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Cai R, Yao P, Yi Y, Merder J, Li P, He D. The Hunt for Chemical Dark Matter across a River-to-Ocean Continuum. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:11988-11997. [PMID: 38875444 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c00648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Thousands of mass peaks emerge during molecular characterization of natural dissolved organic matter (DOM) using ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry. While mass peaks assigned to certain molecular formulas have been extensively studied, the uncharacterized mass peaks that represent a significant fraction of organic matter and convey biogenic elements and energy have been previously ignored. In this study, we introduce the term dark DOM (DDOM) for unassigned mass peaks and have explored its characteristics and environmental behaviors using a data set of 38 DOM extracts covering the Yangtze River-to-ocean continuum. We identified a total of 9141 DDOM molecules, which exhibited higher molecular weight and greater diversity than the DOM subset with assigned DOM formulas. Although DDOM contributed a smaller fraction of relative abundance, it significantly impacted the molecular weight and molecular composition of bulk DOM. A portion of DDOM with higher molecular weight was found to increase molecular abundance across the river-to-ocean continuum. These compounds could contain halogenated organic molecules and might have a high potential to contribute to the refractory organic carbon pool. With this study, we underline the contribution of dark matter to the total DOM pool and emphasize that more DDOM research is needed to understand its contribution to global biogeochemical cycles and carbon sequestration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruanhong Cai
- Department of Ocean Science, Center for Ocean Research in Hong Kong and Macau, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Piao Yao
- Department of Ocean Science, Center for Ocean Research in Hong Kong and Macau, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yuanbi Yi
- Department of Ocean Science, Center for Ocean Research in Hong Kong and Macau, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Julian Merder
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Penghui Li
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Ding He
- Department of Ocean Science, Center for Ocean Research in Hong Kong and Macau, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
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2
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Ni J, Liu SS, Xu GB, Ji X, He Z, Yang GP. Photothermal conditions and upwelling enhance very short-lived brominated halocarbons emissions in the western tropical Pacific Ocean. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 932:173035. [PMID: 38719031 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Sea-to-air emissions of very short-lived brominated halocarbons (VSLBrHs) are known to contribute to 30 % of stratospheric and tropospheric ozone depletion. However, empirical data on their occurrence in open ocean are scarce, which makes it difficult to estimate the significant contribution of open ocean releases to the global budget of halocarbons. This study was conducted in 2022 to explore the spatial variations of VSLBrHs and their controlling factors in the western tropical Pacific Ocean (WTPO). The findings highlighted that high biological productivity and the resulting dissolved organic matter (DOM) as well as upwelling dynamics significantly influenced the distribution and production of VSLBrHs in seawater, with atmospheric levels primarily governed by oceanic emissions. Based on the simultaneous observation of seawater and atmospheric concentrations, the mean sea-to-air fluxes of CH2Br2, CHBr3, CHBrCl2, and CHBr2Cl were estimated to be 1.01, 6.65, 9.31, and 7.25 nmol m-2 d-1, respectively. Sea-to-air fluxes of these gases in the upwelling regions were 9.0, 4.6, 2.9, and 6.8 times those in the non-upwelling regions, respectively. Additionally, in-situ incubation experiments revealed that the enzymatic mediated biosynthesis pathways of VSLBrHs were enhanced under temperature and light-induced stress and in waters rich in humus-like substances. Therefore, we tentatively concluded that abundant photothermal conditions and the existence of upwelling in the WTPO made it a potential hotspot for the emission of VSLBrHs. This study offers critical insights into the environmental dynamics of VSLBrHs emissions and underscores the importance of regional oceanic conditions in influencing atmospheric greenhouse gas compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ni
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Shan-Shan Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Gao-Bin Xu
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Xuan Ji
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Zhen He
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Gui-Peng Yang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, China; Institute of Marine Chemistry, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
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3
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Loan T, Vickers CE, Ayliffe M, Luo M. β-Dicarbonyls Facilitate Engineered Microbial Bromoform Biosynthesis. ACS Synth Biol 2024; 13:1492-1497. [PMID: 38525720 PMCID: PMC11106770 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.4c00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Ruminant livestock produce around 24% of global anthropogenic methane emissions. Methanogenesis in the animal rumen is significantly inhibited by bromoform, which is abundant in seaweeds of the genus Asparagopsis. This has prompted the development of livestock feed additives based on Asparagopsis to mitigate methane emissions, although this approach alone is unlikely to satisfy global demand. Here we engineer a non-native biosynthesis pathway to produce bromoform in vivo with yeast as an alternative biological source that may enable sustainable, scalable production of bromoform by fermentation. β-dicarbonyl compounds with low pKa values were identified as essential substrates for bromoform production and enabled bromoform synthesis in engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing a vanadate-dependent haloperoxidase gene. In addition to providing a potential route to the sustainable biological production of bromoform at scale, this work advances the development of novel microbial biosynthetic pathways for halogenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas
D. Loan
- CSIRO
Agriculture and Food, Box 1700, Clunies Ross Street, Canberra 2601, Australia
| | - Claudia E. Vickers
- ARC
Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
- Centre
of Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, School of Biology and Environmental
Science, Faculty of Science, Queensland
University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Michael Ayliffe
- CSIRO
Agriculture and Food, Box 1700, Clunies Ross Street, Canberra 2601, Australia
| | - Ming Luo
- CSIRO
Agriculture and Food, Box 1700, Clunies Ross Street, Canberra 2601, Australia
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4
