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Chen XX, Wang B, Cai W, Zhang YH, Shen L, Zhu YY, Wang T, Meng XH, Wang H, Xu DX. Exposure to 1-nitropyrene after weaning induces anxiety-like behavior partially by inhibiting steroid hormone synthesis in prefrontal cortex. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 475:134911. [PMID: 38889457 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
1-Nitropyrene (1-NP) is a neurodevelopmental toxicant. This study was to evaluate the impact of exposure to 1-NP after weaning on anxiety-like behavior. Five-week-old mice were administered with 1-NP (0.1 or 1 mg/kg) daily for 4 weeks. Anxiety-like behaviour was measured using elevated-plus maze (EPM) and open field test (OFT). In EPM test, time spending in open arm and times entering open arm were reduced in 1-NP-treated mice. In OFT test, time spent in the center region and times entering the center region were diminished in 1-NP-treated mice. Prefrontal dendritic length and number of dendrite branches were decreased in 1-NP-treated mice. Prefrontal PSD95, an excitatory postsynaptic membrane protein, and gephyrin, an inhibitory postsynaptic membrane protein, were downregulated in 1-NP-treated mice. Further analysis showed that peripheral steroid hormones, including serum testosterone (T) and estradiol (E2), testicular T, and ovarian E2, were decreased in 1-NP-treated mice. Interestingly, T and E2 were diminished in 1-NP-treated prefrontal cortex. Prefrontal T and E2 synthases were diminished in 1-NP-treated mice. Mechanistically, GCN2-eIF2α, a critical pathway that regulates ribosomal protein translation, was activated in 1-NP-treated prefrontal cortex. These results indicate that exposure to 1-NP after weaning induces anxiety-like behaviour partially by inhibiting steroid hormone synthesis in prefrontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xi Chen
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Wei Cai
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yi-Hao Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Li Shen
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yan-Yan Zhu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Xiu-Hong Meng
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - De-Xiang Xu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032 China.
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Zuidema C, Paulsen M, Simpson CD, Jovan SE. Evaluation of Orthotrichum lyellii moss as a biomonitor of diesel exhaust. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 922:171306. [PMID: 38423310 PMCID: PMC10964952 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Exhaust from diesel combustion engines is an important contributor to urban air pollution and poses significant risk to human health. Diesel exhaust contains a chemical class known as nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nitro-PAHs) and is enriched in 1-nitropyrene (1-NP), which has the potential to serve as a marker of diesel exhaust. The isomeric nitro-PAHs 2-nitropyrene (2-NP) and 2-nitrofluoranthene (2-NFL) are secondary pollutants arising from photochemical oxidation of pyrene and fluoranthene, respectively. Like other important air toxics, there is not extensive monitoring of nitro-PAHs, leading to gaps in knowledge about relative exposures and urban hotspots. Epiphytic moss absorbs water, nutrients, and pollutants from the atmosphere and may hold potential as an effective biomonitor for nitro-PAHs. In this study we investigate the suitability of Orthotrichum lyellii as a biomonitor of diesel exhaust by analyzing samples of the moss for 1-NP, 2-NP, and 2-NFL in the Seattle, WA metropolitan area. Samples were collected from rural parks, urban parks, residential, and commercial/industrial areas (N = 22 locations) and exhibited increasing concentrations across these land types. Sampling and laboratory method performance varied by nitro-PAH, but was generally good. We observed moderate to moderately strong correlation between 1-NP and select geographic variables, including summer normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) within 250 m (r = -0.88, R2 = 0.77), percent impervious surface within 50 m (r = 0.83, R2 = 0.70), percent high development land use within 500 m (r = 0.77, R2 = 0.60), and distance to nearest secondary and connecting road (r = -0.75, R2 = 0.56). The relationships between 2-NP and 2-NFL and the geographic variables were generally weaker. Our results suggest O. lyellii is a promising biomonitor of diesel exhaust, specifically for 1-NP. To our knowledge this pilot study is the first to evaluate using moss concentrations of nitro-PAHs as biomonitors of diesel exhaust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Zuidema
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Seattle, WA 98105, USA; Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service, 400 N 34th St., Seattle, WA 98103, USA
| | - Michael Paulsen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Christopher D Simpson
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Sarah E Jovan
- Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service, 1220 SW 3(rd) Ave., Suite 1410, Portland, OR 97204, USA.
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Sultana D, Kauffman D, Castorina R, Paulsen MH, Bartlett R, Ranjbar K, Gunier RB, Aguirre V, Rowen M, Garban N, DeGuzman J, She J, Patterson R, Simpson CD, Bradman A, Hoover S. The East Bay Diesel Exposure Project: a biomonitoring study of parents and their children in heavily impacted communities. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2023:10.1038/s41370-023-00622-1. [PMID: 38102301 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-023-00622-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diesel exhaust (DE) exposures pose concerns for serious health effects, including asthma and lung cancer, in California communities burdened by multiple stressors. OBJECTIVE To evaluate DE exposures in disproportionately impacted communities using biomonitoring and compare results for adults and children within and between families. METHODS We recruited 40 families in the San Francisco East Bay area. Two metabolites of 1-nitropyrene (1-NP), a marker for DE exposures, were measured in urine samples from parent-child pairs. For 25 families, we collected single-day spot urine samples during two sampling rounds separated by an average of four months. For the 15 other families, we collected daily spot urine samples over four consecutive days during the two sampling rounds. We also measured 1-NP in household dust and indoor air. Associations between urinary metabolite levels and participant demographics, season, and 1-NP levels in dust and air were evaluated. RESULTS At least one 1-NP metabolite was present in 96.6% of the urine samples. Detection frequencies for 1-NP in dust and indoor air were 97% and 74%, respectively. Results from random effect models indicated that levels of the 1-NP metabolite 6-hydroxy-1-nitropyrene (6-OHNP) were significantly higher in parents compared with their children (p-value = 0.005). Urinary 1-NP metabolite levels were generally higher during the fall and winter months. Within-subject variability was higher than between-subject variability (~60% of total variance versus ~40%, respectively), indicating high short-term temporal variability. IMPACT Biomonitoring, coupled with air monitoring, improves understanding of hyperlocal air pollution impacts. Results from these studies will inform the design of effective exposure mitigation strategies in disproportionately affected communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sultana
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA), California Environmental Protection Agency, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Duyen Kauffman
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA), California Environmental Protection Agency, Oakland, CA, USA
- Environmental Health Investigations Branch, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA
| | - Rosemary Castorina
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Michael H Paulsen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Russell Bartlett
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA), California Environmental Protection Agency, Oakland, CA, USA
- Environmental Health Investigations Branch, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA
| | - Kelsey Ranjbar
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA), California Environmental Protection Agency, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Robert B Gunier
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Victor Aguirre
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA), California Environmental Protection Agency, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Marina Rowen
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Natalia Garban
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA), California Environmental Protection Agency, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Josephine DeGuzman
- Environmental Health Laboratory Branch, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA
| | - Jianwen She
- Environmental Health Laboratory Branch, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA
| | - Regan Patterson
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA), California Environmental Protection Agency, Oakland, CA, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Christopher D Simpson
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Asa Bradman
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Department of Public Health, University of California, Merced, CA, USA.
