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Hong Y, Sun G, Sun S, Miao L, Yang H, Wu B, Ma T, Chen S, Sun L, Yang J, Sun Y, Liu Y, Zang H, Li C. Enhancement of triclocarban biodegradation: Metabolic division of labor in co-culture of Rhodococcus sp. BX2 and Pseudomonas sp. LY-1. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 356:124346. [PMID: 38852663 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Triclocarban (TCC) and its metabolite, 3,4-dichloroaniline (DCA), are classified as emerging organic contaminants (EOCs). Significant concerns arise from water and soil contamination with TCC and its metabolites. These concerns are especially pronounced at high concentrations of up to approximately 20 mg/kg dry weight, as observed in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Here, a TCC-degrading co-culture system comprising Rhodococcus rhodochrous BX2 and Pseudomonas sp. LY-1 was utilized to degrade TCC (14.5 mg/L) by 85.9% in 7 days, showing improved degradation efficiency compared with monocultures. A combination of high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS), genome sequencing, transcriptomic analysis, and quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed. Meanwhile, through the combination of further experiments involving heterologous expression and gene knockout, we proposed three TCC metabolic pathways and identified four key genes (tccG, tccS, phB, phL) involved in the TCC degradation process. Moreover, we revealed the internal labor division patterns and connections in the co-culture system, indicating that TCC hydrolysis products were exchanged between co-cultured strains. Additionally, mutualistic cooperation between BX2 and LY-1 enhances TCC degradation efficiency. Finally, phytotoxicity assays confirmed a significant reduction in the plant toxicity of TCC following synergistic degradation by two strains. The in-depth understanding of the TCC biotransformation mechanisms and microbial interactions provides useful information for elucidating the mechanism of the collaborative biodegradation of various contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Hong
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Guanjun Sun
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Shanshan Sun
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education & Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Engineering and Biological Fermentation Engineering for Cold Region & Key Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Bioengineering, College of Heilongjiang Province & School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, PR China
| | - Lei Miao
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Hua Yang
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Bowen Wu
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Tian Ma
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Siyuan Chen
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Liwen Sun
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Jie Yang
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Yueling Sun
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Yi Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Hailian Zang
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China; Key Laboratory of Swine Facilities Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Chunyan Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China; Key Laboratory of Swine Facilities Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, 150030, PR China.
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Herrera-Domínguez M, S Lambert A, Morales-Luna G, Pisano E, Aguilar-Hernandez I, Mahlknecht J, Cheng Q, Ornelas-Soto N. Development of a surface plasmon resonance based immunosensor for diclofenac quantification in water. CHEMOSPHERE 2023:139156. [PMID: 37290514 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) biosensor based on an inhibition immunoassay was developed for the detection of diclofenac (DCF) in aqueous solution. Due to the small size of DCF, an hapten-protein conjugate was produced by coupling DCF to bovine serum albumin (BSA). DCF-BSA conjugate formation was confirmed via MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The resulting conjugate was immobilized onto the surface of a sensor fabricated via e-beam deposition of a 2 nm chromium adhesion layer followed by a 50 nm gold layer onto precleaned BK7 glass slides. Immobilization onto the nano thin gold surface was accomplished by covalent amide linkage through a self-assembled monolayer. Samples were composed of a mixture of antibody at a fixed concentration and DCF at different known concentrations in deionized water, causing the inhibition of anti-DCF on the sensor. The DCF-BSA was obtained with a ratio of 3 DCF molecules per BSA. A calibration curve was performed using concentrations between 2 and 32 μg L-1. The curve was fitted using the Boltzmann equation, reaching a limit of detection (LOD) of 3.15 μg L-1 and limit of quantification (LOQ) of 10.52 μg L-1, the inter-day precision was calculated and an RSD value of 1.96% was obtained; and analysis time of 10 min. The developed biosensor is a preliminary approach to the detection of DCF in environmental water samples, and the first SPR biosensor developed for DCF detection using a hapten-protein conjugate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Herrera-Domínguez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, NL, 64849, Mexico
| | - Alexander S Lambert
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Gesuri Morales-Luna
- Departamento de Física y Matemáticas, Universidad Iberoamericana, Ciudad de Mexico, Prolongación Paseo de La Reforma 880, Ciudad de Mexico, 01219, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Pisano
- CONACYT - Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, S.C., Monterrey, Parque PIIT, 66628, Apodaca, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Iris Aguilar-Hernandez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, NL, 64849, Mexico
| | - Jürgen Mahlknecht
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, NL, 64849, Mexico
| | - Quan Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
| | - Nancy Ornelas-Soto
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, NL, 64849, Mexico.
