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Adewoyin OO, Omeje M, Omonhinmin C, Nwinyi O, Arijaje T, Ayanbisi O. Assessment of Radium Equivalent Activity and Total Annual Effective Dose in Cassava cultivated around Ewekoro Cement Factory. J Food Prot 2023; 86:100160. [PMID: 37699509 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2023.100160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, cassava tubers cultivated in the Ewekoro cement area were investigated with the aid of Hyper Pure Germanium (HPGe) detector in order to assess the radionuclide content. Twenty-seven (27) samples of both arable soil and cassava tubers were studied at different sites to the epicenter of the mining activity. The results revealed the highest activity concentrations of K-40, Ra-226, and Th-232 to be 194.10, 63.92, and 76.90 Bq/kg, respectively, in soil to be at site 1, which was 50 m away from the cement mining site. Similarly, cassava reported the highest activity concentrations of 228.15 and 81.50 Bq/kg for K-40 and Ra-226, respectively, at sites 2, which was 150 m away from the mining site. However, the highest value of Th-232 in cassava was noted in site 1. Also, the highest values of Raeq for arable soil and cassava tubers were estimated to be 188.84 Bq/kg and 199.89 Bq/kg at site 1 and site 2, respectively. All the above results were higher than the recommended safe limits by a factor of 2. Moreover, the Total Annual Effective Dose of exposure by oral ingestion of cassava tubers for different age groups revealed children to have the highest level of exposure with the highest mean value of 7.98 mSv. This is followed by adults and infants, which reported 5.66 and 5.38 mSv, respectively, all at site 2. This result is far greater than the recommended safe limits of 1 mSv. Therefore, the results of the total averages of annual effective doses due to consumption of the three natural radionuclides in cassava tubers and other products from it by adults, children, and infants were found to be above the average annual ingestion radiation dose due to natural sources. Further statistical analysis of the results showed significant differences between sites 1 and 2 and between sites 1 and 3, where there was no statistically significant difference between sites 2 and 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olusegun O Adewoyin
- Department of Physics, Covenant University, P.M.B. 1023, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria.
| | - Maxwell Omeje
- Department of Physics, Covenant University, P.M.B. 1023, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Conrad Omonhinmin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Covenant University, P.M.B. 1023, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Obinna Nwinyi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Covenant University, P.M.B. 1023, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Theophilus Arijaje
- Department of Physics, Covenant University, P.M.B. 1023, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Oluwasegun Ayanbisi
- Department of Physics, Covenant University, P.M.B. 1023, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
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2
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Stäger F, Zok D, Schiller AK, Feng B, Steinhauser G. Disproportionately High Contributions of 60 Year Old Weapons- 137Cs Explain the Persistence of Radioactive Contamination in Bavarian Wild Boars. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:13601-13611. [PMID: 37646445 PMCID: PMC10501199 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Radionuclides released from nuclear accidents or explosions pose long-term threats to ecosystem health. A prominent example is wild boar contamination in central Europe, which is notorious for its persistently high 137Cs levels. However, without reliable source identification, the origin of this decades old problem has been uncertain. Here, we target radiocesium contamination in wild boars from Bavaria. Our samples (2019-2021) range from 370 to 15,000 Bq·kg-1 137Cs, thus exceeding the regulatory limits (600 Bq·kg-1) by a factor of up to 25. Using an emerging nuclear forensic fingerprint, 135Cs/137Cs, we distinguished various radiocesium source legacies in their source composition. All samples exhibit signatures of mixing of Chornobyl and nuclear weapons fallout, with 135Cs/137Cs ratios ranging from 0.67 to 1.97. Although Chornobyl has been widely believed to be the prime source of 137Cs in wild boars, we find that "old" 137Cs from weapons fallout significantly contributes to the total level (10-68%) in those specimens that exceeded the regulatory limit. In some cases, weapons-137Cs alone can lead to exceedances of the regulatory limit, especially in samples with a relatively low total 137Cs level. Our findings demonstrate that the superposition of older and newer legacies of 137Cs can vastly surpass the impact of any singular yet dominant source and thus highlight the critical role of historical releases of 137Cs in current environmental pollution challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Stäger
- Institute
of Radioecology and Radiation Protection, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Dorian Zok
- Institute
of Radioecology and Radiation Protection, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Anna-Katharina Schiller
- Institute
of Radioecology and Radiation Protection, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Bin Feng
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Universität
Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
- TU
Wien, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry & TRIGA Center
Atominstitut, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Steinhauser
- TU
Wien, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry & TRIGA Center
Atominstitut, 1060 Vienna, Austria
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3
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Blain E, Nishikawa K, Faye SA, Roselan A, Burn AG, Torres MA, Semkow TM. Detection Capability of 89Sr and 90Sr Using Liquid Scintillation Counting. HEALTH PHYSICS 2023; 125:123-136. [PMID: 37384913 PMCID: PMC10361665 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000001698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT We developed a new method for simultaneous determination of 89Sr and 90Sr with an emphasis on detectability. The samples were digested, and Sr was chemically purified followed by a single count on a liquid scintillation counter in three windows overlapping the 90Sr, 89Sr, and 90Y peaks. Gamma spectrometry was used to measure 85Sr, added for chemical recovery. The method was tested on 18 water samples spiked at levels from 9 to 242 Bq of 89Sr and 90Sr, with either single radionuclides or their mixtures. In addition, eight method blanks were measured. The data were analyzed numerically by solving a system of linear equations for 89Sr and 90Sr activities as analytes and 90Y activity as a participating component. The total uncertainties of the results were calculated numerically using variances and covariances. The average bias from the known activities was -0.3% (range from -3.6 to 3.1%) for 90Sr and - 1.5% (range from -10.1 to 5.1%) for 89Sr. The En-scores were within -1.0 and 1.0 at 95% confidence level. The detection capabilities of this method were determined by means of the decision threshold LC and the limit of detection referred to as the minimum detectable activity. All relevant uncertainties were propagated into the LC and minimum detectable activity. In addition, detection limits were calculated for the purpose of Safe Drinking Water Act monitoring. The detection capabilities were compared with the regulatory requirements in the US and EU for food and water. For samples spiked with either pure 89Sr or 90Sr, false positives were observed for the opposite radionuclide exceeding the above LC values. This was attributed to interference by the spiked activity. A new method was developed to calculate decision and detectability curves in the presence of interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezekiel Blain
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, USA
| | - Kimi Nishikawa
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, USA
| | - Sherry A. Faye
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany (SUNY), Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
| | - Amy Roselan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, USA
| | - Adam G. Burn
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany (SUNY), Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
| | - Miguel A. Torres
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, USA
| | - Thomas M. Semkow
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany (SUNY), Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
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4
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Identification, isolation, and characterization of a novel type of Fukushima-derived microparticle. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-022-08561-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn the course of the Fukushima nuclear accident, radionuclides were released in various forms, including so-called radiocesium-bearing microparticles (CsMP). So far, four types of CsMP were described: Type A is smaller in size (< 10 μm), Types B, C, and D are larger (> 100 μm). In this work, we present a novel type of CsMP (proclaimed Type E). Three particles of Type E were extracted from a contaminated blade of grass that was sampled 1.5 km from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant in late 2011. They were located using autoradiography, isolated using an optical microscope and micromanipulator, and characterized using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, and low-level gamma-ray spectrometry. Type E CsMPs are 10–20 μm in size and exhibit an unusually low and barely detectable 137Cs activity of only ≤ 10 mBq per particle. Their brittle and fragile character may indicate a high surface tension.
