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Pi W, Qu C, Ding Y, Li X, Liu A, Li W, De Vivo B, Fortelli A, Qi S, Albanese S. Cross-media transfer of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Naples metropolitan area, southern Italy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 941:173695. [PMID: 38834099 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
At present, an in-depth knowledge of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the multimedia system of the urban environment remains limited. Taking the Naples metropolitan area (NMA) for instance, we simulated the cross-media transfer of PAHs using a multimedia urban model, involving air, water, soil, sediment, vegetation, and impervious film. The results indicated that the predicted PAH values in 2015 match well with their corresponding in-situ monitoring data. The PAH emission inventory and the simulated mass in various media all showed a downward trend from 2015 to 2020 due to national energy conservation policies and Corona Virus Disease 2019. The simulated mass of PAHs in the soil and sediment phases was 896.8 and 232.7 kg in 2020, respectively, contributing together to 96.7% of PAHs in the NMA. And they were identified as the greatest sinks for PAHs, and exhibited the longest retention duration, with values of PAH persistence reaching approximately 548.8 - 2,0642.3 hours. The results of transfer fluxes indicated that local emissions and atmospheric advection were the primary routes affecting the distribution of PAHs. The sensitivity analysis indicated that atmospheric advection rate was the most critical parameter for air, soil, vegetation, and film, whereas water concentration and sediment degradation rate were vital for water and sediment, respectively. This study offered valuable insights into how human activity contributes to the status and fate of PAHs in the urban environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Pi
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Chengkai Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Yang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Key Laboratory of Land Resources Evaluation and Monitoring in Southwest, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Xiaoshui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Ao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Wenping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Benedetto De Vivo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Mine Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi 435003, China; Pegaso On-Line University, Naples 80132, Italy
| | - Alberto Fortelli
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80125, Italy
| | - Shihua Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Stefano Albanese
- Department of Earth Sciences, Environment and Resources, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80125, Italy
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Lu Z, Tian W, Chen Z, Chu M, Zhang S, Liu B, Zhao J, Zou M, Huo B, Xu G. Release of PAHs from sediments to seawater under wave: Indoor microcosms and level IV fugacity models. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 474:134799. [PMID: 38838527 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Estuaries and coasts are located at the land-sea interface, where sediment liquefaction due to strong wave action results in significant material exchange at the sediment-seawater system. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), as organic pollutants, are distributed across various media. Herein, the impact of wave was studied on the release of PAHs through indoor microcosmic experiments combined with a level IV fugacity model. Comparison revealed that the release amount and rate of PAHs during static consolidation stage were minimal, whereas wave action substantially enhanced the release. Particularly the sediments in a liquefied state, the PAHs release in Stage III was 1.55-1.86 times that in Stage II, reaching 84.73 μg/L. The loss of soil strength and strong hydrodynamic effects resulted in a substantial release of PAHs into seawater along with suspended solids. Due to volatility of 2-ring PAHs and difficult desorption of 6-ring PAHs, 3-5-ring PAHs are the main contributors to releases into seawater. The model results also indicated that the three PAHs had different fates in the sediment-seawater system, with sediment serving as an important "reservoir" for benzo[a]pyrene entering seawater, while functioning as both a "sink" and a "source" for pyrene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyang Lu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, PR China
| | - Weijun Tian
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, PR China.
| | - Zhuo Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, PR China
| | - Meile Chu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, PR China
| | - Surong Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, PR China
| | - Bingkun Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, PR China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Qingdao 266100, PR China
| | - Mengyuan Zou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, PR China
| | - Bingjie Huo
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, PR China
| | - Guohui Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, PR China
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Wang K, Shi Y, Zhang J, Tong L, Li D, Zheng J, Xiao H. Size Distributions and Health Risks of Particulate Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Atmosphere at Coastal Areas in Ningbo, China. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2024; 43:1364-1377. [PMID: 38551298 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Most current research focusing on the health risk assessments of particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have not analyzed the size distributions and human respiratory deposition rates. In the present study, size-separated particulate matter (PM) was collected in the coastal area of Ningbo using an Anderson eight-stage air sampler over a 1-year period (2014-2015). The 16 US Environmental Protection Agency priority PAHs associated with PM were pretreated with rapid solvent extraction and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The respiratory exposure assessment was determined using the multiple-path particle dosimetry (MPPD) model. The results show that all PAHs exhibited bimodal distribution with one mode peak in accumulation mode (0.43-0.65 µm) and another mode peak in coarse mode (4.7-5.8 µm). In addition, a low coefficient of divergence of PAHs between PM2.1 and PM2.1-10 indicated a high spatial heterogeneity in source factor contribution and formation mechanism. The deposition fluxes (tracheobronchial + pulmonary) of PM were highest for children in the size range of 3.3 µm < particle diameter (Dp) < 9 µm, while for males and females the highest fluxes occurred in the size range of 1.1 µm < Dp < 2.1 µm. The depositions of coarse PM in children were significantly higher than those in adults. The benzo[a]pyrene equivalent (BaPeq) depositions of dibenz[a,h]anthracene ranged from 1.4e-04 to 0.015 ng h-1, which were highest among the PAHs. The PAHs on particles with Dp >4.7 µm contributed approximately three times more to children than to males and females. Therefore, the toxicity of coarse PM to children needed attention. The incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCR) for children, males, and females were estimated to be 2.92 × 10-7, 1.82 × 10-7, and 2.38 × 10-7, respectively, which were below the cancer risk guideline value (10-6). These ILCR values were much lower than the risks calculated without considering particle size distributions and respiratory depositions. The combination of the size-segregated sampling technique and the MPPD model can effectively avoid the overestimation of human respiratory exposure. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:1364-1377. © 2024 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keqiang Wang
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, and Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo, China
| | - Yasheng Shi
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, and Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, and Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo, China
| | - Lei Tong
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, and Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo, China
| | - Dan Li
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, and Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, and Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo, China
| | - Hang Xiao
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, and Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo, China
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Sarma H, Gogoi B, Guan CY, Yu CP. Nitro-PAHs: Occurrences, ecological consequences, and remediation strategies for environmental restoration. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 356:141795. [PMID: 38548078 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nitro-PAHs) are persistent pollutants that have been introduced into the environment as a result of human activities. They are produced when PAHs undergo oxidation and are highly resistant to degradation, resulting in prolonged exposure and significant health risks for wildlife and humans. Nitro-PAHs' potential to induce cancer and mutations has raised concerns about their harmful effects. Furthermore, their ability to accumulate in the food chain seriously threatens the ecosystem and human health. Moreover, nitro-PAHs can disrupt the normal functioning of the endocrine system, leading to reproductive and developmental problems in humans and other organisms. Reducing nitro-PAHs in the environment through source management, physical removal, and chemical treatment is essential to mitigate the associated environmental and human health risks. Recent studies have focused on improving nitro-PAHs' phytoremediation by incorporating microorganisms and biostimulants. Microbes can break down nitro-PAHs into less harmful substances, while biostimulants can enhance plant growth and metabolic activity. By combining these elements, the effectiveness of phytoremediation for nitro-PAHs can be increased. This study aimed to investigate the impact of introducing microbial and biostimulant agents on the phytoremediation process for nitro-PAHs and identify potential solutions for addressing the environmental risks associated with these pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemen Sarma
- Bioremediation Technology Research Group, Department of Botany, Bodoland University, Rangalikhata, Deborgaon, Kokrajhar (BTR), Assam, 783370, India.
