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Alorda-Kleinglass A, Rodellas V, Diego-Feliu M, Marbà N, Morell C, Garcia-Orellana J. The connection between Submarine Groundwater Discharge and seawater quality: The threat of treated wastewater injected into coastal aquifers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 922:170940. [PMID: 38360304 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Submarine Groundwater Discharge (SGD) delivers nutrients to the coastal sea triggering phytoplankton blooms, eutrophication, and can also serve as a pathway for contaminants. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) including injection wells in coastal areas influence coastal aquifers and might impact the composition and magnitude of SGD fluxes. In tourist areas, wastewater treatment may be less efficient and larger in volume during high seasons, potentially impacting nutrient fluxes from SGD and exacerbating environmental impacts. This study analyzes the nutrient transfer from treated wastewater injection in karstic aquifers to the coastal sea via SGD, considering the impacts of tourism seasonality. This study is conducted in Cala Deià, a small cove in the Balearic Islands, a Mediterranean tourist destination. The findings suggest that the seasonality of tourism, leading to variations in the volume of wastewater treated in the WWTP, influences the dynamics of the coastal aquifer. This leads to increased SGD water and nutrient fluxes to the sea in summer, i.e. the peak tourist season. The measured DIN, DIP, and DSi inventories in the cove are much larger in August than in April (3, 10, and 1.5 times higher, respectively) due to higher input of nutrients in summer due to SGD impacted by the WWTP. These elevated nutrient flows can support algal blooms in the cove, compromising water quality for local swimmers and tourists. Indeed, in August, shoreline stations exhibited eutrophic Chl-a concentrations, with peaks reaching approximately 4 mg Chl-a L-1. These elevated levels suggest the presence of an algal bloom during the survey. The anthropogenic origin of SGD-driven nutrients is traced in seawater and seagrass meadows, as evidenced by high ∂15N signatures indicative of polluted areas. Thus, the high pressure exerted on coastal areas by tourism activities increased the magnitude of SGD nutrient fluxes, thereby threatening coastal ecosystems and the services they provide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Alorda-Kleinglass
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals (ICTA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain; Departament de Física, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Valentí Rodellas
- Departament de Física, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Marc Diego-Feliu
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals (ICTA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Núria Marbà
- Global Change Research Group, Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), 07190 Esporles, Mallorca, Spain
| | - Carlos Morell
- Global Change Research Group, Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), 07190 Esporles, Mallorca, Spain
| | - Jordi Garcia-Orellana
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals (ICTA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain; Departament de Física, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
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2
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Nakajima T, Kuragano M, Yamada M, Sugimoto R. Comparing nearshore and embayment scale assessments of submarine groundwater discharge: Significance of offshore groundwater discharge as a nutrient pathway. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:168068. [PMID: 37914127 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) can influence biogeochemical cycles in coastal seas by delivering nutrients from the seafloor. Comparison between the nearshore and embayment scale assessments of SGD against river water discharge would be crucial for understanding biogeochemical impacts on the coastal seas because the discharge pattern (non-point or point pathway) is different. Here, we quantified SGD contribution to rivers in nutrient budgets at two scales within a coastal embayment (Obama Bay, Japan) by mass balance models of radon and radium isotopes. We then compared the SGD contribution between the two scales by the meta-analysis for regional data sets conducted in nearshore and embayment scales. The estimated SGD rates in the nearshore and embayment scales in the bay were 7.8 cm d-1 and 20.0 cm d-1, indicating that offshore SGD was more significant than nearshore. The ratios of nutrient fluxes derived from SGD to rivers (SGD:River) in the nearshore scale were 1.7 for dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), 3.0 for phosphorus (DIP), and 0.5 for silica (DSi), while those in the embayment scale increased to 10.4 for DIN, 18.5 for DIP, and 3.9 for DSi. This result indicates that SGD-derived nutrients become more important at larger spatial scales. Meta-analysis revealed that the difference in the contribution of SGD to rivers was affected by the seafloor size and there was no significant difference in SGD rates between nearshore and embayment scale studies. However, our regional study shows the site-specific pattern that SGD rates in the embayment scale were higher than those in the nearshore scale. Overall, we clarified that SGD can be a crucial nutrient pathway for coastal embayments regardless of the spatial scales and contribute to coastal nutrient biogeochemistry in more offshore areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshimi Nakajima
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Fukui, Japan.
| | - Mao Kuragano
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Fukui, Japan.
| | - Makoto Yamada
- Faculty of Economics, Ryukoku University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Ryo Sugimoto
- Faculty of Marine Biosciences and Technology, Fukui Prefectural University, Fukui, Japan.