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Leri AC, Hettithanthri O, Bolan S, Zhang T, Unrine J, Myneni S, Nachman DR, Tran HT, Phillips AJ, Hou D, Wang Y, Vithanage M, Padhye LP, Jasemi Zad T, Heitz A, Siddique KHM, Wang H, Rinklebe J, Kirkham MB, Bolan N. Bromine contamination and risk management in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 469:133881. [PMID: 38422740 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Bromine (Br) is widely distributed through the lithosphere and hydrosphere, and its chemistry in the environment is affected by natural processes and anthropogenic activities. While the chemistry of Br in the atmosphere has been comprehensively explored, there has never been an overview of the chemistry of Br in soil and aquatic systems. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the sources, geochemistry, health and environmental threats, remediation approaches, and regulatory guidelines pertaining to Br pollution in terrestrial and aquatic environments. Volcanic eruptions, geothermal streams, and seawater are the major natural sources of Br. In soils and sediments, Br undergoes natural cycling between organic and inorganic forms, with bromination reactions occurring both abiotically and through microbial activity. For organisms, Br is a non-essential element; it is passively taken up by plant roots in the form of the Br- anion. Elevated Br- levels can limit plant growth on coastal soils of arid and semi-arid environments. Br is used in the chemical industry to manufacture pesticides, flame retardants, pharmaceuticals, and other products. Anthropogenic sources of organobromine contaminants in the environment are primarily wastewater treatment, fumigants, and flame retardants. When aqueous Br- reacts with oxidants in water treatment plants, it can generate brominated disinfection by-products (DBPs), and exposure to DBPs is linked to adverse human health effects including increased cancer risk. Br- can be removed from aquatic systems using adsorbents, and amelioration of soils containing excess Br- can be achieved by leaching, adding various amendments, or phytoremediation. Developing cost-effective methods for Br- removal from wastewater would help address the problem of toxic brominated DBPs. Other anthropogenic organobromines, such as polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants, are persistent, toxic, and bioaccumulative, posing a challenge in environmental remediation. Future research directives for managing Br pollution sustainably in various environmental settings are suggested here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra C Leri
- Department of Natural Sciences, Marymount Manhattan College, 221 E 71st St., New York, NY 10021, United States.
| | - Oshadi Hettithanthri
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Centre, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, 10250, Sri Lanka
| | - Shiv Bolan
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia; The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia; Healthy Environments And Lives (HEAL) National Research Network, Canberra, Australia
| | - Tao Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention-Control and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jason Unrine
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, United States; Kentucky Water Research Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, United States
| | - Satish Myneni
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton Univ., Princeton, NJ 08544, United States
| | - Danielle R Nachman
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Huu Tuan Tran
- Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Management, Science and Technology Advanced Institute, Van Lang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Faculty of Applied Technology, School of Technology, Van Lang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Ankur J Phillips
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand 263145, India
| | - Deyi Hou
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Yidong Wang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Meththika Vithanage
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Centre, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, 10250, Sri Lanka; UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia; Sustainability Cluster, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, India
| | - Lokesh P Padhye
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Tahereh Jasemi Zad
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Anna Heitz
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | - Kadambot H M Siddique
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia; The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Hailong Wang
- Biochar Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Soil Contamination Bioremediation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, People's Republic of China
| | - Jörg Rinklebe
- University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water, and Waste-Management, Laboratory of Soil, and Groundwater-Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, Wuppertal 42285, Germany
| | - M B Kirkham
- Department of Agronomy, Throckmorton Plant Sciences Center, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States
| | - Nanthi Bolan
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia; The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia; Healthy Environments And Lives (HEAL) National Research Network, Canberra, Australia
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Kinani S, Roumiguières A, Bouchonnet S. A Critical Review on Chemical Speciation of Chlorine-Produced Oxidants (CPOs) in Seawater. Part 1: Chlorine Chemistry in Seawater and Its Consequences in Terms of Biocidal Effectiveness and Environmental Impact. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022:1-14. [PMID: 36325800 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2139590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Seawater chlorination has three main industrial uses: disinfection of water and installations, control of biofouling, and preventing the transport of aquatic invasive species. Once in contact with seawater, chlorine reacts rapidly with water constituents (e.g. bromide ions, ammonia, and nitrogen-containing compounds) to form a range of oxidative species (e.g. bromine and N-haloamines), termed "chlorine-produced oxidants" (CPOs) or "total residual oxidants" (TRO). The chemical nature of CPOs and their concentration are a function of two categories of parameters related to treatment modality (e.g. chlorine dose) and water quality (e.g. temperature, pH, ammonia concentration, and organic constituents). The chlorination process may result in continuous or intermittent releases of CPOs in seawater. The reactivity and potential ecotoxicity of CPO species largely depend on their physical and chemical properties. Therefore, evaluation of the biocidal effectiveness of chlorination and its potential impacts requires not only determining the sum of CPOs (via a bulk parameter), but also their chemical speciation. The aim of this article - which is the first of a trilogy dedicated to the chemical speciation of CPOs in seawater - is to provide an overview of current knowledge about chlorine chemistry in seawater and to discuss the biocidal efficacy and the environmental fate of resulting CPOs. The 2nd and 3rd articles delineate a comprehensive and critical review of analytical methods and approaches for the determination of CPOs in seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said Kinani
- Laboratoire National d'Hydraulique et Environnement (LNHE), Division Recherche et Développement, Electricité de France (EDF), Chatou Cedex 01, France
| | - Adrien Roumiguières
- Laboratoire National d'Hydraulique et Environnement (LNHE), Division Recherche et Développement, Electricité de France (EDF), Chatou Cedex 01, France
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire, CNRS - Institut polytechnique de Paris - Route de Saclay, Palaiseau, France
| | - Stéphane Bouchonnet
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire, CNRS - Institut polytechnique de Paris - Route de Saclay, Palaiseau, France
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6