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Milanović M, Đurić L, Milošević N, Milić N. Comprehensive insight into triclosan-from widespread occurrence to health outcomes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:25119-25140. [PMID: 34741734 PMCID: PMC8571676 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17273-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to the variety of emerging environmental pollutant in everyday life. The special concern is paid to endocrine disrupting chemicals especially to triclosan which could interfere with normal hormonal functions. Triclosan could be found in numerous commercial products such as mouthwashes, toothpastes and disinfectants due to its antibacterial and antifungal effects. Considering the excessive use and disposal, wastewaters are recognized as the main source of triclosan in the aquatic environment. As a result of the incomplete removal, triclosan residues reach surface water and even groundwater. Triclosan has potential to accumulate in sediment and aquatic organisms. Therefore, the detectable concentrations of triclosan in various environmental and biological matrices emerged concerns about the potential toxicity. Triclosan impairs thyroid homeostasis and could be associated with neurodevelopment impairment, metabolic disorders, cardiotoxicity and the increased cancer risk. The growing resistance of the vast groups of bacteria, the evidenced toxicity on different aquatic organisms, its adverse health effects observed in vitro, in vivo as well as the available epidemiological studies suggest that further efforts to monitor triclosan toxicity at environmental levels are necessary. The safety precaution measures and full commitment to proper legislation in compliance with the environmental protection are needed in order to obtain triclosan good ecological status. This paper is an overview of the possible negative triclosan effects on human health. Sources of exposure to triclosan, methods and levels of detection in aquatic environment are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Milanović
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Larisa Đurić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nataša Milošević
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nataša Milić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, Novi Sad, Serbia
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Santana ER, Martins EC, Spinelli A. Electrode modified with nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots supported in chitosan for triclocarban monitoring. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Wang Y, Teng Y, Wang D, Han K, Wang H, Kang L. The fate of triclocarban in activated sludge and its influence on biological wastewater treatment system. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 276:111237. [PMID: 32866751 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Triclocarban (TCC), a typical emerging contaminant, was abundantly released into environment and frequently detected in practical wastewater treatment plants. However it is also an important material when being added to personal skin care products as a antibacterial agent. In this work, the behavior of TCC in wastewater treatment process was investigated. Experiments showed that ~82% of influent TCC was removed by activated sludge adsorption and its adsorption isotherm was well fitted with Linear model and Freundich model. High levels of TCC had seriously impact on the settleability, dewaterability and extracellular polymetric substance (EPS) of activated sludge, even on effluent turbidity after a long-term exposure. Furthermore, the performance of biological wastewater treatment was damaged by TCC long-term exposure as well. The removal rates of total nitrogen and phosphorus decreased from 91.2 ± 2.1% to 72.6 ± 2.2% and from 94.7 ± 3.1% to 78.4 ± 2.3%, respectively, with TCC level increasing from 0 to 100 μg/L. Mechanism analysis showed that TCC exposure significantly inhibited the relevant biological processes, such as ammonia oxidation, denitrification, phosphorus release and uptake, which were closely relevant to nitrogen and phosphorus removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Wang
- Xiong'an Institute of Eco-Environment, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China; Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, China; Institute of Ecology and Environmental Governance, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, China
| | - Yajie Teng
- Xiong'an Institute of Eco-Environment, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China; Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, China; Institute of Ecology and Environmental Governance, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, China
| | - Dongbo Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Kai Han
- Xiong'an Institute of Eco-Environment, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China; Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, China; Institute of Ecology and Environmental Governance, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, China
| | - Hongjie Wang
- Xiong'an Institute of Eco-Environment, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China; Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, China; Institute of Ecology and Environmental Governance, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, China.
