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Deng H, Qiu J, Zhang R, Xu J, Qu Y, Wang J, Liu Y, Gligorovski S. Ozone Chemistry on Greasy Glass Surfaces Affects the Levels of Volatile Organic Compounds in Indoor Environments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:8393-8403. [PMID: 38691770 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c08196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
The chemistry of ozone (O3) on indoor surfaces leads to secondary pollution, aggravating the air quality in indoor environments. Here, we assess the heterogeneous chemistry of gaseous O3 with glass plates after being 1 month in two different kitchens where Chinese and Western styles of cooking were applied, respectively. The uptake coefficients of O3 on the authentic glass plates were measured in the dark and under UV light irradiation typical for indoor environments (320 nm < λ < 400 nm) at different relative humidities. The gas-phase product compounds formed upon reactions of O3 with the glass plates were evaluated in real time by a proton-transfer-reaction quadrupole-interface time-of-flight mass spectrometer. We observed typical aldehydes formed by the O3 reactions with the unsaturated fatty acid constituents of cooking oils. The formation of decanal, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one (6-MHO), and 4-oxopentanal (4-OPA) was also observed. The employed dynamic mass balance model shows that the estimated mixing ratios of hexanal, octanal, nonanal, decanal, undecanal, 6-MHO, and 4-OPA due to O3 chemistry with authentic grime-coated kitchen glass surfaces are higher in the kitchen where Chinese food was cooked compared to that where Western food was cooked. These results show that O3 chemistry on greasy glass surfaces leads to enhanced VOC levels in indoor environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Chinese Academy of Science, Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jia Qiu
- Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering and Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Runqi Zhang
- Department of Materials Environmental Engineering, Shanxi Polytechnic College, Shanxi 237016, China
| | - Jinli Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Chinese Academy of Science, Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuekun Qu
- Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering and Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jixuan Wang
- Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering and Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yingjun Liu
- Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering and Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Sasho Gligorovski
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Chinese Academy of Science, Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
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2
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Temkin AM, Geller SL, Swanson SA, Leiba NS, Naidenko OV, Andrews DQ. Volatile organic compounds emitted by conventional and "green" cleaning products in the U.S. market. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 341:139570. [PMID: 37709066 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to cleaning products has been associated with harm to the respiratory system, neurotoxicity, harm to the reproductive system, and elevated risk of cancer, with greatest adverse impacts for workers exposed in an occupational setting. Social and consumer interest in cleaning products that are safer for health created a market category of "green" products defined here as products advertised as healthier, non-toxic, or free from harmful chemicals as well as products with a third-party certification for safety or environmental features. In the present study we examined the air quality impacts of cleaning products and air fresheners, measuring the number, concentrations, and emission factors of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in an air chamber following product application. Across seven common product categories, 30 products were tested overall including 14 conventional, 9 identified as "green" with fragrance, and 7 identified as "green" and fragrance-free. A total of 530 unique VOCs were quantified with 205 additional VOCs detected below the limits of quantification. Of the quantifiable VOCs, 193 were considered hazardous according to either the California's Department of Toxic Substances Control Candidate Chemicals List or the European Chemical Agency's Classification and Labeling Inventory. The total concentration of VOCs and total emission factors across all products with detections ranged from below limits of detection to 18,708 μg/m3, 38,035 μg/g product and 3803 μg/application. Greater total concentration, total emission factors, and numbers of VOCs were generally observed in conventional cleaning products compared to products identified as "green", particularly compared to fragrance-free products. A hazard index approach was utilized to assess relative risk from measured VOC emissions. The five products with the highest hazard indices were conventional products with emissions of 2-butoxyethanol, isopropanol, toluene and chloroform. Overall, this analysis suggests that the use of "green" cleaning products, especially fragrance-free products, may reduce exposure to VOC emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis M Temkin
- Environmental Working Group, 1250 I St NW Suite 1000, Washington DC, 20005, USA.
| | - Samara L Geller
- Environmental Working Group, 1250 I St NW Suite 1000, Washington DC, 20005, USA
| | - Sydney A Swanson
- Environmental Working Group, 1250 I St NW Suite 1000, Washington DC, 20005, USA
| | | | - Olga V Naidenko
- Environmental Working Group, 1250 I St NW Suite 1000, Washington DC, 20005, USA
| | - David Q Andrews
- Environmental Working Group, 1250 I St NW Suite 1000, Washington DC, 20005, USA
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3
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Xu J, Deng H, Wang Y, Li P, Zeng J, Pang H, Xu X, Li X, Yang Y, Gligorovski S. Heterogeneous chemistry of ozone with floor cleaning agent: Implications of secondary VOCs in the indoor environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 862:160867. [PMID: 36521626 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Human daily activities such as cooking, and cleaning can affect the indoor air quality by releasing primary emitted volatile organic compounds (VOCs), as well as by the secondary product compounds formed through reactions with ozone (O3) and hydroxyl radicals (OH). However, our knowledge about the formation processes of the secondary VOCs is still incomplete. We performed real-time measurements of primary VOCs released by commercial floor-cleaning detergent and the secondary product compounds formed by heterogeneous reaction of O3 with the constituents of the cleaning agent by use of high-resolution mass spectrometry. We measured the uptake coefficients of O3 on the cleaning detergent at different relative humidities in dark and under different light intensities (320 nm < λ < 400 nm) relevant for the indoor environment. On the basis of the detected compounds we developed tentative reaction mechanisms describing the formation of the secondary VOCs. Intriguingly, under light irradiation the formation of valeraldehyde was observed based on the photosensitized chemistry of acetophenone which is a constituent of the cleaning agent. Finally, we modeled the observed mixing ratios of three aldehydes, glyoxal, methylglyoxal, and 4-oxopentanal with respect to real-life indoor environment. The results suggest that secondary VOCs initiated by ozone chemistry can additionally impact the indoor air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinli Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510640, China; Chinese Academy of Science, Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huifan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510640, China; Chinese Academy of Science, Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yiqun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510640, China; Chinese Academy of Science, Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510640, China; Chinese Academy of Science, Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianqiang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510640, China; Chinese Academy of Science, Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongwei Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510640, China; Chinese Academy of Science, Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric, Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xue Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric, Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yan Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China; Jieyang Branch of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Rongjiang Laboratory), Jieyang 515200, China; Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China.