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Zou Y, He Z, Liu C, Yang GP. Spatiotemporal distribution and environmental control factors of halocarbons in the Yangtze River Estuary and its adjacent marine area during autumn and spring. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 304:119244. [PMID: 35378200 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The oceanic production and release of volatile halocarbons (VHCs) to the atmosphere play a vital role in regulating the global climate. In this study, seasonal and spatial variations in VHCs, including trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11), methyl iodide (CH3I), dibromomethane (CH2Br2), and bromoform (CHBr3), and environmental parameters affecting their concentrations were characterized in the atmosphere and seawater of the Yangtze River Estuary and its adjacent marine area during two cruises from October 17 to October 26, 2019 and from May 12 to May 25, 2020. Significant seasonal variations were observed in the atmosphere and seawater because of seasonal differences in the prevalent monsoon, water mass (Yangtze River Diluted Water), and biogenic production. VHCs concentrations were positively correlated with Chl-a concentrations in the surface water during autumn. The average sea-to-air fluxes of CH3I, CH2Br2, and CHBr3 in autumn were 19.7, 4.0, and 7.6 nmol m-2 d-1, respectively, while those in spring were 6.3, 6.4, and -3.6 nmol m-2 d-1. In the ship-based incubation experiments, ocean acidification and dust deposition had no significant effects on VHCs concentrations. The concentrations of CH2Br2 and CHBr3 were significantly positively correlated with phytoplankton biomass under lower pH condition (M3: pH 7.9). This result indicated that CH2Br2 and CHBr3 concentrations were mainly related to the biological release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Zou
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, And Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Zhen He
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, And Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China; Institute of Marine Chemistry, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Chunying Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, And Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China; Institute of Marine Chemistry, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Gui-Peng Yang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, And Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China; Institute of Marine Chemistry, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China.
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Quivet E, Höhener P, Temime-Roussel B, Dron J, Revenko G, Verlande M, Lebaron K, Demelas C, Vassalo L, Boudenne JL. Underestimation of Anthropogenic Bromoform Released into the Environment? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:1522-1533. [PMID: 35037465 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c05073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bromoform (CHBr3) belongs to very-short-lived substances (VSLSs), which are important precursors of reactive bromine species (BrOx) contributing to tropospheric and stratospheric chemistry. To date, most models calculating bromine product emissions to the atmosphere only consider the natural production of CHBr3 from marine organisms such as macroalgae and phytoplankton. However, CHBr3 has many other anthropogenic sources (coastal industrial sites, desalination and wastewater plants, ballast waters, and seawater toilets) that may drastically increase the amounts emitted in the atmosphere. Here, we report the levels of CHBr3 released in water and air (according to real-time and offline measurements by proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS) and gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC-ECD)) in a highly industrialized area where 3 million cubic meters of chlorinated seawater is released each day, which were measured during six field campaigns (at sea and on land) distributed over 3 years. The highest levels found during this survey (which were correlated to the physical-chemical characteristics of the water, meteorological and hydrological conditions, salinity, and temperature gradients along the water column) reached 34.6 μg L-1 in water (100-10 000 times higher than reported natural levels) and 3.9 ppbv in the air (100 times higher than the maximum reported value to date). These findings suggest the need to undertake sampling and analysis campaigns as close as possible to chlorinated discharges, as anthropogenic CHBr3 sources from industrial discharges may be a missing factor in global flux estimates or organic bromine to the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Quivet
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, 3 place Victor Hugo, 13003 Marseille, France
| | - Patrick Höhener
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, 3 place Victor Hugo, 13003 Marseille, France
| | | | - Julien Dron
- Institut écocitoyen pour la connaissance des pollutions, Centre de vie de la Fossette, RD 2668, 13270 Fos-sur-Mer, France
| | - Gautier Revenko
- Institut écocitoyen pour la connaissance des pollutions, Centre de vie de la Fossette, RD 2668, 13270 Fos-sur-Mer, France
| | - Maxime Verlande
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, 3 place Victor Hugo, 13003 Marseille, France
| | - Karine Lebaron
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, 3 place Victor Hugo, 13003 Marseille, France
| | - Carine Demelas
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, 3 place Victor Hugo, 13003 Marseille, France
| | - Laurent Vassalo
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, 3 place Victor Hugo, 13003 Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Luc Boudenne
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, 3 place Victor Hugo, 13003 Marseille, France
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Zou Y, He Z, Liu CY, Qi Q, Yang GP, Mao S. Coastal observation of halocarbons in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea during winter: Spatial distribution and influence of different factors on the enzyme-mediated reactions. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 290:118022. [PMID: 34492527 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Volatile brominated compounds are important trace gases for stratospheric ozone chemistry. In this study, the spatial variations of dibromomethane (CH2Br2), bromodichloromethane (CHBrCl2), dibromochloromethane (CHBr2Cl) and bromoform (CHBr3) in the seawater and overlying atmosphere were measured in the Yellow Sea (YS) and the East China Sea (ECS) in winter. The air-sea fluxes of CH2Br2, CHBrCl2, CHBr2Cl and CHBr3 ranged from -11.46 to 25.33, -4.68 to 7.91, -8.60 to 4.08 and -88.57 to 8.84 nmol m-2·d-1, respectively. In order to understand the mechanism of halocarbons production, we measured bromoperoxidase (BrPO) activity (39.18-186.74 μU·L-1) in the YS and ECS for the first time using an aminophenyl fluorescein (APF) method and performed in-situ incubation experiments in BrPO-treated seawater. The production rates of CH2Br2, CHBrCl2, CHBr2Cl and CHBr3 ranged from 14.21 to 94.74, 0.00 to 19.74, 0.00 to 30.62 and 6.18-72.75 pmol L-1·h-1, respectively, in BrPO-treated seawater. There were significantly higher production rates in coastal waters compared with the open sea (P = 0.016) because of higher DOC levels near the coast. Moreover, the production rates of halocarbons increased with BrPO activity and H2O2 concentration. The results showed that enzyme-mediated reaction was an important source for the production of halocarbons in seawater. The present research is of great significance for understanding the production mechanisms of halocarbons in seawater and global oceanic halocarbons emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Zou
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Zhen He
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China; Institute of Marine Chemistry, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Chun-Ying Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China; Institute of Marine Chemistry, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Qianqian Qi
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Gui-Peng Yang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China; Institute of Marine Chemistry, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China.
