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Deng J, Gao L, Liu W, Yin F, Chen C, Jia T, He Y, Mao T, Wu W. Distributions and transformation of polyhalogenated carbazoles in environmental matrices contaminated by printing and dyeing plants. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 357:124451. [PMID: 38942278 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
As emerging organic contaminants, Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) have caused wide concerns due to their wide distribution in the environment and dioxin-like toxicity. Nevertheless, research on the distribution and formation mechanisms of PHCZs in polluted environment of printing and dyeing plants is lacking. Here, 11 PHCZs were detected in samples from the Cao'e River, China, a typical river heavily polluted by printing and dyeing. The PHCZs concentrations in the soil, sediment, and water samples were 8.3-134.5 ng/g (median: 26.3 ng/g), 17.7-348.8 ng/g (median: 64.2 ng/g), and 1.2-41.4 μg/L (median: 4.8 μg/L), respectively. 3,6-dichlorocarbazole was the dominant congener, proved by both analysis results and formation mechanisms. PHCZ migration patterns in water-sediment systems indicated that highly halogenated PHCZs tend to be transferred to sediment. Furthermore, PHCZs are persistent, can undergo long-range transport, and pose high risks to aquatic organisms by models. PHCZs released from dye production into environment can be form through halogenation of carbazole or PHCZs formed during the dye synthesis, heating of halogenated indigo dyes, and photolysis of highly halogenated PHCZs. This is the first comprehensive study to reveal the impact of printing and dyeing plant activities on PHCZs in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglin Deng
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Lirong Gao
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China; Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China; Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
| | - Fei Yin
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China; Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Chunci Chen
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Tianqi Jia
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Yunchen He
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Tianao Mao
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Wenqi Wu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
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Siddiqui MU, Sibtain M, Ahmad F, Zushi Y, Nabi D. Screening Disinfection Byproducts in Arid-Coastal Wastewater: A Workflow Using GC×GC-TOFMS, Passive Sampling, and NMF Deconvolution Algorithm. J Xenobiot 2024; 14:554-574. [PMID: 38804286 PMCID: PMC11130967 DOI: 10.3390/jox14020033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Disinfection during tertiary municipal wastewater treatment is a necessary step to control the spread of pathogens; unfortunately, it also gives rise to numerous disinfection byproducts (DBPs), only a few of which are regulated because of the analytical challenges associated with the vast number of potential DBPs. This study utilized polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) passive samplers, comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS), and non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) spectral deconvolution for suspect screening of DBPs in treated wastewater. PDMS samplers were deployed upstream and downstream of the chlorination unit in a municipal wastewater treatment plant located in Abu Dhabi, and their extracts were analyzed using GC×GC-TOFMS. A workflow incorporating a multi-tiered, eight-filter screening process was developed, which successfully enabled the reliable isolation of 22 candidate DBPs from thousands of peaks. The NMF spectral deconvolution improved the match factor score of unknown mass spectra to the reference mass spectra available in the NIST library by 17% and facilitated the identification of seven additional DBPs. The close match of the first-dimension retention index data and the GC×GC elution patterns of DBPs, both predicted using the Abraham solvation model, with their respective experimental counterparts-with the measured data available in the NIST WebBook and the GC×GC elution patterns being those observed for the candidate peaks-significantly enhanced the accuracy of peak assignment. Isotopic pattern analysis revealed a close correspondence for 11 DBPs with clearly visible isotopologues in reference spectra, thereby further strengthening the confidence in the peak assignment of these DBPs. Brominated analogues were prevalent among the detected DBPs, possibly due to seawater intrusion. The fate, behavior, persistence, and toxicity of tentatively identified DBPs were assessed using EPI Suite™ and the CompTox Chemicals Dashboard. This revealed their significant toxicity to aquatic organisms, including developmental, mutagenic, and endocrine-disrupting effects in certain DBPs. Some DBPs also showed activity in various CompTox bioassays, implicating them in adverse molecular pathways. Additionally, 11 DBPs demonstrated high environmental persistence and resistance to biodegradation. This combined approach offers a powerful tool for future research and environmental monitoring, enabling accurate identification and assessment of DBPs and their potential risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Usman Siddiqui
- Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 48000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sibtain
- Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 48000, Pakistan
| | - Farrukh Ahmad
- BioEnergy & Environmental Laboratory (BEEL), Masdar Institute Campus, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
- California Environmental Protection Agency, Cypress, CA 90630, USA
| | - Yasuyuki Zushi
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8569, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Deedar Nabi
- Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 48000, Pakistan
- BioEnergy & Environmental Laboratory (BEEL), Masdar Institute Campus, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Wischhofstr. 1-3, 24148 Kiel, Germany
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Ma Y, Yang C, Yao Q, Li F, Mao L, Zhou X, Meng X, Chen L. Nontarget screening analysis of organic compounds in river sediments: a case study in the Taipu River of the Yangtze River Delta Region in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:24547-24558. [PMID: 38446294 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32761-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Sediments are the vital fate of organic compounds, and the recognition of organic compounds in sediments is constructive in providing comprehensive and long-term information. In this study, a three-step nontarget screening (NTS) analysis workflow using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC-TOFMS) revealed the extensive existence of organic compounds in the Taipu River sediment. Organic compounds (705) were detected and divided into four structure-related groups or eight use-related classes. In the Taipu River's mainstream, a significant difference was found in the composition profiles of the identified organic compounds among various sites, demonstrating the organic compounds were more abundant in the midstream and downstream than in the upstream. Meanwhile, the hydrodynamic force was recognized as a potential factor influencing organic compounds' occurrence. Based on multiple statistical analyses, the shipping and textile printing industries were considered the significant contributors to the identified organic compounds. Considering the principles of the priority substances and the current status of the substances, two traditional pollutants and ten emerging organic compounds were recognized as the priority organic compounds for the Taipu River. Conclusively, this study established a workflow for NTS analysis of sediment samples and demonstrated the necessity of NTS analysis to evaluate the impact of terrestrial emissions of organic compounds on the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ma
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Chao Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Qinglu Yao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Feipeng Li
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Lingchen Mao
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Xuefei Zhou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Xiangzhou Meng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Ling Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
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Tang C, Liu L, Zheng R, Zhu Y, Tang C, Zeng YH, Luo XJ, Mai BX. Comprehensive characterization and prioritization of halogenated organic compounds in fish and their implications for exposure. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 184:108476. [PMID: 38346376 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Fish are an important pollution indicator for biomonitoring of halogenated organic compounds (HOCs) in aquatic environments, and HOCs in fish may pose health threats to consumers. This study performed nontarget and comprehensive analyses of HOCs in fish from an e-waste recycling zone by gas chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry, and further prioritized their human exposure risks. A total of 1652 formulas of HOCs were found in the fish, of which 1222, 117, and 313 were organochlorines, organobromines, and organochlorine-bromines, respectively. The total concentrations of HOCs were 15.4-18.7 μg/g (wet weight), and organobromines were the predominant (14.1-16.8 μg/g). Of the HOCs, 41 % were elucidated with tentative structures and divided into 13 groups. The estimated total daily exposures of HOCs via dietary consumption of the fish for local adult residents were 3082-3744 ng/kg bw/day. The total exposures were dominated by several groups of HOCs with the following contribution order: polyhalogenated biphenyls and their derivatives > polyhalogenated diphenyl ethers > halo- (H-)alkanes/olefines > H-benzenes > H-dioxins > H-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons > H-phenols. The comprehensive characterization and prioritization results provide an overview of the species and distributions of HOCs in edible fish, and propose an inventory of crucial HOCs associated with high exposure risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiming Tang
- Laboratory of Advanced Analytical Chemistry and Detection Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Laboratory of Advanced Analytical Chemistry and Detection Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Ruifen Zheng
- Laboratory of Advanced Analytical Chemistry and Detection Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Yizhe Zhu
- Laboratory of Advanced Analytical Chemistry and Detection Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Caixing Tang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Lingnan Hospital, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Yan-Hong Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Xiao-Jun Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Bi-Xian Mai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Huang M, Hou C, Zhang Q, Yao D, Hu S, Wang G, Gao S. Tissue-specific accumulation, depuration and histopathological effects of 3,6-dichlorocarbazole and 2,7-dibromocarbazole in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2024; 266:106803. [PMID: 38103395 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Although polyhalogenated carbazoles have been detected with increasing frequency in aquatic ecosystems, their bioaccumulation in fish and corresponding pathological effects related to bioaccumulation are still unclear. Here, we investigated the tissue-specific accumulation, depuration, and histopathological effects of two typical PHCZs, 3,6-dichlorocarbazole (36-CCZ) and 2,7-dibromocarbazole (27-BCZ), in adult zebrafish at three levels (0, 0.15 μg/L (5 × environmentally relevant level), and 50 μg/L (1/10 LC50). The lowest concentrations of 36-CCZ (1.2 μg/g ww) and 27-BCZ (1.4 μg/g ww) were observed in muscle, and the greatest concentrations of 36-CCZ (3.6 μg/g ww) and 27-BCZ (4 μg/g ww) were detected in intestine among the tested tissues. BCFww of 36-CCZ and 27-BCZ in zebrafish ranged from 172.9 (muscle) to 606.6 (intestine) and 285.2 (muscle) to 987.5 (intestine), respectively, indicating that both 36-CCZ and 27-BCZ have high potential of bioaccumulation in aquatic system. The 0.15 μg/L level of 36-CCZ or 27-BCZ caused lipid accumulation in liver, while 50 μg/L of 36-CCZ or 27-BCZ induced liver lesions such as fibrous septa, cytolysis, and nuclear dissolution. Brain damage such as multinucleated cells and nuclear solidification were only observed at 50 μg/L of 27-BCZ. This study provided valuable information in assessing the health and ecological risks of 36-CCZ and 27-BCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Huang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, China
| | - Cunchuang Hou
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, China
| | - Qiaoyun Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, China
| | - Dunfan Yao
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, 437100, China
| | - Shengchao Hu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, China
| | - Guowei Wang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, China.
| | - Shixiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
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Zhou S, Su Q, Zhong D, Guo J, Liu J, Li A. Mutual interference between 3,6-dichlorinated carbazole and p,p'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane in gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:1195. [PMID: 37698675 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11813-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
The widespread contamination of the environment by polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) has been increasingly observed during the past decade. Among numerous PHCZ congeners, 3,6-dichlorocarbazole (36-CCZ) is often among the most frequently detected at higher concentrations. Although the environmental level of the legacy pesticide p,p'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p,p'-DDT) has been declining, it continues to be ubiquitously detected. These two compounds were found to interfere with each other during analyses using gas chromatography (GC) coupled with single- or triple-quadrupole low-resolution mass spectrometry (MS or MS/MS). The base peak in the mass spectra was that of m/z 235 for both compounds. In MS/MS with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM), the same transitions (235 → 200 and 235 → 165) were often used. Under the same GC operating conditions, the SH-I-5MS capillary column used in this work did not resolve the two compounds at baseline. Pre-treatment using cleanup column chromatography can fractionate the sample extract, with the two compounds separated in different fractions before instrumental analyses. Reversed-phase HPLC columns also work for resolving 36-CCZ and p,p'-DDT. Possible overlaps in GC retention and similarity in MS spectra might have caused data inaccuracy for 36-CCZ as well as p,p'-DDT in some studies published to date, and steps to avoid the interference should be taken into quality control protocols in future research and environmental monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Zhou
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
| | - Qi Su
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Dan Zhong
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Jiehong Guo
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geospatial Engineering, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
| | - Jinsong Liu
- Zhejiang Province of Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - An Li
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
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Onyena AP, Nkwoji JA, Chukwu LO, Walker TR, Sam K. Risk assessment of sediment PAH, BTEX, and emerging contaminants in Chanomi Creek Niger Delta, Nigeria. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:1080. [PMID: 37615789 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11703-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX), and emerging contaminants in Chanomi Creek. Sediment samples were collected between March 2019 and July 2020 to evaluate the concentrations of PAH, BTEX, and emerging contaminants using GC-MS and GC-FID with Headspace extraction. Results indicated mean PAH concentrations were 22.691 ± 15.09 µg/kg. The highest individual PAH concentrations were fluorene (7.085 µg/kg), naphthalene (4.517 µg/kg), and phenanthrene (3.081 µg/kg). Carbazole (0.828 µg/kg) was discovered as a novel environmental toxin with dioxin-like toxicity and widespread prevalence in sediments. The most common congener (25%) was ethylbenzene, followed by toluene and ortho- and meta-xylene (21%) and benzene (13%). The analysis of diagnostic ratios revealed that the main factors responsible for the presence of PAHs in the study area are the residential use of firewood, emissions from industrial activities, bush burning, and petroleum slicks. The risk assessment indicated that most PAHs exceeded the permissible risk quotient values, suggesting a moderate to high ecological risk. However, cutaneous exposure to PAHs and BTEX was found to have minimal impact on human health, with no significant hazards identified in adults and children. Nevertheless, the study revealed low cancer risks associated with PAH and BTEX compounds for both age groups. The continued discharge of PAHs and BTEX compounds into Chanomi Creek could have significant long-term negative effects on human and aquatic health. Thus, contamination risk awareness programs and the development of stringent contextual thresholds for identified contaminants could enhance environmental and public health protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amarachi P Onyena
- Department of Marine Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Lagos, Lagos State, Nigeria.
- Department of Marine Environment and Pollution Control, Faculty of Marine Environmental Management, Nigeria Maritime University, Okerenkoko, Delta State, Nigeria.
| | - Joseph A Nkwoji
- Department of Marine Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Lagos, Lagos State, Nigeria
| | - Lucian O Chukwu
- Department of Marine Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Lagos, Lagos State, Nigeria
| | - Tony R Walker
- School for Resource and Environmental Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Kabari Sam
- Department of Marine Environment and Pollution Control, Faculty of Marine Environmental Management, Nigeria Maritime University, Okerenkoko, Delta State, Nigeria
- School of Environment, Geography and Geoscience, University of Portsmouth, Burnaby Road, Portsmouth, PO1 3QL, UK
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Kang X, Zhao X, Song X. Analysis of a novel strain Brevundimonas KX-1 capable of degrading 3-chlorocarbazole based on the whole genome sequence. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2023; 116:577-593. [PMID: 37186067 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-023-01831-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a strain was isolated from a sewage treatment plant in Jiangsu Province, China. The strain was identified as Brevundimonas sp. KX-1. After 5 days, 50.2% 3-chlorocarbazole (3-CCZ) was degraded under the optimum condition as follows: 1 g/L starch, 30 °C, pH 6.5 and 50 mg/L 3-CCZ. The degradation of 3-CCZ by KX-1 conformed to the first-order kinetic model under different initial concentrations in this experiment. The intermediate product of 3-CCZ degradation was identified as (2E,4Z)-6-(2-amino-5-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxy-6-oxohexa-2,4-dienoic acid. The activities of the meta-cleavage enzymes for biphenyl-2,3-diol (the analogs of intermediate product 2'-amino-5'-chloro-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2,3-diol) were measured with the crude extracts of cells grown in the presence of 3-CCZ. The complete genome of KX-1 was sequenced and compared with the Brevundimonas diminuta BZC3. BZC3 and KX-1 belonged to the same species, displaying the genetic similarity of 99%. But BZC3 could efficiently degrade gentamicin for the potential microbial function analysis. Compared with BZC3, KX-1 possessed the primary function annotations about transportation and metabolism of amino acids (6.65%) and the transportation and metabolism of carbohydrates (5.96%). In addition, KX-1 was rich in sucrose and starch metabolism pathways (ko00500) compared with the genome of BZC3, indicating the high efficiency of KX-1 for starch utilization during degradation. This article reveals the difference between strain KX-1 and bacteria of the same genus in terms of the whole genome sequence, demonstrating that KX-1 is a novel strain Brevundimonas with the ability to degrade 3-CCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Kang
- Textile Pollution Controlling Engineering Center of Ministry of Environmental Protection, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Zhao
- Textile Pollution Controlling Engineering Center of Ministry of Environmental Protection, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.
- , Bldg. 4, 2999 Renmin North Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai, 201620, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xinshan Song
- Textile Pollution Controlling Engineering Center of Ministry of Environmental Protection, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
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Zhang M, Li P, Wang Q, Huang L, Lin K. Production of Polyhalogenated Carbazoles in Marine Red Alga Corallina officinalis: A Possible Natural Source. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:6673-6681. [PMID: 37053377 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) have been increasingly detected in the environment as a result of anthropogenic and natural origin. However, it is unclear how PHCZs are naturally produced. In this study, the formation of PHCZs from bromoperoxidase (BPO)-mediated halogenation of carbazole was investigated. A total of six PHCZs were identified in reactions under different incubation conditions. The presence of Br- significantly influenced the formation of PHCZs. The products were first dominated by 3-bromocarbazole and then 3,6-dibromocarbazole as the reactions proceeded. Both bromo- and chlorocarbazoles were identified in the incubations with trace Br-, suggesting the co-occurrence of BPO-catalyzed bromination and chlorination. However, BPO-catalyzed chlorination of carbazole was much weaker than that of bromination. The formation of PHCZs could be attributable to the halogenation of carbazole by reactive halogen species generated from BPO-catalyzed oxidation of Br- and Cl- by H2O2. The halogenation was found to follow a successive substitution order of C-3, C-6, and C-1 on the carbazole ring, forming 3-, 3,6-, and 1,3,6-isomers. Similar to the incubation experiments, six PHCZs were for the first time detected in red algal samples collected from the South China Sea, China, suggesting the biogenesis of PHCZs in marine red algae. Given the widespread distribution of red algae in the marine environment, BPO-catalyzed halogenation of carbazole may be a natural origin for PHCZs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coast Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Peng Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coast Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Qifang Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coast Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Lingfeng Huang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coast Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Kunde Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coast Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
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Jia Y, Cheng J, Sun H, Wang M, Zhang R, Xue Y, He S, Liu K, Shi L, Lou Y. Sediment-water distribution and potential sources of polyhalogenated carbazoles in a coastal river locating at a north metropolis, China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 189:114790. [PMID: 36905865 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The fate and transformation of PHCZs in the coastal river environment are not yet comprehensively understood. Paired river water and surface sediment were collected, and 12 PHCZs were analyzed to find out their potential sources and investigate the distribution of PHCZs between river water and sediment. The concentration of ∑PHCZs varied from 8.66 to 42.97 ng/g (mean 22.46 ng/g) in sediment and 17.91 to 81.82 ng/L (mean 39.07 ng/L) in river water. 18-B-36-CCZ was the dominant PHCZ congener in sediment, while 36-CCZ was in water. Meanwhile, the logKoc values for CZ and PHCZs were among the first calculated in the estuary and the mean logKoc varied from 4.12 for 1-B-36-CCZ to 5.63 for 3-CCZ. The logKoc values of CCZs were higher than those of BCZs, this may suggest that sediments have a higher capacity for accumulation and storage of CCZs than highly mobile environmental media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Jia
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jin Cheng
- China National Research Institute of Food & Fermentation Industries Co., Ltd, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Hongfei Sun
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Min Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Ruxue Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yunfeng Xue
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Shuyue He
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Kezhong Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lei Shi
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Yinghua Lou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
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11
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Sun Y, Zheng M, Yang L, Jin R, Lin B, Li C, Liu G. Progress of congener specific analysis of polyhalogenated carbazoles in the environment. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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12
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Tang C, Chen G, Liang Y, Liao J, Lin H, Huang C, Zeng Y, Luo X, Peng X, Mai B. Nontarget analysis and comprehensive characterization of halogenated organic pollutants by GC-Q-Orbitrap-HRMS in association with chromatogram segmentation and Cl/Br-specific screening algorithms. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1222:340171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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13