| | - Sasho Gligorovski
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510640, China; Chinese Academy of Science, Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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Rodríguez D, Urbieta IR, Velasco Á, Campano-Laborda MÁ, Jiménez E. Assessment of indoor air quality and risk of COVID-19 infection in Spanish secondary school and university classrooms. BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT 2022; 226:109717. [PMID: 36313012 PMCID: PMC9595429 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Despite the risk of transmission of SARS-CoV-2, Spanish educational centers were reopened after six months of lockdown. Ventilation was mostly adopted as a preventive measure to reduce the transmission risk of the virus. However, it could also affect indoor air quality (IAQ). Therefore, here we evaluate the ventilation conditions, COVID-19 risk, and IAQ in secondary school and university classrooms in Toledo (central Spain) from November 2020 to June 2021. Ventilation was examined by monitoring outdoor and indoor CO2 levels. CO2, occupancy and hygrothermal parameters, allowed estimating the relative transmission risk of SARS-CoV-2 (Alpha and Omicron BA.1), H r, under different scenarios, using the web app COVID Risk airborne . Additionally, the effect of ventilation on IAQ was evaluated by measuring indoor/outdoor (I/O) concentration ratios of O3, NO2, and suspended particulate matter (PM). University classrooms, particularly the mechanically ventilated one, presented better ventilation conditions than the secondary school classrooms, as well as better thermal comfort conditions. The estimated H r for COVID-19 ranged from intermediate (with surgical masks) to high (no masks, teacher infected). IAQ was generally good in all classrooms, particularly at the university ones, with I/O below unity, implying an outdoor origin of gaseous pollutants, while the source of PM was heterogeneous. Consequently, controlled mechanical ventilation systems are essential in educational spaces, as well as wearing well-fitting FFP2-N95 masks indoors is also highly recommended to minimize the transmission risk of COVID-19 and other airborne infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Rodríguez
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), Avenida Carlos III s/n, 45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Itziar R Urbieta
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, UCLM, Avenida Carlos III s/n, 45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Ángel Velasco
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, UCLM, Avenida Carlos III s/n, 45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Campano-Laborda
- Instituto Universitario de Arquitectura y Ciencias de la Construcción, Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Elena Jiménez
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, UCLM, Avda. Camilo José Cela 1B, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
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5
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Deng H, Xu X, Wang K, Xu J, Loisel G, Wang Y, Pang H, Li P, Mai Z, Yan S, Li X, Gligorovski S. The Effect of Human Occupancy on Indoor Air Quality through Real-Time Measurements of Key Pollutants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:15377-15388. [PMID: 36279129 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c04609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The primarily emitted compounds by human presence, e.g., skin and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in breath, can react with typical indoor air oxidants, ozone (O3), and hydroxyl radicals (OH), leading to secondary organic compounds. Nevertheless, our understanding about the formation processes of the compounds through reactions of indoor air oxidants with primary emitted pollutants is still incomplete. In this study we performed real-time measurements of nitrous acid (HONO), nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2), O3, and VOCs to investigate the contribution of human presence and human activity, e.g., mopping the floor, to secondary organic compounds. During human occupancy a significant increase was observed of 1-butene, isoprene, and d-limonene exhaled by the four adults in the room and an increase of methyl vinyl ketone/methacrolein, methylglyoxal, and 3-methylfuran, formed as secondary compounds through reactions of OH radicals with isoprene. Intriguingly, the level of some compounds (e.g., m/z 126, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, m/z 152, dihydrocarvone, and m/z 194, geranyl acetone) formed through reactions of O3 with the primary compounds was higher in the presence of four adults than during the period of mopping the floor with commercial detergent. These results indicate that human presence can additionally degrade the indoor air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100864, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou510632, China
| | - Kangyi Wang
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou510632, China
| | - Jinli Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100864, China
| | - Gwendal Loisel
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou510640, China
| | - Yiqun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100864, China
| | - Hongwei Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou510640, China
| | - Pan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100864, China
| | - Zebin Mai
- Guangzhou Hexin Instrument Co., Ltd., Guangzhou510530, China
| | - Shichao Yan
- Guangzhou Hexin Instrument Co., Ltd., Guangzhou510530, China
| | - Xue Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou510632, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Guangzhou510632, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou510632, China
| | - Sasho Gligorovski
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou510640, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou510640, China
- Chinese Academy of Science, Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou510640, China
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6
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Sun Z, Guo W, Chan CK, Jin L, Griffith SM, Yu JZ, Chan W. Polyurethane Foam Face Masks as a Dosimeter for Quantifying Personal Exposure to Airborne Volatile and Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:1604-1613. [PMID: 35972223 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Airborne volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) are commonly quantitated by collecting the analytes on solid sorbent tubes or passive air samplers, followed by solvent extraction and instrumental analysis, or by grab bag/canister measurements. We report herein a user-friendly sampling method by breathing through polyurethane foam (PUF) face masks to collect airborne VOCs and SVOCs for chemical analysis. Specifically, dibasic esters, phthalate esters, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, linalool, and nicotine trapped on PUF masks were quantitated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis as model VOCs and SVOCs. Results showed that the amount of these model VOCs and SVOCs trapped on PUF masks is proportional to the exposure duration. After cross-validation by parallel sampling using XAD-2 packed sorbent tubes, the method was used to quantitate VOCs and SVOCs in a variety of indoor and outdoor environments with varying air concentrations of analytes, temperature, humidity, and wind speed. Because air pollution is considered a major cause of many human diseases and premature deaths and the developed PUF mask sampling method showed high trapping efficiencies for both VOCs and SVOCs, it is believed that the developed sampling method will find wide application in assessing air pollution-associated disease risks with possible extension to more classes of VOCs and SVOCs when coupled with suitable instrumental detection methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihan Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Environment, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Wanlin Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Environment, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Chi-Kong Chan
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Environment, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Long Jin
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Environment, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Stephen M Griffith
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
| | - Jian Zhen Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Environment, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Wan Chan
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Environment, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong
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7
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Analytical Determination of Allergenic Fragrances in Indoor Air. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9040099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Among all the emerging contaminants, fragrances are gaining more relevance for their proven allergenic and, in some cases, endocrine-disrupting properties. To date, little information exists on their concentration in the air. This study aims to fill this gap by developing a method for the determination of semivolatile fragrances in the indoor gaseous phase with sampling protocols usually adopted for the collection of atmospheric particulate matter (sampling time 24 h, flow rate 10 L min−1) and instrumental analysis by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The method was developed on 66 analytes and tested at three concentration levels: 20 compounds showed analytical recoveries ≥72% with percentage standard deviations always better than 20%. For most compounds, negligible sampling breakthroughs were observed. The method was then applied to real samples collected in a coffee bar and in a private house. Considering the fragrances for which the method has shown good effectiveness, the highest concentrations were observed for carvone in the coffee bar (349 ng m−3) and camphor in the house (157 ng m−3). As concerns certain or suspected endocrine disruptors, lilyal and galaxolide were detected at both sites, α-isomethylionone was the second most concentrated compound in the house (63.2 ng m−3), musk xylene and musk ketone were present at lower concentration (≈ 1 or 2 ng m−3).
