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Hao W, Liang B, Chen J, Chen Y, Wang Z, Zhao X, Peng C, Tian M, Yang F. Secondary formation of oxygenated and nitrated polycyclic aromatic compounds under stagnant weather conditions: Drivers and seasonal variation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 929:172487. [PMID: 38631623 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Severe air pollution tends to occur under stagnant weather conditions. This study focused on the occurrence and formation of PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) under stagnant weather conditions, in consideration of their adverse human health effect and ecological toxicity. The concentrations of PACs were higher under stagnant weather conditions than in other situations with averaged values of 46.0 ng/m3 versus 12.3-39.9 ng/m3 for total PACs. Secondary formation contributed to over half of the oxygenated and nitrated polycyclic aromatic compounds (OPAHs and NPAHs). Further analyses revealed different formation mechanisms for secondary OPAHs and NPAHs. Secondary production of OPAHs was sensitive to the variations of both temperature (T) and O3 concentration at T < 22 °C but sustained at a high level despite the fluctuation of temperature and O3 concentration at T > 22 °C. Elevated NO2 concentrations favored the formation of inorganic nitrogen-containing products over NPAHs under lower temperature and higher humidity. Stagnant weather events, accompanied by raised PAC levels occurred in all seasons, but their effects on secondary processes differed among seasons. The elevated temperature, lowered humidity, and increased NO2 level facilitated the secondary formation of OPAHs and/or NPAHs during the stagnant weather events in spring and summer. While under the temperature and humidity conditions in autumn and winter, increased NO2 levels during stagnant weather events promoted the production of secondary inorganic nitrogen-containing compounds over organic products. This study raised concern about the toxic organic pollutants in the atmosphere under stagnant weather conditions and revealed different formation mechanisms between secondary oxygenated and nitrated pollutants as well as among different seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Hao
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Bo Liang
- Materials Quality Supervision & Inspection Research Center, Chongqing Academy of Metrology and Quality Inspection, Chongqing 401123, China
| | - Jing Chen
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Research Center for Atmospheric Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Ziqian Wang
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Xinquan Zhao
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Chao Peng
- Chongqing Academy of Eco-Environmental Science, Chongqing 401147, China
| | - Mi Tian
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China; Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China.
| | - Fumo Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Flue Gas Desulfurization, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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Kausar Z, Mansha A, Asim S. Effect of Chloride, Sulfate, and Ferrate Salts on Electronic Energy Levels of Anthracene Proving it a Potential Candidate as an ON and ON-OFF UV-Vis Sensor. J Fluoresc 2024; 34:1365-1378. [PMID: 37530932 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-023-03363-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Anthracene molecule possesses remarkable optical activity and till today this molecule is of special interest of scientists. Present study is focused on the study of effects of Chloride, Sulfate, Nitrate and Ferrate salts on absorption and emission spectra of targeted fluorophore in carbontetrachloride, chloroform, dichloromethane and methanol. Prominent solvatochromic effects shows dependence of HOMO-LUMO orbitals on solvent polarity. Anthracene molecules exhibits changes in absorption and emission spectra, and show both ON and ON-OFF behavior on addition of said ions. Based on experimental results it was concluded that fluorophore molecule could be used more effectively as UV-Visible (UV-V) sensors in comparison to the emission sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakia Kausar
- Department of Chemistry, Government College Women University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Asim Mansha
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sadia Asim
- Department of Chemistry, Government College Women University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
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3
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Jiang X, Liu D, Li Q, Tian P, Wu Y, Li S, Hu K, Ding S, Bi K, Li R, Huang M, Ding D, Chen Q, Kong S, Li W, Pang Y, He D. Connecting the Light Absorption of Atmospheric Organic Aerosols with Oxidation State and Polarity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:12873-12885. [PMID: 36083258 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The light-absorbing organic aerosol (OA) constitutes an important fraction of absorbing components, counteracting major cooling effect of aerosols to climate. The mechanisms in linking the complex and changeable chemistry of OA with its absorbing properties remain to be elucidated. Here, by using solvent extraction, ambient OA from an urban environment was fractionated according to polarity, which was further nebulized and online characterized with compositions and absorbing properties. Water extracted high-polar compounds with a significantly higher oxygen to carbon ratio (O/C) than methanol extracts. A transition O/C of about 0.6 was found, below and above which the enhancement and reduction of OA absorptivity were observed with increasing O/C, occurring on the less polar and high polar compounds, respectively. In particular, the co-increase of nitrogen and oxygen elements suggests the important role of nitrogen-containing functional groups in enhancing the absorptivity of the less polar compounds (e.g., forming nitrogen-containing aromatics), while further oxidation (O/C > 0.6) on high-polar compounds likely led to fragmentation and bleaching chromophores. The results here may reconcile the previous observations about darkening or whitening chromophores of brown carbon, and the parametrization of O/C has the potential to link the changing chemistry of OA with its polarity and absorbing properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Jiang
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Earth Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Dantong Liu
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Earth Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Earth Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ping Tian
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cloud, Precipitation and Atmospheric Water Resources, 44 Zizhuyuan Road, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Yangzhou Wu
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Earth Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Siyuan Li
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Earth Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Kang Hu
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Earth Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shuo Ding