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Carroll JM, de la Torre W, Kelly JL. Submarine groundwater discharge interacts with creek geomorphology to affect eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica growth rates in a coastal Georgia creek. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15837. [PMID: 37554337 PMCID: PMC10405797 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Eastern oysters, Crassostrea virginica, are commercially important coastal species that provide many ecosystem services for coastal communities. Unfortunately, 85% of oyster reefs have been lost globally, prompting investments in restoration efforts to rebuild populations. Managers often consider several well-studied environmental and water quality parameters when making restoration site decisions. However, recent research suggests that submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) may play a role in driving the distribution of oysters in some estuaries. Specifically, SGD may result in localized areas of low dissolved oxygen and low pH that could inhibit oyster recruitment and survival. However, SGD may interact with other potential oyster stressors, including creek geomorphology. On point bars, sediment accumulation could alter growth rates of oysters and physiology, and it is possible that the two factors, SGD and creek geomorphology, could interact to impact oyster growth. We conducted a field experiment to examine the effects of SGD and creek geomorphology on oyster growth rates in a marsh-lined tidal creek in Georgia, USA. High and low SGD sites were paired within point bars and cut banks. Oysters were deployed in cages for 72 days and growth rates were determined. We found a significant interaction between SGD and creek geomorphology on oyster growth rates. Oysters grew at significantly faster rates at locations on accretionary point bars regardless of SGD flux, whereas, on erosional cut banks, high SGD flux significantly reduced oyster growth rate relative to low SGD flux. It appears that SGD may negatively influence oyster growth at specific creek locations, likely due to the presence of other stressors. Therefore, it is important to consider potential interacting and confounding stressors when managing oyster populations. As SGD is still a relatively understudied potential stressor for oysters, it is critical to continue to examine how groundwater might influence oysters in other locations and in combination with other stressors. Regardless, this study provides further evidence that SGD should be considered in future management efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Carroll
- Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia, United States
| | - Walker de la Torre
- Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia, United States
| | - Jacque L. Kelly
- Geology and Geography, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia, United States
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4
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Sajeev S, Muthukumar P, Selvam S. Submarine groundwater discharge: An Asian overview. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 325:138261. [PMID: 36898441 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) is the combination of fresh and saline groundwater flux to marine system through continental boundaries regardless of its chemical composition and factors influencing the flow. We have discussed the SGD studies in the Asian context; SGD has been studied in various parts of Asia, including China, Japan, South Korea, and Southeast Asia. In China, SGD has been studied in several coastal regions, including the Yellow Sea, the East China Sea, and the South China Sea. In Japan, SGD has been studied in the Pacific coast, where it has been found to be an important source of fresh water to the coastal ocean. In South Korea, SGD has been studied in the Yellow Sea, where it has been found to be an important source of fresh water to the coastal ocean. In Southeast Asia, SGD has been studied in several countries, including Thailand, Vietnam, and Indonesia. Recently the SGD studies acquired much development India, the research on SGD in India is limited, and more studies are needed to understand the SGD process, its impact on the coastal environment, and the management strategies, Groundwater extraction for irrigation, industry, and domestic use is increasing in India, which can affect the SGD process in coastal aquifers. Overall, the studies suggest that SGD is an important process in Asian coastal regions, playing a role in the supply of fresh water and the transport of pollutants and nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sruthy Sajeev
- Department of Geology, V.O. Chidambaram College, Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu, India; Registration No: 19212232222016, Affiliated to Manonmaniam Sundranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P Muthukumar
- Department of Geology, V.O. Chidambaram College, Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Selvam