| | - Bhoirob Gogoi
- Bioremediation Technology Research Group, Department of Botany, Bodoland University, Rangalikhata, Deborgaon, Kokrajhar (BTR), Assam, 783370, India
| | - Chung-Yu Guan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Ilan University, Yilan, 260, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Ping Yu
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University. B.S., Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
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Chen R, Tabeta S. Dynamic multimedia approach for source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 350:141036. [PMID: 38151061 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.141036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
This study was performed to evaluate the variable indicators of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) source apportionment by using an unsteady-state multimedia model. The identical indicators have been used in different environmental bulks for more than 20 years, which resulted in huge errors in source apportionment. Generated through four emission arrays, the diagnostic ratios for indicators revealed dimensionless OR, in air/soil and seawater/sediment reached ∼3.63 and ∼0.24 for Fla/Pyr, and for Ant/Phe the ratio was ∼0.31 and ∼0.18, and coastal OR for air/seawater was higher than the offshore, suggesting both compartmental and spatial divergences. The PCA indicated similar loading distribution and primary factors, shared by emission, atmosphere, and seawater arrays, whereas the slow transport between air/water and soil/sediment, weak degradation, and original concentration level might result in factors in soil and sediment separated or merged in dynamic conditions. The physicochemical divergence of indicators could be intensified after long-term environmental transport, misleading the source apportionment. Therefore, the result elucidated the essential evaluation of additional inorganic indicators and necessary verification by simultaneous sampling measurement on vertical compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruize Chen
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, 277-8563 Japan.
| | - Shigeru Tabeta
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, 277-8563 Japan
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Su C, Zheng D, Zhang H, Liang R. The past 40 years' assessment of urban-rural differences in Benzo[a]pyrene contamination and human health risk in coastal China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 901:165993. [PMID: 37536607 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
China has implemented many environmental regulations to battle against polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination since the 1990s. It remains unclear how the exposure levels of PAHs changed quantitatively since reform and opening up in 1978 in China, whether the human health risks decreased or not, and how about the discrepancy between urban and rural areas. Here, taking Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) in the rapidly urbanized Bohai region of China as a case, we used the improved Berkeley-Trent-Urban-Rural model to simulate the multimedia concentrations of BaP from 1980 to 2020 based on BaP emissions at a regional scale. The total emission of BaP in 1990 was the highest, with a value of 240 t, while the urban emission peaked in 2010. The BaP emissions from rural areas were two to seven times higher than urban areas, and the differences became smaller over time. Despite this, the average modeled BaP concentrations in urban air and soil were two to tens fold higher than in rural areas, particularly in highly urbanized or industrialized cities. Mostly, the concentrations of BaP in rural areas peaked in 1990, while those in urban areas peaked in 1990 or 2010. Early urbanized Beijing and Tianjin were the hot-spot cities of BaP contamination before 2000, while after 2010, higher concentrations were found in late industrialized Shandong and Hebei. BaP posed potential cancer risks to local residents, and air inhalation accounted for more than 80 % of the total risk. Under the stronger implementation of environmental regulations since the 1990s, it showed great health benefits, particularly for the urban residents in Beijing and Tianjin. The biggest decline in cancer risk was found in the period 2010-2020, and the average decreasing rates were 61.4 % and 57.4 % for urban and rural areas, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Su
- Institute of Loess Plateau, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
| | - Danfeng Zheng
- Institute of Loess Plateau, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Ruoyu Liang
- School of Biosciences, The University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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Wang Z, Liu YJ, Yang L, Yang ZZ, Zhang AN, Li ZH, Liu Z. Distribution, sources, and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Kaokaowusu river sediments near a coal industrial zone. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:6853-6867. [PMID: 36566469 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-022-01454-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study systematically analyzed the contents, compositions, and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in river sediments near an important energy and chemical base in northwest China. In addition, their possible adverse effects on the ecology and human health were assessed. The PAH concentrations in this study area ranged from 2641.28 to 16783.72 (ng/g dw). PAHs of medium molecular weight (3-ring and 4-ring) showed the largest proportion, followed by PAHs of higher molecular weight (5-ring and 6-ring). The results of molecular diagnostic ratios and principal component analysis revealed that PAHs in the region have complex sources, with incomplete combustion of local fossil fuels and traffic exhaust factors being the main sources. The total toxic equivalent concentration of PAHs varied from 10.05 to 760.26 ng/g, and according to the sediment quality guidelines, PAHs have high potential ecological risk in the lower reaches of the river. The mean effect range-median quotient for the region was 0.46, and the combined ecological risk was at moderate to high levels (21% probability of toxicity). The lifetime carcinogenic risks for adults and children exposed to PAHs were 2.95 × 10-3 and 1.87 × 10-2, respectively, which are much higher than the limit of 10-4, indicating moderate to high potential cancer risks. Therefore, the local government should consider taking some environmental remediation measures. This study can provide theoretical support for pollution prevention measures and ecological restoration strategies for rivers in resource-rich areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Wang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Yan Ta Road. No.13, Xi'an, 710055, China
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Yong Jun Liu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Yan Ta Road. No.13, Xi'an, 710055, China.
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China.
| | - Lu Yang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Yan Ta Road. No.13, Xi'an, 710055, China
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Zhuang Zhuang Yang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Yan Ta Road. No.13, Xi'an, 710055, China
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Ai Ning Zhang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Yan Ta Road. No.13, Xi'an, 710055, China
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Zhi Hua Li
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Yan Ta Road. No.13, Xi'an, 710055, China
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Zhe Liu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Yan Ta Road. No.13, Xi'an, 710055, China
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
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Chen R, Tabeta S. Modeling the long-term fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and public health risk in Bohai Bay Sea Area, China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 190:114872. [PMID: 37002967 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The target of this study was to reconstruct the historical concentration, distribution, variation, and exposure risk evaluation for EPA PAHs to the whole sea of Bohai Bay and the coastal population, by employing a specific dynamic multimedia model during 1950-2050. The unsteady-state model, driven by temporal energy activities from 1950 and sustainable scenarios based on socioeconomic development, indicated the annual emission increased by 4.6 times (from 84.8 tons to 391 tons) until 2020 and resulted in concentrations up to 5.2 times in the atmospheric compartment, and 4.9 times in seawater. Two peak concentrations in 1997 and 2014, consistent with total PAHs input revealed significant regional anthropogenic input in northern Bohai Bay (Tianjin) and southern Bohai Bay (Hebei). The peak-to-peak values of the timing concentration revealed a notably alternative increase in the south (+109.4 %-128.6 %), instead of the rapid decline in the north (-21.5 %-44.5 %). The dominant processes at air-seawater interfaces were air-seawater molecular transfer (from 38.4 % to 51.8 %), and wet deposition (from 60.5 % to 47.5 %). Under 5 shared socioeconomic pathways, the optimal scenario (SSP1) achieved a 24.7 % emission decline, an atmospheric decrease of 15.1 %-31.1 %, and 24.8 %-41.2 % mitigation in seawater during 2020-2050, and each pathway exhibited a general lessening concave in the northern developed municipality, compared with convex in the southern developing regions. The inhalation risk assessment evaluated 10 generations living on Bohai Bay coasts, with an acceptable result, while the current sustainable conceive was with meager fruition in reducing risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruize Chen
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa 277-8563, Japan
| | - Shigeru Tabeta
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa 277-8563, Japan.