| | - Sara Hoover
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA), California Environmental Protection Agency, Oakland, CA, USA
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Choi SH, Ochirpurev B, Toriba A, Won JU, Kim H. Exposure to Benzo[a]pyrene and 1-Nitropyrene in Particulate Matter Increases Oxidative Stress in the Human Body. TOXICS 2023; 11:797. [PMID: 37755807 PMCID: PMC10534303 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11090797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been reported to cause oxidative stress in metabolic processes. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between exposure to PAHs, including benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and 1-nitropyrene (1-NP), in the atmosphere and oxidative stress levels in the human body. This study included 44 Korean adults who lived in Cheongju, Republic of Korea. Atmospheric BaP and 1-NP concentrations and urinary 6-hydroxy-1-nitropyrene (6-OHNP), N-acetyl-1-aminopyrene (1-NAAP), and 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) concentrations were measured. The oxidative stress level was assessed by measuring urinary thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) concentrations. Urinary TBARS and 6-OHNP concentrations significantly differed between winter and summer. BaP exposure was significantly associated with urinary 8-OHdG concentrations in summer. However, atmospheric 1-NP did not show a significant correlation with oxidative stress marker concentrations. Urinary 1-NAAP concentration was a significant determinant for urinary 8-OHdG concentration in summer. Oxidative stress in the body increases in proportion to inhalation exposure to BaP, and more 8-OHdG is produced in the body as the amount of 1-NP, which is metabolized to 1-AP or 1-NAAP, increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Haeng Choi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Bolormaa Ochirpurev
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Akira Toriba
- Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Jong-Uk Won
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Heon Kim
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
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Choi SH, Ochirpurev B, Jo HY, Won JU, Toriba A, Kim H. Effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure on mitochondrial DNA copy number. Hum Exp Toxicol 2023; 42:9603271231216968. [PMID: 37989254 DOI: 10.1177/09603271231216968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure can adversely affect human health by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increasing oxidative stress, which causes changes in mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNAcn), a key indicator of mitochondrial damage and dysfunction. This study aimed to determine the effects of atmospheric benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and 1-nitropyrene (1-NP) exposure on mtDNAcn in humans. One hundred and eight adults living in Cheongju, South Korea, were included in this study. Atmospheric BaP and 1-NP concentrations and urinary 6-hydroxy-1-nitropyrene (6-OHNP), N-acetyl-1-aminopyrene (1-NAAP), and 1-hydroxypyrene concentrations were measured. Blood samples were also collected to assess mtDNAcn. The mean mtDNAcn was 9.74 (SD 4.46). mtDNAcn decreased significantly with age but was not significantly associated with sex, sampling season, or smoking habit. While there was a borderline significant increase in mtDNAcn with increasing ambient total PAH levels, ambient PAH or urinary 1-hydroxypyrene concentrations showed no significant association with mtDNAcn. However, urinary 6-OHNP or 1-NAAP concentrations, 1-NP metabolites, were significantly associated with mtDNAcn. These results suggest that the metabolism of absorbed NPs generates excess ROS, which damages mitochondrial DNA, resulting in increased mtDNAcn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Haeng Choi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bolormaa Ochirpurev
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa Yeong Jo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Uk Won
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Akira Toriba
- Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Heon Kim
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
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Oxygenated and Nitrated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Sources, Quantification, Incidence, Toxicity, and Fate in Soil—A Review Study. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr11010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The genotoxicity, mutagenesis, and carcinogenic effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) derivatives may exceed the parent PAHs. However, their influence on the soil environment has not been explored to a large extent. Oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OPAHs) and nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) are typical polar substituted compounds. We offer a review of the literature on the sources, quantification, incidence, toxicity, and transport of these compounds in soil. Although their environmental concentrations are lower than those of their parent compounds, they exert higher toxicity. Both types of substances are basically related to carcinogenesis. OPAHs are not enzymatically activated and can generate reactive oxygen species in biological cells, while NPAHs have been shown to be mutagenic, genotoxic, and cytotoxic. These compounds are largely derived from the transformation of PAHs, but they behave differently in soil because of their higher molecular weight and dissimilar adsorption mechanisms. Therefore, specialized knowledge of model derivatives is required. We also made recommendations for future directions based on existing research. It is expected that the review will trigger scientific discussions and provide a research basis for further study on PAH derivatives in the soil environment.
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Patra A, Phuleria HC. Inequalities in occupational exposures among people using popular commute modes. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 298:118797. [PMID: 35016987 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Several recent studies have looked into the differences in air qualities inside popular commute modes. The impact of daily commuting patterns and work-related trips on inhalation doses, however, are not investigated. The purpose of this study is to quantify the variation in air pollutants within popular commute modes in Mumbai, India, and to estimate the variation in exposure as a result of occupational or work-related trips across different sub-groups. Real-time pollutants, both gaseous and particulate matters (PM), were measured on a pre-defined route during rush and non-rush hours on buses, cars, auto-rickshaws, sub-urban trains, and motorbikes through several trips (N = 98). Household surveys were conducted to estimate the exposures of different occupational subgroups (cab-driver, auto-rickshaw drivers, delivery persons) and people commuting to their offices daily. Participants (N = 800) from various socioeconomic backgrounds in the city were asked about their job categories, work-activity patterns, and work-related commute trips. Mass concentrations of particles in different size ranges (PM1, PM2.5, and PM10) were substantially higher (p < 0.05) inside auto-rickshaws (44.6 μg/m3, 84.7 μg/m3, and 138.3 μg/m3) compared to other modes. Inside cars, gaseous pollutants such as carbon monoxide (CO) and total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) were significantly higher (p < 0.05). Although both gaseous and particulate concentrations were lower (p < 0.05) inside buses, bus-commuters were found to be highly exposed to the pollutants due to the extended trip time (∼1.2 times longer than other modes) and driving conditions. Office commuters inhale a large fraction of their daily doses (25-30%) during their work-related travel. Occupational sub-groups, on the other hand, inhale ∼90% of the pollutants during their work. In a day, an auto-rickshaw driver inhales 10-15% more (p < 0.05) pollutants than cab driver or delivery personnel. Therefore, this study highlights the inequalities in occupational exposure as a combined effect of in-cabin air qualities and commute patterns due to occupational obligations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpan Patra
- Environmental Science and Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Harish C Phuleria
- Environmental Science and Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India; Interdisciplinary Programme (IDP) in Climate Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India.