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5
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Tucaković I, Karanović G, Coha I, Pavičić-Hamer D, Grahek Ž. Radionuclides in commercial children's food consumed in Croatia. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Callen-Kovtunova J, McKenna T, Steinhauser G. What's better for our health? Conducting protective actions during a nuclear emergency or accepting a certain radiation dose? JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 2022; 42:021516. [PMID: 35263727 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6498/ac5bde] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The threat caused by ionising radiation has resulted in the establishment of strict radiation protection guidelines. This is especially true for severe nuclear power plant (NPP) accident scenarios, which may involve the release of significant amounts of ionising radiation. However, we believe that the fine balance between the benefit of a certain protective action (e.g. evacuation) and its risks is not always accounted for properly. Deaths and mental health problems have been associated with protective actions (e.g. evacuation) implemented in the response to the Fukushima Daiichi (NPP) accident in 2011. The protective actions were implemented consistent with international recommendations, to reduce radiation-induced health effects, even though the off-site effective doses were too low to indicate that there would be any discernible radiation-induced health effects. In this paper, we will provide a first step for the development of tools to evaluate the risk of protective actions versus the radiation-induced health risk. Over 50 papers were selected as useful from more than 600 reviewed papers to characterise the health impact of protective actions taken during different emergencies (including, technical and natural emergencies). An analysis was performed comparing the radiation-induced health effects averted by protective actions with the health effects associated with the protective actions. We concentrated our analysis on deaths and mental health problems associated with protective actions compared with the inferred radiation-induced deaths averted by the protective actions. Our analysis is stated in terms of absolute risk (cases per 1000) of health effects to allow for a direct comparison. It indicates that taking protective actions consistent with dose criteria typically used in many countries could result in more excess deaths than the inferred radiation-induced deaths prevented, as well as resulting in mental health problems. We identified that residents of facilities for long stays and the elderly are particularly vulnerable and a significant number of the deaths among the general public are associated with a lack of emergency preparedness provisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Callen-Kovtunova
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Radioecology and Radiation Protection, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - T McKenna
- Retired (International Atomic Energy Agency/ U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission), Vienna, Austria
| | - G Steinhauser
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Radioecology and Radiation Protection, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany
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7
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Zok D, Blenke T, Reinhard S, Sprott S, Kegler F, Syrbe L, Querfeld R, Takagai Y, Drozdov V, Chyzhevskyi I, Kirieiev S, Schmidt B, Adlassnig W, Wallner G, Dubchak S, Steinhauser G. Determination of Characteristic vs Anomalous 135Cs/ 137Cs Isotopic Ratios in Radioactively Contaminated Environmental Samples. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:4984-4991. [PMID: 33709694 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A contamination with the ubiquitous radioactive fission product 137Cs cannot be assigned per se to its source. We used environmental samples with varying contamination levels from various parts of the world to establish their characteristic 135Cs/137Cs isotope ratios and thereby allow their distinction. The samples included biological materials from Chernobyl and Fukushima, historic ashed human lung tissue from the 1960s from Austria, and trinitite from the Trinity Test Site, USA. After chemical separation and gas reaction shifts inside a triple quadrupole ICP mass spectrometer, characteristic 135Cs/137Cs isotope signatures (all as per March 11, 2011) were obtained for Fukushima- (∼0.35) and Chernobyl-derived (∼0.50) contaminations, in agreement with the literature for these contamination sources. Both signatures clearly distinguish from the characteristic high ratio (1.9 ± 0.2) for nuclear-weapon-produced radiocesium found in human lung tissue. Trinitite samples exhibited an unexpected, anomalous pattern by displaying a low (<0.4) and nonuniform 135Cs/137Cs ratio. This exemplifies a 137Cs-rich fractionation of the plume in a nuclear explosion, where 137Cs is a predominant species in the fireball. The onset of 135Cs was delayed because of the longer half-life of its parent nuclide 135Xe, causing a spatial separation of gaseous 135Xe from condensed 137Cs, which is the reason for the atypical 135Cs/137Cs fractionation in the fallout at the test site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorian Zok
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institute of Radioecology and Radiation Protection, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Tobias Blenke
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institute of Radioecology and Radiation Protection, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Sandra Reinhard
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institute of Radioecology and Radiation Protection, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Sascha Sprott
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institute of Radioecology and Radiation Protection, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Felix Kegler
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institute of Radioecology and Radiation Protection, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Luisa Syrbe
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institute of Radioecology and Radiation Protection, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Rebecca Querfeld
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institute of Radioecology and Radiation Protection, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Yoshitaka Takagai
- Fukushima University, Faculty of Symbiotic Systems Science, Fukushima 960-1296, Japan
| | - Vladyslav Drozdov
- State Specialized Enterprise "Ecocentre" (SSE "Ecocentre"), Chernobyl 07270, Ukraine
| | - Ihor Chyzhevskyi
- State Specialized Enterprise "Ecocentre" (SSE "Ecocentre"), Chernobyl 07270, Ukraine
| | - Serhii Kirieiev
- State Specialized Enterprise "Ecocentre" (SSE "Ecocentre"), Chernobyl 07270, Ukraine
| | - Brigitte Schmidt
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Life Sciences, Cell Imaging and Ultrastructure Research, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfram Adlassnig
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Life Sciences, Cell Imaging and Ultrastructure Research, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gabriele Wallner
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sergiy Dubchak
- State Specialized Enterprise "Radon Association", Kyiv 03083, Ukraine
| | - Georg Steinhauser
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institute of Radioecology and Radiation Protection, 30419 Hannover, Germany
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8
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Querfeld R, Hori M, Weller A, Degering D, Shozugawa K, Steinhauser G. Radioactive Games? Radiation Hazard Assessment of the Tokyo Olympic Summer Games. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:11414-11423. [PMID: 32835480 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We conducted a comprehensive radiation hazard assessment of the Tokyo Olympic Games (Tokyo 2020, postponed to 2021). Our combined experimental and literature study focused on both external and internal exposure to ionizing radiation for athletes and visitors of the Games. The effective dose for a visit of 2 weeks ranges from 57 to 310 μSv (including flight dose). The main contributors to the dose are cosmic radiation during the flights (approximately 10-81%), inhalation of natural radon (approximately 9-47%), and external exposure (approximately 8-42%). In this complex exposure, anthropogenic radionuclides from the Fukushima nuclear accident (2011) always play a minor role and have not caused a significant increase of the radiological risk compared to pre-Fukushima Japan. Significantly elevated air dose rates were not measured at any of the Tokyo Olympic venues. The average air dose rates at the Tokyo 2020 sites were below the average air dose rates at the sites of previous Olympic Games. The level of radiological safety of foods and water is very high in Japan, even for athletes with increased water and caloric demands, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Querfeld
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institute of Radioecology and Radiation Protection, D-30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Mayumi Hori
- The University of Tokyo, Komaba Organization for Educational Excellence, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Anica Weller
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institute of Radioecology and Radiation Protection, D-30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Detlev Degering
- VKTA-Strahlenschutz, Analytik & Entsorgung Rossendorf e.V., D-01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Katsumi Shozugawa
- The University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Georg Steinhauser
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institute of Radioecology and Radiation Protection, D-30419 Hannover, Germany
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9
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Hayes JM, Johnson TE, Anderson D, Nanba K. Effective Half-life of 134Cs and 137Cs in Fukushima Prefecture When Compared to Theoretical Decay Models. HEALTH PHYSICS 2020; 118:60-64. [PMID: 31703017 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000001129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
On 11 March 2011, a 9.0 magnitude earthquake struck the Tohoku region of Japan. The earthquake caused a 15 m tsunami that bombarded the east coast of the island nation. Among the losses was the damage to the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear reactor that lost onsite power and was unable to cool the reactor cores. The reactors melted down and released a plume of radionuclides into the environment. Radiocesiums (Cs and Cs) are the long-lived radionuclides of concern that were deposited along the plume and were distributed on the soil. Radiological decay models are typically used to determine the reduction in external radiation dose over time. However, these radiological decay models do not take into account physical removal by wind and water erosion, or sedimentation in soil outside expected depths. Thirty-five fixed dose-rate monitors were used to record dose rates at 1 mo intervals from the time of installation in Fukushima Prefecture in April 2012 until December 2018 and were used to estimate the effective half-life for radiocesium contamination based on external radiation dose rates. The effective half-life of cesium in the environment was calculated to be 3.2 ± 0.5 y, compared to a theoretical half-life of 7.8 y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Hayes
- Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences Faculty, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Thomas E Johnson
- Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences Faculty, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Donovan Anderson
- Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, Fukushima, Kanayagawa, Japan
| | - Kenji Nanba
- Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, Fukushima, Kanayagawa, Japan
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10
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Querfeld R, Pasi AE, Shozugawa K, Vockenhuber C, Synal HA, Steier P, Steinhauser G. Radionuclides in surface waters around the damaged Fukushima Daiichi NPP one month after the accident: Evidence of significant tritium release into the environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 689:451-456. [PMID: 31279192 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Following the Fukushima nuclear accident (2011), radionuclides mostly of volatile elements (e.g., 131I, 134,137Cs, 132Te) have been investigated frequently for their presence in the atmosphere, pedosphere, biosphere, and the Pacific Ocean. Smaller releases of radionuclides with intermediate volatility, (e.g., 90Sr), have been reported for soil. However, few reports have been published which targeted the contamination of surface (fresh) waters in Japan soon after the accident. In the present study, 10 surface water samples (collected on April 10, 2011) have been screened for their radionuclide content (3H, 90Sr, 129I, 134Cs, and 137Cs), revealing partly unusually high contamination levels. Especially high tritium levels (184 ± 2 Bq·L-1; the highest levels ever reported in scientific literature after Fukushima) were found in a puddle water sample from close to the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant. The ratios between paddy/puddle water from one location only a few meters apart vary around 1% for 134Cs, 12% for 129I (131I), and around 40% for both 3H and 90Sr. This illustrates the adsorption of radiocesium on natural minerals and radioiodine on organic substances (in the rice paddy), whereas the concentration differences of 3H and 90Sr between the two waters are mainly dilution driven.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Querfeld
- Institute of Radioecology and Radiation Protection, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Anna-Elina Pasi
- Institute of Radioecology and Radiation Protection, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30419 Hannover, Germany; Radiochemistry Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katsumi Shozugawa
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | | | - Hans-Arno Synal
- Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Steier
- Faculty of Physics, Isotope Research and Nuclear Physics, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Steinhauser
- Institute of Radioecology and Radiation Protection, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30419 Hannover, Germany.