| | - Shihai Mao
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
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Keng FSL, Phang SM, Abd Rahman N, Yeong HY, Malin G, Leedham Elvidge E, Sturges W. Halocarbon emissions by selected tropical seaweeds exposed to different temperatures. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 190:112869. [PMID: 34274551 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Four tropical seaweeds, Gracilaria manilaensis Yamamoto & Trono, Ulva reticulata Forsskål, Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) L.M.Liao and Turbinaria conoides (J.Agardh) Kützing, collected from various habitats throughout Malaysia, were subjected to temperatures of 40, 35, 30, 25 and 20 °C in the laboratory. An exposure range of 21-38 °C is reported for Malaysian waters. The effect of the temperature exposures on the halocarbon emissions of the seaweeds were determined 4 and 28 h after treatment. The emission rates for a suite of six halocarbons commonly emitted by seaweeds, bromoform (CHBr3), dibromomethane (CH2Br2), diiodomethane (CH2I2), iodomethane (CH3I), dibromochloromethane (CHBr2Cl) and dichlorobromomethane (CHBrCl2), were measured using a cryogenic purge-and-trap sample preparation system coupled to a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The emission rate of CHBr3 was the highest of the six halocarbons for all the seaweeds under all the temperatures tested, followed by CH2Br2, and CH2I2. The emission rates were affected by temperature change and exposure duration, but overall responses were unique to each seaweed species. Larger decreases in the emissions of CHBr3, CH2Br2, CH2I2 and CHBr2Cl were found for K. alvarezii and T. conoides after 4 h at 40 °C. In both cases there was a >90% (p < 0.05) reduction in the Fv/Fm value suggesting that photosynthetic actitivity was severely compromised. After a 28 h exposure period, strong negative correlations (r = -0.69 to -0.95; p < 0.01) were observed between temperature and the emission of CHBr3, CH2Br2 and CH2I2 for U. reticulata, K. alvarezii and T. conoides. This suggests a potential decrease in the halocarbon emissions from these tropical seaweeds, especially where the temperature increase is a prolonged event. Strong correlations were also seen between seaweed chlorophyll and carotenoid pigment contents and the emission rates for CHBr3, CH2Br2 and CH2I2 (r = 0.48 to 0.96 and -0.49 to -0.96; p < 0.05). These results suggest that the regulation of halocarbon production versus reactive oxygen species production in seaweeds is an area worthy of further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Seh-Lin Keng
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences (IOES), University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Siew-Moi Phang
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences (IOES), University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, Cheras, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Noorsaadah Abd Rahman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hui-Yin Yeong
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences (IOES), University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Gill Malin
- Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Leedham Elvidge
- Faculty of Science, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - William Sturges
- Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
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10
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Wang Y, Ma J. Quantitative determination of redox-active carbonyls of natural dissolved organic matter. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 185:116142. [PMID: 32823193 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Natural dissolved organic matter (DOM) is ubiquitous in environment and plays an important role in numerous environmental processes. Although the molecular basis of the reactivity of DOM remains poorly understood due to its extreme complexity, redox-active carbonyls (aromatic ketones/aldehydes and quinones) within DOM are believed vitally important. Except the rough determination of total carbonyls (including non-redox active -COOR) based on inflexible 13C chemical shift range by expensive and time-consuming solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), there is no ready method to quantify redox-active carbonyls in DOM. Here we show that after treatment with sodium borohydride (NaBH4) by selectively eliminating redox-active carbonyls, quenched fluorescence of carbon quantum dots (CD) by DOM recovered dramatically, and displayed a good linear relationship between redox-active carbonyls detected and DOM concentration (R2 ≥ 0.977), thus allowing first quantitative determination of the redox-active carbonyls of DOM. Eight DOM isolates present 0.59%-0.90% redox-active carbonyls by the current method. And this method is robust from coexisting proteins and salts. This method could provide better or equal instructive results compared with solid-state NMR for total carbonyls or electrochemical method for electron-accepting capacities (EAC). Our results provide the underlying structural basis of many important geochemical processes that mediated by DOM. We posit that this method could apply to other complex molecular systems such as the atmospheric aerosols and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), too.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Wang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jiahai Ma
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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11
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Liu SS, He Z, Yang GP. Bromoform, dibromochloromethane, and dibromomethane over the East China Sea and the western Pacific Ocean: Oceanic emission and spatial variation. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 257:127151. [PMID: 32470539 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Spatial distributions of bromocarbons, including bromoform (CHBr3), dibromochloromethane (CHBr2Cl), and dibromomethane (CH2Br2), and influential oceanographic parameters that determine their concentrations were measured in the marine atmosphere and seawater of the East China Sea (ECS) and western Pacific Ocean during two cruises from 14 to 24 September, 2017 and from 5 October to 3 December, 2018. The atmospheric concentrations of CHBr3, CHBr2Cl, and CH2Br2 were 0.33-3.02, 0.16-1.96, and 0.85-1.75 pptv over the western Pacific Ocean and 2.23-4.92, 0.26-1.52, and 0.24-7.47 pptv over the ECS, respectively. There was significant spatial variability in atmospheric bromocarbon concentrations in the study region, with higher concentration over the ECS. The atmospheric mixing ratios of bromocarbons were significantly correlated to the surface seawater bromocarbon concentrations and wind speed. In the ECS, input from terrestrial sources also significantly influenced the distributions of bromocarbons in air. PCA analysis revealed that seawater bromocarbon concentrations were correlated with both water mass and chlorophyll a. Generally lower CH2Br2/CHBr3 ratios were observed in the ECS, which was indicative of mixing and/or dilution in coastal areas. The estimated average sea-to-air fluxes of CHBr2Cl, CH2Br2, and CHBr3 were 46.86, -3.77, and -6.71 nmol m-2 d-1 in the western Pacific Ocean and 111.49, 0.89, and 321.74 nmol m-2 d-1 in the ECS, respectively. These results of the net sea-to-air fluxes indicated oceanic net uptake of CH2Br2 and CHBr3 for the western Pacific Ocean and oceanic emission of bromocarbons for the ECS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Shan Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Zhen He
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Gui-Peng Yang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China; Institute of Marine Chemistry, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China.