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Urinary 1-aminopyrene level in Koreans as a biomarker for the amount of exposure to atmospheric 1-nitropyrene. Toxicol Res 2021; 38:45-51. [PMID: 35070940 PMCID: PMC8748593 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-021-00096-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
1-Nitropyrene (1-NP) is a major nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (nitro-PAH), and a common constituent in diesel exhaust particles (DEPs). Absorbed 1-nitropyrene is partly metabolized to 1-aminopyrene and excreted in urine. Recently, the number of diesel cars has been increasing, which could be a major cause of air pollution, resulting elevated levels of traffic-related DEPs around cities. The aim of this study was to investigate the usability of 1-aminopyrene (1-AP) as a biomarker for DEP exposure by examining the association between urinary 1-AP concentration and the amount of exposure to atmospheric 1-NP. The study subjects included 65 individuals who work on vehicular roads or bus terminals. Their 24 h urine samples were collected, and atmospheric air was sampled using a personal air sampler for 24 h. Urinary 1-AP and atmospheric nitro-PAH levels were measured using a high-pressure liquid chromatography-fluorescence detector (HPLC-FD). The average urine 1-AP concentration was 0.334 pg/g creatinine. Urinary 1-AP levels were significantly correlated with 1-NP level exposure (r = 0.385, p = 0.002) but not with the other nitro-PAHs. When the subjects were classified into high-and low-exposure groups, a significant association was only found in the high exposure group (r = 0.357, p = 0.045). In conclusion, there was a significant correlation between 1-NP exposure and urinary 1-AP concentration; therefore, urinary 1-AP level could be used as an exposure biomarker for DEP.
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Hachem M, Bensefa-Colas L, Lahoud N, Akel M, Momas I, Saleh N. Cross-sectional study of in-vehicle exposure to ultrafine particles and black carbon inside Lebanese taxicabs. INDOOR AIR 2020; 30:1308-1316. [PMID: 32496613 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Taxi drivers' exposure to traffic-related air pollutants inside their vehicles has been reported in different countries but not yet in Lebanon. Thus, we conducted a cross-sectional study on 20 Lebanese taxi drivers to (1) assess their exposure to ultrafine particles (UFP) and black carbon (BC) inside their vehicles and (2) identify determinants of this exposure. UFP and BC were measured using Diffusion Size Classifier Miniature® and microAeth® Model AE51, respectively, for 5 hours. Data on characteristics of vehicles and trips were collected by face-to-face interviews. Associations between pollutant levels and their determinants were analyzed by multiple linear regression. The mean of UFP count (35.2 ± 17.6 x 103 particles cm-3 ) and BC (5.2 ± 1.9 μg m-3 ) concentrations in-taxis was higher in the morning measurements compared with those in the afternoon measurements. UFP count increased in-taxis by 60% for every 10 minutes spent in blocked traffic and by 84% starting from two trips with smokers compared to trips without smokers. Conversely, UFP count decreased by 30% for every 10 minutes under both air-conditioning and air recirculation mode with windows closed. BC was not affected by any of these factors. Our findings suggest easy ways to reduce UFP exposure inside vehicles for all commuters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Hachem
- CRESS - INSERM UMR_1153, INRAE, HERA team, Paris University, Paris, France
- Faculty of Public Health, Pharmacoepidemiology Surveillance Unit, CERIPH, Lebanese University, Fanar, Lebanon
| | - Lynda Bensefa-Colas
- CRESS - INSERM UMR_1153, INRAE, HERA team, Paris University, Paris, France
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Diseases, Hotel-Dieu Hospital, APHP, Centre - Paris University, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Lahoud
- Faculty of Public Health, Pharmacoepidemiology Surveillance Unit, CERIPH, Lebanese University, Fanar, Lebanon
- Faculty of Public Health II, INSPECT-LB, Lebanese University, Fanar, Lebanon
| | - Marwan Akel
- Faculty of Public Health II, INSPECT-LB, Lebanese University, Fanar, Lebanon
- Pharmacy Practice Department, School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Isabelle Momas
- CRESS - INSERM UMR_1153, INRAE, HERA team, Paris University, Paris, France
| | - Nadine Saleh
- Faculty of Public Health, Pharmacoepidemiology Surveillance Unit, CERIPH, Lebanese University, Fanar, Lebanon
- Faculty of Public Health II, INSPECT-LB, Lebanese University, Fanar, Lebanon
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Wang B, Xu S, Lu X, Ma L, Gao L, Zhang SY, Li R, Fu L, Wang H, Sun GP, Xu DX. Reactive oxygen species-mediated cellular genotoxic stress is involved in 1-nitropyrene-induced trophoblast cycle arrest and fetal growth restriction. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 260:113984. [PMID: 32041019 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.113984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
1-nitropyrene (1-NP) is a key component of diesel exhaust-sourced fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Our recent study demonstrated that gestational 1-NP exposure caused placental proliferation inhibition and fetal intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). This study aimed to investigate the role of genotoxic stress on 1-NP-induced placental proliferation inhibition and fetal IUGR. Human trophoblasts were exposed to 1-NP (10 μM). Growth index was reduced and PCNA was downregulated in 1-NP-exposed placental trophoblasts. More than 90% of 1-NP-exposed trophoblasts were arrested in either G0/G1 or G2/M phases. CDK1 and cyclin B, two G2/M cycle-related proteins, and CDK2, a G0/G1 cycle-related protein, were reduced in 1-NP-exposed trophoblasts. Phosphorylated Rb, a downstream molecule of CDK2, was inhibited in 1-NP-exposed trophoblasts. Moreover, DNA double-strand break was observed and γ-H2AX, another indicator of DNA double-strand break, was upregulated in 1-NP-exposed trophoblasts. Phosphorylated ATM, a key molecule of genotoxic stress, and its downstream molecule Chk2 were elevated. By contrast, Cdc25A, a downstream target of Chk2, was reduced in 1-NP-exposed trophoblasts. Phenyl-N-t-butylnitrone (PBN), a free radical scavenger, inhibited 1-NP-induced genotoxic stress and trophoblast cycle arrest. Animal experiment showed that N-acetylcysteine (NAC), an antioxidant, rescued 1-NP-induced placental proliferation inhibition and fetal IUGR in mice. These results provide evidence that reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated cellular genotoxic stress partially contributes to 1-NP-induced placental proliferation inhibition and fetal IUGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Department of Toxicology & Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China; Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Shen Xu
- First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Xue Lu
- Department of Toxicology & Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Toxicology & Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Lan Gao
- Department of Toxicology & Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Shan-Yu Zhang
- Department of Toxicology & Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Ran Li
- Department of Toxicology & Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Lin Fu
- Department of Toxicology & Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Toxicology & Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Guo-Ping Sun
- First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - De-Xiang Xu
- Department of Toxicology & Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