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Sun Y, Yang L, Chen C, Li C, Zheng M, Jin R, Wang W, Yang N, Li Y, Liu G. Method development for determination of polyhalogenated carbazoles in industrial waste through gas chromatography/triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2022; 36:e9324. [PMID: 35560965 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) are dioxin-like compounds that are ubiquitous in the environment. However, their unintentional emissions from industrial sources have received little attention and there is no method available for determination of PHCZs in industrial waste. This research develops a method for determination of PHCZs in industrial waste. METHODS In this research, a glass column packed with activated silica serves as a rapid and efficient clean-up pretreatment for purification. An isotope dilution gas chromatography/triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry method was established for simultaneous determination of eleven PHCZs in industrial samples. RESULTS The regression coefficients of the standard curves for the congeners were all >0.99. The method detection limit ranged from 1.46 to 3.82 ng/mL for liquid samples and from 0.009 to 0.021 ng/g for solid samples. The precision described by the relative standard deviation ranged from 2.4% to 18.4% for liquid samples and from 5.5% to 35.8% for solid samples. The recovery ranges for the liquid and solid samples were 82%-123% and 83%-137%, respectively. 3-Chlorocarbazole (3-CCZ) and 36-dichlorocarbazole (36-CCZ) can be detected in both chemical bottom liquid from vinyl chloride production and fly ash from medical waste incineration by this method. CONCLUSIONS An efficient method is established for determination of PHCZs from industrial waste. The discovery of 3-CCZ and 36-CCZ highlights the importance of identification of potential industrial sources of PHCZs and clarification of their contribution to environmental risks. Our method could be applied to investigate industrial emission of PHCZs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Sun
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Changzhi Chen
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Jin
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenwen Wang
- Agilent Technologies (China) Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Nan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Reuse for Building Materials, Beijing Building Materials Academy of Science Research, Beijing, China
| | - Yinming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Reuse for Building Materials, Beijing Building Materials Academy of Science Research, Beijing, China
| | - Guorui Liu
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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14
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Qiao L, Gao L, Liu Y, Huang D, Li D, Zheng M. Recognition and Health Impacts of Organic Pollutants with Significantly Different Proportions in the Gas Phase and Size-Fractionated Particulate Phase in Ambient Air. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:7153-7162. [PMID: 35574833 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The distributions of organic pollutants in the gas phase and size-fractionated particle phases can largely affect human health risks posed by them. Gas-particle partitioning and particle-size distributions of some known pollutants have been investigated. However, the pollutants which are more likely to enter the human body and cause strong adverse effects may be neglected. In this study, a nontargeted screening approach combining comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry and chemometrics was developed. Eighty-eight compounds with markedly different proportions in the gas phase and PM1, as well as 50 contaminants with significant differences in PM1 and particles with diameters of 1-2.5 μm, were identified. Of these compounds, 18 were found in the air for the first time. There were obvious discrepancies between the measured and predicted gas-particle partitioning coefficients for some pollutants, suggesting unexpected environmental fates and health risks. The human daily intakes through inhalation and dermal exposure to these pollutants were estimated with the International Commission on Radiological Protection deposition model and transdermal permeability model. A risk-based prioritization was performed. The results indicated that adverse effects posed by 9H-fluoren-9-one, 2-ethylhexyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate, p-cumenol, 2,4-diisocyanato-1-methyl-benzene, bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, perylene, (E)-cinnamaldehyde, 4-methyl-2-nitro-phenol, benzoic acid, and bis(2-methylpropyl) ester hexanedioic acid in ambient air may be more severe than those posed by conventionally monitored pollutants. The findings would facilitate raising concerns about these pollutants before they cause further severe and widespread impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Lirong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 330106, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Di Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Da Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 330106, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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15
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Qiao L, Gao L, Huang D, Liu Y, Xu C, Li D, Zheng M. Screening of ToxCast Chemicals Responsible for Human Adverse Outcomes with Exposure to Ambient Air. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:7288-7297. [PMID: 35318849 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c06890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution poses a major threat to global public health. Although there have been a few investigations into the relationships between organic pollutants and adverse outcomes, the responsible components and molecular mechanisms may be ignored. In this study, a suspect screening method combining comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC-TOF MS) with the Toxicity Forecaster (ToxCast) database was applied to analyze complex hydrophobic compounds in ambient air and prospectively figure out toxicologically significant compounds. Seventy-six ToxCast compounds were screened, including seven pollutants receiving less attention and five chemicals never published in the air previously. Given the concentrations, bioactivities, as well as absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion properties in vivo, 29 contaminants were assigned high priority since they had active biological effects in the vascular, lung, liver, kidney, prostate, and bone tissues. Phenotypic linkages of key pollutants to potential mechanistic pathways were explored by systems toxicology. A total of 267 chemical-effect pathways involving 29 toxicants and 31 molecular targets were mapped in bipartite network, in which 12 key pathogenic pathways were clarified, which not only provided evidence supporting the previous hypothesis but also provided new insights into the molecular targets. The results would facilitate the development of pollutant priority control, population intervention, and clinical therapeutic strategies so as to substantially reduce human health hazards induced by urban air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Lirong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 330106, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Di Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Da Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 330106, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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16
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Huang S, Sheng S, Bei M, Zhao Y, Chen R. Isolation and identification of 1,3,6,8-tetrabromocarbazole - degrading bacteria. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2022; 57:487-493. [PMID: 35615782 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2022.2079339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated carbazoles are a new class of persistent organic pollutants with dioxin-like toxicity, and this study focused on the microbial degradation of 1,3,6,8-tetrabromocarbazole. In this study, a novel 1,3,6,8-tetrabromocarbazole (1,3,6,8-TBCZ) degrading strain TB-1 was isolated from contaminated soil and identified as Achromobacter sp. based on its 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics. The soil sample was collected from a pharmaceutical factory in Suzhou, China. The strain was able to effectively degrade 1 mg L-1 1,3,6,8-TBCZ in 7 d at pH 7.0 and 30 °C with 80% degradation rate. During the process, the intermediate metabolites were identified as Tribromocarbazole, dibromocarbazole and bromocarbazole via gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results indicated that strain TB-1 may contribute to the bioremediation of polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCs) in contaminated environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaorong Huang
- Yuyao Environmental Protection Monitoring Station, Yuyao, People's Republic of China
| | - Suiqiong Sheng
- Zhejiang Environmental Technology Co., Ltd Ningbo Branch, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
| | - Meixian Bei
- Yuyao Branch of Ningbo Ecological Environment Bureau, Yuyao, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangyong Zhao
- Zhejiang Easytest Environmental Technology Co., Ltd, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruihong Chen
- School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, People's Republic of China
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17
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High-performance nontarget analysis of halogenated organic compounds in tap water, fly ash, soil and sediment using ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry and scripting approaches based on Cl/Br-specific search algorithms. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1204:339618. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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18
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Simonnet-Laprade C, Bayen S, McGoldrick D, McDaniel T, Hutinet S, Marchand P, Vénisseau A, Cariou R, Le Bizec B, Dervilly G. Evidence of complementarity between targeted and non-targeted analysis based on liquid and gas-phase chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry for screening halogenated persistent organic pollutants in environmental matrices. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 293:133615. [PMID: 35038446 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This study explored the complementarity between targeted (TS) and non-targeted screening (NTS) based on liquid and gas-phase chromatography coupled to (high-resolution) mass spectrometry (LC-/GC-(HR)MS) for the comprehensive characterization of organohalogen fingerprints within a set of Lake Ontario lake trout samples. The concentrations of 86 legacy, emerging and novel halogenated compounds (HCs), were determined through 4 TS approaches involving no less than 6 hyphenated systems. In parallel, an innovative NTS strategy, involving both LC and GC-Q-Orbitrap, was implemented to specifically highlight halogenated signals. Non-targeted HRMS data were processed under the HaloSeeker software based on Cl and Br isotopic ratio and mass defect to extend the screening to unsuspected and unknown HCs. A total of 195 halogenated mass spectral features were characterized in the Lake Ontario lake trout, including well known HCs (PCBs, PBDEs, PBBs, DDT and their degradation products), emerging HCs (novel brominated flame retardants, short-, medium- and long-chain chlorinated paraffins) or suggested molecular formula (mainly polychlorinated ones). Among the 122 HCs highlighted by TS, only 21 were identified by NTS. These results fueled a discussion on the potential and limitations of both approaches, and the current position of NTS within environmental and health monitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S Bayen
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - D McGoldrick
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - T McDaniel
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - S Hutinet
- Oniris, INRAE, LABERCA, 44307, Nantes, France
| | - P Marchand
- Oniris, INRAE, LABERCA, 44307, Nantes, France
| | - A Vénisseau
- Oniris, INRAE, LABERCA, 44307, Nantes, France
| | - R Cariou
- Oniris, INRAE, LABERCA, 44307, Nantes, France
| | - B Le Bizec
- Oniris, INRAE, LABERCA, 44307, Nantes, France
| | - G Dervilly
- Oniris, INRAE, LABERCA, 44307, Nantes, France.
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19
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Shi B, Cheng C, Zhang Y, Du Z, Zhu L, Wang J, Wang J, Li B. Effects of 3,6-dichlorocarbazole on microbial ecology and its degradation in soil. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127315. [PMID: 34601412 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The emerging contaminants polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) have been verified to be present in soils and sediments globally, and they show dioxin-like toxicity. However, there is a lack of soil ecological risk assessments on PHCZs despite their high detection rate and concentration in soils. The present study investigated the degradation and soil microbial influence of 3,6-dichlorocarbazole (3,6-DCCZ, a frequently detected PHCZ) in soil. The results showed that the half-lives of 3,6-DCCZ at concentrations of 0.100 mg/kg and 1.00 mg/kg were 7.75 d and 16.73 d, respectively. We found that 3,6-DCCZ was transformed into 3-chlorocarbazole (3-CCZ) by dehalogenation in soil. Additionally, intermediate products with higher molecular weights were detected, presumably because the -H on the carbazole ring was replaced by -CH3, -CH2-O-CH3, or -CH2-O-CH2CH3. 3,6-DCCZ exposure slightly increased the soil bacterial abundance and diversity and clearly changed the soil bacterial community structure. Through a comprehensive analysis of FAPROTAX, functional gene qPCR and soil enzyme tests, we concluded that 3,6-DCCZ exposure inhibited nitrification and nitrogen fixation but promoted denitrification, carbon dioxide fixation and hydrocarbon degradation processes in soil. This study provides valuable data for clarifying the PHCZ ecological risk in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baihui Shi
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, 61 Daizong Road, Taian 271018, PR China.
| | - Chao Cheng
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, 61 Daizong Road, Taian 271018, PR China.
| | - Yuanqing Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, 61 Daizong Road, Taian 271018, PR China.
| | - Zhongkun Du
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, 61 Daizong Road, Taian 271018, PR China.
| | - Lusheng Zhu
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, 61 Daizong Road, Taian 271018, PR China.
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, 61 Daizong Road, Taian 271018, PR China.
| | - Jinhua Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, 61 Daizong Road, Taian 271018, PR China.
| | - Bing Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, 61 Daizong Road, Taian 271018, PR China.