| | - Le Kang
- Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, China; Institute of Ecology and Environmental Governance, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, China
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6
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Wang Y, Wang D, Yi N, Li Y, Ni BJ, Wang Q, Wang H, Li X. Insights into the toxicity of troclocarban to anaerobic digestion: Sludge characteristics and methane production. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 385:121615. [PMID: 31740317 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Triclocarban (TCC), as the most typical antibacterial agent, is widely discovered in many ecological environment, especially in sludge. However, so far, no studies have reported the effect of TCC exposure on the properties of excess sludge. Therefore, in this study, TCC's toxicities to waste activated sludge (WAS) were analyzed by investigating the variation of physicochemical properties of sludge. It was found that TCC exposure has no effect on sludge pH, while it facilitated organic substances release from sludge, e.g. dissolved organic matter (DOM), protein and polysaccharide, which caused an increase of sludge reduction and changed the structure of functional groups and surface morphology of sludge. Moreover, we explored the effect of TCC on anaerobic digestion of WAS and found methane production was seriously inhibited by TCC. The related mechanism tests had illustrated that TCC exposure did not affect the hydrolysis process, but promoted the acidification and acetogenesis, and importantly inhibited the methanogenesis process. Methanogenic community was further evaluated and observed that the presence of TCC could vary the microbial community of methanogens with the abundance of aceticlastic methanogens increasing and hydrogenotrophic methanogens decreasing. These findings reached in this study would widen the understanding scope for TCC's toxicity to WAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, PR China; Xiong'an Institute of Eco-Environment, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, PR China.
| | - Dongbo Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, PR China.
| | - Neng Yi
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Yifu Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Bing-Jie Ni
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Qilin Wang
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Hongjie Wang
- Xiong'an Institute of Eco-Environment, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, PR China.
| | - Xiaoming Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, PR China
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7
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Yao K, Wen K, Shan W, Jiang H, Shao B. An Immunoaffinity Purification Method for the Simultaneous Analysis of Triclocarban and Triclosan in Foodstuffs by Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:9088-9095. [PMID: 31347836 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b01757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Triclocarban (TCC) and triclosan (TCS) have been simultaneously detected in five kinds of foodstuffs using an immunoaffinity purification method coupled with ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) for the first time. Two highly specific monoclonal antibodies against TCC and TCS were produced and coupled to N-hydroxysuccinimide-activated Sepharose 6B gel to prepare the immunosorbent. Under the optimal conditions, mean recoveries from spiked samples by the IAC-UHPLC-MS/MS method were 70.1-92.8% for TCC and 76.6-102.5% for TCS. Intraday relative standard deviations were below 14.5%. The limits of quantification (LOQs) of TCC were 1 ng/L for beverage samples and 0.01-0.02 μg/kg for food samples. The LOQs of TCS were 0.03 μg/L for beverage samples and 0.2-0.3 μg/kg for food samples. The applicability of the method has been proven by analyzing TCC and TCS in different samples from supermarkets in Beijing. The proposed method is sufficiently sensitive and reliable for monitoring trace concentrations of TCC and TCS in food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193 , People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning , Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control , Beijing 100013 , People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Wen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193 , People's Republic of China
| | - Wenchong Shan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193 , People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning , Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control , Beijing 100013 , People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyang Jiang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193 , People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Shao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193 , People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning , Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control , Beijing 100013 , People's Republic of China
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8