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Hachem M, Saleh N, Paunescu AC, Momas I, Bensefa-Colas L. Exposure to traffic air pollutants in taxicabs and acute adverse respiratory effects: A systematic review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 693:133439. [PMID: 31374502 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Taxi drivers could be at risk regarding their respiratory health due to their constant exposure to traffic related air pollutants (TRAP) inside their vehicles. Therefore, we aimed to review pollutants exposure inside taxi vehicles and its determinants as well as its acute adverse respiratory effects. METHODS The literature search was done in Pubmed and in Embase. For additional resources we searched manually articles from the reference lists of the selected papers and from Google Scholar. We included only studies in French or in English language meeting the following eligibility criteria: design: observational and quasi-experimental; study population: taxi drivers or taxi commuters, outcome: pollutants levels in taxicabs and/or acute adverse respiratory effects. Data was extracted using tabulation according to the type of the study (exposure or epidemiological). RESULTS Out of 1753 articles, 21 studies were included. Exposure studies underlined that TRAP concentrations inside taxicabs were higher than their urban background levels and even exceeded those recorded in buses, in trains and when commuting by active transport modes. Overall, their concentrations varied widely between studies depending on the characteristics of the urban environment and the vehicle fleet of each location. Meteorological parameters and ventilation settings appeared to influence pollutants concentrations inside each vehicle. Otherwise, deficiency in epidemiological studies and inconsistencies in their findings restrain our ability to determine the association between acute respiratory effects and exposure to TRAP inside taxicabs. CONCLUSION Although studies are heterogeneous, results have shown a high but variable occupational exposure of taxi drivers to TRAP inside their vehicles. However, future researches are required to study short respiratory impact of taxi drivers' exposure to TRAP inside their vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Hachem
- Health Environmental Risk Assessment, INSERM UMRS_1153, Faculty of Pharmacy, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; CERIPH, Center for Research in Public Health, Pharmacoepidemiology Surveillance Unit, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Fanar, Lebanon
| | - Nadine Saleh
- CERIPH, Center for Research in Public Health, Pharmacoepidemiology Surveillance Unit, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Fanar, Lebanon; INSPECT-LB, Institut National de Santé Public, Epidémiologie Clinique et Toxicologie, Faculty of Public Health II, Lebanese University, Fanar, Lebanon
| | - Alexandra-Cristina Paunescu
- Health Environmental Risk Assessment, INSERM UMRS_1153, Faculty of Pharmacy, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Momas
- Health Environmental Risk Assessment, INSERM UMRS_1153, Faculty of Pharmacy, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
| | - Lynda Bensefa-Colas
- Health Environmental Risk Assessment, INSERM UMRS_1153, Faculty of Pharmacy, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Department of Occupational and Environmental Diseases, University Hospital of Centre of Paris, Hotel-Dieu Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
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12
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Zhang J, Yang L, Ledoux F, Courcot D, Mellouki A, Gao Y, Jiang P, Li Y, Wang W. PM 2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitrated PAHs (NPAHs) in rural and suburban areas in Shandong and Henan Provinces during the 2016 Chinese New Year's holiday. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 250:782-791. [PMID: 31039473 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Eighteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and fourteen nitrated PAHs (NPAHs) in PM2.5 samples were collected during the 2016 Chinese New Year's holiday (CNY) at one suburban and three rural sites in Shandong and Henan Provinces. The PAH and NPAH concentrations were highest at the suburban site. The rural PAH concentrations in Qingzhou (QZ), Heze (HZ), and Liaocheng (LC) were higher than those measured at many other urban sites, indicating that PAHs pollution was notably higher in the suburban and rural sites during this festive period. Elevated PAH concentrations were observed during fireworks periods, but fireworks burning was not a significant or direct PAHs or NPAHs source based on molecular profiles and diagnostic ratios. The measured PAHs and NPAHs at the sampling sites mainly originated from coal and biomass burning. The increased concentrations during CNY's Eve may be related to behavioural changes during the period. Secondary formation of NPAHs mainly occurred via OH radical chemistry at all four sites. Fireworks burning did not increase secondary formation of NPAHs. ∑BaPeq concentrations exhibited strong correlations with PAHs concentrations, and the highest and lowest concentrations were observed in QZ and Xiping (XP), respectively. The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) was calculated to be between 10-6 and 10-4 for 1-70 years old persons, with the highest risks observed in the adult (30-70 years) and the toddler (1-6 years) groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmei Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Lingxiao Yang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Climate Change, China.
| | - Frédéric Ledoux
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV) - EA 4492. SFR Condorcet CNRS 3417, Universite du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 59140, Dunkerque, France
| | - Dominique Courcot
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV) - EA 4492. SFR Condorcet CNRS 3417, Universite du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 59140, Dunkerque, France
| | - Abdelwahid Mellouki
- Institut de Combustion, Aerothermique, Reactivité Environnement (ICARE), CNRS/OSUC 1C Avenue de la Recherche Scientifique, 45071, Orléans Cedex 02, France
| | - Ying Gao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Pan Jiang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Yanyan Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
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13
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Zhang J, Yang L, Mellouki A, Chen J, Chen X, Gao Y, Jiang P, Li Y, Yu H, Wang W. Diurnal concentrations, sources, and cancer risk assessments of PM 2.5-bound PAHs, NPAHs, and OPAHs in urban, marine and mountain environments. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 209:147-155. [PMID: 29929120 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ambient measurements of PM2.5-bounded polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitro-PAHs (NPAHs), and oxy-PAHs (OPAHs) were conducted during the summer in Jinan, China, an urban site, and at Tuoji island and Mt. Tai, two background locations. 3.5 h and 11.5 h sampling intervals in daytime and nighttime were utilized to research the diurnal variations of PAHs, NPAHs, and OPAHs. The concentrations of PAHs, NPAHs, and OPAHs were highest at the urban site and lowest at the marine site. The diurnal patterns of PAHs and NPAHs at the urban and marine sites were dissimilar to those observed at the mountain site partly due to the influence of the boundary layer. Vehicle emissions at the urban site made a large contribution to high molecular weight PAHs. 1N-PYR and 7N-BaA during morning and night sampling periods in JN were relatively high. Fossil fuel combustion and biomass burning were the main sources for all three sites during the sampling periods. The air masses at the marine and mountain sites were strongly impacted by photo-degradation, and the air masses at the marine site were the most aged. Secondary formation of NPAHs was mainly initiated by OH radicals at all the three sites and was strongest at the marine site. Secondary formation was most efficient during the daytime at the urban and mountain sites and during morning periods at the marine site. The average excess cancer risk from inhalation (ECR) for 70 years' life span at the urban site was much higher than those calculated for the background sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmei Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Lingxiao Yang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Climate Change, China.