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20
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Chang D, Richardot WH, Miller EL, Dodder NG, Sedlak MD, Hoh E, Sutton R. Framework for nontargeted investigation of contaminants released by wildfires into stormwater runoff: Case study in the northern San Francisco Bay area. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2021; 17:1179-1193. [PMID: 34009690 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Wildfires can be extremely destructive to communities and ecosystems. However, the full scope of the ecological damage is often hard to assess, in part due to limited information on the types of chemicals introduced to affected landscapes and waterways. The objective of this study was to establish a sampling, analytical, and interpretive framework to effectively identify and monitor contaminants of emerging concern in environmental water samples impacted by wildfire runoff. A nontargeted analysis consisting of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC/TOF-MS) was conducted on stormwater samples from watersheds in the City of Santa Rosa and Sonoma and Napa Counties, USA, after the three most destructive fires during the October 2017 Northern California firestorm. Chemicals potentially related to wildfires were selected from the thousands of chromatographic features detected through a screening method that compared samples from fire-impacted sites versus unburned reference sites. This screening led to high confidence identifications of 76 potentially fire-related compounds. Authentic standards were available for 48 of these analytes, and 46 were confirmed by matching mass spectra and GC × GC retention times. Of these 46 compounds, 37 had known commercial and industrial uses as intermediates or ingredients in plastics, personal care products, pesticides, and as food additives. Nine compounds had no known uses or sources and may be oxidation products resulting from burning of natural or anthropogenic materials. Preliminary examination of potential toxicity associated with the 46 compounds, conducted via online databases and literature review, indicated limited data availability. Regional comparison suggested that more structural damage may yield a greater number of unique, potentially wildfire-related compounds. We recommend further study of post-wildfire runoff using the framework described here, which includes hypothesis-driven site selection and nontargeted analysis, to uncover potentially significant stormwater contaminants not routinely monitored after wildfires and inform risk assessment. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021;17:1179-1193. © 2021 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Chang
- San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - Ezra L Miller
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, Richmond, California, USA
| | - Nathan G Dodder
- San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, California, USA
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - Eunha Hoh
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Rebecca Sutton
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, Richmond, California, USA
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21
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Tang C, Tan J, Tang C, Liu D, Zhang P, Peng X. Are chlorine isotopologues of polychlorinated organic pollutants binomially distributed? Theoretical evaluation, numerical simulation, experimental evidences and implications for chlorine isotope analysis and source identification. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 282:131099. [PMID: 34119735 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Relative abundances of chlorine isotopologues of polychlorinated organic compounds (POCs) are commonly recognized to comply with binomial distribution. This study investigated whether chlorine isotopologue distributions of polychlorinated organic pollutants are binomial and evaluated implications of the distributions to relevant analytical and environmental research by theoretical derivation, numerical simulation and experiment. Chlorine kinetic isotope effects and equilibrium isotope effects vary in stepwise chlorination reactions, leading to inconsistent chlorine isotope ratios on different reaction positions of products, which results in non-binomial chlorine isotopologue distributions of the products. After physical changes and dechlorination, chlorine isotopologues of POCs are unlikely binomially distributed. The experimental results demonstrated that the chlorine isotopologue distributions of perchloroethylene, trichloroethylene, methyl-triclosan, and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran in standards and four polychlorinated biphenyls in both standard solutions and sediments were non-binomial. The patterns of chlorine isotope ratios derived from pairs of neighboring chlorine isotopologues of POCs from different sources were different, implying different isotopologue distributions, which might cause biases in compound-specific isotope analysis of chlorine (CSIA-Cl) and source identification. A complete-isotopologue scheme for isotope ratio calculation is recommended to CSIA-Cl for obtaining accurate data. Gas chromatography-double focusing magnetic-sector high resolution mass spectrometry is a promising instrument for CSIA-Cl that uses the complete-isotopologue scheme due to its excellent sensitivity, selectivity and ruggedness. This study yields new insights into chlorine isotopologue distributions of polychlorinated organic pollutants and proposes practicable solutions to improve CSIA-Cl that uses gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and facilitate source identification of polychlorinated organic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiming Tang
- Laboratory of Advanced Analytical Chemistry and Detection Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Jianhua Tan
- Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute, Guangzhou, 510110, China
| | - Caixing Tang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Lingnan Hospital, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Deyun Liu
- Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute, Guangzhou, 510110, China
| | - Peilin Zhang
- Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute, Guangzhou, 510110, China
| | - Xianzhi Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
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22
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Hu H, Zhao M, Jin H. Determination of polyhalogenated carbazoles in waters at low nanogram-per-liter concentrations with solid-phase disk extraction. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:3840-3848. [PMID: 34375032 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles, a class of emerging contaminants with persistence and dioxin-like toxicity, have received increasing attention in recent years. In this study, a simple, rapid, sensitive, and high throughput method based on solid-phase disk extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was described for the determination of polyhalogenated carbazoles in low nanogram-per-liter range in water samples. The proposed solid-phase disk extraction method was initially optimized, and the optimum experimental conditions found were 1 L water sample (pH 6-9) extracted and enriched by Empore 3-stn octadecyl disk at flow rate of 5 to 50 mL/min and eluted by 5 mL of acetone and 3 × 10 mL methylene dichloride. The linearity of the method ranged from 0.2 to 50 ng/L for carbazole and 11 polyhalogenated carbazoles, with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.9951 to 0.9996. The limits of detection were in the low nanogram per liter level, ranging from 0.018 to 0.12 ng/L. Finally, the optimized method was applied for determining trace levels of carbazole and 11 polyhalogenated carbazoles in tap water and seawater samples with good recovery of 86.6-112.8%. Carbazole and 3-7 polyhalogenated carbazoles were detected, and 3,6-dichlorocarbazole was the predominant congener both in tap water and seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fisheries Resources of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Meirong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Hangbiao Jin
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
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23
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Hashimoto S, Matsukami H, Ieda T, Suzuki G. Comprehensive screening of polybromochlorodibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans as mixed halogenated compounds in wastewater samples from industrial facilities by GC×GC/ToFMS and post-data processing. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 276:130085. [PMID: 33690031 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
An enormous number of pollutants must be investigated to be able to understand which types threaten human health and environmental biota. In this study, we propose a workflow for screening polybromochlorodibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBCDD/Fs), which are compounds that have thousands of isomers and congeners, by combining measurement of a sample without any in-laboratory-cleanup with the results of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry and post-data processing. This process can be regarded as "in silico sample cleanup." The post-data processing stage comprises two methods in which the extracted mass spectra are matched to exact mass and isotopic ratios specified as formulae and filtering via mass deficiency. We applied this workflow to wastewater samples from industrial facilities to identify mixtures of halogenated dioxins. As a result, it was estimated that dioxins in an absolute quantity of 10-500 pg could be detected with sufficient accuracy by recovery testing of a standard mixture against sample crude extracts. Tri- to octa-halogenated dioxins were detected in 8 of 13 samples. Leachate from an industrial landfill was found to contain relatively large numbers of PBCDD/Fs, and several congeners were found in wastewater from an industrial fabric facility that handles decabromodiphenyl ether. The workflow, including the post-data processing method developed and applied in this study, has the advantage that additional identifications can be performed at any time from a single set of measurement data. This also enables the screening of substances that have thousands of homologous isomers, such as chlorinated and brominated dioxins, as well as other non-halogenated compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunji Hashimoto
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Onogawa 16-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan.
| | - Hidenori Matsukami
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Onogawa 16-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Teruyo Ieda
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Onogawa 16-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Go Suzuki
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Onogawa 16-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
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24
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Tue NM, Goto A, Fumoto M, Nakatsu S, Tanabe S, Kunisue T. Nontarget Screening of Organohalogen Compounds in the Liver of Wild Birds from Osaka, Japan: Specific Accumulation of Highly Chlorinated POP Homologues in Raptors. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:8691-8699. [PMID: 34100289 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nontarget screening studies have recently revealed the accumulation of typically unmonitored organohalogen compounds (OHCs) in various marine animals, but information for terrestrial food chains is still lacking. This study investigated the accumulation profiles of known and unknown OHCs in the liver of representative wild bird specimens from Osaka, Japan using nontarget analysis based on two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. A large number of unmonitored OHCs were identified, including anthropogenic contaminants and marine halogenated natural products (HNPs), and their accumulation profiles were considered to be influenced by terrestrial and brackish water-based diets. Anthropogenic OHCs were highly accumulated in terrestrial predator species (peregrine falcon, hawks, and black kite), and some unmonitored highly chlorinated contaminants reached the levels of microgram per gram lipid in the liver, i.e., C10-/C15-based chlordane related compounds (CHLs) and their epoxides, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) homologues, and polychlorinated terphenyls (PCTs). In contrast, HNPs were accumulated at higher levels in piscivorous birds (gray heron and common cormorant). Considering the enrichment of the unmonitored C10-/C15-based CHLs, PCTs, and DDE homologues relative to structurally similar persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in high trophic-level species such as raptors, further studies are needed to elucidate their environmental levels, behavior in terrestrial food chains, and ecotoxicological impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Minh Tue
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Akitoshi Goto
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Fumoto
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Susumu Nakatsu
- Nakatsu Veterinary Surgery, 2-2-15 Shorinjichonishi, Sakai 590-0960, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Tanabe
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kunisue
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
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25
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Abstract
Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC×GC-MS) is a powerful tool for the analysis of complex mixtures, and it is ideally suited to discovery studies where the entire sample is potentially of interest. Unfortunately, when unit mass resolution mass spectrometers are used, many detected compounds have spectra that do not match well with libraries. This could be due to the compound not being in the library, or the compound having a weak/nonexistent molecular ion cluster. While high-speed, high-resolution mass spectrometers, or ion sources with softer ionization than 70 eV electron impact (EI) may help with some of this, many GC×GC systems presently in use employ low-resolution mass spectrometers and 70 eV EI ionization. Scripting tools that apply filters to GC×GC-TOFMS data based on logical operations applied to spectral and/or retention data have been used previously for environmental and petroleum samples. This approach rapidly filters GC×GC-TOFMS peak tables (or raw data) and is available in software from multiple vendors. In this work, we present a series of scripts that have been developed to rapidly classify major groups of compounds that are of relevance to metabolomics studies including: fatty acid methyl esters, free fatty acids, aldehydes, alcohols, ketones, amino acids, and carbohydrates.
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26
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Schreckenbach SA, Anderson JSM, Koopman J, Grimme S, Simpson MJ, Jobst KJ. Predicting the Mass Spectra of Environmental Pollutants Using Computational Chemistry: A Case Study and Critical Evaluation. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:1508-1518. [PMID: 33982573 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Organic pollutants can be identified by comparing their electron ionization (EI) mass spectra with those in libraries or obtained from authentic standards. Nevertheless, libraries are incomplete; standards may be unavailable or too costly, or their synthesis may be too time-consuming. This study evaluates the performance of quantum chemical electron ionization mass spectrometry (QCEIMS) vis-à-vis competitive fragmentation modeling (CFM) for suspect screening and unknown identification. EI mass spectra of 35 compounds, including halogenated organics, organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs), and disinfection byproducts were computed. Computational results were compared with EI mass spectra compiled in the NIST Library as well as collision-induced dissociation (CID) mass spectra obtained from radical cations M•+ generated by charge-exchange atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI). The results indicate that QCEIMS performs equivalently or better than CFM. Average match factors between computed and experimental (NIST) EI mass spectra were 656 vs 503 for the halogenated organics, and on average, QCEIMS predicted 55% of the products generated by CID vs 17% predicted by CFM. QCEIMS predicted 37% of the OPFR CID products whereas CFM predicted 29%. QCEIMS performed comparably to a commercial combinatorial fragmentation method for suspect screening of a dust sample, identifying 19/20 targets. Examples of unknown pollutants, whose reference spectra were unavailable at the time of discovery, are also presented. The computational results suggest that QCEIMS can help guide the analyst in obtaining authentic standards and raise the possibility that, with advances in computing, an unknown may eventually be confirmed in hours as opposed to the days or months required to obtain authentic standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia A Schreckenbach
- Departments of Chemistry and Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - James S M Anderson
- Institute of Chemistry, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Jeroen Koopman
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Myrna J Simpson
- Departments of Chemistry and Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Karl J Jobst
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador A1B 3X7, Canada
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27
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González-Gaya B, Lopez-Herguedas N, Bilbao D, Mijangos L, Iker AM, Etxebarria N, Irazola M, Prieto A, Olivares M, Zuloaga O. Suspect and non-target screening: the last frontier in environmental analysis. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:1876-1904. [PMID: 33913946 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay00111f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Suspect and non-target screening (SNTS) techniques are arising as new analytical strategies useful to disentangle the environmental occurrence of the thousands of exogenous chemicals present in our ecosystems. The unbiased discovery of the wide number of substances present over environmental analysis needs to find a consensus with powerful technical and computational requirements, as well as with the time-consuming unequivocal identification of discovered analytes. Within these boundaries, the potential applications of SNTS include the studies of environmental pollution in aquatic, atmospheric, solid and biological samples, the assessment of new compounds, transformation products and metabolites, contaminant prioritization, bioremediation or soil/water treatment evaluation, and retrospective data analysis, among many others. In this review, we evaluate the state of the art of SNTS techniques going over the normalized workflow from sampling and sample treatment to instrumental analysis, data processing and a brief review of the more recent applications of SNTS in environmental occurrence and exposure to xenobiotics. The main issues related to harmonization and knowledge gaps are critically evaluated and the challenges of their implementation are assessed in order to ensure a proper use of these promising techniques in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- B González-Gaya
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Basque Country, Spain.