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Earth Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Kai Bi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cloud, Precipitation and Atmospheric Water Resources, 44 Zizhuyuan Road, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Ruijie Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cloud, Precipitation and Atmospheric Water Resources, 44 Zizhuyuan Road, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Mengyu Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cloud, Precipitation and Atmospheric Water Resources, 44 Zizhuyuan Road, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Deping Ding
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cloud, Precipitation and Atmospheric Water Resources, 44 Zizhuyuan Road, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Qingcai Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, 6 Xuefuzhong Road, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Shaofei Kong
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Science, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Weijun Li
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Earth Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yu Pang
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Earth Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ding He
- Department of Ocean Science and Hong Kong Branch of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, SAR 999077, China
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Shi X, Qiu X, Jiang X, Rudich Y, Zhu T. Comprehensive detection of nitrated aromatic compounds in fine particulate matter using gas chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry coupled with an electron capture negative ionization source. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 407:124794. [PMID: 33338805 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nitrated aromatic compounds (NACs) are toxic and allergenic airborne pollutants from both primary emissions and atmospheric reactions of aromatics with NO2. A comprehensive investigation of NACs is challenging given their low ambient levels. By applying gas chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry coupled with an electron capture negative ionization source, this study achieved a comprehensive high-throughput and standard-independent detection of nonpolar NACs in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) sampled over 2 years in Beijing, China. Overall, 1047 NACs were detected, among which, the elemental composition of 128 species were derived using time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and 25 species were confirmed using reference standards. In addition to mono-nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs), di-nitrated PAHs and alkylated and oxygenated NPAHs were found. Cluster analysis suggested these compounds were derived from various sources particularly atmospheric reactions. We found that the annual levels of primary NPAHs decreased by 46.3-54.8% from 2012-2013 to 2016-2018, though the secondary species did not change significantly after normalization by PM2.5. These results were validated by diagnostic ratios, which indicated an increasing contribution from the secondary formation including nighttime reactions. This novel method for NACs detection may provide valuable insights into the formation mechanisms of NACs in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodi Shi
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, and Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Xinghua Qiu
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, and Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China.
| | - Xing Jiang
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, and Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Yinon Rudich
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Tong Zhu
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, and Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
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Sun C, Qu L, Wu L, Wu X, Sun R, Li Y. Advances in analysis of nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in various matrices. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.115878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Jariyasopit N, Tung P, Su K, Halappanavar S, Evans GJ, Su Y, Khoomrung S, Harner T. Polycyclic aromatic compounds in urban air and associated inhalation cancer risks: A case study targeting distinct source sectors. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 252:1882-1891. [PMID: 31227350 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Passive air sampling was conducted in Toronto and the Greater Toronto Area from 2016 to 2017 for 6 periods, in order to investigate ambient levels of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) associated with different source types. The selected sampling sites (n = 8) cover geographical areas with varying source emissions including background, traffic, urban, industrial and residential sites. Passive air samples were analyzed for PACs which include PAHs, alkylated PAHs (alk-PAHs), dibenzothiophene and alkylated dibenzothiophenes (DBTs) and results for PAHs were used to calculate inhalation cancer risks using different approaches. The samples were also characterized for PAH derivatives including nitrated PAHs (NPAHs) and oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs). Concentrations of Σalk-PAHs and DBTs, which are known to be enriched in fossil fuels, as well as ΣNPAHs, were highest at a traffic site (MECP) located adjacent to the 18-lane Highway 401 that runs across Toronto. Except for an industrial site (HH/BU), PAC compositions were similar across the sampling sites with Σalk-PAHs being the most abundant class of PACs suggesting traffic emission was a major contributor to PACs in the atmosphere of Toronto. The industrial site exhibited a distinct chemical composition with ΣPAHs dominating over Σalk-PAHs and with elevated levels of fluoranthene, 9-nitroanthracene, and 9,10-anthraquinone, which likely reflects emissions from nearby industrial sources. MECP and HH/BU exhibited higher lifetime excess inhalation cancer risks indicating an association with traffic and industrial sources. The importance of the traffic sector as a source of PACs to ambient air is further supported by strong correlations of the ΣPAHs, Σalk-PAHs, DBTs, and ΣOPAHs with NOx. This study highlights the importance of traffic as an emission source of PACs to urban air and the relevance of PAC classes other than just unsubstituted PAHs that are important but currently not included in air quality guidelines or for assessing inhalation cancer risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narumol Jariyasopit
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario, M3H 5T4, Canada; Siriraj Metabolomics and Phenomics Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Phoebe Tung
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario, M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Ky Su
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario, M3H 5T4, Canada
| | | | - Greg J Evans
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Yushan Su
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sakda Khoomrung
- Siriraj Metabolomics and Phenomics Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand; Center for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama 6 Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Tom Harner
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario, M3H 5T4, Canada.