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Zhang Q, Shi B, Su G, Zhao X, Meng J, Sun B, Li Q, Dai L. Application of a hybrid GEM-CMB model for source apportionment of PAHs in soil of complex industrial zone. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 445:130565. [PMID: 37055973 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Accurate source apportionment is essential for preventing the contamination of pervasive industrial zones. However, a limitation of traditional receptor models is their negligence of transmission loss, which consequently reduces their accuracy. Herein, chemical mass balance (CMB) and generic environmental model (GEM) was fused into a new method, which was employed to determine the traceability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a complex zone containing three coking plants, two steel plants, and one energy plant. Five categories of fingerprints comprising various compounds were established for the six plant sources where seven PAHs with low-high rings were screened as the best. Considering volatilization, dry deposition, and advective and dispersive transport, the GEM model generated 232 "compartments" in multimedia to capture subtle variations of PAHs during transmission. More than 90 % of the transmission of the seven PAHs varied between 0.4 % and 6.0 %. Over pure CMB model, acceptable results and best-fit results improved by 1.6-44.4 % and 0.3-80.8 % in the GEM-CMB model. Additionally, the coking, steel, and energy industries accounted for 36.4-56.1 %, 25.6-41.7 %, and 18.3-23.6 % of PAHs sources at four receptor points, respectively. Furthermore, quantifying contaminant loss rendered the traceability results more realistic, judged by distances and discharge capacities. Accordingly, these outcomes can help in precisely determining soil contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bin Shi
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guijin Su
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Xu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Meng
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bohua Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qianqian Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lingwen Dai
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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Chen Y, Zhao Z, Wang Y, Zhu W, Wu H, Zhang M, Zhang M. Effects of organic carbon burial on biomarker component changes in contamination in northeast Dianchi watershed. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 445:130474. [PMID: 36446312 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The upper reaches of the Yangtze River have experienced increasing anthropogenic stress. Quantitative tracing of carbon (C) sources and ecological risks through biomarkers i.e., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and n-alkanes is significant for C neutrality and sequestration. Here, source and sink patterns, and factors influencing C burial and biomarker components in a small catchment of Dianchi Lake were explored. The sediment core covered the period 1855-2019. Before 1945, the organic C accumulation rate (OCAR) ranged from 0.71 to 5.12 mg cm-2 yr-1, and the PAHs and n-alkanes fluxes were 106.99-616.09 ng cm-2 yr-1 and 5.56-31.37 μg cm-2 yr-1. During 1945-2005, the OCAR, PAH, and n-alkane burial rapidly increased from 3.19 to 16.17 mg cm-2 yr-1, 230.40 to 2538.81 ng cm-2 yr-1, and 11.63 to 61.90 μg cm-2 yr-1. During 1855-2019, deposition fluxes of PAHs and n-alkanes increased 13.01 and 9.14 times, resulting in increased C burial, driven by environmental changes. A PMF model and the diagnostic ratio indicated that PAHs from coal combustion and traffic emission increased from 22.32% to 65.20% during 1855-2019. The PAH concentrations reflected normal-moderate contamination and potential risks to the aquatic environment. The results facilitate a comprehensive understanding of anthropogenic-driven interactions between increasing OC burial and ecological risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Qixia, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zihan Zhao
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Qixia, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yanhua Wang
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Qixia, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Wangyue Zhu
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Qixia, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hanzhi Wu
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Qixia, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Maoheng Zhang
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Qixia, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Mingli Zhang
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Qixia, Nanjing 210023, China
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11
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Niu S, Chen R, Hageman KJ, McMullin RM, Wing SR, Ng CA. Understanding impacts of organic contaminants from aquaculture on the marine environment using a chemical fate model. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 443:130090. [PMID: 36279653 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As demand for sustainable marine aquaculture (mariculture) and marine food supply surges worldwide, there is a growing need for new tools to assess mariculture impacts on local ecosystems, including the cycling of toxic organic contaminants. With this in mind, we developed the Contaminant Fate in Aquaculture-Modified Ecosystems (CFAME) model. The current model was designed to explore the fate of mariculture-derived organic contaminants in the Marlborough Sounds, New Zealand, known for its Chinook salmon farming industry. Model evaluation indicated robust model design, with 80% of modeled concentrations falling within a factor of ten of measured ones for native biota. Model results showed that mariculture was a source of organic contaminants in the sediment even at the Marlborough Sounds regional level and in wild marine fishes with high trophic levels near the farm area. Future research attention should be directed toward measuring chemicals with low log KAW (<0) and high log KOW values (e.g., >3) in sediment, and chemicals with log KOW values of 3-9 in wild fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Niu
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Ruiwen Chen
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Kimberly J Hageman
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA.
| | - Rebecca M McMullin
- Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Stephen R Wing
- Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Carla A Ng
- Departments of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Environmental & Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Shi W, Liu Q, Cao J, Dong J, Wang Z, Xu M. Analysis of the multi-media environmental behavior of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) within Haizhou Bay using a fugacity model. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 187:114603. [PMID: 36652854 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to quantify the transport and fate of PAHs in different environmental phases (air, seawater, soil, sediment and fish), verify application of the Level III fugacity model in a bay simulation, and understand the transport and fate of PAHs in the bay environment on a macroscopic scale. The simulated average concentrations of ∑16PAH in the air and soil (23.8 ng/m3 and 1080.91 ng/g, respectively), which is as a background reference data for the Haizhou Bay. In addition, the soil (307 t), fish (29.4 t), and sediment (9.72 t) phases were found to be important reservoirs in the Haizhou Bay. Emissions from road vehicles (658 t) accounted for the largest share of PAH emissions in the area, and atmospheric deposition contributed most to the input of PAHs to the polluted area in the region. Whereas the contribution of river runoff input was small, and degradation loss was the main output pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Shi
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China; Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Liu
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Jicheng Cao
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianwei Dong
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Zaifeng Wang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China.
| | - Min Xu
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China.
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Kong J, Ma T, Cao X, Li W, Zhu F, He H, Sun C, Yang S, Li S, Xian Q. Occurrence, partition behavior, source and ecological risk assessment of nitro-PAHs in the sediment and water of Taige Canal, China. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 124:782-793. [PMID: 36182183 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) are widespread organic pollutants that possess carcinogenic and mutagenic properties, so they may pose a risk to the environment and human health. In this study, the concentrations of 15 NPAHs and 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in 30 surface water samples and 26 sediment samples were measured in 2018 from the Taige Canal, one of the main rivers flowing into Taihu Lake, China. The total NPAH concentrations in water and sediment ranged from 14.7 to 235 ng/L and 22.9 to 96.5 ng/g dw, respectively. 9-nitrophenanthrene (nd-76.3 ng/L) was the dominant compound in surface water, while 2+3-nitrofluoranthene (1.73-18.1 ng/g dw) dominated in sediment. Among PAHs, concentration ranging from 1,097 to 2,981 ng/L and 1,089 to 4,489 ng/g dw in surface water and sediment, respectively. There was a strong positive correlation between the log octanol-water partition coefficient (Kow) and log sediment-water partition coefficient due to hydrophobic interaction. The fugacity fraction value increased with the decrease of log Kow, and chrysene was transferred from water into sediment. The residual NPAHs in surface water and sediment of the Taige Canal have partial correlation. Diesel engine and coal combustion emissions were probably the principal sources of NPAHs in surface water and sediment. The results of ecological risk assessment showed that some NPAHs in water (e.g, 1-nitropyrene and 6-nitrochrysene) and sediment (e.g., 2-nitrobiphenyl, 5-nitroacenaphthene, 9-nitrophenanthrene and 2+3-nitrofluoranthene) had moderate ecological risks, which should be of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jijie Kong
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; The State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Tao Ma
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Xiaoyu Cao
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Weidi Li
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Fengxiao Zhu
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Huan He
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; Fujian Provincial Key laboratory of Eco-Industrial Green Technology, College of Ecological and Resource Engineering, Wuyi University, Wuyishan 354300, China.