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28
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Jin H, Zhao N, Hu H, Liu W, Zhao M. Occurrence and partitioning of polyhalogenated carbazoles in seawater and sediment from East China Sea. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 190:116717. [PMID: 33333435 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) have received great concern due to their environmental persistence and potential dioxin-like toxicities. Their presence in the marine sediment had been well characterized, but limited studies had investigated their environmental behaviors in the marine environment. In this study, we collected paired seawater (n = 48) and surface sediment samples (n = 48) from East China Sea and analyzed for carbazole (CZ) and 11 PHCZs to investigate the occurrence and spatial distribution of CZ and PHCZs in seawater and sediment, as well as to explore the partitioning behaviors of CZ and PHCZs between seawater and sediment. In seawater samples, CZ and nine PHCZs were detected, with the concentrations of ∑PHCZs ranging from 0.21 to 11 ng/L (mean 2.7 ng/L). CZ (94%), 3-CCZ (89%), 1368-CCZ (65%), and 36-CCZ (57%) had relatively higher detection frequencies. Among PHCZs, 36-CCZ (mean 1.1 ng/L) had the highest mean seawater concentration, followed by 3-CCZ (0.51 ng/L) and 1368-CCZ (0.19 ng/L). In sediment, CZ and 11 PHCZs were detected, with the concentrations of ∑PHCZs ranged from 0.34 to 2.0 ng/g (mean 1.0 ng/g). CZ, 3-CCZ, 3-BCZ, 36-CCZ, 27-BCZ, and 36-BCZ were measurable in all sediment samples, and 36-CCZ was the predominant PHCZ (0.47 ng/g, 0.025-1.1 ng/g), followed by 1368-BCZ (0.16 ng/g, <LOD-0.29 ng/g) and 3-BCZ (0.11 ng/g, 0.016-0.33 ng/g). This study first calculated the field-based log Koc values for CZ and PHCZs in marine environment. CZ (mean 2.8, range 1.4-3.6) had the highest log Koc value, followed by 36-CCZ (2.7, 1.7-3.8), 1-B-36-CCZ (2.7, 2.3-3.1), and 36-BCZ (2.5, 2.2-2.9). The results of study may contribute to the better understanding of the environmental occurrence and behaviors of these chemicals in the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangbiao Jin
- College of Environment, Research Centre of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China
| | - Nan Zhao
- College of Environment, Research Centre of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China
| | - Hongmei Hu
- College of Environment, Research Centre of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fisheries Resources of Zhejiang Province, Marine Fishery Institute of Zhejiang Province, Zhoushan 316021, PR China
| | - Weiping Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institution of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Meirong Zhao
- College of Environment, Research Centre of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China.
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29
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Zhou W, Chen W, Li P, Gu Z, Peng J, Lin K. Occurrence and distribution of polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCs) in sediments from the northern South China Sea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 753:142072. [PMID: 32891987 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCs) have been frequently detected in various environments and have gained increasing attention due to their dioxin-like toxicity. In this study, 28 surface sediments and three sediment cores were collected from the northern South China Sea (SCS) to investigate the spatial and temporal distribution trends of PHCs. The total concentrations of PHCs in the surface sediments ranged from 0.25 ng/g to 3.10 ng/g, with a median concentration of 1.50 ng/g. The composition profiles of PHCs in the surface sediments were dominated by 3,6-dichlorocarbazole (36-CCZ), 3,6-dibromocarbazole (36-BCZ), and 1,3,6,8-tetrabromocarbazole (1368-BCZ). The total organic carbon (TOC) based concentrations of 36-CCZ, 1-bromo-3,6-dichlorocarbazole, 1,3,6,8-tetrachlorocarbazole, and 1368-BCZ showed significant positive correlation with water depth (r = 0.58-0.88, p values < 0.01). On the contrary, the TOC based concentration of 2,3,6,7-tetrachlorocarbazole displayed a significant negative correlation with the water depth (r = -0.52, p < 0.01). However, no significant correlation was observed for 3-chlorocarbazole, 36-BCZ, and 1,3,6-tribromocarbazole (p values > 0.05). PHCs in sediment cores showed that congener profiles and concentrations of PHCs remained largely stable throughout the 1890s and 2010s. In addition, all the detected PHCs displayed a significant positive correlation with TOC content of the sediments. These unique spatial and temporal distribution patterns suggest that both terrigenous and natural marine sources contributed the observed PHCs in sediments of the northern SCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiu Zhou
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Weifang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Peng Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Zhaoyang Gu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Jinghe Peng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Kunde Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
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30
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Ji C, Chen D, Zhao M. Environmental behavior and safety of polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs): A review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 268:115717. [PMID: 33120342 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) are well-known as emergent environmental contaminants. Given their wide distribution in the environment and structural similarity with dioxins and dioxin-like chemicals (DLCs), the environmental behavior and ecological risks of these chemicals have become the major issue concerned by the governments and scientists. Since the initial report of PHCZ residues in the environment in the 1980s, over 20 PHCZ congeners with different residual levels had been identified in various environmental media all over the world. Nevertheless, researches concerning the toxicological effects of PHCZs are of an urgent need for the relatively lagging study of their ecological risks. Currently, only limited evidence has indicated that PHCZs would pose dioxin-like toxicity, including developmental toxicity, cardiotoxicity, etc; and their toxicological effects were partially consistent with AhR activation. And yet, much remains to be done to fill in the knowledge gaps of their toxicological effects. In this review, the research progresses in environmental behavior and toxicology study of PHCZs were remarked; and the lack of current research, as well as future research prospects, were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Ji
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Da Chen
- School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Meirong Zhao
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China.
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31
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Wang G, Jiang T, Li S, Hou H, Xiao K, Hu J, Liang S, Liu B, Yang J. Occurrence and exposure risk evaluation of polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) in drinking water. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 750:141615. [PMID: 32858294 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Although polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) can be generated and detected in drinking water, their occurrence and potential health risks to humans via drinking water ingestion are not well known. In this study, 11 PHCZs were screened in drinking water samples from Wuhan, the most populous city in central China. The total concentration of PHCZs could be up to 53.48 ng/L with a median level of 8.19 ng/L, which was comparable to polychlorinated biphenyls and poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances reported in the literatures for drinking water. Composition profiles revealed that 3,6-dichlorocarbazole, 3-chlorocarbazole, 3-bromocarbazole and 3,6-dibromocarbazole were the predominant PHCZ congeners in the tested samples. Regional differences in the levels and patterns of PHCZs suggested that anthropogenic releases should be the dominant source compared to natural generation. Boiling of the water samples caused no significant change in PHCZs concentrations after correcting the volume change due to evaporation. Potential health risks associated to the levels of PHCZs in drinking water were assessed using the toxic equivalent (TEQs) method. The estimated daily intake of PHCZs via drinking water ingestion is up to 0.38 pg-TEQ/kg body weight/day for infants, nearly 4.5 times higher than that for adults, and appears to reach the maximum permissible concentration set by certain authority agencies. Overall, drinking water ingestion represents an important exposure pathway for PHCZs. This is the first comprehensive study on the abundance and health risks of PHCZs in drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guowei Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Timing Jiang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Sen Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan 430074, PR China; Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Huijie Hou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Keke Xiao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Jingping Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Sha Liang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Bingchuan Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Jiakuan Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan 430074, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, PR China.
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32
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Renaguli A, Fernando S, Hopke PK, Holsen TM, Crimmins BS. Nontargeted Screening of Halogenated Organic Compounds in Fish Fillet Tissues from the Great Lakes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:15035-15045. [PMID: 33167618 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c05078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fish have been used for decades as bioindicators for assessing toxic contaminants in the Great Lakes ecosystem. Routine environmental monitoring programs target predetermined compounds that do not reflect the complete exposure of chemicals to biota and do not provide the complete halogenated fingerprint of the biota. In the current work, a nontargeted screening method was developed using a two-dimensional gas chromatograph coupled to a high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometer and was applied to 149 edible fish fillets from different species in the Great Lakes to characterize a more robust set of halogenated organic compounds across species and among lakes. Lake Ontario had the largest number of novel halogenated organic compounds (NHOCs). Seven NHOCs were observed in species from all lakes, indicating that this regional signature was not species-dependent. Hierarchical cluster analysis showed identical NHOC profiles between bottom dwelling and pelagic species. The NHOCs were grouped into seven clusters with similar structures and potentially similar environmental behaviors. Seven of the 29 NHOCs likely containing methoxy or ethoxy groups on a benzene or benzene-methanol backbone were clustered into one group with similar retention times. Five NHOCs were clustered with legacy contaminants that likely have similar structures or are their degradation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikebaier Renaguli
- Institute for a Sustainable Environment, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
| | - Sujan Fernando
- Center for Air and Aquatic Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Center for Air and Aquatic Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
| | - Thomas M Holsen
- Center for Air and Aquatic Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
| | - Bernard S Crimmins
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
- AEACS, LLC, New Kensington, Pennsylvania 15068, United States
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Zhang X, Saini A, Hao C, Harner T. Passive air sampling and nontargeted analysis for screening POP-like chemicals in the atmosphere: Opportunities and challenges. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Zhang X, Robson M, Jobst K, Pena-Abaurrea M, Muscalu A, Chaudhuri S, Marvin C, Brindle ID, Reiner EJ, Helm P. Halogenated organic contaminants of concern in urban-influenced waters of Lake Ontario, Canada: Passive sampling with targeted and non-targeted screening. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 264:114733. [PMID: 32417577 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Passive samplers are useful tools for monitoring hydrophobic, persistent, and potentially bioaccumulative contaminants in the environment. In this study, low density polyethylene passive samplers were deployed in urban-influenced and background nearshore freshwaters of northwestern Lake Ontario and analyzed for a broad range of both legacy halogenated organic contaminants (HOCs) and halogenated flame retardants (HFRs). Non-targeted analysis was conducted for screening additional halogenated substances. For most compounds, concentrations were greatest in the industrialized Hamilton Harbour and more generally at sites that have stronger influences of wastewater effluent discharges and stormwater run-off through rivers and creeks. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) remain the dominant class of HOCs in water, with dissolved-phase concentrations ranging from 10 to 4100 pg/L (ΣPCBs), followed by polybrominated diphenylethers (ΣPBDEs; 14-960 pg/L) and the organochlorine pesticides (OCPs; 22-290 pg/L). Several non-PBDE brominated flame retardants (nBFRs) and chlorinated Dechlorane-related compounds were detected, with hexabromocyclododecanes (ΣHBCDD; sum of 3 diastereoisomers) the most abundant (1.0-21 pg/L). Non-targeted screening of samples by high resolution mass spectrometry using Kendrick mass defect plots for data analysis indicated that several other halogenated compounds were present in waters at relatively high abundances compared to the flame retardants, based on semi-quantitative estimates. These included methyl-triclosan, four halogenated anisoles (2,4,6-tribromoanisole, dimethyl-trichloroanisole, pentachloroanisole, and pentachlorothioanisole), and pentachloro-aniline. Dissolved-phase methyl-triclosan was estimated to contribute up to approximately 40% of the summed target HOC concentrations. Polyethylene passive samplers provided an excellent medium for both non-targeted screening of HOCs not currently included in monitoring programs and tracking brominated and chlorinated chemicals slated for reductions in uses and emissions through international (Stockholm Convention) and binational (Great Lakes) agreements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianming Zhang
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservations and Parks, Toronto, Ontario, M9P 3V6, Canada.