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Xu H, Chen J, Zhao Q, Zhang Y, Wang T, Feng B, Wang Y, Liu S, Yi T, Liu S, Wu R, Zhang Q, Fang J, Song X, Rajagopalan S, Li J, Brook RD, Huang W. Ambient air pollution is associated with cardiac repolarization abnormalities in healthy adults. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 171:239-246. [PMID: 30690270 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ambient air pollution has been associated with acute cardiovascular events; however, the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. We aimed to examine the impacts of ambient air pollutants on cardiac ventricular repolarization in a highly polluted urban region. METHODS Seventy-three healthy non-smoking young adults (66% female, mean age of 23.3 ± 5.4 years) were followed with four repeated 24-h electrocardiogram recordings in 2014-2016 in Beijing, China. Continuous concentrations of ambient particulates in size fractions of 5-560 nm diameter, black carbon (BC), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and ozone (O3) were measured at a fixed-location air pollution monitoring station. Generalized linear mixed models, with adjustment for individual risk factors, time-varying factors and meteorological parameters, were used to evaluate the effects of air pollution on 5-min segments of heart rate-corrected QT interval (QTc), an index of cardiac ventricular repolarization. RESULTS During the study period, the mean levels of number concentrations of particulates in size range of 5-560 nm (PNC5-560) were 20,711 particles/cm3. Significant increases in QTc of 0.56% (95% CI: 0.27, 0.84) to 1.76% (95% CI: 0.73, 2.79) were associated with interquartile range increases in PNC50-560 at prior 1-5 moving average days. Significant increases in QTc were also associated with increases in exposures to traffic-related air pollutants (BC, NO2 and CO), a combustion pollutant SO2, and the secondary pollutant O3. The associations were stronger in participants who were male, overweight, with abdominal obesity, and with higher levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that exposures to higher levels of ambient particulates in small size fractions and traffic pollutants were associated with cardiac repolarization abnormalities in healthy adults, and the cardio-metabolic risks may modify the adverse cardiac effects attributable to air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbing Xu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, and Peking University Institute of Environmental Medicine, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of the Ministry of Education, Health Science Center, Peking University Medicine, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, and Peking University Institute of Environmental Medicine, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of the Ministry of Education, Health Science Center, Peking University Medicine, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, and Peking University Institute of Environmental Medicine, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of the Ministry of Education, Health Science Center, Peking University Medicine, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, and Peking University Institute of Environmental Medicine, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of the Ministry of Education, Health Science Center, Peking University Medicine, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Tong Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, and Peking University Institute of Environmental Medicine, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of the Ministry of Education, Health Science Center, Peking University Medicine, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Baihuan Feng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, and Peking University Institute of Environmental Medicine, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of the Ministry of Education, Health Science Center, Peking University Medicine, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Prevention and Health Care, Hospital of Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Shengcong Liu
- Division of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of the Ministry of Education, Health Science Center, Peking University Medicine, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Tieci Yi
- Division of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of the Ministry of Education, Health Science Center, Peking University Medicine, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Shuo Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, and Peking University Institute of Environmental Medicine, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of the Ministry of Education, Health Science Center, Peking University Medicine, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Rongshan Wu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, and Peking University Institute of Environmental Medicine, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of the Ministry of Education, Health Science Center, Peking University Medicine, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qiaochi Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, and Peking University Institute of Environmental Medicine, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of the Ministry of Education, Health Science Center, Peking University Medicine, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jiakun Fang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, and Peking University Institute of Environmental Medicine, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of the Ministry of Education, Health Science Center, Peking University Medicine, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaoming Song
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, and Peking University Institute of Environmental Medicine, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of the Ministry of Education, Health Science Center, Peking University Medicine, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Sanjay Rajagopalan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, OH 10900, USA
| | - Jianping Li
- Division of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of the Ministry of Education, Health Science Center, Peking University Medicine, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Robert D Brook
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, MI 48109, USA
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, and Peking University Institute of Environmental Medicine, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of the Ministry of Education, Health Science Center, Peking University Medicine, Beijing 100191, China.