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Taweetanawanit P, Ratpukdi T, Siripattanakul-Ratpukdi S. Performance and kinetics of triclocarban removal by entrapped Pseudomonas fluorescens strain MC46. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 274:113-119. [PMID: 30502601 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.11.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated removal of triclocarban (TCC) from contaminated wastewater by Pseudomonas fluorescens strain MC46 entrapped in barium alginate. Appropriate entrapped cell preparation conditions (cell-to-entrapment material ratio and cell loading) for removing TCC were examined. The highest TCC removal by the entrapped and free cell systems at the initial TCC concentration of 10 mg/L was 72 and 45%, respectively. TCC was degraded to less toxic compounds. Self-substrate inhibition was found at TCC concentration of 30 mg/L. The kinetics of TCC removal by entrapped and free cells fitted well with Edwards model. Scanning and transmission electron microscopic observations revealed that entrapment matrices reduced TCC-microbe contact, which lessened TCC inhibition. A live/dead cell assay also confirmed reduced microbial cell damage in the entrapped cell system compared to the free cell system. This study reveals the potential of entrapment technology to improve antibiotic removal from the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pongsatorn Taweetanawanit
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Research Center for Environmental and Hazardous Substance Management, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
| | - Thunyalux Ratpukdi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Research Center for Environmental and Hazardous Substance Management, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management (HSM), Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Sumana Siripattanakul-Ratpukdi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Research Center for Environmental and Hazardous Substance Management, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management (HSM), Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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9
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Zhang Z, Zeng K, Liu J. Immunochemical detection of emerging organic contaminants in environmental waters. Trends Analyt Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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10
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Yun H, Liang B, Qiu J, Zhang L, Zhao Y, Jiang J, Wang A. Functional Characterization of a Novel Amidase Involved in Biotransformation of Triclocarban and its Dehalogenated Congeners in Ochrobactrum sp. TCC-2. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:291-300. [PMID: 27966913 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Haloaromatic antimicrobial triclocarban (3,4,4'-trichlorocarbanilide, TCC) is a refractory contaminant which is frequently detected in various aquatic and sediment environments globally. However, few TCC-degrading communities or pure cultures have been documented, and functional enzymes involved in TCC biodegradation hitherto have not yet been characterized. In this study, a bacterial strain, Ochrobactrum sp. TCC-2, capable of degrading TCC under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions was isolated from a sediment sample. A novel amidase gene (tccA), responsible for the hydrolysis of the two amide bonds of TCC and its dehalogenated congeners 4,4'-dichlorocarbanilide (DCC) and carbanilide (NCC) to more biodegradable chloroaniline or aniline products, was cloned and characterized. TccA shares low amino acid sequence identity (27 to 38%) with other biochemically characterized amidases and contains the conserved catalytic triad (Ser-Ser-Lys) of the amidase signature enzyme family. TccA was stable over a pH range of 5.0 to 10.0 and at temperatures lower than 60 °C, and it was constitutively expressed in strain TCC-2. In contrast to the halogenated TCC and DCC, the nonchlorinated NCC was the preferred substrate for TccA. TccA also had hydrolysis activity to a broad spectrum of amide bonds in herbicides, insecticides, and chemical intermediates. The constitutive expression and broad substrate spectrum of TccA suggested strain TCC-2 may be potentially useful for bioremediation applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, China
| | - Bin Liang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Jiguo Qiu
- Key Lab of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University , 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Long Zhang
- Key Lab of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University , 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Youkang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Jiandong Jiang
- Key Lab of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University , 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Aijie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, 100085, China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin, 150090, China
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11
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Bever CS, Dong JX, Vasylieva N, Barnych B, Cui Y, Xu ZL, Hammock BD, Gee SJ. VHH antibodies: emerging reagents for the analysis of environmental chemicals. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:5985-6002. [PMID: 27209591 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9585-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A VHH antibody (or nanobody) is the antigen binding fragment of heavy chain only antibodies. Discovered nearly 25 years ago, they have been investigated for their use in clinical therapeutics and immunodiagnostics, and more recently for environmental monitoring applications. A new and valuable immunoreagent for the analysis of small molecular weight environmental chemicals, VHH will overcome many pitfalls encountered with conventional reagents. In the work so far, VHH antibodies often perform comparably to conventional antibodies for small molecule analysis, are amenable to numerous genetic engineering techniques, and show ease of adaption to other immunodiagnostic platforms for use in environmental monitoring. Recent reviews cover the structure and production of VHH antibodies as well as their use in clinical settings. However, no report focuses on the use of these VHH antibodies to detect small environmental chemicals (MW < 1500 Da). This review article summarizes the efforts made to produce VHHs to various environmental targets, compares the VHH-based assays with conventional antibody assays, and discusses the advantages and limitations in developing these new antibody reagents particularly to small molecule targets. Graphical Abstract Overview of the production of VHHs to small environmental chemicals and highlights of the utility of these new emerging reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candace S Bever