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11
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Almahayni T, Beresford NA, Crout NMJ, Sweeck L. Fit-for-purpose modelling of radiocaesium soil-to-plant transfer for nuclear emergencies: a review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2019; 201:58-66. [PMID: 30776579 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Numerous radioecological models have been developed to predict radionuclides transfer from contaminated soils to the food chain, which is an essential step in preparing and responding to nuclear emergencies. However, the lessons learned from applying these models to predict radiocaesium (RCs) soil-to-plant transfer following the Fukushima accident in 2011 renewed interest in RCs transfer modelling. To help guide and prioritise further research in relation to modelling RCs transfer in terrestrial environments, we reviewed existing models focussing on transfer to food crops and animal fodders. To facilitate the review process, we categorised existing RCs soil-to-plant transfer models into empirical, semi-mechanistic and mechanistic, though several models cross the boundaries between these categories. The empirical approach predicts RCs transfer to plants based on total RCs concentration in soil and an empirical transfer factor. The semi-mechanistic approach takes into account the influence of soil characteristics such as clay and exchangeable potassium content on RCs transfer. It also uses 'bioavailable' rather than total RCs in soil. The mechanistic approach considers the physical and chemical processes that control RCs distribution and uptake in soil-plant systems including transport in the root zone and root absorption kinetics. Each of these modelling approaches has its advantages and disadvantages. The empirical approach is simple and requires two inputs, but it is often associated with considerably uncertainty due to the large variability in the transfer factor. The semi-mechanistic approach factorises more soil and plant parameters than the empirical approach; therefore, it is applicable to a wider range of environmental conditions. The mechanistic approach is instrumental in understanding RCs mobility and transfer in soil-plant systems; it also helps to identify influential soil and plant parameters. However, the comlexity and the large amount of specific parameters make this approach impractical for nuclear emergency preparedness and response purposes. We propose that the semi-mechanistic approach is sufficiently robust and practical, hence more fit for the purpose of planning and responding to nuclear emergencies compared with the empirical and mechanistic approaches. We recommend further work to extend the applicability of the semi-mechanistic approach to a wide range of plants and soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talal Almahayni
- Biosphere Impact Studies Unit, The Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, Boeretang 200, Mol, Belgium.
| | - Nicholas A Beresford
- NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, CEH Lancaster, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Av., Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, UK.
| | - Neil M J Crout
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK.
| | - Lieve Sweeck
- Biosphere Impact Studies Unit, The Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, Boeretang 200, Mol, Belgium.
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12
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Liang XZ, Pang XY, Zhang ZM, Wei L, Shuai L. A quantitative spectral component analysis method based on maximum likelihood. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:7160-7173. [PMID: 30876285 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.007160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In spectroscopy, the compositional analysis of the spectrum is important, such as extracting information about the species of spectral objects contributing to spectral data from an emission spectrum of photon energy. A quantitative spectral component analysis method based on Maximum Likelihood Estimation using Expectation Maximization (MLEM) is developed, which could quantitatively decompose out the components of the measured spectrum of low counts and surpass conventional techniques which belong to classification or regression. Abundant experimental and simulated spectra data on gamma-ray spectrum of radionuclides are presented to demonstrate and evaluate this method, while the ingredient radionuclides in the mixed spectrum are identified accurately with high precision. It will be a powerful and alternative method recommended for the circumstances needing fast and quantitative spectral analysis, including radionuclide identification (gamma-ray spectra), biomass or mineral composition (near-infrared spectra), laser-induced breakdown spectra and other spectroscopy scenarios.
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13
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Hori M, Saito T, Shozugawa K. Source evaluation of 137Cs in foodstuffs based on trace 134Cs radioactivity measurements following the Fukushima nuclear accident. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16806. [PMID: 30429521 PMCID: PMC6235920 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35183-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed gamma-ray analysis to determine the amount of radioactive cesium-134 (134Cs) and cesium-137 (137Cs) in 259 foodstuffs five years after the Fukushima nuclear accident of 2011. Using measurements of trace 134Cs radioactivity, we investigated the contribution ratio of 137Cs derived from the Fukushima accident on 2011 and pre-Fukushima. The median detected concentration of radiocesium (134Cs + 137Cs) in foodstuffs was 0.33 Bq/kg-raw, a much lower radioactivity than the Japanese regulatory limit. However, a few samples had particularly high radioactivity, including some dried mushrooms sold in Iwate Prefecture that had a 137Cs radioactivity concentration as high as 441 Bq/kg. Our analysis showed that 75.5% of the 137Cs detected in these mushrooms originated from the Fukushima accident, and 24.5% was originated before the Fukushima event. Our study clarified the 137Cs contamination in 75 of all 259 food samples before and after the Fukushima nuclear accident, showing that not only mushrooms but also fish had been contaminated before the Fukushima accident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Hori
- Komaba Organization for Educational Excellence, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan.
| | - Takuya Saito
- Akita Radiation Measuring Station (Beguredenega), Katagami, Akita, 018-1400, Japan
| | - Katsumi Shozugawa
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan.
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Seto M, Uriu K, Kawaguchi I, Yokomizo H. Assessment of Instructions on Protection Against Food Contaminated with Radiocesium in Japan in 2011. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2018; 38:1154-1168. [PMID: 28881474 DOI: 10.1111/risa.12893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The Japan Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW) has published instructions for radiological protection against food after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident in 2011. Following the instructions, the export and consumption of food items identified as being contaminated were restricted for a certain period. We assessed the validity of the imposed restriction periods for two representative vegetables (spinach and cabbage) grown in Fukushima Prefecture from two perspectives: effectiveness for reducing dietary dose and economic efficiency. To assess effectiveness, we estimated the restriction period required to maintain consumers' dose below the guidance dose levels. To assess economic efficiency, we estimated the restriction period that maximizes the net benefit to taxpayers. All estimated restriction periods were shorter than the actual restriction periods imposed on spinach and cabbage from Fukushima in 2011, which indicates that the food restriction effectively maintained consumers' dietary dose below the guidance dose level, but in an economically inefficient manner. We also evaluated the response of the restriction period to the sample size for each weekly food safety test and the instructions for when to remove the restriction. Stringent MHLW instructions seemed to sufficiently reduce consumers' health risk even when the sample size for the weekly food safety test was small, but tended to increase the economic cost to taxpayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Seto
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Nara Women' s University, Kita-Uoya Nishimachi, Nara, Japan
| | - Koichiro Uriu
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Isao Kawaguchi
- Center for Radiation Protection Knowledge, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1, Anagawa, Inage, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yokomizo
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Japan
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15
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Weller A, Hori M, Shozugawa K, Steinhauser G. Rapid ultra-trace determination of Fukushima-derived radionuclides in food. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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16
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Prand-Stritzko B, Steinhauser G. Characteristics of radiocesium contaminations in mushrooms after the Fukushima nuclear accident: evaluation of the food monitoring data from March 2011 to March 2016. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:2409-2416. [PMID: 29124643 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0538-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
The monitoring inspection of food after the Fukushima nuclear accident (2011) was essential for ensuring food safety in Japan and reducing the adverse health effects due to incorporation of inacceptable amounts of radionuclides, in particular radiocesium (134Cs and 137Cs). In this study, the mushroom fraction of the governmental data set of the first 5 years after the accident has been analyzed for contamination levels in mushrooms, in particular time trends and radioecological characteristics as well as associated health risks. The analyses show that mycorrhiza mushrooms are much more sensitive for radionuclide uptake than saprobiontic mushrooms (the latter of which include the very popular shiitake mushrooms (Lentinula edodes)). The maximum value reached 31,000 Bq/kg in a sample of apricot milkcaps in 2012. Analysis of the origin of the samples revealed that the origin (in terms of prefecture) of the mushrooms was a less determining factor for the contamination level than the type of mushrooms, as most exceedances in 2012 and thereafter were found outside Fukushima Prefecture. Several dose models were applied to the data to evaluate both worst case and realistic effective committed dose scenarios. The doses were generally rather low due to low consumption rates in the Japanese food basket. In any case, the analysis proved that the food monitoring campaign was highly effective in cutting doses to the public by more than a factor of 10 compared with a hypothetical scenario in which no monitoring had been conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Prand-Stritzko
- Institute of Radioecology and Radiation Protection, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30419, Hannover, Germany
- Höhere technische Bundeslehranstalt Karlstein, 3822, Karlstein an der Thaya, Austria
| | - Georg Steinhauser
- Institute of Radioecology and Radiation Protection, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30419, Hannover, Germany.