- Department of Geology, V.O. Chidambaram College, Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Müller T, Gros J, Leibold P, Al-Balushi H, Petermann E, Schmidt M, Brückmann W, Al Kindi M, Al-Abri OS. Autonomous Large-Scale Radon Mapping and Buoyant Plume Modeling Quantify Deep Submarine Groundwater Discharge: A Novel Approach Based on a Self-Sufficient Open Ocean Vehicle. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:6540-6549. [PMID: 37067383 PMCID: PMC10134489 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater discharge into the sea occurs along many coastlines around the world in different geological settings and constitutes an important component of global water and matter budget. Estimates of how much water flows into the sea worldwide vary widely and are largely based on onshore studies and hydrological or hydrogeological modeling. In this study, we propose an approach to quantify a deep submarine groundwater outflow from the seafloor by using autonomously measured ocean surface data, i.e., 222Rn as groundwater tracer, in combination with numerical modeling of plume transport. The model and field data suggest that groundwater outflows from a water depth of ∼100 m can reach the sea surface implying that several cubic meters per second of freshwater are discharged into the sea. We postulate an extreme rainfall event 6 months earlier as the likely trigger for the groundwater discharge. This study shows that measurements at the sea surface, which are much easier to conduct than discharge measurements at the seafloor, can be used not only to localize submarine groundwater discharges but, in combination with plume modeling, also to estimate the magnitude of the release flow rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Müller
- GEOMAR
Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, RD2/Marine Geosystems, Wischhofstrasse 1-3, D-24148 Kiel, Germany
- Helmholtz
Centre for Environmental Research GmbH—UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jonas Gros
- GEOMAR
Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, RD2/Marine Geosystems, Wischhofstrasse 1-3, D-24148 Kiel, Germany
| | - Patrick Leibold
- GEOMAR
Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, RD2/Marine Geosystems, Wischhofstrasse 1-3, D-24148 Kiel, Germany
| | - Hajar Al-Balushi
- Ministry
of Higher Education Research and Innovation, P.O. Box 82, Ruwi, 112 Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Eric Petermann
- Federal
Office for Radiation Protection (BfS), Köpenicker Allee 120-130, D-10318 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mark Schmidt
- GEOMAR
Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, RD2/Marine Geosystems, Wischhofstrasse 1-3, D-24148 Kiel, Germany
| | - Warner Brückmann
- GEOMAR
Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, RD2/Marine Geosystems, Wischhofstrasse 1-3, D-24148 Kiel, Germany
| | - Mohammed Al Kindi
- Earth
Sciences Consultancy Centre, ESSC, P.O.
Box 979, P.C. 611, 123 Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Omar S. Al-Abri
- Mechanical
& Industrial Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 33, Al-Khoud, 123 Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
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Bhagat C, Misra A, Mohapatra PK, Babu DSS, Kumar M. Salinity and temperature profiling for the submarine groundwater discharge simulations: Quantification through heat and solute transport model. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 807:151888. [PMID: 34822901 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Developed coastal regions are the hotspots for contaminated groundwater discharge, affecting sensitive marine ecosystems. The present study aims to identify submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) locations and quantify the contaminant load reaching to the western coast of India (Gujarat coast) using stable isotopes, seepage meter, heat and solute transport model. The coastal aquifers are highly enriched in trace metals due to various active natural processes and anthropogenic activities across the coast. Terrestrial and recirculated SGD was a significant contributor to flow and metal load, which ranged from 1.04 to 181.1 m3.year-1 and 0-77.41 kg.year-1, respectively. The highest estimated SGD in the Gujarat coast was relatively less than the SGD reported in the Bay of Bengal and comparable to the South Chennai coast. The order of metal flux found in the study was Zn > Fe > Cr > Pb > Ni > Cu > Mn, whereas the highest flux of Zn (77.41 kg. year-1) was reported at Fansa beach, which was 7x Fe-flux and 45 x Cr-flux, respectively. Higher micronutrients (Fe and Zn) load in the southern coast leads to increased vulnerability of eutrophication, algal blooms and biotic ligand formation in aquatic species. This enrichment of micronutrients in the coastal ecosystem was evident by the growth of seaweeds on the seabed at SGD identified locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrashekhar Bhagat
- Discipline of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar 382355, India
| | - Anant Misra
- Discipline of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar 382355, India
| | - Pranab Kumar Mohapatra
- Discipline of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar 382355, India
| | - D S Suresh Babu
- National Centre for Earth Science Studies, Akkulam, Thiruvananthapuram 695031, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- Sustainability Cluster, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India.