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8
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Titaley IA, Walden DM, Dorn SE, Ogba OM, Massey Simonich SL, Cheong PHY. Evaluating Computational and Structural Approaches to Predict Transformation Products of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:1595-1607. [PMID: 30571095 PMCID: PMC7112720 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) undergo transformation reactions with atmospheric photochemical oxidants, such as hydroxyl radicals (OH•), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and ozone (O3). The most common PAH-transformation products (PAH-TPs) are nitrated, oxygenated, and hydroxylated PAHs (NPAHs, OPAHs, and OHPAHs, respectively), some of which are known to pose potential human health concerns. We sampled four theoretical approaches for predicting the location of reactive sites on PAHs (i.e., the carbon where atmospheric oxidants attack), and hence the chemoselectivity of the PAHs. All computed results are based on density functional theory (B3LYP/6-31G(d) optimized structures and energies). The four approaches are (1) Clar's prediction of aromatic resonance structures, (2) thermodynamic stability of all OHPAH adduct intermediates, (3) computed atomic charges (Natural Bond order, ChelpG, and Mulliken) at each carbon on the PAH, and (4) average local ionization energy (ALIE) at atom or bond sites. To evaluate the accuracy of these approaches, the predicted PAH-TPs were compared to published laboratory observations of major NPAH, OPAH, and OHPAH products in both gas and particle phases. We found that the Clar's resonance structures were able to predict the least stable rings on the PAHs but did not offer insights in terms of which individual carbon is most reactive. The OHPAH adduct thermodynamics and the ALIE approaches were the most accurate when compared to laboratory data, showing great potential for predicting the formation of previously unstudied PAH-TPs that are likely to form in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan A. Titaley
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Daniel M. Walden
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Shelby E. Dorn
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - O. Maduka Ogba
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Staci L. Massey Simonich
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331 USA
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9
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Xia K, Tong S, Zhang Y, Tan F, Chen Y, Zhang W, Guo Y, Jing B, Ge M, Zhao Y, Alamry KA, Marwani HM, Wang S. Heterogeneous Reaction of HCOOH on NaCl Particles at Different Relative Humidities. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:7218-7226. [PMID: 30118231 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b02790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of volatile organic acids to chloride depletion still remains unclear under ambient conditions in the coast and inland. In this work, the heterogeneous reaction of HCOOH on the NaCl surface at a series of relative humidities (RHs) was investigated using diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS). The formate was found to be formed on NaCl surface under dry and wet conditions, accompanied by the corresponding chloride depletion. The adsorbed HCOOH and the formation of formate on NaCl surface decreased with increasing RH below 30% RH. The adsorbed HCOOH decreased, while the formation of formate increased with enhanced RH at 45-70% RH. The variation in the formation of formate with RH suggests that chloride depletion may undergo similar changes. Additionally, the mechanism and kinetics for uptake of HCOOH on NaCl surface at various RHs were discussed and analyzed. Our results highlight the role of heterogeneous chemistry of volatile organic acid in the chloride depletion of NaCl in the coast and inland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaihui Xia
- Institute of Intelligent Machines , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hefei , Anhui 230031 , P. R. China.,University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstale and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Shengrui Tong
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstale and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstale and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Fang Tan
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstale and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstale and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Wenqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstale and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Yucong Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstale and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Bo Jing
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstale and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Maofa Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstale and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Yao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Khalid A Alamry
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science , King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah 21589 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Hadi M Marwani
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science , King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah 21589 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Suhua Wang
- Institute of Intelligent Machines , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hefei , Anhui 230031 , P. R. China.,University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , P. R. China.,Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science , King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah 21589 , Saudi Arabia.,School of Environment and Chemical Engineering , North China Electric Power University , Beijing 102206 , P. R. China
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10