| | - Cheng Sun
- The State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shaogui Yang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shiyin Li
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qiming Xian
- The State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Han Y, Du X, Farjad B, Goss G, Gupta A, Faramarzi M. A numerical modeling framework for simulating the key in-stream fate processes of PAH decay in Muskeg River Watershed, Alberta, Canada. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 848:157246. [PMID: 35908714 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Most previous water quality studies oversimplified in-stream processes for modeling the fate and transport of critical organic contaminants, such as Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). Taking four selected PAHs as representative organic contaminants, we developed a numerical modeling framework using a Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program 8 (WASP8) and a well-established watershed model, i.e., Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to: (1) address the influence of in-stream processes, including direct photolysis, volatilization, partitioning of PAHs to suspended solids, and DOC complexation processes on PAH concentrations; and (2) establish relationships between spatiotemporal distribution of environmental factors (e.g., ice coverage, water temperature, wind, and light attenuation), in-stream processes, and PAH concentrations at a watershed scale. Using calibrated SWAT and WASP8 models, we evaluated the impacts of seasonal changes in environmental factors on in-stream processes in the Muskeg River watershed, which is part of the Athabasca Oil Sands Region (AOSR), the third-largest crude oil reserves of the world in western Canada. Among four selected PAHs, simulation results suggest that Naphthalene primarily decay in the water through volatilization or direct photolysis. For Phenanthrene, Pyrene, and Chrysene, DOC complexation, volatilization, and direct photolysis all contribute to their decay in the water, with a strong dependence on seasonality. Model simulations indicated that direct photolysis and volatilization rates are meager in cold seasons, mainly due to low river temperature and ice coverage. However, these processes gradually resume when entering the warm season. In summary, the model simulation results suggest that critical in-stream processes such as direct photolysis, volatilization, and partitioning and their relationship with environmental factors should be considered when simulating the fate and transport of organic contaminants in the river systems. Our results also reveal that the relationship between environmental factors and fate processes affecting PAH concentrations can vary across a watershed and in different seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlai Han
- Watershed Science & Modelling Laboratory, Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada.
| | - Xinzhong Du
- Watershed Science & Modelling Laboratory, Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Babak Farjad
- Alberta Environment and Parks, Calgary, AB T2E 7J2, Canada
| | - Greg Goss
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Anil Gupta
- Alberta Environment and Parks, Calgary, AB T2E 7J2, Canada
| | - Monireh Faramarzi
- Watershed Science & Modelling Laboratory, Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada.
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15
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Wang W, Xu J, Qu X, Lin D, Yang K. An improved method to predict polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface freshwater by reducing the input parameters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 816:151597. [PMID: 34774943 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Predicting the concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface freshwater are critical for understanding their spatio-temporal distribution, regulation effectiveness, and the subsequent health risks. In this study, by exploring the correlation of PAHs concentrations in surface freshwater (CPAHs) in China reported in the past twenty years with their emission (EPAHs), a novel relationship of CPAHs with EPAHs and PAHs properties (i.e., logKow and Sw) was established. For PAHs individual, percent sample deviation between the measured concentrations and the calculated concentrations are in the range of 18% to 48%, suggesting that the calculated concentrations of PAHs are well consistent with the measured PAHs concentration in surface freshwater. Moreover, spatial distribution of predicted PAHs concentrations in surface freshwater of China is also matched well with measured ones. Compared with other environmental models, the established relationships in this work can reduce the number of model parameters from dozens to three, as well as decrease percent sample deviation from several orders of magnitude to less than 50%. The established relationship of PAHs concentrations in surface freshwater with EPAHs, Sw, and logKow of PAHs, are valuable to facilitate the prediction of PAHs concentrations in surface freshwater by reducing monitoring costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Wang
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Ecological Health of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jialu Xu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Ecological Health of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaolei Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Daohui Lin
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Ecological Health of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Kun Yang
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Ecological Health of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang University-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311200, China.
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16
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Wang W, Xu J, Qu X, Lin D, Yang K. Current and Future Trends of Low and High Molecular Weight Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Surface Water and Sediments of China: Insights from Their Long-Term Relationships between Concentrations and Emissions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:3397-3406. [PMID: 35235289 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c05323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we analyzed the temporal trend of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in China using data reported over the past 20 years. We found that the total concentrations of low molecular weight PAHs (CΣLPAHs) in surface water and sediments were positively correlated with their total emissions (EΣLPAHs), which increased between 2000 and 2008, then decreased until 2017. Additionally, the total concentrations of high molecular weight PAHs (C∑HPAHs) in surface water and sediments were positively correlated with their total emissions (EΣHPAHs), which increased significantly from 2000 to 2014 and then plateaued. Two future scenarios were assessed to explore C∑LPAHs and C∑HPAHs in surface water and sediments. PAH emissions were reduced by technological improvement in 2030 for coal consumption in Scenario 1 and for control of biomass burning in Scenario 2. Scenario 1 was more efficient than Scenario 2 in reducing C∑HPAHs in the surface water and sediments of China for the areas where CΣHPAHs in surface water exceeded the annual average standard (i.e., 30 ng L-1), with reductions of 38 and 24% in Scenarios 1 and 2, respectively. The observed relationships in this study can provide tools for emission reduction policies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Wang
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Ecological Health of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jialu Xu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Ecological Health of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaolei Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Daohui Lin
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Ecological Health of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Kun Yang
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Ecological Health of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang University-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311200, China
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17
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Legacy and Emerging Pollutants in an Urban River Stretch and Effects on the Bacterioplankton Community. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13233402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
River contamination is due to a chemical mixture of point and diffuse pollution, which can compromise water quality. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and emerging compounds such as pharmaceuticals and antibiotics are frequently found in rivers flowing through big cities. This work evaluated the presence of fifteen priority PAHs, eight pharmaceuticals including the antibiotics ciprofloxacin (CIP) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX), together with their main antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs) and the structure of the natural bacterioplankton community, in an urbanized stretch of the river Danube. SMX and diclofenac were the most abundant chemicals found (up to 20 ng/L). ARGs were also found to be detected as ubiquitous contaminants. A principal component analysis of the overall microbiological and chemical data revealed which contaminants were correlated with the presence of certain bacterial groups. The highest concentrations of naphthalene were associated with Deltaproteobacteria and intI1 gene. Overall, the most contaminated site was inside the city and located immediately downstream of a wastewater treatment plant. However, both the sampling points before the river reached the city and in its southern suburban area were still affected by emerging and legacy contamination. The diffuse presence of antibiotics and ARGs causes particular concern because the river water is used for drinking purposes.