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17
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Homogenization of food samples for gamma spectrometry using tetramethylammonium hydroxide and enzymatic digestion. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-017-5434-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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18
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Ando K, Yamamoto S, Kurita K, Suzui N, Yin YG, Ishii S, Kawachi N. Development of a low-energy high resolution X-ray camera for high-energy gamma photon background environments. J NUCL SCI TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00223131.2017.1323690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koki Ando
- Department of Radiological and Medical Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Seiichi Yamamoto
- Department of Radiological and Medical Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Keisuke Kurita
- Department of Radiation-Applied Biology, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Takasaki, Japan
| | - Nobuo Suzui
- Department of Radiation-Applied Biology, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Takasaki, Japan
| | - Yong-Gen Yin
- Department of Radiation-Applied Biology, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Takasaki, Japan
| | - Satomi Ishii
- Department of Radiation-Applied Biology, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Takasaki, Japan
| | - Naoki Kawachi
- Department of Radiation-Applied Biology, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Takasaki, Japan
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19
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Cho TJ, Kim NH, Hong YJ, Park B, Kim HS, Lee HG, Song MK, Rhee MS. Development of an effective tool for risk communication about food safety issues after the Fukushima nuclear accident: What should be considered? Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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20
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Chatterjee S, Sarma MK, Deb U, Steinhauser G, Walther C, Gupta DK. Mushrooms: from nutrition to mycoremediation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:19480-19493. [PMID: 28770504 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9826-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Mushrooms are well known as important food items. The uses of mushrooms in the cuisine are manifolds and are being utilized for thousands of years in both Oriental and Occidental cultures. Medicinal properties of mushrooms show an immense potential as drugs for the treatment of various diseases as they are rich in a great variety of phytochemicals. In this review, we attempted to encompass the recent knowledge and scientific advancement about mushrooms and their utilization as food or curative properties, along with their natural ability to accumulate (heavy) metals/radionuclides, which leads to an important aspect of bioremediation. However, accumulation of heavy metals and radionuclides from natural or anthropogenic sources also involves potential nutritional hazards upon consumption. These hazards have been pointed out in this review incorporating a selection of the most recently published literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Chatterjee
- Defence Research Laboratory, DRDO, Post Bag No. 02, Tezpur, Assam, 784001, India
| | - Mukul K Sarma
- Defence Research Laboratory, DRDO, Post Bag No. 02, Tezpur, Assam, 784001, India
| | - Utsab Deb
- Defence Research Laboratory, DRDO, Post Bag No. 02, Tezpur, Assam, 784001, India
| | - Georg Steinhauser
- Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institut für Radioökologie und Strahlenschutz (IRS), Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany
| | - Clemens Walther
- Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institut für Radioökologie und Strahlenschutz (IRS), Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dharmendra K Gupta
- Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institut für Radioökologie und Strahlenschutz (IRS), Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany.
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21
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Abstract
Meat of wild boars is not only known for high 137Cs activity concentrations but also for the remarkable constancy of these levels. Even decades after the Chernobyl accident, the 137Cs levels in wild boar meat in Central Europe have not declined but even partly increased. In the present study, we investigated an unusual hypothesis for this very unusual phenomenon: may the boars’ fat tissue act as a reservoir for radiocesium? We investigated fat and muscle tissues of four wild boars in Western Germany and found that the 137Cs concentrations in fat were in the range of 10–30% of the respective activities in muscle tissue. Hence, the hypothesis was refuted.
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22
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Alharshan GA, Aloraini DA, Al-Ghamdi H, Almuqrin AH, El-Azony KM, Alsalamah AS. Measuring the radioactivity concentration of 40K and 137Cs and calculating the annual internal doses from ingesting liquid and powdered milk. RADIOCHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1066362217010131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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23
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Steinhauser G. Monitoring and radioecological characteristics of radiocesium in Japanese beef after the Fukushima nuclear accident. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2017; 311:1367-1373. [PMID: 28250549 PMCID: PMC5306270 DOI: 10.1007/s10967-016-5021-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
After the Fukushima nuclear accident, beef proved to be a problematic food item with several exceedances entering the market. The reason was contaminated rice straw that was fed to cattle. Japanese authorities responded quickly to the exceedances and made beef one of the most-monitored food items after the Fukushima accident with more than a million samples within 5 years. Activity levels dropped quickly and are now considerably below the regulatory limit. No exceedance of the regulatory limit was observed after October 2012. The monitoring campaign focuses on the pre-market to catch any exceedances before they reach the consumer. The analysis also showed that some late beef samples exhibited an unusually high 134Cs/137Cs activity ratio. The reason for this is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Steinhauser
- Institute of Radioecology and Radiation Protection, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30419 Hannover, Germany
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24
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Radiocaesium partitioning in Japanese cedar forests following the "early" phase of Fukushima fallout redistribution. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37618. [PMID: 27876870 PMCID: PMC5120304 DOI: 10.1038/srep37618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Our study focused on radiocaesium (137Cs) partitioning in forests, three vegetation periods after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident. 137Cs distribution in forest components (organic and mineral soil layers as well as tree compartments: stem, bark, needles, branches and roots) was measured for two Japanese cedar stand ages (17 and 33 years old). The results showed that around 85% of the initial deposit was found in the forest floor and topsoil. For the youngest stand almost 70% of the deposit is present in the forest floor, whereas for the oldest stand 50% is present in the 0-3 cm mineral soil layer. For trees, old and perennial organs (including dead and living needles and branches, litter fall and outer bark) directly exposed to the fallout remained the most contaminated. The crown concentrated 61-69% of the total tree contamination. Surprisingly the dead organs concentrated 25 ± 9% (young cedars) to 36 ± 20% (mature cedar) of the trees' residual activity, highlighting the importance of that specific compartment in the early post-accident phase for Japanese cedar forests. Although the stem (including bark) represents the highest biomass pool, it only concentrates 3.3% and 4.6% of the initial 137Cs deposit for mature and young cedars, respectively.