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Wang M, Zheng N, Zhu T, Shang J, Yu T, Song X, Zhao D, Guan Y, Tian Y. Using X-ray computed tomography and micro-Raman spectrometry to measure individual particle surface area, volume, and morphology towards investigating atmospheric heterogeneous reactions. J Environ Sci (China) 2018; 69:23-32. [PMID: 29941259 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous reactions on the aerosol particle surface in the atmosphere play important roles in air pollution, climate change, and global biogeochemical cycles. However, the reported uptake coefficients of heterogeneous reactions usually have large variations and may not be relevant to real atmospheric conditions. One of the major reasons for this is the use of bulk samples in laboratory experiments, while particles in the atmosphere are suspended individually. A number of technologies have been developed recently to study heterogeneous reactions on the surfaces of individual particles. Precise measurements on the reactive surface area, volume, and morphology of individual particles are necessary for calculating the uptake coefficient, quantifying reactants and products, and understanding the reaction mechanism better. In this study, for the first time we used synchrotron radiation X-ray computed tomography (XCT) and micro-Raman spectrometry to measure individual CaCO3 particle morphology, with sizes ranging from 3.5-6.5μm. Particle surface area and volume were calculated using a reconstruction method based on software three-dimensional (3-D) rendering. The XCT was first validated with high-resolution field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) to acquire accurate CaCO3 particle surface area and volume estimates. Our results showed an average difference of only 6.1% in surface area and 3.2% in volume measured either by micro-Raman spectrometry or X-ray tomography. X-ray tomography and FE-SEM can provide more morphological details of individual CaCO3 particles than micro-Raman spectrometry. This study demonstrated that X-ray computed tomography and micro-Raman spectrometry can precisely measure the surface area, volume, and morphology of an individual particle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjin Wang
- BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPCl, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Nan Zheng
- BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPCl, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tong Zhu
- BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPCl, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Jing Shang
- BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPCl, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ting Yu
- BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPCl, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaojuan Song
- BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPCl, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Defeng Zhao
- BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPCl, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yong Guan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Yangchao Tian
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
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11
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Atmospheric Distribution of PAHs and Quinones in the Gas and PM1 Phases in the Guadalajara Metropolitan Area, Mexico: Sources and Health Risk. ATMOSPHERE 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos9040137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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12
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Niu H, Li K, Chu B, Su W, Li J. Heterogeneous Reactions between Toluene and NO 2 on Mineral Particles under Simulated Atmospheric Conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:9596-9604. [PMID: 28728409 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous reactions between organic and inorganic gases with aerosols are important for the study of smog occurrence and development. In this study, heterogeneous reactions between toluene and NO2 with three atmospheric mineral particles in the presence or absence of UV light were investigated. The three mineral particles were SiO2, α-Fe2O3, and BS (butlerite and szmolnokite). In a dark environment, benzaldehyde was produced on α-Fe2O3. For BS, nitrotoluene and benzaldehyde were obtained. No aromatic products were produced in the absence of NO2 in the system. In the presence of UV irradiation, benzaldehyde was detected on the SiO2 surface. Identical products were produced in the presence and absence of UV light over α-Fe2O3 and BS. UV light promoted nitrite to nitrate on mineral particles surface. On the basisi of the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results, a portion of BS was reduced from Fe3+ to Fe2+ with the adsorption of toluene or the reaction with toluene and NO2. Sulfate may play a key role in the generation of nitrotoluene on BS particles. From this research, the heterogeneous reactions between organic and inorganic gases with aerosols that occur during smog events will be better understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hejingying Niu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kezhi Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Biwu Chu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
| | - Wenkang Su
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Junhua Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
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13
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Luo C, Yu Q, Wang H. DFT study of the formation mechanism of anthraquinone from the reaction of NO 2 and anthracene on NaCl clusters: the role of NaNO 3. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2016; 18:1500-1507. [PMID: 27812561 DOI: 10.1039/c6em00420b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and oxygenated-PAHs are globally worrisome air pollutants because of their highly direct-acting mutagenicity and carcinogenicity. The formation of oxygenated-PAHs is of crucial importance for the prevention of their atmospheric pollution successfully. In this paper, the formation mechanism of oxygenated-PAHs from the heterogeneous reaction of NO2 with anthracene on the surface of NaCl was studied by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. At first, the various adsorption configurations of NO2 and N2O4 on NaCl were investigated. The chemical conversion mechanisms among these configurations were also investigated. It is found that these structures can easily interconvert due to their low energy barriers. NaNO3 was found to be the main product of the reaction of NO2/N2O4 on NaCl. Then the oxidation mechanism of anthracene by NO2 on the NaCl surface showed that NaNO3 is able to oxidize anthracene and plays a catalytic role in the reaction process. This means that the formation of NaNO3 is very important to promote the formation of 9,10-anthraquinone from the heterogeneous reaction of NO2 with anthracene. Our calculations also showed that the introduction of water can greatly accelerate this reaction process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Luo
- School of Resources Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031 China.
| | - Qiming Yu
- School of Resources Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031 China.
| | - Hongming Wang
- School of Resources Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031 China.