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Wang W, Qu X, Lin D, Yang K. Octanol-water partition coefficient (logK ow) dependent movement and time lagging of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from emission sources to lake sediments: A case study of Taihu Lake, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 288:117709. [PMID: 34243082 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the movement of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from emission sources to sediments is important for achieving long-term pollution control of PAHs in sediments. In this study, by exploring the correlation of individual PAHs concentrations (CPAHs) in Taihu Lake sediments reported in the past twenty years with their annual emissions (EPAHs) in the lake region, it was observed that mean concentrations of PAHs with low logKow (i.e., logKow≤4.00) in Taihu Lake sediments were correlated best with their emissions without lagging between the sediment sampling time and the PAHs emitting time. However, for PAHs with middle logKow (i.e., 4.00<logKow≤4.57) or high logKow (i.e., logKow>4.57), their mean concentrations in sediments were correlated best with the emissions of PAHs emitted 1 or 2 years before the sediment sampling time. The longer lagging time of PAHs with middle or high logKow from emission sources to lake sediments could be attributed to their retardation in soils and river sediments around the lake. Moreover, the retardation in soils and river sediments is dependent on PAHs logKow and degradation half-life, indicating the dependence of PAHs concentration in sediments on their environmental behaviors, including sorption and degradation. Kow dependent movement and the time lagging observed in Taihu Lake for PAHs from emission sources to sediments could be valuable for developing measures to control PAHs, especially for congeners with high logKow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Wang
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Ecological Health of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiaolei Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Daohui Lin
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Ecological Health of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Kun Yang
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Ecological Health of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Jara B, Tucca F, Srain BM, Méjanelle L, Aranda M, Fernández C, Pantoja-Gutiérrez S. Antibiotics florfenicol and flumequine in the water column and sediments of Puyuhuapi Fjord, Chilean Patagonia. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 275:130029. [PMID: 33984897 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chile is a major global producer of farmed salmon in the fjords of Patagonia, and therefore a major consumer of antibiotics. We tested whether the antibiotics florfenicol and flumequine persisted in the large Puyuhuapi Fjord after the six months following mandatory concerted treatment by all salmon farms present in the fjord. Antibiotics were detected in 26% of analyzed samples, but only within the particulate phase, with concentrations of florfenicol of up to 23.1 ng L-1, where detected. Flumequine was present in one sample at trace concentration, and neither antibiotic was detected in the dissolved phase nor in surface sediments. A fugacity-based model predicted that flumequine should theoretically remain in surface sediments at the sub-Minimal Inhibiting Concentrations (sub-MIC) previously shown to promote selection for antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Our observations suggest that surface sediments might act as a reservoir for antibiotic resistomes of bacteria, and that bacteria bearing antibiotic resistance genes could eventually become a risk for human health through the consumption of marine products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibiana Jara
- Programa de Postgrado en Oceanografía, Departamento de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile; Departamento de Oceanografía and Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica COPAS Sur-Austral (PIA ANID), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Laboratory of Ecogeochemistry of Benthic Environments - UMR 8222 Centre National de Recherche Scientifique - Sorbonne Université, Banyuls sur Mer, Paris, France
| | - Felipe Tucca
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA Chile), Puerto Varas, Chile
| | - Benjamín M Srain
- Departamento de Oceanografía and Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica COPAS Sur-Austral (PIA ANID), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Laurence Méjanelle
- Laboratory of Ecogeochemistry of Benthic Environments - UMR 8222 Centre National de Recherche Scientifique - Sorbonne Université, Banyuls sur Mer, Paris, France
| | - Mario Aranda
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Camila Fernández
- Departamento de Oceanografía and Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica COPAS Sur-Austral (PIA ANID), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; LOMIC UMR7621, Observatoire Océanologique, Banyuls sur Mer, Sorbonne Université and CNRS, France
| | - Silvio Pantoja-Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Oceanografía and Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica COPAS Sur-Austral (PIA ANID), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
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Chen X, Cheng X, Meng H, Selvaraj KK, Li H, He H, Du W, Yang S, Li S, Zhang L. Past, present, and future perspectives on the assessment of bioavailability/bioaccessibility of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: A 20-year systemic review based on scientific econometrics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 774:145585. [PMID: 33607432 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bioaccessibility/bioavailability (bioac-bioav) is an important criterion in the risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), especially in the restoration of contaminated sites. Although, the bioac-bioav concept is widely employed in PAH risk assessment for both humans and wildlife, their growth and integration in risk assessment models are seldom discussed. Consequently, the relevant literature listed on Web of Science (WOS)™ was retrieved and analyzed using the bibliometric software Citespace in order to gain a comprehensive understanding of this issue. Due to the limitations of the literature search software, we manually searched the articles about PAHs bioac-bioav that were published before 2000. This stage focuses on research on the distribution coefficient of PAHs between different environmental phases and laid the foundation for the adsorption-desorption of PAHs in subsequent studies of the bioac-bioav of PAHs. The research progress on PAH bioac-bioav from 2000 to the present was evaluated using the Citespace software based on country- and discipline-wise publication volumes and research hotspots. The development stages of PAH bioac-bioav after 2000 were divided into four time segments. The first three segments (2000-2005, 2006-2010, and 2011-2015) focused on the degradation of PAHs and their in vivo (bioavailability)-in vitro (bioaccessibility) evaluation method and risk assessment. Meanwhile, the current (2016-present) research focuses on the establishment of analytical methods for assessing PAH derivatives at environmental concentrations and the optimization of various in vitro digestion methods, including chemical optimization (sorptive sink) and biological optimization (Caco-2 cell). The contents are aimed at supplying researchers with a deeper understanding of the development of PAH bioac-bioav.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianxian Chen
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Xinying Cheng
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Han Meng
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Kumar Krishna Selvaraj
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| | - Huiming Li
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Huan He
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, PR China; College of Ecological and Resource Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key laboratory of Eco-Industrial Green Technology, Wuyi University, Wuyishan, Fujian 354300, PR China.
| | - Wenchao Du
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Shaogui Yang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Shiyin Li
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Limin Zhang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Green Economy Development Institute, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, PR China
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21
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Wu Z, Tao Y. Occurrence and Fluxes of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Third Largest Fresh Water Lake (Lake Taihu) in China. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 106:190-197. [PMID: 32303814 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-020-02847-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pose great risks to lake ecosystem and human health. Comprehensive knowledge on PAHs in lakes is critical for their risk control. 118 samples were collected from different environmental medium to study the occurrence and fluxes of 16 PAH in Lake Taihu. The average ∑PAH16 in air, water, phytoplankton, zooplankton, suspended particle matter, and surface sediments were 122 ng m-3, 61.3 ng L-1, 6500 ng g-1, 4940 ng g-1, 27,900 ng g-1, and 522 ng g-1, respectively. Sediments were contaminated by PAHs from pyrogenic sources. The average fluxes of air-water, dry deposition, and sinking of the 16 individual PAHs were 2900, 300, and 251 ng m-2 d-1. In the air-water column-surface sediments system, air-water exchange was the main transport pathway. In order to ensure safety of drinking water resources for local residence, the governments are suggested to work together to reduce PAHs emission and implement new energy policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zifan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yuqiang Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China.
- College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China.
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22
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Distribution, sources and ecological risk of trace elements and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments from a polluted urban river in central Bangladesh. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enmm.2020.100318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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23
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Wilson J, Octaviani M, Bandowe BAM, Wietzoreck M, Zetzsch C, Pöschl U, Berkemeier T, Lammel G. Modeling the Formation, Degradation, and Spatiotemporal Distribution of 2-Nitrofluoranthene and 2-Nitropyrene in the Global Atmosphere. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:14224-14234. [PMID: 33112146 PMCID: PMC7676291 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c04319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are common atmospheric pollutants and known to cause adverse health effects. Nitrated PAHs (NPAHs) are formed in combustion activities and by nitration of PAHs in the atmosphere and may be equally or more toxic, but their spatial and temporal distribution in the atmosphere is not well characterized. Using the global EMAC model with atmospheric chemistry and surface compartments coupled, we investigate the formation, abundance, and fate of two secondarily formed NPAHs, 2-nitrofluoranthene (2-NFLT) and 2-nitropyrene (2-NPYR). The default reactivity scenario, the model with the simplest interpretation of parameters from the literature, tends to overestimate both absolute concentrations and NPAH/PAH ratios at observational sites. Sensitivity scenarios indicate that NO2-dependent NPAH formation leads to better agreement between measured and predicted NPAH concentrations and that photodegradation is the most important loss process of 2-NFLT and 2-NPYR. The highest concentrations of 2-NFLT and 2-NPYR are found in regions with strong PAH emissions, but because of continued secondary formation from the PAH precursors, these two NPAHs are predicted to be spread across the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Wilson
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Mega Octaviani
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Marco Wietzoreck
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Cornelius Zetzsch
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Bayreuth
Centre for Ecology and Environmental Research, University of Bayreuth, 95448 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Ulrich Pöschl
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Berkemeier
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Gerhard Lammel