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25
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Martin PG, Payton OD, Yamashiki Y, Richards DA, Scott TB. High-resolution radiation mapping to investigate FDNPP derived contaminant migration. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2016; 164:26-35. [PMID: 27395378 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2016.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
As of March 2016, five years will have passed since the earthquake and ensuing tsunami that crippled the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant on Japan's eastern coast, resulting in the explosive release of significant quantities of radioactive material. Over this period, significant time and resource has been expended on both the study of the contamination as well as its remediation from the affected environments. Presented in this work is a high-spatial resolution foot-based radiation mapping study using gamma-spectrometry at a site in the contaminated Iitate Village; conducted at different times, seventeen months apart. The specific site selected for this work was one in which consistent uniform agriculture was observed across its entire extent. From these surveys, obtained from along the main northwest trending line of the fallout plume, it was possible to determine the rate of reduction in the levels of contamination around the site attributable to the natural decay of the radiocesium, remediation efforts or material transport. Results from the work suggest that neither the natural decay of radiocesium nor its downward migration through the soil horizons were responsible for the decline in measured activity levels across the site, with the mobilisation of contaminant species likely adhered to soil particulate and the subsequent fluvial transport responsible for the measurable reduction in activity. This transport of contaminant via fluvial methods has already well studied implications for the input of contaminant material entering the neighbouring Pacific Ocean, as well as the deposition of material along rivers within previously decontaminated areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Martin
- Interface Analysis Centre, HH Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TL, UK.
| | - O D Payton
- Interface Analysis Centre, HH Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TL, UK
| | - Y Yamashiki
- Graduate School of Advanced Integrated Studies in Human Survivability, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - D A Richards
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1SS, UK
| | - T B Scott
- Interface Analysis Centre, HH Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TL, UK
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26
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Steinhauser G, Steinhauser V. A Simple and Rapid Method for Reducing Radiocesium Concentrations in Wild Mushrooms ( Cantharellus and Boletus ) in the Course of Cooking. J Food Prot 2016; 79:1995-1999. [PMID: 28221918 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Many species of mushrooms are known accumulators of radioactive cesium (137Cs and 134Cs). Even years and decades after major nuclear accidents, especially those at Chernobyl and Fukushima, mushrooms exhibit high concentrations of these radionuclides. We investigated a simple method for reducing the activity of radiocesium in wild mushrooms (chanterelles, Cantharellus cibarius ; and boleti, Boletus edulis ) during cooking. The juice generated while cooking mushrooms contains a relatively high fraction of the total cesium. The amount of juice can be increased by washing the mushrooms with water prior to cooking. By removing the juice, up to 29% of the radiocesium can be easily removed from chanterelles. Because boleti have a lower affinity for cesium, activity levels were lower in boleti than in chanterelles. The fraction of radiocesium in the juice was lower in boleti than in chanterelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Steinhauser
- Institute of Radioecology and Radiation Protection, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Veronika Steinhauser
- Institute of Radioecology and Radiation Protection, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30419 Hannover, Germany
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27
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135Cs activity and 135Cs/137Cs atom ratio in environmental samples before and after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24119. [PMID: 27052481 PMCID: PMC4823706 DOI: 10.1038/srep24119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
(135)Cs/(137)Cs is a potential tracer for radiocesium source identification. However, due to the challenge to measure (135)Cs, there were no (135)Cs data available for Japanese environmental samples before the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) accident. It was only 3 years after the accident that limited (135)Cs values could be measured in heavily contaminated environmental samples. In the present study, activities of (134)Cs, (135)Cs, and (137)Cs, along with their ratios in 67 soil and plant samples heavily and lightly contaminated by the FDNPP accident were measured by combining γ spectrometry with ICP-MS/MS. The arithmetic means of the (134)Cs/(137)Cs activity ratio (1.033 ± 0.006) and (135)Cs/(137)Cs atom ratio (0.334 ± 0.005) (decay corrected to March 11, 2011), from old leaves of plants collected immediately after the FDNPP accident, were confirmed to represent the FDNPP derived radiocesium signature. Subsequently, for the first time, trace (135)Cs amounts before the FDNPP accident were deduced according to the contribution of global and FDNPP accident-derived fallout. Apart from two soil samples with a tiny global fallout contribution, contributions of global fallout radiocesium in other soil samples were observed to be 0.338%-52.6%. The obtained (135)Cs/(137)Cs database will be useful for its application as a geochemical tracer in the future.
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28
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Alkhomashi N, Alkhorayef MA, Alyousif AAS, Alotibi W. Assessment of radioactive elements in canned tuna marketed in Saudi Arabia after Fukushima accident. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-015-4378-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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29
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Snow MS, Snyder DC, Delmore JE. Fukushima Daiichi reactor source term attribution using cesium isotope ratios from contaminated environmental samples. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:523-32. [PMID: 26777683 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Source term attribution of environmental contamination following the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) disaster is complicated by a large number of possible similar emission source terms (e.g. FDNPP reactor cores 1-3 and spent fuel ponds 1-4). Cesium isotopic analyses can be utilized to discriminate between environmental contamination from different FDNPP source terms and, if samples are sufficiently temporally resolved, potentially provide insights into the extent of reactor core damage at a given time. METHODS Rice, soil, mushroom, and soybean samples taken 100-250 km from the FDNPP site were dissolved using microwave digestion. Radiocesium was extracted and purified using two sequential ammonium molybdophosphate-polyacrylonitrile columns, following which (135)Cs/(137) Cs isotope ratios were measured using thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS). Results were compared with data reported previously from locations to the northwest of FDNPP and 30 km to the south of FDNPP. RESULTS (135)Cs/(137)Cs isotope ratios from samples 100-250 km to the southwest of the FDNPP site show a consistent value of 0.376 ± 0.008. (135)Cs/(137)Cs versus (134)Cs/(137)Cs correlation plots suggest that radiocesium to the southwest is derived from a mixture of FDNPP reactor cores 1, 2, and 3. Conclusions from the cesium isotopic data are in agreement with those derived independently based upon the event chronology combined with meteorological conditions at the time of the disaster. CONCLUSIONS Cesium isotopic analyses provide a powerful tool for source term discrimination of environmental radiocesium contamination at the FDNPP site. For higher precision source term attribution and forensic determination of the FDNPP core conditions based upon cesium, analyses of a larger number of samples from locations to the north and south of the FDNPP site (particularly time-resolved air filter samples) are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew S Snow
- Idaho National Laboratory, PO Box 1625, Idaho Falls, ID, 83415-2805, USA
| | - Darin C Snyder
- Idaho National Laboratory, PO Box 1625, Idaho Falls, ID, 83415-2805, USA
| | - James E Delmore
- Idaho National Laboratory, PO Box 1625, Idaho Falls, ID, 83415-2805, USA
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30
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Yang G, Tazoe H, Yamada M. Rapid determination of 135Cs and precise 135Cs/137Cs atomic ratio in environmental samples by single-column chromatography coupled to triple-quadrupole inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 908:177-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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31
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Steinhauser G. Assessment of the effectiveness of the post-Fukushima food monitoring campaign in the first year after the nuclear accident: A hypothesis. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2016; 151 Pt 1:136-143. [PMID: 26454204 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2015.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess whether or not the food monitoring campaign after the Fukushima nuclear accident has been successful in reducing the number of above-limit-food from reaching the consumers. The hypothesis of this study is that the fraction of "post-market" food can be used for this purpose, when the post-market fraction in the above-limit (p') items is compared to the post-market fraction in the entity of food items (p) that have been screened for radionuclides ((134)Cs and (137)Cs). Indeed the post-market fraction in most vegetarian produce decreased significantly in the above-limit food items (p'/p < 1), indicating a high efficiency of the monitoring campaign. For tea, however, the analysis reveals a low efficiency of the campaign (p'/p ≈ 1). For beef, the fraction of post-market-foods within the above-limit samples was much higher than the respective fraction in the entity of measured samples (p'/p > 1), indicating a much lower effectiveness of the monitoring action for beef. The author speculates that, by following the governmental monitoring manual (which gives "meat" only second priority), the sudden exceedances caught the monitoring agencies unprepared and triggered a much higher density monitoring of beef with the delay of several weeks. Even then, many above limit items reached the market (mainly because the monitoring during this period had focused on the post-market). Therefore, it is likely that some above-limit beef has been consumed by the public. For other meat products, the fraction of post-market samples was very low, which does not allow for the validation of the effectiveness of the monitoring campaign. Overall, the monitoring seemed to have been more effective for vegetarian produce than for meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Steinhauser
- Colorado State University, Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States; Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institute of Radioeology and Radiation Protection, 30419 Hannover, Germany.
