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Chen Z, Lu Y, Dun X, Wang X, Wang H. Research Progress of Selenium-Enriched Foods. Nutrients 2023; 15:4189. [PMID: 37836473 PMCID: PMC10574215 DOI: 10.3390/nu15194189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Selenium is an essential micronutrient that plays a crucial role in maintaining human health. Selenium deficiency is seriously associated with various diseases such as Keshan disease, Kashin-Beck disease, cataracts, and others. Conversely, selenium supplementation has been found to have multiple effects, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer functions. Compared with inorganic selenium, organic selenium exhibits higher bioactivities and a wider range of safe concentrations. Consequently, there has been a significant development of selenium-enriched foods which contain large amounts of organic selenium in order to improve human health. This review summarizes the physiological role and metabolism of selenium, the development of selenium-enriched foods, the physiological functions of selenium-enriched foods, and provides an analysis of total selenium and its species in selenium-enriched foods, with a view to laying the foundation for selenium-enriched food development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenna Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
| | | | | | | | - Hanzhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
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Takata N, Myburgh J, Botha A, Nomngongo PN. The importance and status of the micronutrient selenium in South Africa: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:3703-3723. [PMID: 34708333 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-01126-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Selenium (Se) is a vital micronutrient with widespread biological action but leads to toxicity when taken in excessive amounts. The biological benefits of Se are mainly derived from its presence in active sites of selenoproteins such as glutathione peroxidase (GPx). An enzyme whose role is to protect tissues against oxidative stress by catalysing the reduction of peroxidase responsible for various forms of cellular damage. The benefits of Se can be harvested when proper regulations of its intake are used. In South Africa, Se distribution in people's diets and animals are low with socio-economic factors and heterogeneous spread of Se in soil throughout the country playing a significant role. The possible causes of low Se in soils may be influenced by underlying geological material, climatic conditions, and anthropogenic activities. Sedimentary rock formations show higher Se concentrations compared to igneous and metamorphic rock formations. Higher Se concentrations in soils dominates in humid and sub-humid areas of South Africa. Furthermore, atmospheric acid deposition dramatically influences the availability of Se to plants. The studies reviewed in this article have shown that atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) is the most utilised analytical technique for total Se concentration determination in environmental samples and there is a lack of speciation data for Se concentrations. Shortcomings in Se studies have been identified, and the future research directions of Se in South Africa have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nwabisa Takata
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa
- National Metrology Institute of South Africa, CSIR Campus, Building 5, Meiring Naude Road, Brummeria, Pretoria, 0182, South Africa
| | - Jan Myburgh
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - Angelique Botha
- National Metrology Institute of South Africa, CSIR Campus, Building 5, Meiring Naude Road, Brummeria, Pretoria, 0182, South Africa
| | - Philiswa Nosizo Nomngongo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa.
- Department of Science and Innovation (DSI)/National Research Foundation (NRF) South African Research Chair (SARChI): Nanotechnology for Water, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa.