| | - Matthew Robson
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservations and Parks, Toronto, Ontario, M9P 3V6, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Karl Jobst
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservations and Parks, Toronto, Ontario, M9P 3V6, Canada
| | - Miren Pena-Abaurrea
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservations and Parks, Toronto, Ontario, M9P 3V6, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Alina Muscalu
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservations and Parks, Toronto, Ontario, M9P 3V6, Canada
| | - Sri Chaudhuri
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservations and Parks, Toronto, Ontario, M9P 3V6, Canada
| | - Chris Marvin
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario, L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Ian D Brindle
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Eric J Reiner
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservations and Parks, Toronto, Ontario, M9P 3V6, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Paul Helm
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservations and Parks, Toronto, Ontario, M9P 3V6, Canada; School for the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E8, Canada
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Tang J, Ma S, Liu R, Yue C, Li G, Yu Y, Yang Y, An T. The pollution profiles and human exposure risks of chlorinated and brominated PAHs in indoor dusts from e-waste dismantling workshops: Comparison of GC-MS, GC-MS/MS and GC × GC-MS/MS determination methods. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 394:122573. [PMID: 32278123 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The toxicities of some chlorinated and brominated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (X-PAHs) are higher than their corresponding parent PAHs. However, the identification and quantitation of X-PAHs in environment are still changeable and limitedly reported. To develop a robust method for routine analysis of X-PAHs in environmental samples, the determination of 34 X-PAHs was performed and compared using different instruments, including gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) in both electron ionization (EI) and negative chemical ionization (NCI) modes, and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatograph-tandem mass spectrometer (GC × GC-MS/MS). GC-EI-MS/MS possessed the highest sensitivity with method detection limits of 2.00-40.0 and 2.00-20.0 pg/g dry weight (dw) for Cl-PAHs and Br-PAHs, respectively. This validated method was then applied to analyze X-PAHs in indoor dusts from a typical e-waste dismantling workshop, and the concentrations of Σ18Br-PAHs (8.80-399 ng/g dw) were higher than Σ16Cl-PAHs (7.91-137 ng/g dw). The toxicity equivalency quantities (TEQs) of Cl-PAHs at e-waste dismantling workshop and Br-PAHs at raw materials crushing workshop showed the highest values of 176 and 453 pg·TEQ/g, respectively. Cl-PAHs and Br-PAHs posed a potential health risk to workers through dust ingestion in workshops. Further attention should be payed to the formation mechanism of X-PAHs and the health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Tang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shengtao Ma
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou, 515100, China
| | - Ranran Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Congcong Yue
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Guiying Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou, 515100, China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou, 515100, China
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Yue S, Zhang T, Shen Q, Song Q, Ji C, Chen Y, Mao M, Kong Y, Chen D, Liu J, Sun Z, Zhao M. Assessment of endocrine-disrupting effects of emerging polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs): In vitro, in silico, and in vivo evidence. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 140:105729. [PMID: 32344252 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) are an emerging class of persistent, bioaccumulative compounds that are structurally and chemically related to dioxins. They have been detected widely in sediment, river, and soil samples, but their environmental risks are largely unknown. Therefore, seven common PHCZs were tested for their endocrine disrupting potential in silico, in vitro, and in vivo. A dual-luciferase reporter gene assay was used to detect receptor-mediated (agonist or antagonistic) activity (concentration range: 10-9-10-5 M) against the estrogen receptor α (ERα), glucocorticoid receptor α (GRα), and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR). The alterations in the steroidogenesis pathway were investigated in H295R cells. Antagonistic effects against GRα were observed with five PHCZs, along with an increase in the cortisol levels of H295R cells. The most common effect observed was that of the agonistic activity of ERα, with the molecular docking analysis further indicating that hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions may stabilize the interaction between PHCZs and the estrogen receptor binding pocket. In addition, a seven-day exposure of young female rats to three PHCZs (27-BCZ, 3-BCZ, and 36-BCZ) resulted in changes in serum E2 levels, uterine epithelium cell heights, and relative uterus weights. In conclusion, endocrine-disrupting effects, especially the estrogenic effects, were observed for the tested PHCZs. Such adverse effects of PHCZs on humans and wildlife warrant further thorough investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqing Yue
- College of Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Blood, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Qiqi Shen
- College of Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Qin Song
- College of Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Chenyang Ji
- College of Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Yuanchen Chen
- College of Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Manfei Mao
- College of Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Yuan Kong
- College of Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Da Chen
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jing Liu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhe Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Meirong Zhao
- College of Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China.
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Bidleman TF, Andersson A, Haglund P, Tysklind M. Will Climate Change Influence Production and Environmental Pathways of Halogenated Natural Products? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:6468-6485. [PMID: 32364720 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Thousands of halogenated natural products (HNPs) pervade the terrestrial and marine environment. HNPs are generated by biotic and abiotic processes and range in complexity from low molecular mass natural halocarbons (nHCs, mostly halomethanes and haloethanes) to compounds of higher molecular mass which often contain oxygen and/or nitrogen atoms in addition to halogens (hHNPs). nHCs have a key role in regulating tropospheric and stratospheric ozone, while some hHNPs bioaccumulate and have toxic properties similar those of anthropogenic-persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Both chemical classes have common sources: biosynthesis by marine bacteria, phytoplankton, macroalgae, and some invertebrate animals, and both may be similarly impacted by alteration of production and transport pathways in a changing climate. The nHCs scientific community is advanced in investigating sources, atmospheric and oceanic transport, and forecasting climate change impacts through modeling. By contrast, these activities are nascent or nonexistent for hHNPs. The goals of this paper are to (1) review production, sources, distribution, and transport pathways of nHCs and hHNPs through water and air, pointing out areas of commonality, (2) by analogy to nHCs, argue that climate change may alter these factors for hHNPs, and (3) suggest steps to improve linkage between nHCs and hHNPs science to better understand and predict climate change impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry F Bidleman
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University (UmU), SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Agneta Andersson
- Department of Ecology & Environmental Science, UmU, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå Marine Sciences Centre, UmU, SE-905 71 Hörnefors, Sweden
| | - Peter Haglund
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University (UmU), SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mats Tysklind
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University (UmU), SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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Goto A, Tue NM, Isobe T, Takahashi S, Tanabe S, Kunisue T. Nontarget and Target Screening of Organohalogen Compounds in Mussels and Sediment from Hiroshima Bay, Japan: Occurrence of Novel Bioaccumulative Substances. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:5480-5488. [PMID: 32160746 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b06998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Recent screening surveys have shown the presence of unknown halogenated compounds in the marine environment at comparable levels to persistent organic pollutants (POPs). However, their exposure levels and profiles in marine organisms and bioaccumulative potentials remain unclear. The present study performed nontarget/target screening of organohalogen compounds (OHCs) in mussel and sediment samples collected from Hiroshima Bay, Japan, in 2012 and 2018 by using integrated analyses of two-dimensional gas chromatography-high resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-HRToFMS) and magnetic sector GC-HRMS. Nontarget analysis by GC×GC-HRToFMS revealed the detection of approximately 60 OHCs including unknown mixed halogenated compounds (UHC-Br3-5Cl) with molecular formulae of C9H6Br3ClO, C9H5Br4ClO, and C9H4Br5ClO in the mussel. Interestingly, UHC-Br3-5Cl concentrations in the mussel samples, which were semi-quantified by GC-HRMS, were comparable to or higher than those of POPs at all the locations surveyed, and their geographical distribution patterns differed from those of other OHCs. These results suggest that UHC-Br3-5Cl are ubiquitous in coastal waters of Hiroshima Bay and derived from a specific source(s). The biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) of UHC-Br3-5Cl, estimated for a paired sample set of mussel (ng/g lw) and sediment (ng/g TOC), were 1 order of magnitude higher than those for POPs with similar log Kow values, indicating their high bioaccumulative potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akitoshi Goto
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Nguyen Minh Tue
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Isobe
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Shin Takahashi
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment, Agricultural Faculty, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Tanabe
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kunisue
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
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Tang C, Tan J, Fan Y, Peng X. Ascertaining Hydrogen-Abstraction Reaction Efficiencies of Halogenated Organic Compounds in Electron Impact Ionization Processes by Gas Chromatography-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:8496-8507. [PMID: 32337410 PMCID: PMC7178364 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
H-Abstraction reactions occurring during electron impact ionization processes in electron ionization mass spectrometry (EI-MS) are a long-standing and crucial topic in MS research. Yet, some critical relevant mechanisms are controversial and ambiguous, and information about the EI-induced H-abstraction reactions of halogenated organic compounds (HOCs) is completely in the dark. This study provides a systematic investigation of H-abstraction reactions of HOCs taking place in the EI source using 13C6-hexachlorobenzene (13C6-HCB) and 13C6-hexabromobenzene (13C6-HBB) as exemplary compounds by gas chromatography (GC)-high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS). The H-abstraction efficiencies were evaluated with the MS signal intensity ratios of ions with H-abstraction relative to the corresponding original ions (without H-abstraction). Ion source temperatures, EI energies, and numbers of heavy isotope atoms (37Cl or 81Br) of isotopologues were investigated in terms of their effects on the H-abstraction efficiencies. The H-abstraction efficiencies of individual isotopologues generally decreased from the first to the last isotopologues of respective ions, and those of individual ions were different from each other, with the highest values of 0.017 and 0.444 for 13C6-HCB and 13C6-HBB, respectively. The overall H-abstraction efficiencies involving all measured ions of 13C6-HCB and 13C6-HBB were 0.004 and 0.128, respectively. With increasing ion source temperatures, the H-abstraction efficiencies first increased to a summit and then began to linearly decrease. EI energies and emission currents could impact the H-abstraction efficiencies but showed no certain tendency. The H-abstraction reactions were inferred to belong to ion-molecule reactions, and the siloxanes bleeding from the GC column might be a hydrogen source. Some strategies were proposed for eliminating or alleviating the interference triggered by the H-abstraction reactions in EI-MS in identification of halogenated organic pollutants (HOPs). Our findings provide a better understanding of the EI-induced H-abstraction reactions of HOCs and may benefit the identification of HOPs in environmental analysis, especially for novel HOPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiming Tang
- State
Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jianhua Tan
- Guangzhou
Quality Supervision and Testing Institute, Guangzhou 510110, China
| | - Yujuan Fan
- State
Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xianzhi Peng
- State
Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Tao W, Zhou Z, Shen L, Zhu C, Zhang W, Xu L, Guo Z, Xu T, Xie HQ, Zhao B. Determination of polyhalogenated carbazoles in soil using gas chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 710:135524. [PMID: 31784154 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) are emerging environmental contaminants that have caused wide concerns due to their dioxin-like toxicity and environmental persistence. It would be desirable to determine all of these chemicals using a simple analytical method. Within this study, a simple and sensitive method combining accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) with gas chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) was established to simultaneously analyze eleven frequently detected PHCZs in soil, including CCZ-3, CCZ-36, CCZ-1368, CCZ-2367, BCZ-3, BCZ-27, BCZ-36, BCZ-136, BCZ-1368, 1-B-36-CCZ, 18-B-36-CCZ. The calibration curves of the target analytes showed good linearity (R2 > 0.99, level = 6), and method detection limits (MDLs) ranging from 1.5 to 14.6 pg g-1. The average recoveries of the analytes in soil samples ranged from 64% to 126% with the RSD ranging from 2.0% to 10%. The developed method was successfully used for determination of these eleven PHCZs in soil samples from a tie-dye area in southwest China. Total concentrations of these eleven PHCZs ranging up to 46.3 ng g-1 dw. CCZ-36, BCZ-3, CCZ-3, 1-B-36-CCZ, 18-B-36-CCZ, and BCZ-1368 were the most abundant compounds in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuqun Tao