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Jie-Xian Dong
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Natalia Vasylieva
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Bogdan Barnych
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Yongliang Cui
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Zhen-Lin Xu
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Shirley J Gee
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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12
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Ahn KC, Ranganathan A, Bever CS, Hwang SH, Holland EB, Morisseau K, Pessah IN, Hammock BD, Gee SJ. Detection of the Antimicrobial Triclosan in Environmental Samples by Immunoassay. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:3754-61. [PMID: 26937944 PMCID: PMC4821808 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive, competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of the antimicrobial triclosan (TCS; 2,4,4'-trichloro-2'-hydroxydiphenyl ether) was developed. Novel immunizing haptens were synthesized by derivatizing at the 4-Cl position of the TCS molecule. Compounds derived from substitutions at 4'-Cl and that replaced the 2'-OH with a Cl atom were designed as unique coating antigen haptens. Polyclonal rabbit antisera were screened against the coating antigen library to identify combinations of immunoreagents resulting in the most sensitive assays. The most sensitive assay identified was one utilizing antiserum no. 1155 and a heterologous competitive hapten, where the 2'-OH group was substituted with a Cl atom. An IC50 value and the detection range for TCS in assay buffer were 1.19 and 0.21-6.71 μg/L, respectively. The assay was selective for TCS, providing low cross-reactivity (<5%) to the major metabolites of TCS and to brominated diphenyl ether-47. A second assay utilizing a competitive hapten containing Br instead of Cl substitutions was broadly selective for both brominated and chlorinated diphenylethers. Using the most sensitive assay combination, we measured TCS concentrations in water samples following dilution. Biosolid samples were analyzed following the dilution of a simple solvent extract. The immunoassay results were similar to those determined by LC-MS/MS. This immunoassay can be used as a rapid and convenient tool to screen for human and environmental exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Chang Ahn
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Anupama Ranganathan
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | | | - Sung Hee Hwang
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Erika B. Holland
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Kevin Morisseau
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Isaac N. Pessah
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Bruce D. Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Shirley J. Gee
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616
- Corresponding author phone: 530-752-8465, fax: 530-752-1537,
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Mulla SI, Hu A, Wang Y, Sun Q, Huang SL, Wang H, Yu CP. Degradation of triclocarban by a triclosan-degrading Sphingomonas sp. strain YL-JM2C. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 144:292-296. [PMID: 26364219 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial degradation plays a vital role in determining the environmental fate of micropollutants like triclocarban. The mechanism of triclocarban degradation by pure bacterium is not yet explored. The purpose of this study was to identify metabolic pathway that might be involved in bacterial degradation of triclocarban. Triclosan-degrading Sphingomonas sp. strain YL-JM2C was first found to degrade up to 35% of triclocarban (4 mg L(-1)) within 5 d. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry detected 3,4-dichloroaniline, 4-chloroaniline and 4-chlorocatechol as the major metabolites of the triclocarban degradation. Furthermore, total organic carbon results confirmed that the intermediates, 3,4-dichloroaniline (4 mg L(-1)) and 4-chloroaniline (4 mg L(-1)) could be degraded up to 77% and 80% by strain YL-JM2C within 5 d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sikandar I Mulla
- Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station-NUEORS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315800, China
| | - Anyi Hu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station-NUEORS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315800, China
| | - Yuwen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station-NUEORS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315800, China
| | - Qian Sun
- Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station-NUEORS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315800, China
| | - Shir-Ly Huang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, No. 300 Chung-da Rd., Chung-li 32001, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Han Wang
- College of Ecology and Resource Engineering, Wuyi University, Wuyishan City 354300, China
| | - Chang-Ping Yu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station-NUEORS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315800, China.