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7
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Muthukumar P, Selvam S, Babu DSS, Roy PD, Venkatramanan S, Chung SY, Elzain HE. Measurement of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) into Tiruchendur coast at southeast India using 222Rn as a naturally occurring tracer. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 174:113233. [PMID: 34902766 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Application of natural tracers such as radon isotope mass balance has been useful in estimating the submarine groundwater discharge (SGD). This study used 222Rn and evaluated the magnitude of SGD at Tiruchendur coast of southeast India in the Gulf of Mannar (Indian Ocean). Higher magnitudes of 222Rn in the porewater and seawater in comparison with the groundwater suggest simultaneous SGD with fluxes of 0.1-0.25 m3 m-2 d-1 at offshore and 0.4-0.20 m3 m-2 d-1 at the near shore. These baseline data would contribute to the management and protection of the Gulf of Mannar region in near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Muthukumar
- Department of Geology, V.O. Chidambaram College, Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu, India; Registration No: 19212232221045, Affiliated to Manonmaniam Sundranar University, Abishekapatti, Tirunelveli 627012, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Selvam
- Department of Geology, V.O. Chidambaram College, Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - D S Suresh Babu
- Centre for Earth Sciences Studies, Akkulam, Thiruvananthapuram, 695 031, India
| | - Priyadarsi D Roy
- Instituto de Geología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México CP 04510, Mexico.
| | - S Venkatramanan
- Department of Disaster Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Y Chung
- Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, Institute of Environmental Geosciences, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea
| | - Hussam Eldin Elzain
- Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, Institute of Environmental Geosciences, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea
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Carroll JM, Kelly JL, Treible LM, Bliss T. Submarine groundwater discharge as a potential driver of eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, populations in Georgia. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 170:105440. [PMID: 34333337 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2021.105440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Reef-building eastern oysters, Crassostrea virginica, provide many ecosystem services, including production of valuable commercial products, formation of complex habitats, improved water quality and shoreline protection. Despite this, oyster populations have experienced dramatic declines throughout their range, spawning massive investment in management and restoration. Restoration efforts typically consider several well-studied metrics that normally influence oyster success; however, one potential factor that has not received much prior attention is submarine groundwater discharge (SGD). We conducted a series of field surveys and field experiments to explore the relationship between SGD and oysters in a marsh-lined tidal creek in Georgia, USA. SGD was mapped across multiple time points using a natural radon tracer (radon-222), and fluxes were paired with discrete measurements of oyster density, condition, size, recruitment and growth at multiple locations along the creek. Variation in oyster metrics was best explained by a combination of SGD, pH, and DO, which displayed a high degree of multicollinearity. We found an overall negative, nonlinear relationship between oyster density and groundwater flux. Interestingly, juvenile and adult condition and growth were not negatively impacted by groundwater. Rather, our results suggest that the likely mechanism for the density-flux relationship was interruption of the larval recruitment, which was also negatively related to flux. We hypothesize that larval interruption is due to the low dissolved oxygen and pH conditions of the groundwater at high flux sites. Overall, the interaction between SGD and oysters appears complex, and may be affected by other variables. This study provides evidence of a potential negative effect of a previously understudied natural phenomena on oyster demographics, and we suggest that SGD be considered in future management efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Carroll
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA.
| | - Jacque L Kelly
- Department of Geology and Geography, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA
| | - Laura M Treible
- University of Georgia, Skidaway Institute of Oceanography, Savannah, GA, USA
| | - Thomas Bliss
- University of Georgia Marine Extension and Georgia Sea Grant, Savannah, GA, USA
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Fresh and Recirculated Submarine Groundwater Discharge Evaluated by Geochemical Tracers and a Seepage Meter at Two Sites in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan. HYDROLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/hydrology5040061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) consists of fresh submarine groundwater discharge (FSGD) and recirculated submarine groundwater discharge (RSGD). In this study, we conducted simultaneous 25-hour time-series measurements of short-lived 222Rn and 224Ra activities at two sites with differing SGD rates in the central Seto Inland Sea of Japan to evaluate SGD rates and their constituents. At both sites, we also quantified the total SGD, FSGD, and RSGD using a seepage meter to verify the water fluxes estimated with 222Rn and 224Ra. SGD rates estimated using 222Rn and 224Ra at the site with significant SGD approximated the total SGD and RSGD measured by the seepage meter. However, SGD rates derived using 222Rn at the site with minor SGD were overestimated, since 222Rn activity at the nearshore mooring site was lower than that in the offshore area. These results suggest that the coupling of short-lived 222Rn and 224Ra is a powerful tool for quantification of FSGD and RSGD, although it is important to confirm that tracer activities in coastal areas are higher than those in offshore.