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32
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Steinhauser G, Niisoe T, Harada KH, Shozugawa K, Schneider S, Synal HA, Walther C, Christl M, Nanba K, Ishikawa H, Koizumi A. Post-Accident Sporadic Releases of Airborne Radionuclides from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Site. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:14028-14035. [PMID: 26448161 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The Fukushima nuclear accident (March 11, 2011) caused the widespread contamination of Japan by direct deposition of airborne radionuclides. Analysis of weekly air filters has revealed sporadic releases of radionuclides long after the Fukushima Daiichi reactors were stabilized. One major discharge was observed in August 2013 in monitoring stations north of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant (FDNPP). During this event, an air monitoring station in this previously scarcely contaminated area suddenly reported (137)Cs activity levels that were 30-fold above the background. Together with atmospheric dispersion and deposition simulation, radionuclide analysis in soil indicated that debris removal operations conducted on the FDNPP site on August 19, 2013 are likely to be responsible for this late release of radionuclides. One soil sample in the center of the simulated plume exhibited a high (90)Sr contamination (78 ± 8 Bq kg(-1)) as well as a high (90)Sr/(137)Cs ratio (0.04); both phenomena have usually been observed only in very close vicinity around the FDNPP. We estimate that through the resuspension of highly contaminated particles in the course of these earthmoving operations, gross (137)Cs activity of ca. 2.8 × 10(11) Bq has been released.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Steinhauser
- Colorado State University , Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
- Leibniz Universität Hannover , Institute of Radioecology and Radiation Protection, D-30419 Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University , Fukushima 960-1296, Japan
| | - Tamon Niisoe
- Research Division of Atmospheric and Hydrospheric Disasters, Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University , Uji 6110011, Japan
| | - Kouji H Harada
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine , Kyoto 6068501, Japan
| | - Katsumi Shozugawa
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo , Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Stephanie Schneider
- Leibniz Universität Hannover , Institute of Radioecology and Radiation Protection, D-30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Hans-Arno Synal
- Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zürich , CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Clemens Walther
- Leibniz Universität Hannover , Institute of Radioecology and Radiation Protection, D-30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Marcus Christl
- Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zürich , CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kenji Nanba
- Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University , Fukushima 960-1296, Japan
| | - Hirohiko Ishikawa
- Research Division of Atmospheric and Hydrospheric Disasters, Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University , Uji 6110011, Japan
| | - Akio Koizumi
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine , Kyoto 6068501, Japan
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33
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Nakashima K, Orita M, Fukuda N, Taira Y, Hayashida N, Matsuda N, Takamura N. Radiocesium concentrations in wild mushrooms collected in Kawauchi Village after the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. PeerJ 2015; 3:e1427. [PMID: 26623189 PMCID: PMC4662580 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known from the experience after the 1986 accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant that radiocesium tends to concentrate in wild mushrooms. In this study, we collected wild mushrooms from the Kawauchi Village of Fukushima Prefecture, located within 30 km of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant, and evaluated their radiocesium concentrations to estimate the risk of internal radiation exposure in local residents. We found that radioactive cesium exceeding 100 Bq/kg was detected in 125 of 154 mushrooms (81.2%). We calculated committed effective doses based on 6,278 g per year (age > 20 years, 17.2 g/day), the average intake of Japanese citizens, ranging from doses of 0.11-1.60 mSv, respectively. Although committed effective doses are limited even if residents eat contaminated foods several times, we believe that comprehensive risk-communication based on the results of the radiocesium measurements of food, water, and soil is necessary for the recovery of Fukushima after this nuclear disaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanami Nakashima
- Department of Global Health, Medicine and Welfare, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki Univerity Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Makiko Orita
- Department of Global Health, Medicine and Welfare, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki Univerity Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Naoko Fukuda
- Department of Radioisotope Medicine, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Taira
- Nagasaki Prefecture Office, Pharmaceutical Affairs, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Naomi Hayashida
- Division of Strategic Collaborative Research Center for Promotion of Collaborative Research on Radiation and Environment Health Effects, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Naoki Matsuda
- Department of Radiation Biology and Protection, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Noboru Takamura
- Department of Global Health, Medicine and Welfare, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki Univerity Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
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34
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Certified reference materials of agricultural products and foods bearing radioactivity from the Fukushima nuclear accident. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-015-4445-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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35
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Monitoring inspection for radiocesium in agricultural, livestock, forestry and fishery products in Fukushima prefecture. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-015-4448-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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36
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Steinhauser G, Saey PRJ. 137Cs in the meat of wild boars: a comparison of the impacts of Chernobyl and Fukushima. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2015; 307:1801-1806. [PMID: 27003955 PMCID: PMC4779459 DOI: 10.1007/s10967-015-4417-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The impact of Chernobyl on the 137Cs activities found in wild boars in Europe, even in remote locations from the NPP, has been much greater than the impact of Fukushima on boars in Japan. Although there is great variability within the 137Cs concentrations throughout the wild boar populations, some boars in southern Germany in recent years exhibit higher activity concentrations (up to 10,000 Bq/kg and higher) than the highest 137Cs levels found in boars in the governmental food monitoring campaign (7900 Bq/kg) in Fukushima prefecture in Japan. The levels of radiocesium in boar appear to be more persistent than would be indicated by the constantly decreasing 137Cs inventory observed in the soil which points to a food source that is highly retentive to 137Cs contamination or to other radioecological anomalies that are not yet fully understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Steinhauser
- Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, 1618 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523 USA ; Institute of Radioecology and Radiation Protection, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Paul R J Saey
- Vienna University of Technology, Atominstitut, Stadionallee 2, 1020 Vienna, Austria
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37
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Abojassim AA, Al-Alasadi LA, Shitake AR, Al-Tememie FA, Husain AA. Assessment of Annual Effective Dose for Natural Radioactivity of Gamma Emitters in Biscuit Samples in Iraq. J Food Prot 2015; 78:1766-9. [PMID: 26319734 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Biscuits are an important type of food, widely consumed by babies in Iraq and other countries. This work uses gamma spectroscopy to measure the natural radioactivity due to long-lived gamma emitters in children's biscuits; it also estimates radiation hazard indices, that is, the radium equivalent activity, the representative of gamma level index, the internal hazard index, and the annual effective dose in children. Ten samples were collected from the Iraqi market from different countries of origin. The average specific activities for (226)Ra, (232)Th, and (40)K were 9.390, 3.1213, and 214.969 Bq/kg, respectively, but the average of the radium equivalent activity and the internal hazard index were 33.101 Bq/kg and 0.107, respectively. The total average annual effective dose from consumption by adults, children, and infants is estimated to be 0.655, 1.009, and 0.875 mSv, respectively. The values found for specific activity, radiation hazard indices, and annual effective dose in all samples in this study were lower than worldwide median values for all groups; therefore, these values are found to be safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Abid Abojassim
- Faculty of Science, Department of Physics, University of Kufa, Najaf 54001, Iraq.