| | - Abdelwahid Mellouki
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China; Institut de Combustion, Aerothermique, Reactivité Environnement (ICARE), CNRS/OSUC, 1C Avenue de la Recherche Scientifique, 45071, Orléans Cedex 02, France
| | - Jianmin Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Fudan Tyndall Centre, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xiangfeng Chen
- Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments, Shandong Analysis and Test Centre, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong, 250014, PR China
| | - Ying Gao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Pan Jiang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Yanyan Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Hao Yu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
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14
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Viegas C, Monteiro A, Dos Santos M, Faria T, Caetano LA, Carolino E, Quintal Gomes A, Marchand G, Lacombe N, Viegas S. Filters from taxis air conditioning system: A tool to characterize driver's occupational exposure to bioburden? ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 164:522-529. [PMID: 29604580 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Bioburden proliferation in filters from air conditioning systems of taxis represents a possible source of occupational exposure. The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of fungi and bacteria in filters from the air conditioning system of taxis used for patient transportation and to assess the exposure of drivers to bioburden. Filters from the air conditioning systems of 19 taxis and 28 personal vehicles (used as controls) operating in three Portuguese cities including the capital Lisbon, were collected during the winter season. The occurrence and significance of bioburden detected in the different vehicles are reported and discussed in terms of colony-forming units (CFU) per 1 m2 of filter area and by the identification of the most frequently detected fungal isolates based on morphology. Azole-resistant mycobiota, fungal biomass, and molecular detection of Aspergillus species/strains were also determined. Bacterial growth was more prevalent in taxis (63.2%) than in personal vehicles (26.3%), whereas fungal growth was more prevalent in personal vehicles (53.6%) than in taxis (21.1-31.6%). Seven different azole-resistant species were identified in this study in 42.1% taxi filters. Levels of fungal biomass were above the detection limit in 63% taxi filters and in 75% personal vehicle filters. No toxigenic species were detected by molecular analysis in the assessed filters. The results obtained show that bioburden proliferation occurs widely in filters from the air conditioning systems of taxis, including the proliferation of azole-resistant fungal species, suggesting that filters should be replaced more frequently. The use of culture based-methods and molecular tools combined enabled an improved risk characterization in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Viegas
- GIAS, ESTeSL - Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Centro de Investigação em Saúde Pública, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Ana Monteiro
- GIAS, ESTeSL - Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mateus Dos Santos
- GIAS, ESTeSL - Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Tiago Faria
- GIAS, ESTeSL - Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, E.N. 10 ao km 139,7, 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal
| | - Liliana Aranha Caetano
- GIAS, ESTeSL - Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Elisabete Carolino
- GIAS, ESTeSL - Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Anita Quintal Gomes
- GIAS, ESTeSL - Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; University of Lisbon Institute of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Geneviève Marchand
- Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et sécurité du travail, Montréal, Canada
| | - Nancy Lacombe
- Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et sécurité du travail, Montréal, Canada
| | - Susana Viegas
- GIAS, ESTeSL - Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Centro de Investigação em Saúde Pública, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Portugal
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15
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Orakij W, Chetiyanukornkul T, Chuesaard T, Kaganoi Y, Uozaki W, Homma C, Boongla Y, Tang N, Hayakawa K, Toriba A. Personal inhalation exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their nitro-derivatives in rural residents in northern Thailand. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2017; 189:510. [PMID: 28924862 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-6220-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A personal inhalation exposure and cancer risk assessment of rural residents in Lampang, Thailand, was conducted for the first time. This highlighted important factors that may be associated with the highest areal incidence of lung cancer. Personal exposure of rural residents to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their nitro-derivatives (NPAHs) through inhalation of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) was investigated in addition to stationary air sampling in an urban area. The personal exposure of the subjects to PM2.5 ranged from 44.4 to 316 μg/m3, and the concentrations of PAHs (4.2-224 ng/m3) and NPAHs (120-1449 pg/m3) were higher than those at the urban site, indicating that personal exposure was affected by microenvironments through individual activities. The smoking behaviors of the rural residents barely affected their exposure to PAHs and NPAHs compared to other sources. The most important factor concerning the exposure of rural populations to PAHs was cooking activity, especially the use of charcoal open fires. The emission sources for rural residents and urban air were evaluated using diagnostic ratios, 1-nitropyrene/pyrene, and benzo[a]pyrene/benzo[ghi]perylene. Their analyses showed a significant contribution to emission from residents' personal activities in addition to the atmospheric environment. Furthermore, the personal inhalation cancer risks for all rural subjects exceeded the USEPA guideline value, suggesting that the residents have a potentially increased cancer risk. The use of open fires showed the highest cancer risk. A reduction in exposure to air pollutants for the residents could potentially be achieved by using clean fuel such as liquid petroleum gas or electricity for daily cooking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaiporn Orakij
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | | | | | - Yuichi Kaganoi
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Waka Uozaki
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Chiharu Homma
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yaowatat Boongla
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Ning Tang
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Kazuichi Hayakawa
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Akira Toriba
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.