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10
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Groundwater Discharge in the Arctic: A Review of Studies and Implications for Biogeochemistry. HYDROLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/hydrology4030041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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11
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Simulating the Effects of Lake Wind Waves on Water and Solute Exchange across the Lakeshore Using Hydrus-2D. WATER 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/w9080566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Assessment of the spatial distribution of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) along the Yatsushiro Inland Sea coastline, SW Japan, using 222Rn method. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-015-4573-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Lecher AL, Mackey K, Kudela R, Ryan J, Fisher A, Murray J, Paytan A. Nutrient Loading through Submarine Groundwater Discharge and Phytoplankton Growth in Monterey Bay, CA. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:6665-6673. [PMID: 25988258 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b00909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We quantified groundwater discharge and associated nutrient fluxes to Monterey Bay, California, during the wet and dry seasons using excess (224)Ra as a tracer. Bioassay incubation experiments were conducted to document the response of bloom-forming phytoplankton to submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) input. Our data indicate that the high nutrient content (nitrate and silica) in groundwater can stimulate the growth of bloom-forming phytoplankton. The elevated concentrations of nitrate in groundwater around Monterey Bay are consistent with agriculture, landfill, and rural housing, which are the primary land-uses in the area surrounding the study site. These findings indicate that SGD acts as a continual source of nutrients that can feed bloom-forming phytoplankton at our study site, constituting a nonpoint source of anthropogenic nutrients to Monterey Bay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alanna L Lecher
- †Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Katherine Mackey
- ‡Earth System Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92617, United States
- ⊥Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Raphael Kudela
- §Department of Ocean Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - John Ryan
- ∥Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, California 95039, United States
| | - Andrew Fisher
- †Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Joseph Murray
- §Department of Ocean Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Adina Paytan
- †Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
- ⊥Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
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14
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Szymczycha B, Vogler S, Pempkowiak J. Nutrient fluxes via submarine groundwater discharge to the Bay of Puck, southern Baltic Sea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 438:86-93. [PMID: 22975306 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) has been recognized as an important exchange pathway between hydrologic reservoirs due to its impact on biogeochemical cycles of the coastal ocean. This study reports nutrient concentrations and loads delivered by SGD into the Bay of Puck, the southern Baltic Sea. Measurements were carried out between September, 2009 and October, 2010 at groundwater seepage sites identified by low salinity of pore water. Groundwater fluxes, measured using seepage meters, ranged from 3 to 22 L m(-2)day(-1). Average concentrations of nutrients in groundwater samples collected were as follows: 0.4 μmol L(-1) nitrate (NO(3)), 0.8 μmol L(-1) nitrite (NO(2)), 18.2 μmol L(-1) ammonium (NH(4)) and 60.6 μmol L(-1) orthophosphate (PO(4)). Levels of NH(4) and PO(4) were significantly higher in samples from SGD sites than in seawater. Seawater and SGD samples showed similar NO(2) concentrations but SGD samples exhibited lower NO(3) levels than those observed in seawater samples. Measured seepage water fluxes and nutrient concentrations were used to calculate nutrient loads discharged into the study area while the literature groundwater flux and the measured nutrient concentrations were used to estimate nutrient loads discharged into the Bay of Puck. The estimates suggest that SGD delivers a dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) load of 49.9 ± 18.0 t yr(-1) and a PO(4)(-) load of 56.3 ± 5.5tyr(-1) into the Bay of Puck. The projected estimates are significant in comparison with loads delivered to the bay from other, well-recognized sources (705 ty r(-1) and 105 ty r(-1) respectively for DIN and PO(4)). Nutrient discharge input loads were projected to the entire Baltic Sea The extrapolated values indicate SGD contributes a significant proportion of phosphate load but only an insignificant proportion of DIN load. Further studies are necessary to better understand SGD contributions to the nutrient budget in the Baltic Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Szymczycha
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Powstancow Warszawy 55, 81712 Sopot, Poland
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