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8
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Nazaroff WW, Weschler CJ. Indoor ozone: Concentrations and influencing factors. INDOOR AIR 2022; 32:e12942. [PMID: 34609012 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Because people spend most of their time indoors, much of their exposure to ozone occurs in buildings, which are partially protective against outdoor ozone. Measurements in approximately 2000 indoor environments (residences, schools, and offices) show a central tendency for average indoor ozone concentration of 4-6 ppb and an indoor to outdoor concentration ratio of about 25%. Considerable variability in this ratio exists among buildings, as influenced by seven building-associated factors: ozone removal in mechanical ventilation systems, ozone penetration through the building envelope, air-change rates, ozone loss rate on fixed indoor surfaces, ozone loss rate on human occupants, ozone loss by homogeneous reaction with nitrogen oxides, and ozone loss by reaction with gas-phase organics. Among these, the most important are air-change rates, ozone loss rate on fixed indoor surfaces, and, in densely occupied spaces, ozone loss rate on human occupants. Although most indoor ozone originates outdoors and enters with ventilation air, indoor emission sources can materially increase indoor ozone concentrations. Mitigation technologies to reduce indoor ozone concentrations are available or are being investigated. The most mature of these technologies, activated carbon filtration of mechanical ventilation supply air, shows a high modeled health-benefit to cost ratio when applied in densely occupied spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- William W Nazaroff
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Charles J Weschler
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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9
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A New Testing Facility to Investigate the Removal Processes of Indoor Air Contaminants with Different Cleaning Technologies and to Better Assess and Exploit Their Performances. ENVIRONMENTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/environments9010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Residential air cleaners exploiting different technologies re commonly used today to remove air contaminants from indoor environments. Different methods have been developed in the USA and Europe to test their efficiency. The one used in the USA provides a more comprehensive view of indoor processes, because testing is performed in a large simulation chamber (28.5 m3), using anthropogenic emissions, such as cigarette smoke, to generate pollution. Testing rooms are also important to investigate new removal technologies, or to improve them. Since no such testing facilities exist in Italy, one of 12.4 m3 was built in which cigarette smoke, resuspended dust from agricultural soil and, for the first time, diesel exhaust emissions were used to generate indoor pollution. Performances were tested with two air cleaning systems, exploiting completely different removal technologies. Accurate values of decay rates of indoor pollutants were obtained using a suite of on-line and out-of-line monitors for the measurement of particulate matter, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and some inorganic gases. Proton-transfer mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) provided an almost real-time detection of several VOCs and H2S, at trace levels (0.01 ppbv). A method using a common in vitro bioassay was developed to assess the ability of air cleaners to remove indoor toxic substances.
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10
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Sérafin G, Blondeau P, Mandin C. Indoor air pollutant health prioritization in office buildings. INDOOR AIR 2021; 31:646-659. [PMID: 33346391 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This work presents an original method to identify priority indoor air pollutants in office buildings. It uses both a chronic risk assessment approach by calculating a hazard quotient, and a hazard classification method based on carcinogenic, mutagenic, reprotoxic, and endocrine disruptive effects. A graphical representation of the results provides a comprehensive and concise visualization of all of the information, including the number of buildings where each substance was measured, an indicator of exposure data robustness. Seventy-one out of 342 substances (20%) for which indoor air concentrations have already been measured in office buildings were identified as priority pollutants. The results were compared to previous prioritization studies in various types of indoor environments to assess the reliability of the method and highlight its advantages. Sensitivity analyses were performed to reduce the geographical scope (OECD countries only), time scope (after 2010 only), and measurement duration (working hours only) and showed little influence on the results. Finally, 123 additional substances that could be present in office indoor air but could not be assessed due to the lack of measurement data are proposed for future monitoring surveys to update the prioritization of indoor air pollutants in offices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Corinne Mandin
- Scientific and Technical Centre for Building (CSTB), Observatory of Indoor Air Quality (OQAI), Paris Est University, Paris, France
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Sakellaris I, Saraga D, Mandin C, de Kluizenaar Y, Fossati S, Spinazzè A, Cattaneo A, Mihucz V, Szigeti T, de Oliveira Fernandes E, Kalimeri K, Mabilia R, Carrer P, Bartzis J. Association of subjective health symptoms with indoor air quality in European office buildings: The OFFICAIR project. INDOOR AIR 2021; 31:426-439. [PMID: 32966653 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the association between the building-related occupants' reported health symptoms and the indoor pollutant concentrations in a sample of 148 office rooms, within the framework of the European OFFICAIR research project. A large field campaign was performed in 37 office buildings among eight countries, which included (a) 5-day air sampling of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), aldehydes, ozone, and NO2 (b) collection of information from 1299 participants regarding their personal characteristics and health perception at workplace using online questionnaires. Stepwise and multilevel logistic regressions were applied to investigate associations between health symptoms and pollutant concentrations considering personal characteristics as confounders. Occupants of offices with higher pollutant concentrations were more likely to report health symptoms. Among the studied VOCs, xylenes were associated with general (such as headache and tiredness) and skin symptoms, ethylbenzene with eye irritation and respiratory symptoms, a-pinene with respiratory and heart symptoms, d-limonene with general symptoms, and styrene with skin symptoms. Among aldehydes, formaldehyde was associated with respiratory and general symptoms, acrolein with respiratory symptoms, propionaldehyde with respiratory, general, and heart symptoms, and hexanal with general SBS. Ozone was associated with almost all symptom groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Sakellaris
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, Kozani, Greece
- Atmospheric Chemistry & Innovative Technologies Laboratory, INRASTES, National Center for Scientific Research "DEMOKRITOS", Athens, Greece
| | - Dikaia Saraga
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, Kozani, Greece
- Atmospheric Chemistry & Innovative Technologies Laboratory, INRASTES, National Center for Scientific Research "DEMOKRITOS", Athens, Greece
| | - Corinne Mandin
- CSTB-Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment, Université Paris Est, Marne-la-Vallée Cedex 2, France
| | - Yvonne de Kluizenaar
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), The Hague, The Netherlands
| | | | - Andrea Spinazzè
- Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, Como, Italy
| | - Andrea Cattaneo
- Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, Como, Italy
| | - Victor Mihucz
- Cooperative Research Centre for Environmental Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | - Krystallia Kalimeri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, Kozani, Greece
| | - Rosanna Mabilia
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Science, National Research Council, Roma, Italy
| | - Paolo Carrer
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences-Hospital "L. Sacco", University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - John Bartzis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, Kozani, Greece
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12
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Stabile L, De Luca G, Pacitto A, Morawska L, Avino P, Buonanno G. Ultrafine particle emission from floor cleaning products. INDOOR AIR 2021; 31:63-73. [PMID: 32638396 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The new particle formation due to the use of cleaning products containing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in indoor environments is well documented in the scientific literature. Indeed, the physical-chemical process occurring in particle nucleation due to VOC-ozone reactions was deepened as well as the effect of the main influencing parameters (ie, temperature, ozone). Nonetheless, proper quantification of the emission under actual meteo-climatic conditions and ozone concentrations is not available. To this end, in the present paper the emission factors of newly generated ultrafine particles due to the use of different floor cleaning products under actual temperature and relative humidity conditions and ozone concentrations typical of the summer periods were evaluated. Tests in a chamber and in an actual indoor environment were performed measuring continuously particle number concentrations and size distributions during cleaning activities. The tests revealed that a significant particle emission in the nucleation mode was present for half of the products under investigation with emission factors up to 1.1 × 1011 part./m2 (8.8 × 1010 part./mLproduct ), then leading to an overall particle emission comparable to other well-known indoor sources when cleaning wide surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Stabile
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, FR, Italy
| | - Gianmarco De Luca
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, FR, Italy