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Han D, Xiong S, Jia W, Chen S, Wei Y, Shao H, Huang W. Separation of selenium species in plant tissues by high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet treatment-hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry using various mobile phases. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2021.1911682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Han
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, National Tobacco Cultivation and Physiology and Biochemistry Research Center, Key Laboratory for Tobacco Cultivation of Tobacco Industry, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Shuanglian Xiong
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Microelement Research Center, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Wei Jia
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, National Tobacco Cultivation and Physiology and Biochemistry Research Center, Key Laboratory for Tobacco Cultivation of Tobacco Industry, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Simeng Chen
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, National Tobacco Cultivation and Physiology and Biochemistry Research Center, Key Laboratory for Tobacco Cultivation of Tobacco Industry, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Yanqiu Wei
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, National Tobacco Cultivation and Physiology and Biochemistry Research Center, Key Laboratory for Tobacco Cultivation of Tobacco Industry, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Huifang Shao
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, National Tobacco Cultivation and Physiology and Biochemistry Research Center, Key Laboratory for Tobacco Cultivation of Tobacco Industry, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Wuxing Huang
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, National Tobacco Cultivation and Physiology and Biochemistry Research Center, Key Laboratory for Tobacco Cultivation of Tobacco Industry, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
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Sulfur Amino Acid Status Controls Selenium Methylation in Pseudomonas tolaasii: Identification of a Novel Metabolite from Promiscuous Enzyme Reactions. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:e0010421. [PMID: 33811024 PMCID: PMC8174768 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00104-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Selenium (Se) deficiency affects many millions of people worldwide, and the volatilization of methylated Se species to the atmosphere may prevent Se from entering the food chain. Despite the extent of Se deficiency, little is known about fluxes in volatile Se species and their temporal and spatial variation in the environment, giving rise to uncertainty in atmospheric transport models. To systematically determine fluxes, one can rely on laboratory microcosm experiments to quantify Se volatilization in different conditions. Here, it is demonstrated that the sulfur (S) status of bacteria crucially determines the amount of Se volatilized. Solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography mass spectrometry showed that Pseudomonas tolaasii efficiently and rapidly (92% in 18 h) volatilized Se to dimethyl diselenide and dimethyl selenyl sulfide through promiscuous enzymatic reactions with the S metabolism. However, when the cells were supplemented with cystine (but not methionine), a major proportion of the Se (∼48%) was channeled to thus-far-unknown, nonvolatile Se compounds at the expense of the previously formed dimethyl diselenide and dimethyl selenyl sulfide (accounting for <4% of total Se). Ion chromatography and solid-phase extraction were used to isolate unknowns, and electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry, electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and microprobe nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry were used to identify the major unknown as a novel Se metabolite, 2-hydroxy-3-(methylselanyl)propanoic acid. Environmental S concentrations often exceed Se concentrations by orders of magnitude. This suggests that in fact S status may be a major control of selenium fluxes to the atmosphere. IMPORTANCE Volatilization from soil to the atmosphere is a major driver for Se deficiency. “Bottom-up” models for atmospheric Se transport are based on laboratory experiments quantifying volatile Se compounds. The high Se and low S concentrations in such studies poorly represent the environment. Here, we show that S amino acid status has in fact a decisive effect on the production of volatile Se species in Pseudomonas tolaasii. When the strain was supplemented with S amino acids, a major proportion of the Se was channeled to thus-far-unknown, nonvolatile Se compounds at the expense of volatile compounds. This hierarchical control of the microbial S amino acid status on Se cycling has been thus far neglected. Understanding these interactions—if they occur in the environment—will help to improve atmospheric Se models and thus predict drivers of Se deficiency.
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Viacava K, Ammann E, Bravo D, Lenz M. Low-Temperature Reactive Aerosol Processing for Large-Scale Synthesis of Selenium Nanoparticles. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c03213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Viacava
- Institute for Ecopreneurship, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Hofackerstrasse 30, Muttenz, CH-4132, Switzerland
| | - Erik Ammann
- Institute for Ecopreneurship, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Hofackerstrasse 30, Muttenz, CH-4132, Switzerland