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14
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Han Y, Zhu T, Guan T, Zhu Y, Liu J, Ji Y, Gao S, Wang F, Lu H, Huang W. Association between size-segregated particles in ambient air and acute respiratory inflammation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 565:412-419. [PMID: 27179679 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The health effects of particulate matter (PM) in ambient air are well documented. However, whether PM size plays a critical role in these effects is unclear in the population studies. This study investigated the association between the ambient concentrations of PM with varies sizes (5.6-560nm) and a biomarker of acute respiratory inflammation, the fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FENO), in a panel of 55 elderly people in Shanghai, China. Linear mixed-effect model was fitted to estimate the association between FENO and moving average concentrations of PM, adjusting for temperature, relative humidity, day of the week, and age. Results showed that among the measured particles size range, Aitken-mode (20-100nm) particles had the strongest positive association with increased FENO when using moving average concentration of PM up to 24h prior to visits. The estimates were robust to the adjustment for gender, condition of chronic disease and use of medication, and to the sensitive analysis using different times of visits. The authors concluded that the association between acute respiratory inflammation and PM concentration of fine particulates depended on particle size, and suggested Aitken-mode particles may be the most responsible for this adverse health association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqun Han
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering and Centre for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Tong Zhu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering and Centre for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Tianjia Guan
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering and Centre for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yi Zhu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering and Centre for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jun Liu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering and Centre for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yunfang Ji
- The Center for Diseases Control and Prevention of Huangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuna Gao
- The Center for Diseases Control and Prevention of Huangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Wang
- The Center for Diseases Control and Prevention of Huangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Huimin Lu
- The Center for Diseases Control and Prevention of Huangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Huang
- College of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Center of Health Sciences, Peking University, China
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15
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Identification of anthraquinone-degrading bacteria in soil contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:3775-81. [PMID: 25819957 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00033-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Quinones and other oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (oxy-PAHs) are toxic and/or genotoxic compounds observed to be cocontaminants at PAH-contaminated sites, but their formation and fate in contaminated environmental systems have not been well studied. Anthracene-9,10-dione (anthraquinone) has been found in most PAH-contaminated soils and sediments that have been analyzed for oxy-PAHs. However, little is known about the biodegradation of oxy-PAHs, and no bacterial isolates have been described that are capable of growing on or degrading anthraquinone. PAH-degrading Mycobacterium spp. are the only organisms that have been investigated to date for metabolism of a PAH quinone, 4,5-pyrenequinone. We utilized DNA-based stable-isotope probing (SIP) with [U-(13)C]anthraquinone to identify bacteria associated with anthraquinone degradation in PAH-contaminated soil from a former manufactured-gas plant site both before and after treatment in a laboratory-scale bioreactor. SIP with [U-(13)C]anthracene was also performed to assess whether bacteria capable of growing on anthracene are the same as those identified to grow on anthraquinone. Organisms closely related to Sphingomonas were the most predominant among the organisms associated with anthraquinone degradation in bioreactor-treated soil, while organisms in the genus Phenylobacterium comprised the majority of anthraquinone degraders in the untreated soil. Bacteria associated with anthracene degradation differed from those responsible for anthraquinone degradation. These results suggest that Sphingomonas and Phenylobacterium species are associated with anthraquinone degradation and that anthracene-degrading organisms may not possess mechanisms to grow on anthraquinone.
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16
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Shenghur A, Weber KH, Nguyen ND, Sontising W, Tao FM. Theoretical Study of the Hydrogen Abstraction of Substituted Phenols by Nitrogen Dioxide as a Source of HONO. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:11002-14. [DOI: 10.1021/jp508516c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Shenghur
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, California State University, Fullerton, California 92834, United States
| | - Kevin H. Weber
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, California State University, Fullerton, California 92834, United States
| | - Nhan D. Nguyen
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, California State University, Fullerton, California 92834, United States
| | - Watit Sontising
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, California State University, Fullerton, California 92834, United States
| | - Fu-Ming Tao
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, California State University, Fullerton, California 92834, United States
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