| | - Antonio Pacitto
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, FR, Italy
| | - Lidia Morawska
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | | | - Giorgio Buonanno
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, FR, Italy
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
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13
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Xu SY, Weng J. Climate change shapes the future evolution of plant metabolism. ADVANCED GENETICS (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2020; 1:e10022. [PMID: 36619247 PMCID: PMC9744464 DOI: 10.1002/ggn2.10022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Planet Earth has experienced many dramatic atmospheric and climatic changes throughout its 4.5-billion-year history that have profoundly impacted the evolution of life as we know it. Photosynthetic organisms, and specifically plants, have played a paramount role in shaping the Earth's atmosphere through oxygen production and carbon sequestration. In turn, the diversity of plants has been shaped by historical atmospheric and climatic changes: plants rose to this challenge by evolving new developmental and metabolic traits. These adaptive traits help plants to thrive in diverse growth conditions, while benefiting humanity through the production of food, raw materials, and medicines. However, the current rapid rate of climate change caused by human activities presents unprecedented new challenges to the future of plants. Here, we discuss the potential effects of modern climate change on plants, with specific attention to plant specialized metabolism. We explore potential avenues of future scientific investigations, powered by cutting-edge methods such as synthetic biology and genome engineering, to better understand and mitigate the consequences of rapid climate change on plant fitness and plant usage by humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Y. Xu
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical ResearchCambridgeMassachusettsUSA,Department of BiologyMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | - Jing‐Ke Weng
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical ResearchCambridgeMassachusettsUSA,Department of BiologyMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
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14
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Wolkoff P. Indoor air chemistry: Terpene reaction products and airway effects. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2020; 225:113439. [PMID: 32044535 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.113439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Reactive chemistry is ubiquitous indoors with a wealth of complex oxidation reactions; some of these are initiated by both homogeneous and heterogeneous reaction of ozone with unsaturated organic compounds and subsequent the hydroxyl radical, either in the gas-phase or on reactive surfaces. One major focus has been the reaction of common and abundant terpene-based fragrances in indoor air emitted from many wood-based materials, a variety of consumer products, and citrus fruits and flowers. Inhalation of the terpenes themselves are generally not considered a health concern (both acute and long-term) due to their low indoor air concentrations; however, their gas- and surface reactions with ozone and the hydroxyl radical produce a host of products, both gaseous, i. a. formaldehyde, and ultrafine particles formed by condensation/nucleation processes. These reaction products may be of health concern. Human cell bioassays with key reaction products from ozone-initiated terpene reactions have shown some inflammatory reactions, but results are difficult to interpret for human exposure and risk assessment. Acute effects like sensory irritation in eyes and airways are unlikely or present at very low intensity in real life conditions based on rodent and human exposure studies and known thresholds for sensory irritation in eyes and airways and derived human reference values for airflow limitation and pulmonary irritation. Some fragrances and their ozone-initiated reaction products may possess anti-inflammatory properties. However, long-term effects of the reaction products as ultrafine particles are poorly explored. Material and product surfaces with high ozone deposition velocities may significantly impact the perceived air quality by altered emissions from both homogeneous and heterogeneous surface reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peder Wolkoff
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, NRCWE, Lersø Parkallé 105, 2920, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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15
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Spinazzè A, Campagnolo D, Cattaneo A, Urso P, Sakellaris IA, Saraga DE, Mandin C, Canha N, Mabilia R, Perreca E, Mihucz VG, Szigeti T, Ventura G, de Oliveira Fernandes E, de Kluizenaar Y, Cornelissen E, Hänninen O, Carrer P, Wolkoff P, Cavallo DM, Bartzis JG. Indoor gaseous air pollutants determinants in office buildings-The OFFICAIR project. INDOOR AIR 2020; 30:76-87. [PMID: 31593610 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify determinants of aldehyde and volatile organic compound (VOC) indoor air concentrations in a sample of more than 140 office rooms, in the framework of the European OFFICAIR research project. A large field campaign was performed, which included (a) the air sampling of aldehydes and VOCs in 37 newly built or recently retrofitted office buildings across 8 European countries in summer and winter and (b) the collection of information on building and offices' characteristics using checklists. Linear mixed models for repeated measurements were applied to identify the main factors affecting the measured concentrations of selected indoor air pollutants (IAPs). Several associations between aldehydes and VOCs concentrations and buildings' structural characteristic or occupants' activity patterns were identified. The aldehyde and VOC determinants in office buildings include building and furnishing materials, indoor climate characteristics (room temperature and relative humidity), the use of consumer products (eg, cleaning and personal care products, office equipment), as well as the presence of outdoor sources in the proximity of the buildings (ie, vehicular traffic). Results also showed that determinants of indoor air concentrations varied considerably among different type of pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Spinazzè
- Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, Como, Italy
| | - Davide Campagnolo
- Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, Como, Italy
| | - Andrea Cattaneo
- Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, Como, Italy
| | - Patrizia Urso
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences-Hospital "L. Sacco", University of Milan, Milano, Italy
- Radiotherapy Department, Clinica Luganese Moncucco, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Ioannis A Sakellaris
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, Kozani, Greece
| | - Dikaia E Saraga
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, Kozani, Greece
| | - Corinne Mandin
- Scientific and Technical Centre for Building, University Paris Est, Marne-la-Vallée, France
| | - Nuno Canha
- Instituto Superior Técnico, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Universidade de Lisboa, Bobadela, Portugal
| | - Rosanna Mabilia
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Science, National Research Council, Roma, Italy
| | - Erica Perreca
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Science, National Research Council, Roma, Italy
| | - Victor G Mihucz
- Cooperative Research Centre for Environmental Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Gabriela Ventura
- Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Management, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Yvonne de Kluizenaar
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Cornelissen
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Otto Hänninen
- Department of Health Protection, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Paolo Carrer
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences-Hospital "L. Sacco", University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Peder Wolkoff
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Domenico M Cavallo
- Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, Como, Italy
| | - John G Bartzis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, Kozani, Greece
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16
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Personal Control of the Indoor Environment in Offices: Relations with Building Characteristics, Influence on Occupant Perception and Reported Symptoms Related to the Building—The Officair Project. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9163227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Personal control over various indoor environment parameters, especially in the last decades, appear to have a significant role on occupants’ comfort, health and productivity. To reveal this complex relationship, 7441 occupants of 167 recently built or retrofitted office buildings in eight European countries participated in an online survey about personal/health/work data as well as physical/psycho-social information. The relationship between the types of control available over indoor environments and the perceived personal control of the occupants was examined, as well as the combined effect of the control parameters on the perceived comfort using multilevel statistical models. The results indicated that most of the occupants have no or low control on noise. Half of the occupants declared no or low control on ventilation and temperature conditions. Almost one-third of them remarked that they do not have satisfactory levels of control for lighting and shading from sun conditions. The presence of operable windows was shown to influence occupants’ control perception over temperature, ventilation, light and noise. General building characteristics, such as floor number and floor area, office type, etc., helped occupants associate freedom positively with control perception. Combined controlling parameters seem to have a strong relation with overall comfort, as well as with perception regarding amount of privacy, office layout and decoration satisfaction. The results also indicated that occupants with more personal control may have less building-related symptoms. Noise control parameter had the highest impact on the occupants’ overall comfort.