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16
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Ye C, Zhang N, Gao H, Zhou X. Photolysis of Particulate Nitrate as a Source of HONO and NO x. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:6849-6856. [PMID: 28505434 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Photolysis of nitric acid on the surface has been found recently to be greatly enhanced from that in the gas phase. Yet, photolysis of particulate nitrate (pNO3) associated with atmospheric aerosols is still relatively unknown. Here, aerosol filter samples were collected both near the ground surface and throughout the troposphere on board the NSF/NACR C-130 aircraft. The photolysis rate constants of pNO3 were determined from these samples by directly monitoring the production rates of nitrous acid (HONO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) under UV light (>290 nm) irradiation. Scaled to the tropical noontime condition on the ground level (solar zenith angle = 0°), the normalized photolysis rate constants (jpNO3N) are in the range from 6.2 × 10-6 s-1 to 5.0 × 10-4 s-1 with a median of 8.3 × 10-5 s-1 and a mean (±1 SD) of (1.3 ± 1.2) × 10-4 s-1. Chemical compositions, specifically nitrate loading and organic matter, affect the rate of photolysis. Extrapolated to ambient pNO3 loading conditions, e.g. ≤ 10 nmol m-3, the mean jpNO3N value is over 1.8 × 10-4 s-1 in the suburban, rural, and remote environments. Photolysis of particulate nitrate is thus a source of HONO and NO2 in the troposphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiang Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health , Albany, New York 12201, United States
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, State University of New York , Albany, New York 12201, United States
| | - Honglian Gao
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, State University of New York , Albany, New York 12201, United States
| | - Xianliang Zhou
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health , Albany, New York 12201, United States
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, State University of New York , Albany, New York 12201, United States
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Bandowe BAM, Meusel H. Nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nitro-PAHs) in the environment - A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 581-582:237-257. [PMID: 28069306 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nitro-PAHs) are derivatives of PAHs with at least one nitro-functional group (-NO2) on the aromatic ring. The toxic effects of several nitro-PAHs are more pronounced than those of PAHs. Some nitro-PAHs are classified as possible or probable human carcinogens by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Nitro-PAHs are released into the environment from combustion of carbonaceous materials (e.g. fossil fuels, biomass, waste) and post-emission transformation of PAHs. Most studies on nitro-PAHs are about air (gas-phase and particulate matter), therefore less is known about the occurrence, concentrations, transport and fate of nitro-PAHs in soils, aquatic environment and biota. Studies on partition and exchange of nitro-PAHs between adjacent environmental compartments are also sparse. The concentrations of nitro-PAHs cannot easily be predicted from the intensity of anthropogenic activity or easily related to those of PAHs. This is because anthropogenic source strengths of nitro-PAHs are different from those of PAHs, and also nitro-PAHs have additional sources (formed by photochemical conversion of PAHs). The fate and transport of nitro-PAHs could be considerably different from their related PAHs because of their higher molecular weights and considerably different sorption mechanisms. Hence, specific knowledge on nitro-PAHs is required. Regulations on nitro-PAHs are also lacking. We present an extensive review of published literature on the sources, formation, physico-chemical properties, methods of determination, occurrence, concentration, transport, fate, (eco)toxicological and adverse health effects of nitro-PAHs. We also make suggestions and recommendations about data needs, and future research directions on nitro-PAHs. It is expected that this review will stimulate scientific discussion and provide the basis for further research and regulations on nitro-PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Musa Bandowe
- Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Falkenplatz 16, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Hannah Meusel
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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Galaviz VE, Quintana PJE, Yost MG, Sheppard L, Paulsen MH, Camp JE, Simpson CD. Urinary metabolites of 1-nitropyrene in US-Mexico border residents who frequently cross the San Ysidro Port of Entry. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2017; 27:84-89. [PMID: 26669848 PMCID: PMC7051192 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2015.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Diesel exhaust presents a community exposure hazard, but methods to measure internal exposure are lacking. We report results from a community-based study using 1-nitropyrene (1-NP) and its urinary metabolites as markers of exposure to traffic-related diesel particulate matter (DPM). The study participants were Tijuana, Mexico residents who commuted on foot into San Diego, California for work or school using the International San Ysidro Port of Entry, placing them within feet of idling traffic (referred to as border commuters). The comparison group (non-border commuters) was comprised of residents of south San Diego who did not commute into Mexico. Air concentration of 1-NP in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) was measured in personal samples from participants. Spot urine samples were analyzed for 1-NP urinary metabolites 8-hydroxy-1-nitropyrene (8-OHNP) and 8-hydroxy-N-acetyl-1-aminopyrene (8-OHNAAP). Compared with non-border commuters, border commuters had two- to threefold higher mean urinary concentrations for unadjusted and creatinine-adjusted 8-OHNP and 8-OHNAAP. Urinary 8-OHNAAP and the sum of 8-OHNP and 8-OHNAAP were both associated with personal exposure to 1-NP in the prior 24 h. These results suggest that 1-NP urinary metabolites reflect recent exposure to DPM-derived 1-NP in community settings and can be useful for exposure analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Eileen Galaviz
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Sacramento, California, USA
| | | | - Michael George Yost
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lianne Sheppard
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- University of Washington, School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael Henry Paulsen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Janice Ellouise Camp
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Christopher David Simpson
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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19
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Miller-Schulze JP, Paulsen M, Kameda T, Toriba A, Hayakawa K, Cassidy B, Naeher L, Villalobos MA, Simpson CD. Nitro-PAH exposures of occupationally-exposed traffic workers and associated urinary 1-nitropyrene metabolite concentrations. J Environ Sci (China) 2016; 49:213-221. [PMID: 28007177 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The assessment of occupational exposure to diesel exhaust (DE) is important from an epidemiological perspective. Urinary biomarkers of exposure have been proposed as a novel approach for measuring exposure to DE. In this study, we measured the concentrations of two urinary metabolites of 1-nitropyrene (1NP), a nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon that has been suggested as a molecular marker of diesel particulate matter. These two metabolites, 6-hydroxy-1-nitropyrene and 8-hydroxy-1-nitropyrene, were determined in urine samples (10mL) from a small group of workers who were occupationally-exposed to vehicle exhaust in Trujillo, Peru, before and after their workshifts. Workshift exposures to 1NP, as well as PM2.5, 2-nitropyrene and 2-nitrofluoranthene, were also measured. Exposures to 1NP were similar in all studied workers, averaging 105±57.9pg/m3 (±standard deviation). Median urinary concentrations of the average of the pre- and post-exposure samples for 6-hydroxy-1-nitropyrene and 8-hydroxy-1-nitropyrene, were found to be 3.9 and 2.3pgmetabolite/mg creatinine, respectively in the group of occupationally-exposed subjects (n=17) studied. A direct relationship between workshift exposure to 1NP and urinary 1NP metabolites concentrations was not observed. However, the 1NP exposures and the creatinine-corrected urinary concentrations of the hydroxynitropyrene metabolites in these Peruvian traffic workers were similar to occupationally-exposed taxi drivers in Shenyang, China, and were higher than biomarker levels in office workers from Trujillo without occupational exposure to vehicle exhaust. This study provides further evidence that urinary metabolites of 1NP are associated with exposure to DE and may serve as a useful exposure biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Paulsen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, WA 98195, Seattle, USA
| | - Takayuki Kameda
- Laboratory of Hygienic Chemistry, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Akira Toriba
- Laboratory of Hygienic Chemistry, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Kazuichi Hayakawa
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Brandon Cassidy
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2102, USA
| | - Luke Naeher
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2102, USA
| | | | - Christopher D Simpson
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, WA 98195, Seattle, USA.