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12
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Thapa HR, Lin Z, Yi D, Smith JE, Schmidt EW, Agarwal V. Genetic and Biochemical Reconstitution of Bromoform Biosynthesis in Asparagopsis Lends Insights into Seaweed Reactive Oxygen Species Enzymology. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:1662-1670. [PMID: 32453942 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Marine macroalgae, seaweeds, are exceptionally prolific producers of halogenated natural products. Biosynthesis of halogenated molecules in seaweeds is inextricably linked to reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling as hydrogen peroxide serves as a substrate for haloperoxidase enzymes that participate in the construction these halogenated molecules. Here, using red macroalga Asparagopsis taxiformis, a prolific producer of the ozone depleting molecule bromoform, we provide the discovery and biochemical characterization of a ROS-producing NAD(P)H oxidase from seaweeds. This discovery was enabled by our sequencing of Asparagopsis genomes, in which we find the gene encoding the ROS-producing enzyme to be clustered with genes encoding bromoform-producing haloperoxidases. Biochemical reconstitution of haloperoxidase activities establishes that fatty acid biosynthesis can provide viable hydrocarbon substrates for bromoform production. The ROS production haloperoxidase enzymology that we describe here advances seaweed biology and biochemistry by providing the molecular basis for decades worth of physiological observations in ROS and halogenated natural product biosyntheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hem R. Thapa
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Zhenjian Lin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Dongqi Yi
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Jennifer E. Smith
- Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Eric W. Schmidt
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Vinayak Agarwal
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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13
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Bidleman TF, Andersson A, Haglund P, Tysklind M. Will Climate Change Influence Production and Environmental Pathways of Halogenated Natural Products? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:6468-6485. [PMID: 32364720 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Thousands of halogenated natural products (HNPs) pervade the terrestrial and marine environment. HNPs are generated by biotic and abiotic processes and range in complexity from low molecular mass natural halocarbons (nHCs, mostly halomethanes and haloethanes) to compounds of higher molecular mass which often contain oxygen and/or nitrogen atoms in addition to halogens (hHNPs). nHCs have a key role in regulating tropospheric and stratospheric ozone, while some hHNPs bioaccumulate and have toxic properties similar those of anthropogenic-persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Both chemical classes have common sources: biosynthesis by marine bacteria, phytoplankton, macroalgae, and some invertebrate animals, and both may be similarly impacted by alteration of production and transport pathways in a changing climate. The nHCs scientific community is advanced in investigating sources, atmospheric and oceanic transport, and forecasting climate change impacts through modeling. By contrast, these activities are nascent or nonexistent for hHNPs. The goals of this paper are to (1) review production, sources, distribution, and transport pathways of nHCs and hHNPs through water and air, pointing out areas of commonality, (2) by analogy to nHCs, argue that climate change may alter these factors for hHNPs, and (3) suggest steps to improve linkage between nHCs and hHNPs science to better understand and predict climate change impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry F Bidleman
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University (UmU), SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Agneta Andersson
- Department of Ecology & Environmental Science, UmU, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå Marine Sciences Centre, UmU, SE-905 71 Hörnefors, Sweden
| | - Peter Haglund
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University (UmU), SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mats Tysklind
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University (UmU), SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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14
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Bernhard GH, Neale RE, Barnes PW, Neale PJ, Zepp RG, Wilson SR, Andrady AL, Bais AF, McKenzie RL, Aucamp PJ, Young PJ, Liley JB, Lucas RM, Yazar S, Rhodes LE, Byrne SN, Hollestein LM, Olsen CM, Young AR, Robson TM, Bornman JF, Jansen MAK, Robinson SA, Ballaré CL, Williamson CE, Rose KC, Banaszak AT, Häder DP, Hylander S, Wängberg SÅ, Austin AT, Hou WC, Paul ND, Madronich S, Sulzberger B, Solomon KR, Li H, Schikowski T, Longstreth J, Pandey KK, Heikkilä AM, White CC. Environmental effects of stratospheric ozone depletion, UV radiation and interactions with climate change: UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, update 2019. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2020; 19:542-584. [PMID: 32364555 PMCID: PMC7442302 DOI: 10.1039/d0pp90011g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This assessment, by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP), one of three Panels informing the Parties to the Montreal Protocol, provides an update, since our previous extensive assessment (Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2019, 18, 595-828), of recent findings of current and projected interactive environmental effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation, stratospheric ozone, and climate change. These effects include those on human health, air quality, terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, biogeochemical cycles, and materials used in construction and other services. The present update evaluates further evidence of the consequences of human activity on climate change that are altering the exposure of organisms and ecosystems to UV radiation. This in turn reveals the interactive effects of many climate change factors with UV radiation that have implications for the atmosphere, feedbacks, contaminant fate and transport, organismal responses, and many outdoor materials including plastics, wood, and fabrics. The universal ratification of the Montreal Protocol, signed by 197 countries, has led to the regulation and phase-out of chemicals that deplete the stratospheric ozone layer. Although this treaty has had unprecedented success in protecting the ozone layer, and hence all life on Earth from damaging UV radiation, it is also making a substantial contribution to reducing climate warming because many of the chemicals under this treaty are greenhouse gases.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Bernhard
- Biospherical Instruments Inc., San Diego, California, USA
| | - R E Neale
- Population Health Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - P W Barnes
- Biological Sciences and Environment Program, Loyola University, New Orleans, USA
| | - P J Neale
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, Maryland, USA
| | - R G Zepp
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - S R Wilson
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - A L Andrady
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - A F Bais
- Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - R L McKenzie
- National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research, Lauder, Central Otago, New Zealand
| | - P J Aucamp
- Ptersa Environmental Consultants, Faerie Glen, South Africa
| | - P J Young
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - J B Liley
- National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research, Lauder, Central Otago, New Zealand
| | - R M Lucas
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - S Yazar
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - L E Rhodes
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, and Salford Royal Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - S N Byrne
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - L M Hollestein
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Manchester, The Netherlands
| | - C M Olsen
- Population Health Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - A R Young
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College, London, London, UK
| | - T M Robson
- Organismal & Evolutionary Biology, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - J F Bornman
- Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia.
| | - M A K Jansen
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - S A Robinson
- Centre for Sustainable Ecosystem Solutions, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - C L Ballaré
- Faculty of Agronomy and IFEVA-CONICET, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C E Williamson
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, USA
| | - K C Rose
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
| | - A T Banaszak
- Unidad Académica de Sistemas Arrecifales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto Morelos, Mexico
| | - D -P Häder
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University, Möhrendorf, Germany
| | - S Hylander
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - S -Å Wängberg
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - A T Austin
- Faculty of Agronomy and IFEVA-CONICET, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - W -C Hou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan, China
| | - N D Paul
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - S Madronich
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - B Sulzberger
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - K R Solomon
- Centre for Toxicology, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - H Li
- Institute of Atmospheric Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - T Schikowski
- Research Group of Environmental Epidemiology, Leibniz Institute of Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - J Longstreth
- Institute for Global Risk Research, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - K K Pandey
- Institute of Wood Science and Technology, Bengaluru, India
| | - A M Heikkilä
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - C C White
- , 5409 Mohican Rd, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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15
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Liu H, Tong T, Pu Y, Zhu X, Sun B, Wang Z, Yan Z. Methyl bromide production from dissolved organic matter under simulated sunlight irradiation and the important effect of ferric ions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:751-758. [PMID: 32067016 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00473d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The oceans play an important role in the biogeochemical cycle of methyl bromide (CH3Br), as not only the sinks but also the sources. However, many uncertainties exist regarding the way of CH3Br generation in the marine environment. To illustrate the possibility of photochemical formation of CH3Br in saline water, its generation in bromide aqueous solution containing humic acid (HA) and ferric ions (Fe(iii)) was investigated. CH3Br was obviously generated after irradiation, and its amounts increased with increasing HA concentration from 0.82 to 12.2 mgC L-1. Fe(iii) significantly promoted CH3Br production, and the described production process in the presence of Fe(iii) was pH-dependent, decreasing with the increase of pH. Finally, the concentrations of CH3Br in natural coastal seawater and seawater with HA were measured, and the results showed that CH3Br was significantly generated under irradiation. Our results suggest that the photochemical process of dissolved organic matter may be one source of CH3Br in the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China.