| | - Lubna A Al-Alasadi
- Faculty of Science, Department of Physics, University of Kufa, Najaf 54001, Iraq
| | - Ahmed R Shitake
- Faculty of Medicine Teeth, University of Kufa, Najaf 54001, Iraq
| | - Faeq A Al-Tememie
- Faculty of Science, Department of Physics, University of Kufa, Najaf 54001, Iraq
| | - Afnan A Husain
- Faculty of Science, Department of Physics, University of Kufa, Najaf 54001, Iraq
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38
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Shozugawa K, Saito T, Hori M, Matsuo M. High-sensitivity determination of radioactive cesium in Japanese foodstuffs: 3 years after the Fukushima accident. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-015-4407-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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39
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Shozugawa K, Riebe B, Walther C, Brandl A, Steinhauser G. Fukushima-derived radionuclides in sediments of the Japanese Pacific Ocean coast and various Japanese water samples (seawater, tap water, and coolant water of Fukushima Daiichi reactor unit 5). J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2015; 307:1787-1793. [PMID: 27003954 PMCID: PMC4779456 DOI: 10.1007/s10967-015-4386-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We investigated Ocean sediments and seawater from inside the Fukushima exclusion zone and found radiocesium (134Cs and 137Cs) up to 800 Bq kg−1 as well as 90Sr up to 5.6 Bq kg−1. This is one of the first reports on radiostrontium in sea sediments from the Fukushima exclusion zone. Seawater exhibited contamination levels up to 5.3 Bq kg−1 radiocesium. Tap water from Tokyo from weeks after the accident exhibited detectable but harmless activities of radiocesium (well below the regulatory limit). Analysis of the Unit 5 reactor coolant (finding only 3H and even low 129I) leads to the conclusion that the purification techniques for reactor coolant employed at Fukushima Daiichi are very effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsumi Shozugawa
- />Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Beate Riebe
- />Institute of Radioecology and Radiation Protection, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Clemens Walther
- />Institute of Radioecology and Radiation Protection, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexander Brandl
- />Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, 1618 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523 USA
| | - Georg Steinhauser
- />Institute of Radioecology and Radiation Protection, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany
- />Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, 1618 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523 USA
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40
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Rosenberg BL, Steinhauser G. Preparedness for a nuclear accident: removal of radioiodine from soil by chemical processing. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-015-4376-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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41
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Merz S, Shozugawa K, Steinhauser G. Effective and ecological half-lives of 90Sr and 137Cs observed in wheat and rice in Japan. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2015; 307:1807-1810. [PMID: 27003956 PMCID: PMC4779454 DOI: 10.1007/s10967-015-4352-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Published pre-Fukushima food monitoring data from 1963 to 1995 were used to study the long-term presence of 137Cs and 90Sr in rice and wheat. Effective half-lives (Teff) were calculated for rice (137Cs: 5.6 years; 90Sr: 6.7 years) and wheat (137Cs: 3.5 years; 90Sr: 6.2 years), respectively. In rice, 137Cs exhibits a longer Teff because putrefaction processes will lead to the formation of NH4+ ions that are efficient ion exchangers for mineral-adsorbed cesium ions, hence making it more readily available to the plant. Knowledge on the long-term behavior of radiocesium and radiostrontium will be important for Japanese food-safety campaigns after the Fukushima nuclear accident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Merz
- />Vienna University of Technology, Atominstitut, Stadionallee 2, 1020 Vienna, Austria
| | - Katsumi Shozugawa
- />Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Georg Steinhauser
- />Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523 USA
- />Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, Fukushima, 960-1296 Japan
- />Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institut für Radioökologie und Strahlenschutz, 30419 Hannover, Germany
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42
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Yu W, He J, Lin W, Li Y, Men W, Wang F, Huang J. Distribution and risk assessment of radionuclides released by Fukushima nuclear accident at the northwest Pacific. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2015; 142:54-61. [PMID: 25644751 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In order to understand the impact of Fukushima Nuclear Accident (FNA) on the marine environment, seawater and a composite squid (Ommastrephe bartrami) sample were collected on the monitoring cruise XT01 during June 16-July 4, 2011. The concentration levels of Cesium-134, Cesium-137, Strontium-90, Silver-110 m, Cobalt-58 and Cobalt-60 were measured both for the seawater and squid samples. The elevated activity levels of Cesium-134 and Cesium-137 were found in the sampling area. Cesium-134 and Silver-110 m, which were usually undetectable before FNA, were also found in the squid sample, with the activity levels of 1.65 ± 0.13 Bq/kg-wet and 0.07 ± 0.01 Bq/kg-wet, respectively. The radiological assessment result showed that the radioactive release from the FNA would not have a significant adverse effect on marine biota at the population level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Yu
- Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Jianhua He
- Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Wuhui Lin
- Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yiliang Li
- Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Wu Men
- Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Fenfen Wang
- Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jiang Huang
- Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, China
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43
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Nihei N, Tanoi K, Nakanishi TM. Inspections of radiocesium concentration levels in rice from Fukushima Prefecture after the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant accident. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8653. [PMID: 25731663 PMCID: PMC4346794 DOI: 10.1038/srep08653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We summarize the inspections of radiocesium concentration levels in rice produced in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan, for 3 years from the nuclear accident in 2011. In 2011, three types of verifications, preliminary survey, main inspection, and emergency survey, revealed that rice with radiocesium concentration levels over 500 Bq/kg (the provisional regulation level until March 2012 in Japan) was identified in the areas north and west of the Fukushima nuclear power plant. The internal exposure of an average adult eating rice grown in the area north of the nuclear plant was estimated as 0.05 mSv/year. In 2012, Fukushima Prefecture authorities decided to investigate the radiocesium concentration levels in all rice using custom-made belt conveyor testers. Notably, rice with radiocesium concentration levels over 100 Bq/kg (the new standard since April 2012 in Japan) were detected in only 71 and 28 bags out of the total 10,338,000 in 2012 and 11,001,000 in 2013, respectively. We considered that there were almost no rice exceeding 100 Bq/kg produced in Fukushima Prefecture after 3 years from the nuclear accident, and the safety of Fukushima's rice were ensured because of the investigation of all rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Nihei
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Keitaro Tanoi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Tomoko M Nakanishi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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44
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Merz S, Shozugawa K, Steinhauser G. Analysis of Japanese radionuclide monitoring data of food before and after the Fukushima nuclear accident. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:2875-85. [PMID: 25621976 PMCID: PMC4351624 DOI: 10.1021/es5057648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In an unprecedented food monitoring campaign for radionuclides, the Japanese government took action to secure food safety after the Fukushima nuclear accident (Mar. 11, 2011). In this work we analyze a part of the immense data set, in particular radiocesium contaminations in food from the first year after the accident. Activity concentrations in vegetables peaked immediately after the campaign had commenced, but they decreased quickly, so that by early summer 2011 only a few samples exceeded the regulatory limits. Later, accumulating mushrooms and dried produce led to several exceedances of the limits again. Monitoring of meat started with significant delay, especially outside Fukushima prefecture. After a buildup period, contamination levels of meat peaked by July 2011 (beef). Levels then decreased quickly, but peaked again in September 2011, which was primarily due to boar meat (a known accumulator of radiocesium). Tap water was less contaminated; any restrictions for tap water were canceled by April 1, 2011. Pre-Fukushima (137)Cs and (90)Sr levels (resulting from atmospheric nuclear explosions) in food were typically lower than 0.5 Bq/kg, whereby meat was typically higher in (137)Cs and vegetarian produce was usually higher in (90)Sr. The correlation of background radiostrontium and radiocesium indicated that the regulatory assumption after the Fukushima accident of a maximum activity of (90)Sr being 10% of the respective (137)Cs concentrations may soon be at risk, as the (90)Sr/(137)Cs ratio increases with time. This should be taken into account for the current Japanese food policy as the current regulation will soon underestimate the (90)Sr content of Japanese foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Merz
- Atominstitut, Vienna University of Technology, Stadionallee 2, 1020 Vienna, Austria
| | - Katsumi Shozugawa
- Graduate
School of Arts and Sciences, The University
of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
- (K.S.) Phone: +91-3-5454-6566. E-mail:
| | - Georg Steinhauser
- Environmental
and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado
State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
- Institute
of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima
University, Fukushima 960-1296, Japan
- (G.S.) Phone: +1-970-491-0219. E-mail: ;
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45
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Seto M, Uriu K. Sample size allocation for food item radiation monitoring and safety inspection. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2015; 35:409-422. [PMID: 25263608 DOI: 10.1111/risa.12276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to identify a procedure for determining sample size allocation for food radiation inspections of more than one food item to minimize the potential risk to consumers of internal radiation exposure. We consider a simplified case of food radiation monitoring and safety inspection in which a risk manager is required to monitor two food items, milk and spinach, in a contaminated area. Three protocols for food radiation monitoring with different sample size allocations were assessed by simulating random sampling and inspections of milk and spinach in a conceptual monitoring site. Distributions of (131)I and radiocesium concentrations were determined in reference to (131)I and radiocesium concentrations detected in Fukushima prefecture, Japan, for March and April 2011. The results of the simulations suggested that a protocol that allocates sample size to milk and spinach based on the estimation of (131)I and radiocesium concentrations using the apparent decay rate constants sequentially calculated from past monitoring data can most effectively minimize the potential risks of internal radiation exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Seto
- Department of Information and Computer Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Nara Women's University, Kita-Uoya Nishimachi, Nara, 630-8506, Japan
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46
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Kelly DG, Mattson KM, McDonald C, Nielsen KS, Weir RD. Environmental radionuclide monitoring of Canadian harbours: a decade of analyses in support of due diligence activities by the Royal Canadian Navy. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2014; 138:303-307. [PMID: 24954004 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2014.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The Royal Canadian Navy has conducted a comprehensive programme of safety, security and environmental monitoring since the first visits of nuclear powered and nuclear capable vessels (NPV/NCVs) to Canadian harbours in the late 1960s. The outcomes of baseline monitoring and vessel visit sampling for the period 2003-2012 are described for vessel visits to Halifax (NS), Esquimalt (BC) and Nanoose (BC). Data were obtained by gamma-ray spectroscopy using high purity germanium detectors. No evidence was found for the release of radioactive fission or activation products by NCV/NPVs during the study period, although anthropogenically produced radionuclides were observed as part of the study's baseline monitoring. Background activities of Cs-137 can be observed in sediments from all three locations which are derived from well-documented radioactivity releases. The detection of I-131 in aquatic plants is consistently observed in Halifax at activities as high as 15,000 Bq kg(-1) dry weight. These data are tentatively assigned to the release of medical I-131, followed by bioaccumulation from seawater. I-131 was also observed in aquatic plants samples from Esquimalt (33 Bq kg(-1)) and Nanoose (20 Bq kg(-1)) for a single sampling following the Fukushima Daiichi accident.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Kelly
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, P.O. Box 17000 Stn Forces, Kingston, ON K7K 7B4, Canada.