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17
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Rivas I, Fussell JC, Kelly FJ, Querol X. Indoor Sources of Air Pollutants. INDOOR AIR POLLUTION 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/9781788016179-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
People spend an average of 90% of their time in indoor environments. There is a long list of indoor sources that can contribute to increased pollutant concentrations, some of them related to human activities (e.g. people's movement, cooking, cleaning, smoking), but also to surface chemistry reactions with human skin and building and furniture surfaces. The result of all these emissions is a heterogeneous cocktail of pollutants with varying degrees of toxicity, which makes indoor air quality a complex system. Good characterization of the sources that affect indoor air pollution levels is of major importance for quantifying (and reducing) the associated health risks. This chapter reviews some of the more significant indoor sources that can be found in the most common non-occupational indoor environments.
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18
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VOCs Measurements in Residential Buildings: Quantification via Thermal Desorption and Assessment of Indoor Concentrations in a Case-Study. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos10020057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) represent one of the most important categories of pollutants, influencing the air quality and human health and well-being in indoor environments. In the present study, 12 selected VOCs were sampled using Tenax TA tubes and analyzed by thermal desorption combined with gas chromatography and a flame ionization detector (TD-GC-FID). The TD-GC-FID method was optimized to obtain the separation of all the analytical peaks (including m- and p-xylene) and a satisfactory sensitivity, with low detection (between 0.14 and 0.31 ng) and quantification (between 0.47 and 1.02 ng) limits. The whole procedure was firstly assessed with the analysis of four co-located tubes exposed at an outdoor monitoring site, with results that revealed a very low inter-tubes variability (relative standard deviations of parallel measurements <5%). Then, the measurement protocol was used to quantify the indoor concentrations of the target VOCs in nine different homes during the dishwasher washing cycle. The most abundant detected VOC in all dwellings was d-limonene (mean: 231 µg/m3; maximum: 611 µg/m3). All the other compounds were monitored at concentration levels one or two orders of magnitude lower than d-limonene, and were generally comparable with those found in the scientific literature. In terms of health concerns, the measured concentrations were always well below the safe levels established for the protection of the general population in living environments.
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19
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Salonen H, Salthammer T, Morawska L. Human exposure to ozone in school and office indoor environments. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 119:503-514. [PMID: 30053738 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although it is recognized that ozone causes acute and chronic health effects and that even trace amounts of ozone are potentially deleterious to human health, information about global and local exposures to ozone in different indoor environments is limited. To synthesize the existing knowledge, this review analyzes the magnitude of and the trends in global and local exposure to ozone in schools and offices and the factors controlling the exposures. METHODS In conducting the literature review, Web of Science, SCOPUS, Google Scholar, and PubMed were searched using 38 search terms and their combinations to identify manuscripts, reports, and directives published between 1973 and 2018. The search was then extended to the reference lists of relevant articles. RESULTS The calculated median concentration of ozone both in school (8.50 μg/m3) and office (9.04 μg/m3) settings was well below the WHO guideline value of 100 μg/m3 as a maximum 8 h mean concentration. However, a large range of average concentrations of ozone was reported, from 0.8-114 μg/m3 and from 0 to 96.8 μg/m3 for school and office environments, respectively, indicating situations where the WHO values are exceeded. Outdoor ozone penetrating into the indoor environment is the main source of indoor ozone, with median I/O ratios of 0.21 and 0.29 in school and office environments, respectively. The absence of major indoor ozone sources and ozone sinks, including gas-phase reactions and deposition, are the reasons for lower indoor than outdoor ozone concentrations. However, there are indoor sources of ozone that are of significance in certain indoor environments, including printers, photocopiers, and many other devices and appliances designed for indoor use (e.g., air cleaners), that release ozone either intentionally or unintentionally. Due to significantly elevated outdoor ozone concentrations during summer, summer indoor concentrations are typically elevated. In addition, the age of a building and various housing aspects (carpeting, air conditioning, window fans, and window openings) have been significantly associated with indoor ozone levels. CONCLUSIONS The existing means for reducing ozone and ozone reaction products in school and office settings are as follows: 1) reduce penetration of outdoor ozone indoors by filtering ozone from the supply air; 2) limit the use of printers, photocopiers, and other devices and appliances that emit ozone indoors; 3) limit gas-phase reactions by limiting the use of materials and products (e.g. cleaning chemicals) the emissions of which react with ozone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Salonen
- Aalto University, Department of Civil Engineering, PO Box 12100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland; Queensland University of Technology, International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, 2 George Street, Brisbane Q 4001, Australia.
| | - Tunga Salthammer
- Queensland University of Technology, International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, 2 George Street, Brisbane Q 4001, Australia; Fraunhofer WKI, Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Lidia Morawska
- Queensland University of Technology, International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, 2 George Street, Brisbane Q 4001, Australia
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20
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Sun Y, Zheng T, Zhang G, Zheng Y, Wang P. Effect and mechanism of microwave-activated ultraviolet-advanced oxidation technology for adsorbent regeneration. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:290-298. [PMID: 29034423 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0320-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
To decrease the secondary pollution of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during adsorbent regeneration by microwave, electrodeless lamp was added in the microwave field to oxidize VOCs in the gas phase. Ultraviolet has a significant improvement on mineralization of VOCs generated from adsorbate during adsorbent regeneration. However, the mechanism and main influence factors on the degradation of VOCs are not clear. The effect of microwave power, regeneration time, airflow rate, and humidity content on the mineralization of adsorbed tetracycline during adsorbent regeneration was studied. Ozone concentration and ultraviolet irradiation intensity were also measured to analyze the mechanism of the microwave-ultraviolet adsorbent regeneration method. Although the electrodeless lamp adsorbed microwave and competed with the regenerated adsorbent, the mineralization percentage of tetracycline increased about 10% with the presence of electrodeless lamp at the same microwave power supply. Besides, humidity content also takes an important role on enhancing the mineralization of tetracycline. The mineralization of tetracycline in the microwave-ultraviolet field consists of three major parts: pyrolysis, ozone oxidation, and free radical oxidation. More than 50% adsorbed tetracycline can be oxidized into H2O and CO2 during regeneration in 5 min. These results support the potential use of electrodeless lamp to treat VOCs in the gas phase to decrease the risk of secondary pollution during adsorbent regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlong Sun
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Tong Zheng
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China.