- Research Center for Eco-Environment Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Dioxin Pollution Control, National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Li Shen
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change, 125 Resources Road, Toronto, Ontario M9P 3V6, Canada
| | - Chaofei Zhu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Dioxin Pollution Control, National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wanglong Zhang
- Research Center for Eco-Environment Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Li Xu
- Research Center for Eco-Environment Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhingling Guo
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Tong Xu
- Research Center for Eco-Environment Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Heidi Qunhui Xie
- Research Center for Eco-Environment Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Research Center for Eco-Environment Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Ji C, Yue S, Gu J, Kong Y, Chen H, Yu C, Sun Z, Zhao M. 2,7-Dibromocarbazole interferes with tube formation in HUVECs by altering Ang2 promoter DNA methylation status. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 697:134156. [PMID: 32380619 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
2,7-Dibromocarbazole (2,7-DBCZ) is one of the most frequently detected polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) in the environmental media. 2,7-DBCZ has attracted public attention for its potential for dioxin-like toxicity and cardiovascular toxicity. However, researches on the potential mechanism of angiogenesis inhibition by 2,7-DBCZ is still insufficient. Herein, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were applied to explore the angiogenic effect of 2,7-DBCZ and the potential underlying mechanisms. 2,7-DBCZ significantly inhibited tube formation in HUVECs in the non-toxic concentration range. PCR array showed that 2,7-DBCZ reduced the expression proportion between VEGFs and Ang2, thereby inhibiting tube formation in HUVECs. Then, small RNA interference and DNA methylation assays were adopted to explore the potential mechanisms. It has been found that angiopoietin2 (Ang2)-silencing recovered the tube formation inhibited by 2,7-DBCZ. The DNA methylation status of Ang2 promoter also showed a demethylation tendency after exposure. In conclusion, 2,7-DBCZ could demethylate the Ang2 promoter to potentiate Ang2 expression, thus altering angiogenic phenotype of HUVECs by reducing the proportion between Ang2 and VEGFs. The data presented here can help to guide safety measures on the use of dioxin-like PHCZs for their potential adverse effects and provide a method for identifying the relevant biomarkers to assess their cardiovascular toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Ji
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Siqing Yue
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Jinping Gu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Yuan Kong
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Haofeng Chen
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Chang Yu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Zhe Sun
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Meirong Zhao
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China.
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Ji C, Shen C, Zhou Y, Zhu K, Sun Z, Zuo Z, Zhao M. AhR Agonist Activity Confirmation of Polyhalogenated Carbazoles (PHCZs) Using an Integration of in Vitro, in Vivo, and in Silico Models. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:14716-14723. [PMID: 31738530 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) are a kind of rising environmental pollutant that has been reported to pose high risk to human beings and the natural environment. PHCZs are of a similar molecular structure with of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and exhibited some dioxin-like toxicity. Dioxin-like compounds (DLCs) are banned by the Stockholm Convention due to their potential adverse impacts to the environment and public health. However, a few efforts have been made toward the regulation of PHCZs. Herein, we initiated multimodels to systematically determine and validate the dioxin-like effects of PHCZs on a large scale. Transgenic zebrafish line-Tg(cyp1a-12DRE:EGFP) and stably transfected HepG2 cell line with luciferase reporter plasmids were used to screen and evaluate the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonist effects of the target PHCZs, which were then verified by application of molecular docking and expression levels of AhR downstream genes. Results of the two bioassays showed that most of the tested PHCZs could pose dioxin-like AhR agonist effects, change the expression levels of AhR downstream genes, and interact with AhR in accordance with TCDD. In summary, data presented here can help to guide the safe use and regulation of PHCZs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Ji
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310014 , China
| | - Chao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences , Xiamen University , Xiamen , Fujian 361005 , China
| | - Yixi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences , Xiamen University , Xiamen , Fujian 361005 , China
| | - Kongyang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences , Xiamen University , Xiamen , Fujian 361005 , China
| | - Zhe Sun
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB1 8RN , U.K
| | - Zhenghong Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences , Xiamen University , Xiamen , Fujian 361005 , China
| | - Meirong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310014 , China
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Fakouri Baygi S, Fernando S, Hopke PK, Holsen TM, Crimmins BS. Automated Isotopic Profile Deconvolution for High Resolution Mass Spectrometric Data (APGC-QToF) from Biological Matrices. Anal Chem 2019; 91:15509-15517. [PMID: 31743003 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
An isotopic profile matching algorithm, the isotopic profile deconvoluted chromatogram (IPDC), was developed to screen for a wide variety of organic compounds in high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) data acquired from instruments with resolution power as low as 22 000 fwhm. The algorithm initiates the screening process by generating a series of C/Br/Cl/S isotopic patterns consistent with the profiles of approximately 3 million molecular formulas for compounds with potentially persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT) properties. To evaluate this algorithm, HRMS data were screened using these seed profiles to isolate relevant chlorinated and/or brominated compounds. Data reduction techniques included mass defect filtering and retention time prediction from estimated boiling points predicted using molecular formulas and reasonable elemental conformations. A machine learning classifier was also developed using spectrometric and chromatographic variables to minimize false positives. A scoring system was developed to rank candidate molecular formulas for an isotopic feature. The IPDC algorithm was applied to a Lake Michigan lake trout extract analyzed by atmospheric pressure gas chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight (APGC-QToF) mass spectrometry in positive and negative modes. The IPDC algorithm detected isotopic features associated with legacy contaminants and a series of unknown halogenated features. The IPDC algorithm resolved 313 and 855 halogenated features in positive and negative modes, respectively, in Lake Michigan lake trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadjad Fakouri Baygi
- Clarkson University , Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , 8 Clarkson Avenue , Potsdam , New York 13699 , United States
| | - Sujan Fernando
- Clarkson University , Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science , 8 Clarkson Avenue , Potsdam , New York 13699 , United States
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Clarkson University , Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , 8 Clarkson Avenue , Potsdam , New York 13699 , United States
| | - Thomas M Holsen
- Clarkson University , Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science , 8 Clarkson Avenue , Potsdam , New York 13699 , United States.,Clarkson University , Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , 8 Clarkson Avenue , Potsdam , New York 13699 , United States
| | - Bernard S Crimmins
- Clarkson University , Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , 8 Clarkson Avenue , Potsdam , New York 13699 , United States.,AEACS, LLC , New Kensington , Pennsylvania 15068 , United States
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Tang C, Tan J, Fan Y, Zheng K, Yu Z, Peng X. Quantitative and semiquantitative analyses of hexa-mix-chlorinated/brominated benzenes in fly ash, soil and air using gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry assisted with isotopologue distribution computation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 255:113162. [PMID: 31546079 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hexa-mix-chlorinated/brominated benzenes (HXBs), a group of newly found analogues of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and hexabromobenzene (HBB), may exhibit similar environmental risks and toxicities as HCB and HBB, and therefore possess high interests in environmental and toxicological research. Yet information regarding HXBs in the environment remains scarce. In this study, we developed an isotope dilution method for quantitative and semiquantitative determination of five HXBs in fly ash, soil and air using gas chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS) in multiple ion detection mode. The samples were Soxhlet-extracted and purified with multilayer composite silica gel-alumina columns, followed by GC-HRMS detection. Identification of HXBs was conducted by the comparison between theoretical and detected mass spectra using paired-samples T test and cosine similarity analysis. Two HXBs (C6BrCl5 and C6Br4Cl2) with reference standards were quantitatively determined while the rest three (C6Br2Cl4, C6Br3Cl3 and C6Br5Cl) without reference standards were semiquantitatively analyzed by sharing the calibration curves of C6BrCl5 and C6Br4Cl2 in cooperation with isotopologue distribution computation. The accuracies for C6BrCl5 and C6Br4Cl2 were 87.3-107.8% with relative standard deviations (RSD) of 2.8-5.0%. The method limits of quantification of the HXBs were 0.10 ng/g in fly ash and soil samples and 0.09 pg/m3 in ambient air samples. The recoveries ranged from 42.7% to 102.1% with RSD of 3.7-13.9%. This method has been successfully applied to the analysis of the HXBs in the environmental samples. The total concentrations of HXBs in the fly ash, soil and ambient air samples were 19.48 ng/g, 10.44 ng/g and 5.13 pg/m3, respectively, which accounted for 10.6%, 0.4% and 10.8% of the corresponding total concentrations of HCB and HBB. This study provides a reference method for quantitative and/or semiquantitative analyses of novel mix-halogenated organic compounds, and sheds light on the full picture of HXBs pollution in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiming Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Jianhua Tan
- Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute, Guangzhou, 510110, China
| | - Yujuan Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ke Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xianzhi Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
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Fang L, Qiu F, Li Y, Wang S, DeGuzman J, Wang J, She J. Determination of carbazole and halogenated carbazoles in human serum samples using GC-MS/MS. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 184:109609. [PMID: 31518828 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Carbazole and halogenated carbazoles have been widely detected throughout the environment in soil, river deposits, and lake sediments. Human exposure to these compounds may occur through inhalation, drinking water, dietary intake and/or skin contact, and exposure levels in the body may be evaluated by measuring them in serum or blood. This paper reports the method development and validation for the analysis of carbazole and 11 halogenated carbazoles in human blood and/or serum samples. A small sample size of 100 μL of blood or serum was employed for the analysis. The samples were prepared through salting-out liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) by using hexane/ethyl acetate (4:1, v/v) as the extraction solvent and aqueous MgSO4 (37.5 wt%) as the salting-out regent, respectively. Sample analysis was performed using gas-chromatography (GC) coupled with a tandem mass spectrometer (MS/MS) in an electron impact (EI) mode. The developed method demonstrated low detection limits in the range of 0.02-0.27 ng/mL, intra-day accuracy ranging from 81.2% to 125%, and inter-day accuracy from 91.0% to 117%. The intra- and inter-day precisions, calculated by relative standard deviations (RSDs), were in the ranges of 1.0-16.0% and 1.8-16.4%, respectively. The developed method was applied to the analysis of 50 human serum samples collected from pregnant women in Southern California in 2012. Low concentrations of carbazole were measured in 18 samples, while halogenated carbazoles were not detected in any of the samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Fang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for Seafood (Zhoushan Municipal District Center for Disease Control and Prevention), Zhoushan, 316021, China; Environmental Health Laboratory, California Department of Public Health, 850 Marina Bay Parkway, Richmond, CA, 94804, USA
| | - Fengmei Qiu
- Daishan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Daishan, Zhejiang, 316200, China
| | - Ying Li
- Environmental Health Laboratory, California Department of Public Health, 850 Marina Bay Parkway, Richmond, CA, 94804, USA
| | - Shizhong Wang
- Environmental Health Laboratory, California Department of Public Health, 850 Marina Bay Parkway, Richmond, CA, 94804, USA
| | - Josephine DeGuzman
- Environmental Health Laboratory, California Department of Public Health, 850 Marina Bay Parkway, Richmond, CA, 94804, USA
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Hudson College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Jianwen She
- Environmental Health Laboratory, California Department of Public Health, 850 Marina Bay Parkway, Richmond, CA, 94804, USA.