| | - David Bravo
- Pancosma, A-One Business Center, La piece 3, Rolle, CH-1180, Switzerland
| | - Markus Lenz
- Institute for Ecopreneurship, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Hofackerstrasse 30, Muttenz, CH-4132, Switzerland
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Li M, Farmen LM, Chan CK. Selenium Removal from Sulfate-Containing Groundwater Using Granular Layered Double Hydroxide Materials. Ind Eng Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b04461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Man Li
- Materials
Science and Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport
and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Lisa M. Farmen
- Crystal
Clear
Technologies, Inc., 2828 SW Corbett,
Suite 145, Portland, Oregon 97201, United States
| | - Candace K. Chan
- Materials
Science and Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport
and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
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Investigation of highly selective regenerative cellulose microcolumn for selenium detection and efficient recovery. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Flueck WT. Osteopathology and selenium deficiency co-occurring in a population of endangered Patagonian huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus). BMC Res Notes 2015; 8:330. [PMID: 26233940 PMCID: PMC4522092 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-1291-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background About 1,000 endangered Patagonian huemul deer (Hippocamelus bisulcus) remain in Chile and 350–500 in Argentina. Most groups (>100) are not recovering, and prevalence of osteopathology in Argentina was at least 57%. Here I describe relevant cases of osteopathology from a Chilean population which, however, recently also provided data on trace mineral status, supporting the initial hypothesis that nutrition may be a primary etiologic factor. Additionally, recent data on bone chemical composition of Argentine cases and soil analyses are discussed. Results Fluoride levels in Argentine cases with osteopathology were low and fluorosis was discarded as an etiological factor. Selenium deficiency occurred in 73% of huemul from the Chilean population which exhibited several cases with osteopathology. The pathophysiognomy included extensive erosion; tooth loss; porosification; perforations of palate, maxillar and mandibular bone with frequent exposure of tooth roots; and fractured mandibula. Areas currently used by remaining huemul have mainly acidic volcanic soils, which reduces selenium bioavailability: mean soil selenium levels from areas typically used by extant huemul were very deficient (0.19 ppm), corroborating documented overt selenium deficiency in local livestock and plants. The area of extant huemul is known to result in primary iodine deficiency in livestock which is aggravated by selenium deficiency. Conclusions Currently the most parsimonious explanation for frequent osteopathology and lack of numerical recovery are the combined effects of selenium and iodine deficiencies based on: osteopathology in a population of selenium deficient huemul; selenium deficient livestock, plants and soils; acidic soils; and regional primary iodine deficiency. The nexus between mineral nutrition and population dynamics of huemul may be due to constraints on their movements to fertile lowlands, including the elimination of historic migratory traditions, and concomitant elimination of source populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner T Flueck
- National Council of Scientific and Technological Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Argentine National Park Administration, Bariloche, Argentina. .,Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University Basel, Basel, Switzerland. .,Chair, Scientific Committee, IUCN Huemul Task Force, C.C. 592, 8400, Bariloche, Argentina.
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Blazina T, Sun Y, Voegelin A, Lenz M, Berg M, Winkel LH. Terrestrial selenium distribution in China is potentially linked to monsoonal climate. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4717. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Liu L, Yun Z, He B, Jiang G. Efficient interface for online coupling of capillary electrophoresis with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and its application in simultaneous speciation analysis of arsenic and selenium. Anal Chem 2014; 86:8167-75. [PMID: 25082790 DOI: 10.1021/ac501347d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A simple and highly efficient online system coupling of capillary electrophoresis to inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (CE-ICP-MS) for simultaneous separation and determination of arsenic and selenium compounds was developed. CE was coupled to an ICP-MS system by a sprayer with a novel direct-injection high-efficiency nebulizer (DIHEN) chamber as the interface. By using this interface, six arsenic species, including arsenite (As(III), arsenate (As(V)), monomethylarsonic acid (MMA), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), arsenobetaine (AsB), and arsenocholine (AsC) and five selenium species (such as sodium selenite (Se(IV)), sodium selenate (Se(VI)), selenocysteine (SeCys), selenomethionine (SeMet), and Se-methylselenocysteine (MeSeCys)) were baseline-separated and determined in a single run within 9 min under the optimized conditions. Minimum dead volume, low and steady sheath flow liquid, high nebulization efficiency, and high sample transport efficiency were obtained by using this interface. Detection limits were in the range of 0.11-0.37 μg L(-1) for the six arsenic compounds (determined as (75)As at m/z 75) and 1.33-2.31 μg L(-1) for the five selenium species (determined as (82)Se at m/z 82). Repeatability expressed as the relative standard deviations (RSD, n = 6) of both migration time and peak area were better than 2.68% for arsenic compounds and 3.28% for selenium compounds, respectively. The proposed method had been successfully applied for the determination of arsenic and selenium species in the certified reference materials DORM-3, water, urine, and fish samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871, 100085 Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Vriens B, Ammann AA, Hagendorfer H, Lenz M, Berg M, Winkel LHE. Quantification of methylated selenium, sulfur, and arsenic in the environment. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102906. [PMID: 25047128 PMCID: PMC4105483 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomethylation and volatilization of trace elements may contribute to their redistribution in the environment. However, quantification of volatile, methylated species in the environment is complicated by a lack of straightforward and field-deployable air sampling methods that preserve element speciation. This paper presents a robust and versatile gas trapping method for the simultaneous preconcentration of volatile selenium (Se), sulfur (S), and arsenic (As) species. Using HPLC-HR-ICP-MS and ESI-MS/MS analyses, we demonstrate that volatile Se and S species efficiently transform into specific non-volatile compounds during trapping, which enables the deduction of the original gaseous speciation. With minor adaptations, the presented HPLC-HR-ICP-MS method also allows for the quantification of 13 non-volatile methylated species and oxyanions of Se, S, and As in natural waters. Application of these methods in a peatland indicated that, at the selected sites, fluxes varied between 190–210 ng Se·m−2·d−1, 90–270 ng As·m−2·d−1, and 4–14 µg S·m−2·d−1, and contained at least 70% methylated Se and S species. In the surface water, methylated species were particularly abundant for As (>50% of total As). Our results indicate that methylation plays a significant role in the biogeochemical cycles of these elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas Vriens
- Department of Water Resources and Drinking Water, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Adrian A. Ammann
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Harald Hagendorfer
- Department of Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Swiss Federal Institute for Material Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Markus Lenz
- Institute for Ecopreneurship, School of Life Science, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Berg
- Department of Water Resources and Drinking Water, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Lenny H. E. Winkel
- Department of Water Resources and Drinking Water, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Tolu J, Thiry Y, Bueno M, Jolivet C, Potin-Gautier M, Le Hécho I. Distribution and speciation of ambient selenium in contrasted soils, from mineral to organic rich. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 479-480:93-101. [PMID: 24548882 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.01.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Selenium adsorption onto oxy-hydroxides mainly controls its mobility in volcanic soils, red earths and soils poor in organic matter (OM) while the influence of OM was emphasized in podzol and peat soils. This work aims at deciphering how those solid phases influence ambient Se mobility and speciation under less contrasted conditions in 26 soils spanning extensive ranges of OM (1-32%), Fe/Al oxy-hydroxides (0.3-6.1%) contents and pH (4.0-8.3). The soil collection included agriculture, meadow and forest soils to assess the influence of OM quality as well. Trace concentrations of six ambient Se species (Se(IV), Se(VI) and 4 organo-Se compounds) were analyzed by HPLC-ICP-MS in three extractants (ultrapure water, phosphate and sodium hydroxide) targeting Se associated to different soil phases. The Kd values determined from ultrapure water extraction were higher than those reported in commonly used short-term experiments after Se-spiking. Correlations of ambient Se content and distribution with soil parameters explained this difference by an involvement of slow processes in Se retention in soils. The 26 Kd values determined here for a wide variety of soils thus represent a relevant database for long-term prediction of Se mobility. For soils containing less than 20% OM, ambient Se solubility is primarily controlled by its adsorption onto crystalline oxy-hydroxides. However, OM plays an important role in Se mobility by forming organo-mineral associations that may protect adsorbed Se from leaching and/or create anoxic zones (aggregates) where Se is immobilized after its reduction. Although for the first time, inorganic Se(IV), Se(VI) and organo-Se compounds were simultaneously investigated in a large soil collection, high Se proportions remain unidentified in each soil extract, most probably due to Se incorporation and/or binding to colloidal-sized OM. Variations of environmental factors regulating the extent of OM-mineral associations/aggregation may thus lead to changes in Se mobility and bio-availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Tolu
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique Bio-Inorganique et Environnement (LCABIE), IPREM, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour/CNRS UMR 5254, Hélioparc, 2 Avenue du Président Angot, 64053 Pau Cedex 9, France; Andra, Research and Development Division, Parc de la Croix Blanche, 1/7 rue Jean Monnet, 92298 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France.