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Research
Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
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24
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Li R, Hua P, Zhang J, Krebs P. Effect of anthropogenic activities on the occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aquatic suspended particulate matter: Evidence from Rhine and Elbe Rivers. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 179:115901. [PMID: 32417562 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
As carcinogenic and pervasive pollutants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface water are crucial to environmental policies, and the understanding of their trends and influencing factors is critical for achieving a good chemical and ecological status of water bodies. Based on long-term monitoring data from 1998 to 2017, this study systematically evaluated the spatiotemporal distribution, multimedia transport, fate, and source apportionment of PAHs adsorbed on suspended particulate matter (SPM) in Rhine and Elbe Rivers. The results of the Mann-Kendall test indicated that pollution levels of PAHs decreased from 2.81×105μg⋅s-1 to 9.80×104μg⋅s-1 on average in the Rhine and from 1.60×105 μg⋅s-1 to 5.21×104 μg⋅s-1 in the Elbe in the last 20 years. Spatially, SPM near urban areas had higher PAH mass fluxes (Rhine:3.07×105μg⋅s-1, Elbe: 1.73×105μg⋅s-1) and greater rates of decrease (slopes for Rhine and Elbe: -409, -323) than those near rural areas (Rhine:1.41×105 μg⋅s-1, Elbe: 9.35×104μg⋅s-1; slopes for Rhine and Elbe: -128, -89), indicating the significant influence of anthropogenic activities. Wavelet analysis showed that the pollution level of PAH had significant periodic oscillations for the Rhine and Elbe, and revealed several abrupt change points for the two rivers. A multimedia fugacity model demonstrated that impervious surfaces had the highest concentration (Rhine: 1.84g⋅m-3, Elbe: 0.15g⋅m-3), while soil (Rhine: 8.33×107g, Elbe: 2.53×106g) and sediments (Rhine: 4.85×106g, Elbe: 1.31×106g) had higher masses of PAHs. Furthermore, source apportionment computed using a self-organizing map and positive matrix factorization model suggested that the major sources of PAHs were vehicular emissions and coal combustion, which accounted for 51.86% of the total mass in the Rhine and 62.92% in the Elbe. The data revealed that the long-term trends of PAH variation were associated with changes in energy consumption and the implementation of vehicular emission standards. Therefore, the substitution of coal and petroleum with renewable energies could assist strategies of PAH mitigation in the environment and gradual reduction of pollution levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifei Li
- Institute of Urban and Industrial Water Management, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Pei Hua
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, 510006, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, 510006, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Institute of Groundwater and Earth Sciences, Jinan University, 510632, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Peter Krebs
- Institute of Urban and Industrial Water Management, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
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Su C, Zhang H, Cridge C, Liang R. A review of multimedia transport and fate models for chemicals: Principles, features and applicability. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 668:881-892. [PMID: 31018472 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The frequent use of chemicals has caused ecosystems and humans to be threatened due to their discharge into the environment. Multimedia environmental fate models could provide a comprehensive picture of transport behaviour and fate for organic chemicals in multiple environmental media. They have been designed and widely used for chemical risk assessment, chemical ranking and management support, and determination of chemical bioaccumulation. This study reviewed the principles, features and applicability of recent commonly used multimedia fate models from peer-reviewed literature. Fugacity-based and concentration-based models are now widely adopted for use in chemical fate evaluation, while they are more appropriate for volatile and semi-volatile chemicals. Or the fugacity-based models can use aquivalence equilibrium criterion to cations, anions and involatile chemicals. The MAMI and SESAMe models based on activity approach are applicable to neutral and ionizable molecules. However, interactions of ionic species with other water solutes are not taken into account in these models. Additionally, they could not directionally simulate how chemicals transported form one grid to another. Future attention should be focused on the reliability of transfer behaviour and fate of ionizable chemicals, as integrating the advantages of these two kinds of models into a reconstructed one may be a better choice. In a word, environmental multimedia models have been beneficial tools for chemical control and management, risk and effect estimation, and decision supporting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Su
- Institute of Loess Plateau, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
| | - Claudia Cridge
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Ruoyu Liang
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
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26
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Barhoumi B, Beldean-Galea MS, Al-Rawabdeh AM, Roba C, Martonos IM, Bălc R, Kahlaoui M, Touil S, Tedetti M, Driss MR, Baciu C. Occurrence, distribution and ecological risk of trace metals and organic pollutants in surface sediments from a Southeastern European river (Someşu Mic River, Romania). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 660:660-676. [PMID: 30641395 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The increasing contamination of fresh water resources by trace metals and persistent organic pollutants is a major environmental concern. In the present study, we investigated, for the first time, the distribution, sources and ecological risk of trace metals and organic pollutants, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), in surface sediments from a Southeastern European river (Someşu Mic River, Romania). Concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni and Zn ranged from 0.04 to 0.4, 9.4 to 43.15, 7.2 to 65.6, 12.3 to 131.4, 14.7 to 47.7 and 42.1 to 236.8 mg kg-1 dw, respectively. Concentrations of total PAHs, PCBs and OCPs ranged from 24.8 to 575.6, 2.7 to 252.7 and 2.1 to 44.3 ng g-1 dw, respectively. Some sediment parameters, i.e., pH, total organic carbon (TOC) and total organic matter (OM) contents, played a significant role in the spatial distribution of contaminants. A combined analysis based on diagnostic ratios and multivariate analyses revealed PAHs originating mainly from pyrolytic sources. PCB compositions showed distinct contamination signatures for tri- to tetra-chlorinated PCBs, characteristic of contamination by Aroclor-1016 and -1254 technical mixtures. The dominant OCP congeners were α-HCH and p,p'-DDD, reflecting past use of technical HCHs and DDTs in agricultural practices. Metal source and pollution status was assessed using geoaccumulation index and enrichment factor, which indicate widespread pollution by Pb, Cd, Zn, Ni and Cu. The use of Sediments Quality Guidelines (SQGs), mean effect range-median quotient (m-ERM-Q) and toxic equivalent factor (TEF) indicated that the highest ecological risks occurred for PCBs and DDTs. This work presents not only initial baseline information on the extent of organic and inorganic contaminations in a river of ecological and economical interest, but also provides a diagnostic ratio/statistical combined approach that can be used to evaluate sediment quality in similar environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badreddine Barhoumi
- Laboratory of Hetero-Organic Compounds and Nanostructured Materials (LR18ES11), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021 Zarzouna, Tunisia; Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Babeș-Bolyai University, Fântânele Street, No. 30, 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mihail Simion Beldean-Galea
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Babeș-Bolyai University, Fântânele Street, No. 30, 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Abdulla M Al-Rawabdeh
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan
| | - Carmen Roba
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Babeș-Bolyai University, Fântânele Street, No. 30, 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Research Institute for Sustainability and Disaster Management Based on High Performance Computing (ISUMADECIP), Babeş-Bolyai University, Fântânele Street, No. 30, 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ildiko Melinda Martonos
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Babeș-Bolyai University, Fântânele Street, No. 30, 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ramona Bălc
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Babeș-Bolyai University, Fântânele Street, No. 30, 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Massoud Kahlaoui
- Laboratoire de physique des matériaux, Unité de service commun spectromètre de surfaces, Université de Carthage, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Zarzouna, Bizerte 7021, Tunisia
| | - Soufiane Touil
- Laboratory of Hetero-Organic Compounds and Nanostructured Materials (LR18ES11), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021 Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Marc Tedetti
- Aix Marseille Univ., Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO, UM 110, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Mohamed Ridha Driss
- Laboratory of Hetero-Organic Compounds and Nanostructured Materials (LR18ES11), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021 Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Călin Baciu
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Babeș-Bolyai University, Fântânele Street, No. 30, 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
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27
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Huang Y, Sun X, Liu M, Zhu J, Yang J, Du W, Zhang X, Gao D, Qadeer A, Xie Y, Nie N. A multimedia fugacity model to estimate the fate and transport of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a largely urbanized area, Shanghai, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 217:298-307. [PMID: 30419384 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Increasing PAHs pollution is creating more complex urban pollution system. However, the availability of sufficient monitoring activities for PAHs in multicompartment and corresponding multi-interface migration processes is still not well understood. In this study, a Level III steady state fugacity model was validated to evaluate the detailed local variations, and mass fluxes of PAHs in various environmental compartments (i.e., air, soil, sediment, water, vegetation and organic film). This model was applied to a region of Shanghai in 2012 based on a large number of measured data and brings model predictions in 2020. The model results indicate that most of the simulated concentrations agreed with the observed values within one order of magnitude with a tendency of underestimation for vegetation. Direct emission is the main input pathway of PAHs entering the atmosphere, whereas advection is the main outward flow from Shanghai. Organic film was achieved the highest concentration of PAHs compared to other compartments up to 58.17 g/m3. The soil and sediment served as the greatest sinks of PAHs and have the longest retention time (2421.95-78642.09 h). Importantly, a decreasing trend of PAHs was observed in multimedia from 2012 to 2020 and the transfer flux from the air to vegetation to soil was the dominant pathways of BaP intermedia circulation processes. A sensitivity analysis showed that temperature was the most influential parameter, especially for Phe. A Monte Carlo simulation emphasized heavier PAHs were overpredicted in film and sediment, but lighter PAHs in air and water were generally underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Huang
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, 200241, Shanghai, China; School of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, 200241, Shanghai, China
| | - Xun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, 200241, Shanghai, China; School of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, 200241, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Liu
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, 200241, Shanghai, China; School of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, 200241, Shanghai, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), 3663 N. Zhongshan Rd., 200062, Shanghai, China.