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14
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Selection of phage-displayed peptides for the detection of imidacloprid in water and soil. Anal Biochem 2015; 485:28-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2015.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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Guan D, Guo L, Liu L, Kong N, Kuang H, Xu C. Development of an ELISA for nitrazepam based on a monoclonal antibody. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2014.998637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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16
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Zeng K, Zou Y, Liu J, Wei W, Zhang M, Zhou J, Zhang Z, Gai Z. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for triclocarban in aquatic environments. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2015; 72:1682-1691. [PMID: 26540528 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2015.366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive, competitive indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for the detection of triclocarban (TCC) in waters and sediments. Haptens were synthesized by derivatizing the paraposition of a phenyl moiety of TCC. The synthesized hapten was then coupled to bovine thyroglobulin to be used as an immunogen, based on which, a high affinity monoclonal antibody 4D5 was produced with the hybridoma technique. Under the optimized conditions, using the monoclonal antibody, excellent performances of the assay were obtained: satisfactory sensitivity (IC50 (50% inhibition concentration) value, 0.43 ng/mL; limit of detection, 0.05 ng/mL); good linear range (0.05-10 ng/mL); and satisfactory accuracy (recoveries 70.7-107% in waters; 74.8-98.3% in sediments). Furthermore, TCC was found with the concentration ranging from not detected to 422.12 ng/L in waters and from 6.68 ng/g to 78.67 ng/g in sediments in Yunliang River, Ancient Canal and Hongqiao Port in Zhenjiang City. In conclusion ELISA could be applied for monitoring TCC in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zeng
- School of the Environment, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Yanmin Zou
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Jianxia Liu
- Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University of Engineering, No. 81 Congtai Road, Handan City, Hebei Province 056029, China E-mail:
| | - Wei Wei
- School of the Environment, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- School of the Environment, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- School of the Environment, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- School of the Environment, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Zikuan Gai
- Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University of Engineering, No. 81 Congtai Road, Handan City, Hebei Province 056029, China E-mail:
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Jiménez-Díaz I, Zafra-Gómez A, Ballesteros O, Navalón A. Analytical methods for the determination of personal care products in human samples: An overview. Talanta 2014; 129:448-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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18
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Feng H, Tong X, Li W, Zhou L, Shi L, Cai Q. Indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of tris-(2,3-dibromopropyl) isocyanurate with monoclonal antibody. Talanta 2014; 128:434-44. [PMID: 25059183 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tris-(2,3-dibromopropyl) isocyanurate (TBC) is a heterocyclic brominated flame retardant and posses typical characteristic of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). To meet the need for rapid and reliable monitoring of TBC, a monoclonal antibody was produced and an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (IC-ELISA) was developed based on the monoclonal antibody. Monoclonal antibody against TBC was generated using synthesized haptens in mice. After optimization of the immunoassay conditions, results showed that the IC50 and the limit of detection (LOD) were 1.59 and 0.06 µg/L, respectively. The monoclonal antibody shows high specificity and the developed IC-ELISA is with high recoveries. The precision investigation indicated that the intra-assay precision values were all below 9.2% and that the inter-assay precision values ranged from 6.7 to 11.3%. The assay of real samples gives results basically consistent with UHPLC-MS/MS. The obtained results showed that this proposed immunoassay is a potential method for rapid and reliable monitoring of TBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Feng
- State Key Lab of Chemo/Biosensing & Chemometrics, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Xi Tong
- State Key Lab of Chemo/Biosensing & Chemometrics, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Weili Li
- State Key Lab of Chemo/Biosensing & Chemometrics, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Liping Zhou
- State Key Lab of Chemo/Biosensing & Chemometrics, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Lei Shi