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Hayakawa K. Environmental Behaviors and Toxicities of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Nitropolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2016; 64:83-94. [PMID: 26833435 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c15-00801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Airborne particulate matter (PM) has been collected at four cities in Japan starting in the late 1990s, at five or more major cities in China, Korea and Russia starting in 2001 and at the Noto Peninsula starting in 2004. Nine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and eleven nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) were determined by HPLC with fluorescence and chemiluminescence detections, respectively. Annual concentrations of PAHs and NPAHs were in the order, China>Russia≫Korea=Japan, with seasonal change (winter>summer). During the observation period, concentrations of PAHs and NPAHs in Japanese cities significantly decreased but the increases in the PAH concentration were observed in Chinese and Russian cities. Concentrations of PAHs and NPAHs were higher in the Northern China than those in the Southern China. At the Noto peninsula, which is in the main path of winter northwest winds and a year-round jet stream that blow from the Asian continent to Japan, the concentrations were high in winter and low in summer every year. A cluster analysis and back trajectory analysis indicated that PAHs and NPAHs were long-range transported from Northeastern China, where coal burning systems such as coal-heating boilers are considered to be the major contributors of PAHs and NPAHs. A dramatic change in atmospheric concentrations of PAHs and NPAHs in East Asia suggests the rapid and large change of PM2.5 pollution in East Asia. Considering the adverse health effects of PM2.5, continuous monitoring of atmospheric PAHs and NPAHs is necessary in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuichi Hayakawa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences/Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University
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Schulte JK, Fox JR, Oron AP, Larson TV, Simpson CD, Paulsen M, Beaudet N, Kaufman JD, Magzamen S. Neighborhood-Scale Spatial Models of Diesel Exhaust Concentration Profile Using 1-Nitropyrene and Other Nitroarenes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:13422-30. [PMID: 26501773 PMCID: PMC5026850 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
With emerging evidence that diesel exhaust exposure poses distinct risks to human health, the need for fine-scale models of diesel exhaust pollutants is growing. We modeled the spatial distribution of several nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) to identify fine-scale gradients in diesel exhaust pollution in two Seattle, WA neighborhoods. Our modeling approach fused land-use regression, meteorological dispersion modeling, and pollutant monitoring from both fixed and mobile platforms. We applied these modeling techniques to concentrations of 1-nitropyrene (1-NP), a highly specific diesel exhaust marker, at the neighborhood scale. We developed models of two additional nitroarenes present in secondary organic aerosol: 2-nitropyrene and 2-nitrofluoranthene. Summer predictors of 1-NP, including distance to railroad, truck emissions, and mobile black carbon measurements, showed a greater specificity to diesel sources than predictors of other NPAHs. Winter sampling results did not yield stable models, likely due to regional mixing of pollutants in turbulent weather conditions. The model of summer 1-NP had an R(2) of 0.87 and cross-validated R(2) of 0.73. The synthesis of high-density sampling and hybrid modeling was successful in predicting diesel exhaust pollution at a very fine scale and identifying clear gradients in NPAH concentrations within urban neighborhoods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill K. Schulte
- University of Washington, Box 357234, Seattle, Washington 98195-7234, United States
- Corresponding Author Phone: (360) 407-6374. Fax (360) 407-7534.
| | - Julie R. Fox
- University of Washington, Box 357234, Seattle, Washington 98195-7234, United States
| | - Assaf P. Oron
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, P.O. Box 5371, Seattle, Washington 98145-5005, United States
| | - Timothy V. Larson
- University of Washington, Box 357234, Seattle, Washington 98195-7234, United States
| | | | - Michael Paulsen
- University of Washington, Box 357234, Seattle, Washington 98195-7234, United States
| | - Nancy Beaudet
- University of Washington, Box 357234, Seattle, Washington 98195-7234, United States
| | - Joel D. Kaufman
- University of Washington, Box 357234, Seattle, Washington 98195-7234, United States
| | - Sheryl Magzamen
- Colorado State University, 1681 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1681, United States
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Fox JR, Cox DP, Drury BE, Gould TR, Kavanagh TJ, Paulsen MH, Sheppard L, Simpson CD, Stewart JA, Larson TV, Kaufman JD. Chemical characterization and in vitro toxicity of diesel exhaust particulate matter generated under varying conditions. AIR QUALITY, ATMOSPHERE, & HEALTH 2015; 8:507-519. [PMID: 26539254 PMCID: PMC4628827 DOI: 10.1007/s11869-014-0301-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies have linked diesel exhaust (DE) to cardiovascular and respiratory morbidity and mortality, as well as lung cancer. DE composition is known to vary with many factors, although it is unclear how this influences toxicity. We generated eight DE atmospheres by applying a 2×2×2 factorial design and altering three parameters in a controlled exposure facility: (1) engine load (27 vs 82 %), (2) particle aging (residence time ~5 s vs ~5 min prior to particle collection), and (3) oxidation (with or without ozonation during dilution). Selected exposure concentrations of both diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) and DE gases, DEP oxidative reactivity via DTT activity, and in vitro DEP toxicity in murine endothelial cells were measured for each DE atmosphere. Cell toxicity was assessed via measurement of cell proliferation (colony formation assay), cell viability (MTT assay), and wound healing (scratch assay). Differences in DE composition were observed as a function of engine load. The mean 1-nitropyrene concentration was 15 times higher and oxidative reactivity was two times higher for low engine load versus high load. There were no substantial differences in measured toxicity among the three DE exposure parameters. These results indicate that alteration of applied engine load shifts the composition and can modify the biological reactivity of DE. While engine conditions did not affect the selected in vitro toxicity measures, the change in oxidative reactivity suggests that toxicological studies with DE need to take into account engine conditions in characterizing biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Richman Fox
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David P. Cox
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Timothy R. Gould
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Terrance J. Kavanagh
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael H. Paulsen
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lianne Sheppard
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christopher D. Simpson
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - James A. Stewart
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Timothy V. Larson
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Joel D. Kaufman
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Li W, Wang C, Shen H, Su S, Shen G, Huang Y, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Chen H, Lin N, Zhuo S, Zhong Q, Wang X, Liu J, Li B, Liu W, Tao S. Concentrations and origins of nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and oxy-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air in urban and rural areas in northern China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 197:156-164. [PMID: 25528449 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Twelve nitro-PAHs (nPAHs) and four oxy-PAHs (oPAHs) were measured in air samples for 12 months at 18 sites in urban settings, rural villages, or rural fields in northern China. The nPAH concentrations were higher in urban areas (1.3 ± 1.3 ng/m(3)), and nPAH/parent PAH ratios were higher (suggesting important contributions from motor vehicles and secondary formation) in urban sites than in rural villages. oPAHs are primarily emitted from solid fuel combustion and motor vehicles, and similar oPAH concentrations were found in urban areas (23 ± 20 ng/m(3)) and rural villages (29 ± 24 ng/m(3)). The high numbers of motor vehicles in Beijing and intensive industrial activity in Taiyuan and Dezhou caused higher nPAH concentrations. No spatial trend in oPAH concentrations was found in the rural villages, because similar oPAH mixtures are emitted from solild fuel combustion. The nPAH and oPAH concentrations were higher in the winter, and correlated with residential energy consumption and precipitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Chen Wang
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Huizhong Shen
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Shu Su
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Guofeng Shen
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Ye Huang
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Yuanchen Chen
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Han Chen
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Nan Lin
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Shaojie Zhuo
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Qirui Zhong
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Xilong Wang
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Junfeng Liu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Bengang Li
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Wenxin Liu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Shu Tao
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China.