| | - Kristine M Mattson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, P.O. Box 17000 Stn Forces, Kingston, ON K7K 7B4, Canada
| | - Curtis McDonald
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, P.O. Box 17000 Stn Forces, Kingston, ON K7K 7B4, Canada
| | - Kathy S Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, P.O. Box 17000 Stn Forces, Kingston, ON K7K 7B4, Canada
| | - Ron D Weir
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, P.O. Box 17000 Stn Forces, Kingston, ON K7K 7B4, Canada
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47
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Rakić M, Karaman M, Forkapić S, Hansman J, Kebert M, Bikit K, Mrdja D. Radionuclides in some edible and medicinal macrofungal species from Tara Mountain, Serbia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:11283-92. [PMID: 24801292 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-2967-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Edible and medicinal macrofungi used in human diet represent not only important sources of nutritive elements but toxic substances as well (heavy metals and radionuclides). Radioactivity levels of four radionuclides ((40)K, (137)Cs, (226)Ra, (228)Ra) were determined in the basidiomata (fruiting bodies of a Basidiomycetes) of six lignicolous (Fomitopsis pinicola, Ganoderma applanatum, Hericium clathroides, Megacollybia platyphylla, Pluteus cervinus, Trametes gibbosa) and three mycorrhizal (Boletus luridus, Boletus sp. 1, Boletus sp. 2) species as well as their soil (wood) substrates by gamma spectrometry (high-resolution high-purity germanium (HPGe) detector). The aim was to investigate their ability for radionuclide absorption according to transfer factors (from soil and wood), to predict potential bioindicator species as well as species with potential risk for human use. Samples were taken during years 2011 and 2012, at two sites in forest ecosystem of Tara Mountain (Serbia). Observed concentration ranges per dry weight were as follows: 29-3,020 Bq/kg ((40)K), 21.9-735 Bq/kg ((137)Cs), 3-39 Bq/kg ((226)Ra), and 2.0-18 Bq/kg ((228)Ra). Obtained results indicate that the type of basidiome (fleshy/tough), most likely due to a different metabolic rate, has a very important role in radionuclide accumulation. The highest activity concentrations of all analyzed radionuclides were found in species with fleshy basidiomata--P. cervinus, H. clathroides, M. platyphylla, and Boletus species. A species-specific influence on radionuclide uptake was more prominent comparing to habitat differences and the role of fungal trophic mode. No significant variations were observed regarding radionuclide activity among the same fungal species from different sampling sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milana Rakić
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia,
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48
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Zhang H, Yan W, Oba A, Zhang W. Radiation-driven migration: the case of Minamisoma City, Fukushima, Japan, after the Fukushima nuclear accident. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:9286-305. [PMID: 25207491 PMCID: PMC4199020 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110909286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The emigration of residents following the Fukushima nuclear accident has resulted in aging and depopulation problems in radiation-contaminated areas. The recovery of affected areas, and even those areas with low radioactive pollution levels, is still heavily affected by this problem. This slow recovery consequently affects immigration patterns. This review aims to present possible factors that have contributed to this dilemma. We first present an overview of the evacuation protocol that was administered in the study area following the Fukushima accident. We then analyze characteristics of the subsequent exodus by comparing population data for both before and after the accident. Based on the findings of existing literature, we identify three causes of emigration: (1) The health risks of living in a low radiation zone are still unknown; (2) The post-disaster psychological disturbance and distrust of government information promotes the emigration of evacuees; (3) an absence of economic vitality and of a leading industry renders the area less attractive to individuals residing outside of the city. Further research is needed on this issue, especially with respect to countermeasures for addressing this problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- School of Urban Culture, South China Normal University, Nanhai, Foshan 528225, China.
| | - Wanglin Yan
- Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, 5322 Endo Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0882, Japan.
| | - Akihiro Oba
- Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, 5322 Endo Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0882, Japan.
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Public Administration, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
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49
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Russell BC, Croudace IW, Warwick PE, Milton JA. Determination of precise ¹³⁵Cs/¹³⁷Cs ratio in environmental samples using sector field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2014; 86:8719-26. [PMID: 25109496 DOI: 10.1021/ac501894a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in sector field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-SFMS) have led to significant sensitivity enhancements that expand the range of radionuclides measurable by ICP-MS. The increasing capability and performance of modern ICP-MS now allows analysis of medium-lived radionuclides previously undertaken using radiometric methods. A new generation ICP-SFMS was configured to achieve sensitivities up to 80,000 counts per second for a 1 ng/L (133)Cs solution, providing a detection limit of 1 pg/L. To extend this approach to environmental samples it has been necessary to develop an effective chemical separation scheme using ultrapure reagents. A procedure incorporating digestion, chemical separation and quantification by ICP-SFMS is presented for detection of the significant fission product radionuclides of cesium ((135)Cs and (137)Cs) at concentrations found in environmental and low level nuclear waste samples. This in turn enables measurement of the (135)Cs/(137)Cs ratio, which varies with the source of nuclear contamination, and can therefore provide a powerful dating and forensic tool compared to radiometric detection of (137)Cs alone. A detection limit in sediment samples of 0.05 ng/kg has been achieved for (135)Cs and (137)Cs, corresponding to 2.0 × 10(-3) and 160 mBq/kg, respectively. The critical issue is ensuring removal of barium to eliminate isobaric interferences arising from (135)Ba and (137)Ba. The ability to reliably measure (135)Cs/(137)Cs using a high specification laboratory ICP-SFMS now enables characterization of waste materials destined for nuclear waste repositories as well as extending options in environmental geochemical and nuclear forensics studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben C Russell
- GAU-Radioanalytical and ‡Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre , Southampton SO14 3ZH, U.K
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50
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Hamada N, Fujimichi Y. Classification of radiation effects for dose limitation purposes: history, current situation and future prospects. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2014; 55:629-40. [PMID: 24794798 PMCID: PMC4100010 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rru019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Radiation exposure causes cancer and non-cancer health effects, each of which differs greatly in the shape of the dose-response curve, latency, persistency, recurrence, curability, fatality and impact on quality of life. In recent decades, for dose limitation purposes, the International Commission on Radiological Protection has divided such diverse effects into tissue reactions (formerly termed non-stochastic and deterministic effects) and stochastic effects. On the one hand, effective dose limits aim to reduce the risks of stochastic effects (cancer/heritable effects) and are based on the detriment-adjusted nominal risk coefficients, assuming a linear-non-threshold dose response and a dose and dose rate effectiveness factor of 2. On the other hand, equivalent dose limits aim to avoid tissue reactions (vision-impairing cataracts and cosmetically unacceptable non-cancer skin changes) and are based on a threshold dose. However, the boundary between these two categories is becoming vague. Thus, we review the changes in radiation effect classification, dose limitation concepts, and the definition of detriment and threshold. Then, the current situation is overviewed focusing on (i) stochastic effects with a threshold, (ii) tissue reactions without a threshold, (iii) target organs/tissues for circulatory disease, (iv) dose levels for limitation of cancer risks vs prevention of non-life-threatening tissue reactions vs prevention of life-threatening tissue reactions, (v) mortality or incidence of thyroid cancer, and (vi) the detriment for tissue reactions. For future discussion, one approach is suggested that classifies radiation effects according to whether effects are life threatening, and radiobiological research needs are also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Hamada
- Radiation Safety Research Center, Nuclear Technology Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), 2-11-1 Iwado-kita, Komae, Tokyo 201-8511, Japan
| | - Yuki Fujimichi
- Radiation Safety Research Center, Nuclear Technology Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), 2-11-1 Iwado-kita, Komae, Tokyo 201-8511, Japan
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