| | - Guangshan Zhang
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Yunli Zheng
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Peng Wang
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
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21
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Stefaniak AB, LeBouf RF, Yi J, Ham J, Nurkewicz T, Schwegler-Berry DE, Chen BT, Wells JR, Duling MG, Lawrence RB, Martin SB, Johnson AR, Virji MA. Characterization of chemical contaminants generated by a desktop fused deposition modeling 3-dimensional Printer. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2017; 14:540-550. [PMID: 28440728 PMCID: PMC5967408 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2017.1302589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Printing devices are known to emit chemicals into the indoor atmosphere. Understanding factors that influence release of chemical contaminants from printers is necessary to develop effective exposure assessment and control strategies. In this study, a desktop fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3-dimensional (3-D) printer using acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) or polylactic acid (PLA) filaments and two monochrome laser printers were evaluated in a 0.5 m3 chamber. During printing, chamber air was monitored for vapors using a real-time photoionization detector (results expressed as isobutylene equivalents) to measure total volatile organic compound (TVOC) concentrations, evacuated canisters to identify specific VOCs by off-line gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, and liquid bubblers to identify carbonyl compounds by GC-MS. Airborne particles were collected on filters for off-line analysis using scanning electron microscopy with an energy dispersive x-ray detector to identify elemental constituents. For 3-D printing, TVOC emission rates were influenced by a printer malfunction, filament type, and to a lesser extent, by filament color; however, rates were not influenced by the number of printer nozzles used or the manufacturer's provided cover. TVOC emission rates were significantly lower for the 3-D printer (49-3552 µg h-1) compared to the laser printers (5782-7735 µg h-1). A total of 14 VOCs were identified during 3-D printing that were not present during laser printing. 3-D printed objects continued to off-gas styrene, indicating potential for continued exposure after the print job is completed. Carbonyl reaction products were likely formed from emissions of the 3-D printer, including 4-oxopentanal. Ultrafine particles generated by the 3-D printer using ABS and a laser printer contained chromium. Consideration of the factors that influenced the release of chemical contaminants (including known and suspected asthmagens such as styrene and 4-oxopentanal) from a FDM 3-D printer should be made when designing exposure assessment and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryan F. LeBouf
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Jinghai Yi
- Center for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Jason Ham
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Timothy Nurkewicz
- Center for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | | | - Bean T. Chen
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - J. Raymond Wells
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Matthew G. Duling
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Robert B. Lawrence
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Stephen B. Martin
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Alyson R. Johnson
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - M. Abbas Virji
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
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22
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Szigeti T, Dunster C, Cattaneo A, Spinazzè A, Mandin C, Le Ponner E, de Oliveira Fernandes E, Ventura G, Saraga DE, Sakellaris IA, de Kluizenaar Y, Cornelissen E, Bartzis JG, Kelly FJ. Spatial and temporal variation of particulate matter characteristics within office buildings - The OFFICAIR study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 587-588:59-67. [PMID: 28228238 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Revised: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In the frame of the OFFICAIR project, office buildings were investigated across Europe to assess how the office workers are exposed to different particulate matter (PM) characteristics (i.e. PM2.5 mass concentration, particulate oxidative potential (OP) based on ascorbate and reduced glutathione depletion, trace element concentration and total particle number concentration (PNC)) within the buildings. Two offices per building were investigated during the working hours (5 consecutive days; 8h per day) in two campaigns. Differences were observed for all parameters across the office buildings. Our results indicate that the monitoring of the PM2.5 mass concentration in different offices within a building might not reflect the spatial variation of the health relevant PM characteristics such as particulate OP or the concentration of certain trace elements (e.g., Cu, Fe), since larger differences were apparent within a building for these parameters compared to that obtained for the PM2.5 mass concentration in many cases. The temporal variation was larger for almost all PM characteristics (except for the concentration of Mn) than the spatial differences within the office buildings. These findings indicate that repeated or long-term monitoring campaigns are necessary to have information about the temporal variation of the PM characteristics. However, spatial variation in exposure levels within an office building may cause substantial differences in total exposure in the long term. We did not find strong associations between the investigated indoor activities such as printing or windows opening and the PNC values. This might be caused by the large number of factors affecting PNC indoors and outdoors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Szigeti
- Cooperative Research Centre for Environmental Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter stny. 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Christina Dunster
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Health Impact of Environmental Hazards, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, SE1 9NH London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Cattaneo
- Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Andrea Spinazzè
- Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Corinne Mandin
- Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment (CSTB), Université Paris Est, 84 avenue Jean Jaurés, Champs-sur-Marne, F-77447 Marne-la-Vallée Cedex 2, France
| | - Eline Le Ponner
- Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment (CSTB), Université Paris Est, 84 avenue Jean Jaurés, Champs-sur-Marne, F-77447 Marne-la-Vallée Cedex 2, France
| | - Eduardo de Oliveira Fernandes
- Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Management, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Gabriela Ventura
- Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Management, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Dikaia E Saraga
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, Sialvera & Bakola Street, 50100 Kozani, Greece
| | - Ioannis A Sakellaris
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, Sialvera & Bakola Street, 50100 Kozani, Greece
| | - Yvonne de Kluizenaar
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), P.O. Box 49, 2600 AA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Cornelissen
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), P.O. Box 49, 2600 AA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - John G Bartzis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, Sialvera & Bakola Street, 50100 Kozani, Greece
| | - Frank J Kelly
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Health Impact of Environmental Hazards, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, SE1 9NH London, United Kingdom.