| | - Junmin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, 200241, Shanghai, China; School of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, 200241, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, 200241, Shanghai, China; School of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, 200241, Shanghai, China
| | - Weining Du
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, 200241, Shanghai, China; School of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, 200241, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, 200241, Shanghai, China; School of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, 200241, Shanghai, China
| | - Dengzhou Gao
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, 200241, Shanghai, China; School of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, 200241, Shanghai, China
| | - Abdul Qadeer
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, 200241, Shanghai, China; School of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, 200241, Shanghai, China
| | - Yushan Xie
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, 200241, Shanghai, China; School of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, 200241, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Nie
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, 200241, Shanghai, China; School of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, 200241, Shanghai, China
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28
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Wu X, Wang Y, Zhang Q, Zhao H, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Xie Q, Chen J. Seasonal variation, air-water exchange, and multivariate source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the coastal area of Dalian, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 244:405-413. [PMID: 30352355 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.10.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations and seasonal variations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in air and seawater dissolved samples from the coastal area of Dalian were investigated, as well as their air-water exchanges. The average concentrations of PAHs were 27.5 ± 14.6 ng/m3 and 49.5 ± 20.5 ng/L in the air and water, respectively. Phenanthrene was the dominant congener in both air and water dissolved phase. Seasonality was discovered in the air with the concentrations higher in winter than in summer, but not in the water dissolved phase. Air-water exchange trends also displayed apparent seasonality with 3-4 ring PAHs generally being volatilization or equilibrium in summer but deposition in winter, which highlighted the important influence of temperature on the air-water exchange direction of PAHs. The air-water exchange fluxes of individual PAH congeners ranged from -24331 to 6541 ng/m2/d, and the highest deposition and volatilization fluxes both appeared at the industrial areas, which emphasized the influence of point source emission to the magnitude of air-water diffusion flux of PAHs. Multivariate source apportionment approaches, including principle component analysis, diagnostic ratios, and positive matrix factorization, were conducted, which suggested that PAHs in water originated from multiple sources. Frequent port transport correlated vehicle/ship emission rather than coal combustion may be the primary contributor of PAHs to the coastal air and water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Qiaonan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Hongxia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Ya Yang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Yuwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Qing Xie
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
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29
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Du J, Jing C. Anthropogenic PAHs in lake sediments: a literature review (2002-2018). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2018; 20:1649-1666. [PMID: 30357191 DOI: 10.1039/c8em00195b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Lake sediments are an important reservoir for toxic and hydrophobic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Monitoring of PAHs in sediment is helpful to understand pollution mechanisms and anthropogenic activities. This study reviews studies of PAHs in lake sediments published during 2002-2018. The studies' findings are analyzed, distributions of PAHs in lake sediments are summarized, and the applicability of lake sediments for tracking changes in PAH emission sources is emphasized. Lake sediments heavily polluted with PAHs are distributed in China, Egypt, the USA, and some urban lakes in Africa. The high levels of PAHs are predominantly associated with human activities such as anthropogenic combustion, petroleum industries, road traffic, and socioeconomic factors. However, the concentrations of sedimentary PAHs in most lakes were below the international guideline values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Du
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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Jiang Y, Zhang Z, Zhang X. Co-biodegradation of pyrene and other PAHs by the bacterium Acinetobacter johnsonii. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 163:465-470. [PMID: 30075449 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.07.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) usually co-exist in environment with interactional effects. Currently, Acinetobacter johnsonii was employed to degrade 400 mg L-1 of pyrene (PYR) and kinetic modeling indicated substrate inhibition over 76 mg L-1 by introducing an inhibition constant parameter. In PAHs co-biodegradation, naphthalene (NAP) dominated biodegradation processes through the preferential utilization as growth substrate. The peak biodegradation of PYR increased to 415 mg L-1 with 65 mg L-1 of NAP. Furthermore, phenanthrene (PHE), PYR and anthracene (ANT) were degraded in turn and ended in reverse order. When the concentrations reached their respective limiting concentration of 22%, ANT could not be degraded and PHE and PYR biodegradations also respectively terminated at 66 and 45 h later with a removal rate of 40% and 26% due to very low specific activities of salicylate hydroxylase and catechol 2,3-dioxygenase. However, by introducing 125-133 mg L-1 of NAP, the bacterial potential was effectively enhanced to 29% after cell underwent a re-stimulation stage with the exhaustion of NAP. NAP prominently contributed to cell growth to stimulate secretion of key enzymes, but the advantage would gradually get lost with the decline of its titer. To research the interplay of PAHs is conducive to targeted decontamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jiang
- Engineering Research Centre for Waste Oil Recovery Technology and Equipment, Ministry Education, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, PR China.
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Engineering Research Centre for Waste Oil Recovery Technology and Equipment, Ministry Education, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Xianming Zhang
- Engineering Research Centre for Waste Oil Recovery Technology and Equipment, Ministry Education, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, PR China
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Nguyen MA, Ahrens L, Gustavsson J, Josefsson S, Laudon H, Wiberg K. The Role of Spring Flood and Landscape Type in the Terrestrial Export of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds to Streamwater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:6217-6225. [PMID: 29685029 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs), including 19 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 15 PAH-derivatives (oxygenated and nitrogen heterocyclic PAHs), were measured in streams in a remote headwater catchment in northern Europe and in more urbanized, downstream areas. Sampling was conducted during 2014 to 2016 and included the main hydrological seasons (snow-free, snow-covered, and spring flood) at six sampling sites. Levels of the targeted PACs varied substantially over time and space and were up to 110-fold (on average 17-fold) and 7000-fold (on average 670-fold) higher for PAHs and PAH-derivatives, respectively, during spring flood compared with preceding snow-covered and snow-free seasons. Higher levels of ∑PACs were generally found in a headwater stream draining a mire than at an adjacent forested site, with up to 20 times and 150 times higher levels for ∑PAH and ∑PAH-derivatives, respectively. The particle-bound PAC levels were positively correlated to surface runoff in the mire stream (∑PAHs: p = 0.032; ∑PAH-derivatives: p = 0.040) but not in the corresponding forest stream, during snowmelt and winter base flow. In more urbanized downstream areas, particle-bound PACs were instead strongly associated with suspended particulate matter ( p < 0.05; ∑PAHs and ∑PAH-derivatives except one site). Levels of ∑PACs in the streamwater were on average 3-fold higher downstream of the most densely populated area than at the outlet of the headwater catchment. The higher PAC levels in the downstream water compared to the remote headwater were clearer when normalized to SPM amounts (instead of water volume), with a gradual downstream trend between the sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh A Nguyen
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment , Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) , Box 7050, SE-75007 Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Lutz Ahrens
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment , Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) , Box 7050, SE-75007 Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Jakob Gustavsson
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment , Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) , Box 7050, SE-75007 Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Sarah Josefsson
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment , Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) , Box 7050, SE-75007 Uppsala , Sweden
- Geological Survey of Sweden, Box 670, SE-75128 Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Hjalmar Laudon
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management , Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) , SE-90183 Umeå , Sweden
| | - Karin Wiberg
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment , Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) , Box 7050, SE-75007 Uppsala , Sweden
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Jia Y, Zhao Y, Zhao M, Wang Z, Chen X, Wang M. Core–shell indium (III) sulfide@metal-organic framework nanocomposite as an adsorbent for the dispersive solid-phase extraction of nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1551:21-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Li Q, Kim M, Liu Y, Yoo C. Quantitative assessment of human health risks induced by vehicle exhaust polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at Zhengzhou via multimedia fugacity models with cancer risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 618:430-438. [PMID: 29136594 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Traffic-related pollution released a large amount of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) which have severely influenced environmental safety and human health until now. However, the important issue of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emission from vehicle exhaust in urban populated areas has not been sufficiently investigated yet. This study focused on environmental behavior of vehicle exhaust PAHs (VEPAHs) and resultant health risk on local residents in urban populated areas. This study combined the multimedia fugacity models (Level III and Level IV) and the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) model, for analyzing the VEPAHs' environmental fate and related health risk on local residents in Zhengzhou of the central China. Regression models were applied to explore correlation between atmospheric concentration of VEPAHs and local pulmonary disease mortality rate. Our results demonstrate that the majority of VEPAH was sunk into the soil compartment in 2013, but the calculated BaP-equivalent concentrations of total VEPAHs in the air compartment exceeded the annual average standard limit of China (1ng/m3) yet. The human exposure routes of VEPAHs caused cancer risk in the following order: inhalation>dermal contact>ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Dept. of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Studies, Kyung Hee University, Seocheon-dong 1, Giheung-gu, Yongin-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 446-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjeong Kim
- Dept. of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Studies, Kyung Hee University, Seocheon-dong 1, Giheung-gu, Yongin-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 446-701, Republic of Korea; Korea Railroad Research Institute, 76, Cheoldobangmulgwan-ro, Uiwang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - ChangKyoo Yoo
- Dept. of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Studies, Kyung Hee University, Seocheon-dong 1, Giheung-gu, Yongin-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 446-701, Republic of Korea.