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Zhang X, Di Lorenzo RA, Helm PA, Reiner EJ, Howard PH, Muir DCG, Sled JG, Jobst KJ. Compositional space: A guide for environmental chemists on the identification of persistent and bioaccumulative organics using mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 132:104808. [PMID: 31182229 PMCID: PMC6754779 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Since 2001, twenty-eight halogenated groups of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have been banned or restricted by the Stockholm Convention. Identifying new POPs among the hundreds of thousands of anthropogenic chemicals is a major challenge that is increasingly being met by state-of-the-art mass spectrometry (MS). The first step to identification of a contaminant molecule (M) is the determination of the type and number of its constituent elements, viz. its elemental composition, from mass-to-charge (m/z) measurements and ratios of isotopic peaks (M + 1, M + 2 etc.). Not every combination of elements is possible. Boundaries exist in compositional space that divides feasible and improbable compositions as well as different chemical classes. This study explores the compositional space boundaries of persistent and bioaccumulative organics. A set of ~305,134 compounds (PubChem) was used to visualize the compositional space occupied by F, Cl, and Br compounds, as defined by m/z and isotope ratios. Persistent bioaccumulative organics, identified by in silico screening of 22,049 commercial chemicals, reside in more constrained regions characterized by a higher degree of halogenation. In contrast, boundaries surrounding non-halogenated chemicals could not be defined. Finally, a script tool (R code) was developed to select potential POPs from high resolution MS data. When applied to household dust (SRM 2585), this approach resulted in the discovery of previously unknown chlorofluoro flame retardants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianming Zhang
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, 125 Resources Road, Toronto M9P 3V6, Canada
| | - Robert A Di Lorenzo
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, 25 Orde Street, Toronto M5T 3H7, Canada
| | - Paul A Helm
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, 125 Resources Road, Toronto M9P 3V6, Canada
| | - Eric J Reiner
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, 125 Resources Road, Toronto M9P 3V6, Canada
| | - Philip H Howard
- SRC, Environmental Science Center, 6502 Round Pond Road, North Syracuse, New York, United States of America
| | - Derek C G Muir
- Canada Centre for Inland Waters, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Rd., Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - John G Sled
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, 25 Orde Street, Toronto M5T 3H7, Canada
| | - Karl J Jobst
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, 125 Resources Road, Toronto M9P 3V6, Canada; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton L8S 4M1, Canada.
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Zhou Y, Zhu G, Li M, Liu J, Li Z, Sun J, Gong H, Wang L, Wu C, Zhou X, Yin G. Method development for analyzing ultratrace polyhalogenated carbazoles in soil and sediment. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 182:109470. [PMID: 31352212 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the past few years, polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) have been of increasing concern because their structure is similar to that of legacy POPs. In the present study, an analytical method, including intensive cleanup and fractionation procedures in combination with instrumental parameters, was developed to determine ultratrace polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) in soil and sediment. The eluting sorbents, volume and packing of the column were optimized. Our results showed that 5 g of florisil and 4 g of silica gel under 150 mL of hexane/DCM = 3:1 presented good performance in terms of recovery and repeatability. GC-HRMS, GC-MS/MS (EI-MRM) and GC-MS (EI-SIM) were applied to compare the performance of PHCZ analysis. For sensitivity, EI-MRM presents method detection limits comparable to those of GC-HRMS and much lower than those of EI-SIM. Regarding selectivity, GC-HRMS performed better than the other two techniques since GC-HRMS can reduce interference from perfluorokerosene (PFK) and DDX (DDT, DDE, and DDD) due to its high resolution. GC-HRMS was then further optimized by shortening the run time and modifying the SIM ion. The final method was successfully applied to determine PHCZs in soil and sediment, and the target compounds had almost 100% detection frequency in the samples. The ubiquitous presence of PHCZ in soil and sediment calls for a further investigation of its source, distribution and degradation in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxiao Zhou
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Guohua Zhu
- Zhejiang Province of Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Mufei Li
- Zhejiang Province of Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Jinsong Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China; Zhejiang Province of Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou, 310012, China.
| | - Zuguang Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
| | - Junjun Sun
- Zhejiang Province of Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Hongping Gong
- Zhejiang Province of Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Zhejiang Province of Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Chenwang Wu
- Zhejiang Province of Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Zhejiang Province of Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Ge Yin
- Shimadzu (China) Co., LTD. Shanghai, 200233, China
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Wang L, Wu X, Yang Y, Liu X, Zhu M, Fan S, Wang Z, Xue J, Hua R, Wang Y, Li QX. Multi-spectroscopic measurements, molecular modeling and density functional theory calculations for interactions of 2,7-dibromocarbazole and 3,6-dibromocarbazole with serum albumin. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 686:1039-1048. [PMID: 31200302 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
2,7-Dibromocarbazole (2,7-DBCB) and 3,6-dibromocarbazole (3,6-DBCB) are emerging environmental pollutants, being potentially high risks to human health. In this study, interactions of the two compounds with human serum albumin (HSA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were investigated by molecular modeling, density functional theory calculations (DFT) and multispectral techniques. The static quenching interaction deduced in the fluorescence quenching experiment is confirmed by the time-resolved analyses. The interactions of the two compounds with HSA/BSA induce molecular microenvironment and conformation changes, as assessed by synchronous and 3D fluorescence spectra, together with a destruction of polypeptide carbonyl hydrogen bond network by circular dichroism and Fourier transform infrared analyses. The thermodynamic analysis indicated that the spontaneous interaction was hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic forces. The binding constant Ka at 298 K was 3.54 × 105 M-1 in HSA-2,7-DBCB, 6.63 × 105 M-1 in HSA-3,6-DBCB, 1.32 × 105 M-1 in BSA-2,7-DBCB and 2.17 × 105 M-1 in BSA-3,6-DBCB. These results indicates that 3,6-DBCB binds HSA/BSA more strongly than 2,7-DBCB, which was estimated with DFT calculations. Site marker competition experiments coupled with molecular modeling studies confirmed that both compounds bind HSA/BSA at site I (subdomain IIA). The results suggest that interactions between 2,7-DBCB and 3,6-DBCB with HSA and BSA may affect the normal physiological activities in human and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agri-food Safety of Anhui Province, College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, No, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xiaoqin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agri-food Safety of Anhui Province, College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, No, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Yanan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agri-food Safety of Anhui Province, College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, No, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xina Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agri-food Safety of Anhui Province, College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, No, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Meiqing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Agri-food Safety of Anhui Province, College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, No, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Shisuo Fan
- Key Laboratory of Agri-food Safety of Anhui Province, College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, No, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agri-food Safety of Anhui Province, College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, No, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Jiaying Xue
- Key Laboratory of Agri-food Safety of Anhui Province, College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, No, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Rimao Hua
- Key Laboratory of Agri-food Safety of Anhui Province, College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, No, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agri-food Safety of Anhui Province, College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, No, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Qing X Li
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1955 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
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Zhu H, Zheng M, Zheng L, Wang L, Lou Y, Zhao Q, Zhang Y. Distribution and ecotoxicological effects of polyhalogenated carbazoles in sediments from Jiaozhou Bay wetland. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 146:393-398. [PMID: 31426173 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.06.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A suite of eight polyhalogenated carbazole (PHCZ) congeners were detected in sediments of the Jiaozhou Bay wetland. 3,6-dichlorocarbazole (36-CCZ), and 3,6-dibromocarbazole (36-BCZ) were detected in all samples. The concentrations of ΣPHCZs ranged from 6.9 to 33.4 ng/g dry weight (dw). The recovery of surrogate standard ranged from 85 to 109%. Significant relationships were found between the concentrations of 36-CCZ and those of the other three detected compounds (36-BCZ, 36-ICZ, and 1368-BCZ). However, with regard to the other chemicals, only 1368-BCZ was related to 36-ICZ. The toxic equivalent (TEQ) was used to assess the relative toxicity of PHCZs, which ranged within 0.1-3.9 pg TEQ/g dw in sediment. The inventory of ΣPHCZs was 58.9 kg. These results indicate that PHCZs are widely distributed in the Jiaozhou wetland and the dyeing and finishing industries may be important contamination sources of PHCZs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Zhu
- Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Minggang Zheng
- Key laboratory of Marine Bioactive Substance, the First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Li Zheng
- Key laboratory of Marine Bioactive Substance, the First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Yinghua Lou
- Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Quansheng Zhao
- Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Yu Zhang
- Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
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50
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Comparison of Pre-Processing and Variable Selection Strategies in Group-Based GC×GC-TOFMS Analysis. SEPARATIONS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/separations6030041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemometric analysis of comprehensive two-dimensional chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS) data has been reported with various workflows, yet little effort has been devoted to evaluating the impacts of workflow variation on study conclusions. The report presented herein aims to investigate the effects of different pre-processing and variable selection strategies on the scores’ plot outputs from GC×GC-TOFMS data acquired from lavender and tea tree essential oils. Our results suggest that pre-processing, such as applying log transformation to the data set, can result in significant differentiation of sample clustering when compared to only mean centering. Additionally, exploring differences between analysis of variance, Fisher-ratio, and partial least squares-discriminant analysis feature selection resulted in little variation in scores plots. This work highlights the effects different chemometric workflows can have on results to help facilitate harmonization efforts.
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