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Liu S, Thompson SL, Stark H, Ziemann PJ, Jimenez JL. Gas-Phase Carboxylic Acids in a University Classroom: Abundance, Variability, and Sources. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:5454-5463. [PMID: 28420232 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b01358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Gas-phase carboxylic acids are ubiquitous in ambient air, yet their indoor occurrence and abundance are poorly characterized. To fill this gap, we measured gas-phase carboxylic acids in real-time inside and outside of a university classroom using a high-resolution time-of-flight chemical ionization mass spectrometer (HRToF-CIMS) equipped with an acetate ion source. A wide variety of carboxylic acids were identified indoors and outdoors, including monoacids, diacids, hydroxy acids, carbonyl acids, and aromatic acids. An empirical parametrization was derived to estimate the sensitivity (ion counts per ppt of the analytes) of the HRToF-CIMS to the acids. The campaign-average concentration of carboxylic acids measured outdoors was 1.0 ppb, with the peak concentration occurring in daytime. The average indoor concentration of carboxylic acids was 6.8 ppb, of which 87% was contributed by formic and lactic acid. While carboxylic acids measured outdoors displayed a single daytime peak, those measured indoors displayed a daytime and a nighttime peak. Besides indoor sources such as off-gassing of building materials, evidence for acid production from indoor chemical reactions with ozone was found. In addition, some carboxylic acids measured indoors correlated to CO2 in daytime, suggesting that human occupants may contribute to their abundance either through direct emissions or surface reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang Liu
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Samantha L Thompson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Harald Stark
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Aerodyne Research Inc. , Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Paul J Ziemann
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Jose L Jimenez
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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24
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Wolkoff P, Nielsen GD. Effects by inhalation of abundant fragrances in indoor air - An overview. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 101:96-107. [PMID: 28126407 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Odorous compounds (odors) like fragrances may cause adverse health effects. To assess their importance by inhalation, we have reviewed how the four major abundant and common airborne fragrances (α-pinene (APN), limonene (LIM), linalool (LIL), and eugenol (EUG)) impact the perceived indoor air quality as odor annoyance, sensory irritation and sensitization in the airways. Breathing and cardiovascular effects, and work performance, and the impact in the airways of ozone-initiated gas- and particle phase reactions products have also been assessed. Measured maximum indoor concentrations for APN, LIM and LIL are close to or above their odor thresholds, but far below their thresholds for sensory irritation in the eyes and upper airways; no information could be traced for EUG. Likewise, reported risk values for long-term effects are far above reported indoor concentrations. Human exposure studies with mixtures of APN and LIM and supported by animal inhalation models do not support sensitization of the airways at indoor levels by inhalation that include other selected fragrances. Human exposure studies, in general, indicate that reported lung function effects are likely due to the perception rather than toxic effects of the fragrances. In general, effects on the breathing rate and mood by exposure to the fragrances are inconclusive. The fragrances may increase the high-frequency heart rate variability, but aerosol exposure during cleaning activities may result in a reduction. Distractive effects influencing the work performance by fragrance/odor exposure are consistently reported, but their persistence over time is unknown. Mice inhalation studies indicate that LIM or its reaction mixture may possess anti-inflammatory properties. There is insufficient information that ozone-initiated reactions with APN or LIM at typical indoor levels cause airway effects in humans. Limited experimental information is available on long-term effects of ozone-initiated reaction products of APN and LIM at typical indoor levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peder Wolkoff
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Gunnar D Nielsen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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25
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Weinberg JL, Flattery J, Harrison R. Fragrances and work-related asthma-California surveillance data, 1993-2012. J Asthma 2017; 54:1041-1050. [PMID: 28332885 DOI: 10.1080/02770903.2017.1299755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fragrance chemicals are used in a large array of products. Workers may be exposed to these chemicals in the workplace directly when used as air fresheners, or indirectly in personal care products used by coworkers or others. This study characterizes work-related asthma (WRA) cases associated with fragrance exposures in California workplaces from 1993 through 2012. METHODS We used the California Work-Related Asthma Prevention Program's surveillance database to identify individuals with physician-diagnosed WRA associated with the use of air fresheners and scented personal care products (perfumes, colognes, etc.). Cases were classified using previously published, standardized surveillance methods. RESULTS Perfume was the ninth most common exposure identified from 1993 through 2012. A total of 270 WRA cases associated with fragrance exposure were reported during this period, representing 3.8% of all confirmed cases. These 270 cases included 242 associated with perfume or cologne, 32 associated with air freshener, and 4 associated with both. Similar to non-fragrance cases, nearly a quarter of fragrance-associated cases were classified as new-onset asthma. Fragrance-associated cases were significantly more likely to be in office, health, and education jobs than non-fragrance-associated cases. When compared to non-fragrance cases, fragrance cases were significantly more likely to be female (94% vs 62%) and be classified as having work-aggravated asthma (38% vs 20%), yet had similar outcomes compared with cases associated with other exposures. CONCLUSIONS Our surveillance data show that fragrance use in the workplace is associated with WRA. Prevention methods include employee education, enforced fragrance-free policies, well-designed ventilation systems, and good building maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Lew Weinberg
- a Public Health Institute , Contractors to the California Department of Public Health , Richmond , CA , USA
| | | | - Robert Harrison
- b California Department of Public Health , Richmond , CA , USA
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26
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Wolkoff P. External eye symptoms in indoor environments. INDOOR AIR 2017; 27:246-260. [PMID: 27444579 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Eye irritation, for example dry or irritated eyes, is generally among top three reported symptoms in office-like environments, in particular among workplaces with cognitive demanding visual display unit (VDU) work. The symptoms are especially among middle and advanced ages and particularly among women more than men. The symptoms are also among the most commonly reported complaints in the eye clinic. To be in a position to interpret the high prevalence of eye symptoms, a multidisciplinary and integrated approach is necessary that involves the external eye physiology (separate from internal eye effects), eye diseases (evaporative dry eye (DE), aqueous-deficient DE, and gland dysfunctions), and risk factors that aggravate the stability of precorneal tear film (PTF) resulting in hyperosmolarity and initiation of inflammatory reactions. Indoor environmental, occupational and personal risk factors may aggravate the PTF stability; factors such as age, contact lenses, cosmetics, diet, draft, gender, low humidity and high temperature, medication, outdoor and combustion pollutants, and VDU work. Psychological stressors may further influence the reporting behavior of eye symptoms. The impact of the risk factors may occur in a combined and exacerbating manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Wolkoff
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
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27
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Mandin C, Trantallidi M, Cattaneo A, Canha N, Mihucz VG, Szigeti T, Mabilia R, Perreca E, Spinazzè A, Fossati S, De Kluizenaar Y, Cornelissen E, Sakellaris I, Saraga D, Hänninen O, De Oliveira Fernandes E, Ventura G, Wolkoff P, Carrer P, Bartzis J. Assessment of indoor air quality in office buildings across Europe - The OFFICAIR study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 579:169-178. [PMID: 27866741 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The European project OFFICAIR aimed to broaden the existing knowledge regarding indoor air quality (IAQ) in modern office buildings, i.e., recently built or refurbished buildings. Thirty-seven office buildings participated in the summer campaign (2012), and thirty-five participated in the winter campaign (2012-2013). Four rooms were investigated per building. The target pollutants were twelve volatile organic compounds, seven aldehydes, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter <2.5μm (PM2.5). Compared to other studies in office buildings, the benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene concentrations were lower in OFFICAIR buildings, while the α-pinene and d-limonene concentrations were higher, and the aldehyde, nitrogen dioxide and PM2.5 concentrations were of the same order of magnitude. When comparing summer and winter, significantly higher concentrations were measured in summer for formaldehyde and ozone, and in winter for benzene, α-pinene, d-limonene, and nitrogen dioxide. The terpene and 2-ethylhexanol concentrations showed heterogeneity within buildings regardless of the season. Considering the average of the summer and winter concentrations, the acetaldehyde and hexanal concentrations tended to increase by 4-5% on average with every floor level increase, and the nitrogen dioxide concentration tended to decrease by 3% on average with every floor level increase. A preliminary evaluation of IAQ in terms of potential irritative and respiratory health effects was performed. The 5-day median and maximum indoor air concentrations of formaldehyde and ozone did not exceed their respective WHO air quality guidelines, and those of acrolein, α-pinene, and d-limonene were lower than their estimated thresholds for irritative and respiratory effects. PM2.5 indoor concentrations were higher than the 24-h and annual WHO ambient air quality guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Mandin
- Scientific and Technical Centre for Building (CSTB), Marne-la-Vallée, France.