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Li Y, Liu X, Liu M, Li X, Wang Q, Zhu J, Qadeer A. Distribution, sources and ecological risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the estuarine-coastal sediments in the East China Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2017; 19:561-569. [PMID: 28290582 DOI: 10.1039/c7em00016b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), total organic carbon (TOC) and black carbon (BC) in the estuarine-coastal areas of the East China Sea (ECS) were investigated. The results showed that ∑PAH concentrations ranged from 61 to 355 ng g-1 with a mean value of 146 ng g-1. The contents of TOC and BC were in the range of 1.31-7.23 mg g-1 and 0.52-5.60 mg g-1, respectively. Data analyses showed that PAH concentrations had a positive linear relationship with TOC and with BC. In addition, the grain size of silts and clays had significant influence on the PAHs of sediments. These physicochemical properties as well as coastal currents, especially the trapping effect of the Taiwan Warm Current and the Zhejiang Fujian Coastal Current, played important roles in determining the spatial distribution of PAHs in the ECS. The estimated deposition flux of PAHs was 106 t per year in the study area. Source apportionment showed that these PAHs mainly originated from oil sources, and the combustion of liquid fossils and coal/wood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Li
- School of Geographic Sciences, Key Laboratory of Geo-information of the Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China.
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Bandowe BAM, Meusel H. Nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nitro-PAHs) in the environment - A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 581-582:237-257. [PMID: 28069306 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nitro-PAHs) are derivatives of PAHs with at least one nitro-functional group (-NO2) on the aromatic ring. The toxic effects of several nitro-PAHs are more pronounced than those of PAHs. Some nitro-PAHs are classified as possible or probable human carcinogens by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Nitro-PAHs are released into the environment from combustion of carbonaceous materials (e.g. fossil fuels, biomass, waste) and post-emission transformation of PAHs. Most studies on nitro-PAHs are about air (gas-phase and particulate matter), therefore less is known about the occurrence, concentrations, transport and fate of nitro-PAHs in soils, aquatic environment and biota. Studies on partition and exchange of nitro-PAHs between adjacent environmental compartments are also sparse. The concentrations of nitro-PAHs cannot easily be predicted from the intensity of anthropogenic activity or easily related to those of PAHs. This is because anthropogenic source strengths of nitro-PAHs are different from those of PAHs, and also nitro-PAHs have additional sources (formed by photochemical conversion of PAHs). The fate and transport of nitro-PAHs could be considerably different from their related PAHs because of their higher molecular weights and considerably different sorption mechanisms. Hence, specific knowledge on nitro-PAHs is required. Regulations on nitro-PAHs are also lacking. We present an extensive review of published literature on the sources, formation, physico-chemical properties, methods of determination, occurrence, concentration, transport, fate, (eco)toxicological and adverse health effects of nitro-PAHs. We also make suggestions and recommendations about data needs, and future research directions on nitro-PAHs. It is expected that this review will stimulate scientific discussion and provide the basis for further research and regulations on nitro-PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Musa Bandowe
- Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Falkenplatz 16, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Hannah Meusel
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic drop and fluorescence detection for the determination of nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aqueous samples. Microchem J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2016.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Li C, Huo S, Yu Z, Xi B, Yeager KM, He Z, Ma C, Zhang J, Wu F. National investigation of semi-volatile organic compounds (PAHs, OCPs, and PCBs) in lake sediments of China: Occurrence, spatial variation and risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 579:325-336. [PMID: 27887825 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a large scale investigation of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in sediments from 52 lakes, located in five geographic regions across China, was conducted to assess sediment quality in terms of organic contaminants. Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in sediment were found to range between 17.00-6,633, 0.12-45.24, and 0.03-13.99ngg-1, respectively. Lake sediments from different regions exhibited variation in contamination levels, and in the compositions of isomers. The descending order of contamination levels for the three SVOCs groups (i.e., ∑PAHs, ∑OCPs, ∑PCBs) were as follows: the eastern plain region (EPR)>the Yunnan-Guizhou plateau (YGP)>the northeast China region (NCR)>the Qinghai-Tibet plateau (QTP)>the Mongolia-Xinjiang plateau (MXP). High molecular weight PAHs, OCPs and PCBs were found at high concentrations in parts of the EPR and YGP, while lighter isomers were likely to be atmospherically transported, resulting in their nationwide distribution. The sources and type variation (local input or atmospheric deposition) are the primary controls of spatial variation. Additionally, human related socio-economic factors, and geographic conditions also played important roles in influencing the spatial differentiation. According to simple sediment quality guidelines (SQG), the risks posed by PCBs in sediments were not as serious as those posed by PAHs and DDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaocan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, People's Republic of China
| | - Shouliang Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Beidou Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, People's Republic of China
| | - Kevin M Yeager
- Department Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, United States
| | - Zhuoshi He
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunzi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingtian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengchang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, People's Republic of China
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Zhan Y, Sun J, Luo Y, Pan L, Deng X, Wei Z, Zhu L. Estimating Emissions and Environmental Fate of Di-(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate in Yangtze River Delta, China: Application of Inverse Modeling. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:2450-2458. [PMID: 26861906 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A georeferenced multimedia model was developed for evaluating the emissions and environmental fate of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), China. Due to the lack of emission inventories, the emission rates were estimated using the observed concentrations in soil as inputs for the multimedia model solved analytically in an inverse manner. The estimated emission rates were then used to evaluate the environmental fate of DEHP with the regular multimedia modeling approach. The predicted concentrations in air, surface water, and sediment were all consistent with the ranges and spatial variations of observed data. The total emission rate of DEHP in YRD was 13.9 thousand t/year (95% confidence interval: 9.4-23.6), of which urban and rural sources accounted for 47% and 53%, respectively. Soil in rural areas and sediment stored 79% and 13% of the total mass, respectively. The air received 61% of the total emissions of DEHP but was only associated with 0.2% of the total mass due to fast degradation and intensive deposition. We suggest the use of an inverse modeling approach under a tiered risk assessment framework to assist future development and refinement of DEHP emission inventories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhan
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Jianteng Sun
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yuzhou Luo
- Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California-Davis , Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Lili Pan
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Xunfei Deng
- Institute of Digital Agriculture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310021, China
| | - Zi Wei
- Analysis and Measurement Center, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Lizhong Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
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