| | - Yves Thiry
- Andra, Research and Development Division, Parc de la Croix Blanche, 1/7 rue Jean Monnet, 92298 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France
| | - Maïté Bueno
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique Bio-Inorganique et Environnement (LCABIE), IPREM, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour/CNRS UMR 5254, Hélioparc, 2 Avenue du Président Angot, 64053 Pau Cedex 9, France
| | - Claudy Jolivet
- Institut National de La Recherche Agronomique (INRA), US 1106 INFOSOL, 2163 avenue de la Pomme de Pin, CS 40001 Ardon, 45075 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Martine Potin-Gautier
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique Bio-Inorganique et Environnement (LCABIE), IPREM, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour/CNRS UMR 5254, Hélioparc, 2 Avenue du Président Angot, 64053 Pau Cedex 9, France
| | - Isabelle Le Hécho
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique Bio-Inorganique et Environnement (LCABIE), IPREM, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour/CNRS UMR 5254, Hélioparc, 2 Avenue du Président Angot, 64053 Pau Cedex 9, France
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Zimmermann K, Jariyasopit N, Massey Simonich SL, Tao S, Atkinson R, Arey J. Formation of nitro-PAHs from the heterogeneous reaction of ambient particle-bound PAHs with N2O5/NO3/NO2. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:13151-9. [PMID: 23865889 DOI: 10.1021/es402969c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Reactions of ambient particles collected from four sites within the Los Angeles, CA air basin and Beijing, China with a mixture of N2O5, NO2, and NO3 radicals were studied in an environmental chamber at ambient pressure and temperature. Exposures in the chamber system resulted in the degradation of particle-bound PAHs and formation of molecular weight (mw) 247 nitropyrenes (NPYs) and nitrofluoranthenes (NFLs), mw 273 nitrotriphenylenes (NTPs), nitrobenz[a]anthracenes (NBaAs), nitrochrysene (NCHR), and mw 297 nitrobenzo[a]pyrene (NBaP). The distinct isomer distributions resulting from exposure of filter-adsorbed deuterated fluoranthene to N2O5/NO3/NO2 and that collected from the chamber gas-phase suggest that formation of NFLs in ambient particles did not occur by NO3 radical-initiated reaction but from reaction of N2O5, presumably subsequent to its surface adsorption. Accordingly, isomers known to result from gas-phase radical-initiated reactions of parent PAHs, such as 2-NFL and 2- and 4-NPY, were not enhanced from the exposure of ambient particulate matter to N2O5/NO3/NO2. The reactivity of ambient particles toward nitration by N2O5/NO3/NO2, defined by relative 1-NPY formation, varied significantly, with the relative amounts of freshly emitted particles versus aged particles (particles that had undergone atmospheric chemical processing) affecting the reactivity of particle-bound PAHs toward heterogeneous nitration. Analyses of unexposed ambient samples suggested that, in nighttime samples where NO3 radical-initiated chemistry had occurred, heterogeneous formation of 1-NPY on ambient particles may have contributed to the ambient 1-NPY concentrations at downwind receptor sites. These results, together with observations that 2-NFL is consistently the dominant particle-bound nitro-PAH measured in ambient atmospheres, suggest that for PAHs that exist in both the gas- and particle-phase, the heterogeneous formation of particle-bound nitro-PAHs is a minor formation route compared to gas-phase formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Zimmermann
- Air Pollution Research Center, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
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