- State Key Lab of Chemo/Biosensing & Chemometrics, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Qingyun Cai
- State Key Lab of Chemo/Biosensing & Chemometrics, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
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19
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Huang C, Zhou L, Li J, Chen L, Yuan L, Shi L, Cai Q. A Highly Sensitive Electrochemical Immunosensor for the Rapid Detection of Tris(2,3-Dibromopropyl) Isocyanurate. ANAL LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2013.831432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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20
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Shi L, Feng H, Zhang P, Zhou L, Xie D, An D, Cai Q. Synthesis of haptens and development of an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) isocyanurate. Anal Biochem 2014; 447:15-22. [PMID: 24239574 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A competitive indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ciELISA) was developed for detection of tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) isocyanurate (TBC). Polyclonal antibodies against TBC were raised from synthesized haptens and then screened against various coating antigens. After optimization of the immunoassay conditions, the linear range and IC₅₀ value of the assay were 0.30-100 and 5.17 μg/L, respectively, with little cross-reactivity (≤2%). Recovery of various samples (water, serum, soil) was tested and the values ranged from 68% to 110%. This ciELISA was also applied to determine TBC in the riverside soil of the Liuyang River, and the results were compared with the data obtained by UHPLC-MS/MS. The experimental assay results confirmed that this proposed immunoassay is a specific, sensitive, and reliable method for determination and monitoring of TBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Hongyan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Pingjing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Liping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Dexun Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Delie An
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - Qingyun Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
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21
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Chen L, Li J, ThanhThuy TT, Zhou L, Huang C, Yuan L, Cai Q. A wireless and sensitive detection of octachlorostyrene using modified AuNPs as signal-amplifying tags. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 52:427-32. [PMID: 24135481 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A wireless, remote query octachlorostyrene (OCS) biosensor was fabricated by coating a mass-sensitive magnetoelastic ribbon with anti-OCS antibody. In response to a time-varying magnetic field, the magnetoelastic sensor mechanically vibrates at a characteristic resonance frequency which inversely depends on the sensor mass loading. As the magnetoelastic film is magnetostrictive itself, the vibrations launch magnetic flux that can be remotely detected using a pickup coil. Au nanoparticles (NPs) were used to amplify the mass loading. In a sample solution containing OCS target and OCS-modified AuNPs (OCS-AuNPs), both OCS and OCS-AuNPs react with the anti-OCS antibody immobilized on the sensor surface in a competition mode. The bound OCS-AuNPs amount is inversely proportional to the OCS target concentration. The reduction of bound OCS-AuNPs induced by free OCS results in significant change in mass loading, which amplifies the responses. The biosensor demonstrates a linear shift in resonance frequency with OCS concentration between 7.4 μM and 9 nM, with a detection limit of 2.8 nM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Department of Chemistry, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China; Changsha Municipal Drainage Co.,Ltd., Changsha 410003, People's Republic of China
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Chen X, Xu L, Ma W, Liu L, Kuang H, Wang L, Xu C. General immunoassay for pyrethroids based on a monoclonal antibody. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2013.794328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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23
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López-Moreno R, Mercader JV, Agulló C, Abad-Somovilla A, Abad-Fuentes A. Structure–immunogenicity relationship of kresoxim-methyl regioisomeric haptens. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:7361-71. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob41570h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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24
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Li J, Chen L, Huang C, Zhou L, Yuan L, Shi L, Li D, Cai Q. An octachlorostyrene electrochemical immunosensor: double amplification strategies with immobilization of nano-Au and Au nanoparticle labels. Analyst 2013; 138:7023-30. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an01421e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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