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16
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Mehlmann M, Quack B, Atlas E, Hepach H, Tegtmeier S. Natural and anthropogenic sources of bromoform and dibromomethane in the oceanographic and biogeochemical regime of the subtropical North East Atlantic. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:679-707. [PMID: 32163052 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00599d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The organic bromine compounds bromoform (CHBr3) and dibromomethane (CH2Br2) influence tropospheric chemistry and stratospheric ozone depletion. Their atmospheric abundance is generally related to a common marine source, which is not well characterized. A cruise between the three Macaroenesian Archipelagos of Cape Verde, the Canaries and Madeira revealed that anthropogenic sources increased oceanic CHBr3 emissions significantly close to some islands, especially at the Canaries, while heterotrophic processes in the ocean increased the flux of CH2Br2 from the sea to the atmosphere in the Cape Verde region. As anthropogenic disinfection processes, which release CHBr3 in coastal areas increase, and as more CH2Br2 may be produced from increased heterotrophy in a warming, deoxygenated ocean, both sources could supply higher fractions of stratospheric bromine in the future, with yet unknown consequences for stratospheric ozone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Mehlmann
- Chemical Oceanography, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
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17
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Liu H, Pu Y, Tong T, Zhu X, Sun B, Zhang X. Photochemical Generation of Methyl Chloride from Humic Aicd: Impacts of Precursor Concentration, Solution pH, Solution Salinity and Ferric Ion. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17020503. [PMID: 31941122 PMCID: PMC7013589 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17020503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Methyl chloride (CH3Cl) is presently understood to arise from biotic and abiotic processes in marine systems. However, the production of CH3Cl via photochemical processes has not been well studied. Here, we reported the production of CH3Cl from humic acid (HA) in sunlit saline water and the effects of the concentration of HA, chloride ions, ferric ions and pH were investigated. HA in aqueous chloride solutions or natural seawater were irradiated under an artificial light, and the amounts of CH3Cl were determined using a purge-and-trap and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. CH3Cl was generated upon irradiation and its amount increased with increasing irradiation time and the light intensity. The formation of CH3Cl increased with an increase of HA concentration ranging from 2 mg L−1 to 20 mg L−1 and chloride ion concentration ranging from 0.02 mol L−1 to 0.5 mol L−1. The photochemical production of CH3Cl was pH-dependent, with the highest amount of CH3Cl generating near neutral conditions. Additionally, the generation of CH3Cl was inhibited by ferric ions. Finally, natural coastal seawater was irradiated under artificial light and the concentration of CH3Cl rose significantly. Our results suggest that the photochemical process of HA may be a source of CH3Cl in the marine environment.
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18
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Sulzberger B, Austin AT, Cory RM, Zepp RG, Paul ND. Solar UV radiation in a changing world: roles of cryosphere-land-water-atmosphere interfaces in global biogeochemical cycles. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:747-774. [PMID: 30810562 PMCID: PMC7418111 DOI: 10.1039/c8pp90063a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Global change influences biogeochemical cycles within and between environmental compartments (i.e., the cryosphere, terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, and the atmosphere). A major effect of global change on carbon cycling is altered exposure of natural organic matter (NOM) to solar radiation, particularly solar UV radiation. In terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, NOM is degraded by UV and visible radiation, resulting in the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide, as well as a range of products that can be more easily degraded by microbes (photofacilitation). On land, droughts and land-use change can reduce plant cover causing an increase in exposure of plant litter to solar radiation. The altered transport of soil organic matter from terrestrial to aquatic ecosystems also can enhance exposure of NOM to solar radiation. An increase in emission of CO2 from terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems due to the effects of global warming, such as droughts and thawing of permafrost soils, fuels a positive feedback on global warming. This is also the case for greenhouse gases other than CO2, including methane and nitrous oxide, that are emitted from terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. These trace gases also have indirect or direct impacts on stratospheric ozone concentrations. The interactive effects of UV radiation and climate change greatly alter the fate of synthetic and biological contaminants. Contaminants are degraded or inactivated by direct and indirect photochemical reactions. The balance between direct and indirect photodegradation or photoinactivation of contaminants is likely to change with future changes in stratospheric ozone, and with changes in runoff of coloured dissolved organic matter due to climate and land-use changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Sulzberger
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Duebendorf, Switzerland.
| | - A T Austin
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires en las afiliations, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - R M Cory
- University of Michigan, Earth & Environmental Science, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - R G Zepp
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - N D Paul
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, LA1 4YQ, UK
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19
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Wang B, Liu C, Chen Y, Dong F, Chen S, Zhang D, Zhu J. Structural characteristics, analytical techniques and interactions with organic contaminants of dissolved organic matter derived from crop straw: a critical review. RSC Adv 2018; 8:36927-36938. [PMID: 35558903 PMCID: PMC9089241 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra06978f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) represents one of the most mobile and reactive organic compounds in an ecosystem and plays an important role in the fate and transport of soil organic pollutants, nutrient cycling and more importantly global climate change. Advances in environment geochemistry in the past two decades have improved our knowledge about the genesis, composition, and structure of DOM, and its effect on the environment. Application of analytical technology, for example UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy (3D-EEM) have resulted in these advances. At present, crop straw, as a part of energy development strategy, is mainly used for soil amendment, fodder, fertilizer and industrial materials. Moreover, the fermentation and decomposition of straw should be also promoted for ecological agriculture. However, few studies have focused on the structural properties of DOM derived from crop straw in farmland soil. In this article, DOM derived from crop straw, which is abbreviated to "CDOM", presents active physicochemical properties that can affect the migration and bioavailability of organic contaminants (OCs) in terrestrial ecosystems. The objectives of this review paper are: (i) to discuss the structural characteristics, analytical techniques and interactions between CDOM and OCs in farmland soil; (ii) to present a critical analysis of the impact of CDOM on the physicochemical transformation and transport of OCs in farmland soils; (iii) to provide the perspectives in future research. Therefore, the findings obtained from this study can be utilized to evaluate the relations of interactions between CDOM and OCs in agricultural soils, in order to support some suggestions for future development in agricultural waste recycling, buffering of organic pollution, and the effect on the global carbon cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- School of Environment and Resource, Southwest University of Science and Technology Sichuan 621010 PR China +86 816 2419018 +86 816 2419018
- Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recycle, Ministry of Education, Southwest University of Science and Technology Sichuan 621010 PR China
| | - Chang Liu
- School of Environment and Resource, Southwest University of Science and Technology Sichuan 621010 PR China +86 816 2419018 +86 816 2419018
- Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recycle, Ministry of Education, Southwest University of Science and Technology Sichuan 621010 PR China
| | - Yuwei Chen
- School of Environment and Resource, Southwest University of Science and Technology Sichuan 621010 PR China +86 816 2419018 +86 816 2419018
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University Sudbury P3E 2C6 Canada
| | - Faqin Dong
- School of Environment and Resource, Southwest University of Science and Technology Sichuan 621010 PR China +86 816 2419018 +86 816 2419018
- Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recycle, Ministry of Education, Southwest University of Science and Technology Sichuan 621010 PR China
| | - Shu Chen
- School of Environment and Resource, Southwest University of Science and Technology Sichuan 621010 PR China +86 816 2419018 +86 816 2419018
- Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recycle, Ministry of Education, Southwest University of Science and Technology Sichuan 621010 PR China
| | - Di Zhang
- Faculty of Environment Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology Yunnan 650500 PR China +86 15887215550
| | - Jingping Zhu
- School of Environment and Resource, Southwest University of Science and Technology Sichuan 621010 PR China +86 816 2419018 +86 816 2419018
- Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recycle, Ministry of Education, Southwest University of Science and Technology Sichuan 621010 PR China
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Wever R, Krenn BE, Renirie R. Marine Vanadium-Dependent Haloperoxidases, Their Isolation, Characterization, and Application. Methods Enzymol 2018; 605:141-201. [PMID: 29909824 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2018.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Vanadium-dependent haloperoxidases in seaweeds, cyanobacteria, fungi, and possibly phytoplankton play an important role in the release of halogenated volatile compounds in the environment. These halocarbons have effects on atmospheric chemistry since they cause ozone depletion. In this chapter, a survey is given of the different sources of these enzymes, some of their properties, the various methods to isolate them, and the bottlenecks in purification. The assays to detect and quantify haloperoxidase activity are described as well as their kinetic properties. Several practical tips and pitfalls are given which have not yet been published explicitly. Recent developments in research on structure and function of these enzymes are reviewed. Finally, the application of vanadium-dependent haloperoxidases in the biosynthesis of brominated and other compounds is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Wever
- University of Amsterdam, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Bea E Krenn
- University of Amsterdam, Innovation Exchange Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rokus Renirie
- University of Amsterdam, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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21
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Wever R, Barnett P. Vanadium Chloroperoxidases: The Missing Link in the Formation of Chlorinated Compounds and Chloroform in the Terrestrial Environment? Chem Asian J 2017; 12:1997-2007. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201700420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ron Wever
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences; University of Amsterdam; Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Phil Barnett
- Department of Anatomy; Embryology and Physiology; Academic Medical Center Amsterdam; Meibergdreef 15 1105 AZ Amsterdam The Netherlands
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22
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Environmental effects of ozone depletion and its interactions with climate change: Progress report, 2016. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2017; 16:107-145. [PMID: 28124708 PMCID: PMC6400464 DOI: 10.1039/c7pp90001e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Parties to the Montreal Protocol are informed by three Panels of experts. One of these is the Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP), which deals with two focal issues. The first focus is the effects of UV radiation on human health, animals, plants, biogeochemistry, air quality, and materials. The second focus is on interactions between UV radiation and global climate change and how these may affect humans and the environment. When considering the effects of climate change, it has become clear that processes resulting in changes in stratospheric ozone are more complex than previously believed. As a result of this, human health and environmental issues will be longer-lasting and more regionally variable. Like the other Panels, the EEAP produces a detailed report every four years; the most recent was published as a series of seven papers in 2015 (Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2015, 14, 1-184). In the years in between, the EEAP produces less detailed and shorter Progress Reports of the relevant scientific findings. The most recent of these was for 2015 (Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2016, 15, 141-147). The present Progress Report for 2016 assesses some of the highlights and new insights with regard to the interactive nature of the direct and indirect effects of UV radiation, atmospheric processes, and climate change. The more detailed Quadrennial Assessment will be made available in 2018.
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Bidleman TF, Agosta K, Andersson A, Haglund P, Liljelind P, Hegmans A, Jantunen LM, Nygren O, Poole J, Ripszam M, Tysklind M. Sea-air exchange of bromoanisoles and methoxylated bromodiphenyl ethers in the Northern Baltic. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 112:58-64. [PMID: 27575397 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated natural products in biota of the Baltic Sea include bromoanisoles (BAs) and methoxylated bromodiphenyl ethers (MeO-BDEs). We identified biogenic 6-MeO-BDE47 and 2'-MeO-BDE68 in Baltic water and air for the first time using gas chromatography - high resolution mass spectrometry. Partial pressures in air were related to temperature by: log p/Pa=m/T(K)+b. We determined Henry's law constants (HLCs) of 2,4-dibromoanisole (2,4-DiBA) and 2,4,6-tribromoanisole (2,4,6-TriBA) from 5 to 30°C and revised our assessment of gas exchange in the northern Baltic. The new water/air fugacity ratios (FRs) were lower, but still indicated net volatilization in May-June for 2,4-DiBA and May - September for 2,4,6-TriBA. The net flux (negative) of BAs from Bothnian Bay (38,000km2) between May - September was revised from -1319 to -532kg. FRs of MeO-BDEs were >1, suggesting volatilization, although this is tentative due to uncertainties in their HLCs and binding to dissolved organic carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry F Bidleman
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Kathleen Agosta
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Agneta Andersson
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Peter Haglund
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Per Liljelind
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Alyse Hegmans
- Department of Environmental Science, Royal Roads University, Victoria, BC, V9B 5Y2, Canada
| | - Liisa M Jantunen
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 6248 Eighth Line, Egbert, ON L0L 1N0, Canada
| | - Olle Nygren
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Justen Poole
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Matyas Ripszam
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mats Tysklind
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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