| | | | | | - Nuno Canha
- Scientific and Technical Centre for Building (CSTB), Marne-la-Vallée, France
| | | | | | - Rosanna Mabilia
- National Research Council, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy
| | - Erica Perreca
- National Research Council, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Yvonne De Kluizenaar
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Cornelissen
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Otto Hänninen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Gabriela Ventura
- Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Management (INEGI), Porto, Portugal
| | - Peder Wolkoff
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
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28
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Lipsa D, Leva P, Barrero-Moreno J, Coelhan M. Inflammatory effects induced by selected limonene oxidation products: 4-OPA, IPOH, 4-AMCH in human bronchial (16HBE14o-) and alveolar (A549) epithelial cell lines. Toxicol Lett 2016; 262:70-79. [PMID: 27575568 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Limonene, a monoterpene abundantly present in most of the consumer products (due to its pleasant citrus smell), easily undergoes ozonolysis leading to several limonene oxidation products (LOPs) such as 4-acetyl-1-methylcyclohexene (4-AMCH), 4-oxopentanal (4-OPA) and 3-isopropenyl-6-oxoheptanal (IPOH). Toxicological studies have indicated that human exposure to limonene and ozone can cause adverse airway effects. However, little attention has been paid to the potential health impact of specific LOPs, in particular of IPOH, 4-OPA and 4-AMCH. This study evaluates the cytotoxic effects of the selected LOPs on human bronchial epithelial (16HBE14o-) and alveolar epithelial (A549) cell lines by generating concentration-response curves using the neutral red uptake assay and analyzing the inflammatory response with a series of cytokines/chemokines. The cellular viability was mostly reduced by 4-OPA [IC50=1.6mM (A549) and 1.45mM (16HBE14o-)] when compared to IPOH [IC50=3.5mM (A549) and 3.4mM (16HBE14o-)] and 4-AMCH [IC50 could not be calculated]. As a result from the inflammatory response, IPOH [50μM] induced an increase of both IL-6 and IL-8 secretion in A549 (1.5-fold change) and in 16HBE14o- (2.8- and 7-fold change respectively). 4-OPA [50μM] treatment of A549 increased IL-6 (1.4-times) and IL-8 (1.3-times) levels, while in 16HBE14o- had an opposite effect. A549 treated with 4-AMCH [50μM] elevate both IL-6 and IL-8 levels by 1.2-times, while in 16HBE14o- had an opposite effect. Based on our results, lung cellular injury characterized by inflammatory cytokine release was observed for both cell lines treated with the selected chemicals at concentrations that did not affect their cellular viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorelia Lipsa
- Technische Universität München, Research Center Weihenstephan for Brewing and Food Quality, Alte Akademie 3, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany; European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Chemical Assessment and Testing Unit, Ispra (VA), Italy.
| | - Paolo Leva
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Chemical Assessment and Testing Unit, Ispra (VA), Italy
| | - Josefa Barrero-Moreno
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Chemical Assessment and Testing Unit, Ispra (VA), Italy
| | - Mehmet Coelhan
- Technische Universität München, Research Center Weihenstephan for Brewing and Food Quality, Alte Akademie 3, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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29
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Wolkoff P, Crump DR, Harrison PTC. Pollutant exposures and health symptoms in aircrew and office workers: Is there a link? ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 87:74-84. [PMID: 26641522 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Sensory effects in eyes and airways are common symptoms reported by aircraft crew and office workers. Neurological symptoms, such as headache, have also been reported. To assess the commonality and differences in exposures and health symptoms, a literature search of aircraft cabin and office air concentrations of non-reactive volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and ozone-initiated terpene reaction products were compiled and assessed. Data for tricresyl phosphates, in particular tri-ortho-cresyl phosphate (ToCP), were also compiled, as well as information on other risk factors such as low relative humidity. A conservative health risk assessment for eye, airway and neurological effects was undertaken based on a "worst-case scenario" which assumed a simultaneous constant exposure for 8h to identified maximum concentrations in aircraft and offices. This used guidelines and reference values for sensory irritation for eyes and upper airways and airflow limitation; a tolerable daily intake value was used for ToCP. The assessment involved the use of hazard quotients or indexes, defined as the summed ratio(s) (%) of compound concentration(s) divided by their guideline value(s). The concentration data suggest that, under the assumption of a conservative "worst-case scenario", aircraft air and office concentrations of the compounds in question are not likely to be associated with sensory symptoms in eyes and airways. This is supported by the fact that maximum concentrations are, in general, associated with infrequent incidents and brief exposures. Sensory symptoms, in particular in eyes, appear to be exacerbated by environmental and occupational conditions that differ in aircraft and offices, e.g., ozone incidents, low relative humidity, low cabin pressure, and visual display unit work. The data do not support airflow limitation effects. For ToCP, in view of the conservative approach adopted here and the rareness of reported incidents, the health risk of exposure to this compound in aircraft is considered negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peder Wolkoff
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Denmark.
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30
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Zhao Y, Zou S. Mechanism and kinetic properties for the gas-phase ozonolysis of β-ionone. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra24630c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The gas-phase degradation mechanisms of β-ionone with O3are investigated using density functional theory (DFT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- School of Life Sciences
- Qufu Normal University
- Qufu
- P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Shengli Zou
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Central Florida
- Orlando
- USA
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31
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32
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Liang W, Yang S, Yang X. Long-Term Formaldehyde Emissions from Medium-Density Fiberboard in a Full-Scale Experimental Room: Emission Characteristics and the Effects of Temperature and Humidity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:10349-56. [PMID: 26263171 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b02217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We studied formaldehyde emissions from the medium-density fiberboard (MDF) in a full-scale experimental room to approximate emissions in actual buildings. Detailed indoor formaldehyde concentrations and temperature and humidity data were obtained for about 29 months. Temperature, relative humidity (RH), and absolute humidity (AH) ranged over -10.9-31.4 °C, 46.5-83.6%, and 1.1-23.1 g/kgair, respectively. Annual cyclical seasonal variations were observed for indoor formaldehyde concentrations and emission rates, exhibiting entirely different characteristics than those in an environmental chamber under constant environmental conditions. The maximum concentration occurred in summer rather than at initial introduction of the material. The concentrations in summer could be a few up to 20 times higher than that in winter, depending on the indoor temperature and humidity conditions. Concentrations decreased by 20-65% in corresponding months of the second year. Indoor formaldehyde concentrations were positively correlated with temperature and AH but were poorly correlated with RH. The combined effects of temperature and AH on formaldehyde emissions from MDF in actual buildings were verified. These detailed long-term experimental results could be used with environmental chamber measurement data to scale up and validate emission models from chambers held at constant conditions to actual buildings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihui Liang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Shen Yang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Xudong Yang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, P. R. China
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33
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Kim S, Hong SH, Bong CK, Cho MH. Characterization of air freshener emission: the potential health effects. J Toxicol Sci 2015; 40:535-50. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.40.535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanghwa Kim
- Laboratory of Toxicology, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Korea
- Graduate Group of Tumor Biology, Seoul National University, Korea
| | - Seong-Ho Hong
- Laboratory of Toxicology, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Korea
| | | | - Myung-Haing Cho
- Laboratory of Toxicology, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Korea
- Graduate Group of Tumor Biology, Seoul National University, Korea
- Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Korea
- Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Korea
- Institute of GreenBio Science Technology, Seoul National University, Korea
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