recent findings on the influence of mass transfer processes on stable isotope fractionation and on the quantitative interpretation of isotope data. Focus will be given on small-scale mass transfer processes controlling the bioavailability of contaminants. Such bioavailability limitations are known to affect the biodegradation rate and have recently been shown to affect stable isotope fractionation, too. Theoretical as well as experimental studies addressing the link between bioavailability and stable isotope fractionation are reviewed and the implications for assessing biodegradation in the field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Thullner
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 30418 Leipzig, Germany.
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Field applicability of Compound-Specific Isotope Analysis (CSIA) for characterization and quantification of in situ contaminant degradation in aquifers. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 94:1401-21. [PMID: 22573267 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4077-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2011] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Microbial processes govern the fate of organic contaminants in aquifers to a major extent. Therefore, the evaluation of in situ biodegradation is essential for the implementation of Natural Attenuation (NA) concepts in groundwater management. Laboratory degradation experiments and biogeochemical approaches are often biased and provide only indirect evidence of in situ degradation potential. Compound-Specific Isotope Analysis (CSIA) is at present among the most promising tools for assessment of the in situ contaminant degradation within aquifers. One- and two-dimensional (2D) CSIA provides qualitative and quantitative information on in situ contaminant transformation; it is applicable for proving in situ degradation and characterizing degradation conditions and reaction mechanisms. However, field application of CSIA is challenging due to a number of influencing factors, namely those affecting the observed isotope fractionation during biodegradation (e.g., non-isotope-fractionating rate-limiting steps, limited bioavailability), potential isotope effects caused by processes other than biodegradation (e.g., sorption, volatilization, diffusion), as well as non-isotope-fractionating physical processes such as dispersion and dilution. This mini-review aims at guiding practical users towards the sound interpretation of CSIA field data for the characterization of in situ contaminant degradation. It focuses on the relevance of various constraints and influencing factors in CSIA field applications and provides advice on when and how to account for these constraints. We first evaluate factors that can influence isotope fractionation during biodegradation, as well as potential isotope-fractionating and non-isotope-fractionating physical processes governing observed isotope fractionation in the field. Finally, the potentials of the CSIA approach for site characterization and the proper ways to account for various constraints are illustrated by means of a comprehensive CSIA field study at the benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX)-contaminated site Zeitz.
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Mouttaki H, Johannes J, Meckenstock RU. Identification of naphthalene carboxylase as a prototype for the anaerobic activation of non-substituted aromatic hydrocarbons. Environ Microbiol 2012; 14:2770-4. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2012.02768.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Rakoczy J, Remy B, Vogt C, Richnow HH. A bench-scale constructed wetland as a model to characterize benzene biodegradation processes in freshwater wetlands. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:10036-10044. [PMID: 22014355 DOI: 10.1021/es2026196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In wetlands, a variety of biotic and abiotic processes can contribute to the removal of organic substances. Here, we used compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA), hydrogeochemical parameters and detection of functional genes to characterize in situ biodegradation of benzene in a model constructed wetland over a period of 370 days. Despite low dissolved oxygen concentrations (<30 μM), the oxidation of ammonium to nitrate and the complete oxidation of ferrous iron pointed to a dominance of aerobic processes, suggesting efficient oxygen transfer into the sediment zone by plants. As benzene removal became highly efficient after day 231 (>98% removal), we applied CSIA to study in situ benzene degradation by indigenous microbes. Combining carbon and hydrogen isotope signatures by two-dimensional stable isotope analysis revealed that benzene was degraded aerobically, mainly via the monohydroxylation pathway. This was additionally supported by the detection of the BTEX monooxygenase gene tmoA in sediment and root samples. Calculating the extent of biodegradation from the isotope signatures demonstrated that at least 85% of benzene was degraded by this pathway and thus, only a small fraction was removed abiotically. This study shows that model wetlands can contribute to an understanding of biodegradation processes in floodplains or natural wetland systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Rakoczy
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany.
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