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Morgott DA. Factors and Trends Affecting the Identification of a Reliable Biomarker for Diesel Exhaust Exposure. CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2014; 44:1795-1864. [PMID: 25170242 PMCID: PMC4118891 DOI: 10.1080/10643389.2013.790748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The monitoring of human exposures to diesel exhaust continues to be a vexing problem for specialists seeking information on the potential health effects of this ubiquitous combustion product. Exposure biomarkers have yielded a potential solution to this problem by providing a direct measure of an individual's contact with key components in the exhaust stream. Spurred by the advent of new, highly sensitive, analytical methods capable of detecting substances at very low levels, there have been numerous attempts at identifying a stable and specific biomarker. Despite these new techniques, there is currently no foolproof method for unambiguously separating diesel exhaust exposures from those arising from other combustion sources. Diesel exhaust is a highly complex mixture of solid, liquid, and gaseous components whose exact composition can be affected by many variables, including engine technology, fuel composition, operating conditions, and photochemical aging. These factors together with those related to exposure methodology, epidemiological necessity, and regulatory reform can have a decided impact on the success or failure of future research aimed at identifying a suitable biomarker of exposure. The objective of this review is to examine existing information on exposure biomarkers for diesel exhaust and to identify those factors and trends that have had an impact on the successful identification of metrics for both occupational and community settings. The information will provide interested parties with a template for more thoroughly understanding those factors affecting diesel exhaust emissions and for identifying those substances and research approaches holding the greatest promise for future success.
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25
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Tang N, Sato K, Tokuda T, Tatematsu M, Hama H, Suematsu C, Kameda T, Toriba A, Hayakawa K. Factors affecting atmospheric 1-, 2-nitropyrenes and 2-nitrofluoranthene in winter at Noto peninsula, a remote background site, Japan. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 107:324-330. [PMID: 24508157 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.12.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Airborne particulates were collected at a background site (Wajima Air Monitoring Station; WAMS) on the Noto Peninsula, Japan from January 2006 to December 2007. 1-, 2-nitropyrenes (1-, 2-NPs) and 2-nitrofluoranthene (2-NFR), in the particulates were determined with a sensitive HPLC method with chemiluminescence detection. The average concentrations were higher in winter than in summer. A meteorological analysis indicated that the air samples collected in winter were transported mainly from Northeast China over the Japan Sea. Both the concentration ratios of 2-NFR to 1-NP and 1-NP to pyrene were similar to those in Shenyang in Northeast China which located along the air transportation route to WAMS, but not in Kanazawa which near WAMS. These results strongly suggest that most of the atmospheric 1-, 2-NPs and 2-NFR at WAMS in winter were long range transported from Northeast China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Tang
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Kousuke Sato
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Takahiro Tokuda
- Ishikawa Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Science, 1-11, Taiyogaoka, Kanazawa 920-1154, Japan
| | - Michiya Tatematsu
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Hama
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Chikako Suematsu
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kameda
- Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Akira Toriba
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Kazuichi Hayakawa
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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26
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Yang Y, Fan XS, Tian CH, Zhang W, Li J, Li SQ. Health status, intention to seek health examination, and participation in health education among taxi drivers in jinan, china. IRANIAN RED CRESCENT MEDICAL JOURNAL 2014; 16:e13355. [PMID: 24910797 PMCID: PMC4028770 DOI: 10.5812/ircmj.13355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background: Taxi drivers are exposed to various risk factors such as work overload, stress, an irregular diet, and a sedentary lifestyle, which make these individuals vulnerable to many diseases. This study was designed to assess the health status of this occupational group. Objectives: The objective was to explore the health status, the intention to seek health examination, and participation in health education among taxi drivers in Jinan, China. Patients and Methods: The sample-size was determined scientifically. The systematic sampling procedure was used for selecting the sample. Four hundred taxi drivers were randomly selected from several taxi companies in Jinan. In total, 396 valid questionnaires (from 370 males and 26 females) were returned. Health status, intention to seek health examination, and participation in health education were assessed by a self-designed questionnaire. Other personal information including sex, age, ethnicity, marital status, years of employment as a taxi driver, education level, and habits were also collected. Results: This survey revealed that 54.8% of taxi drivers reported illness in the last two weeks and 44.7% of participants reported chronic diseases. The prevalence rates of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, gastroenteritis, arthritis, and heart disease were 18.2%, 8.8%, 26%, 18.4%, and 4.8% of questioned taxi drivers, respectively. Significant self-reported symptoms included fatigue, waist and back pain, headache, dyspepsia, and dry throat affecting 49.7%, 26.2%, 23.5%, 26%, and 27% of participants, respectively. In total, 90.1% of subjects thought that it was necessary to receive a regular health examination. Only 17.9% of subjects had been given information about health education, and significantly, more than 87% of subjects who had been given information about health education reported that the information had been helpful. Conclusions: Taxi drivers’ health was poor in our survey. Thus, using health education interventions to improve knowledge and change in behaviors are necessary and effective programs that improve the health of individuals in this special occupational group are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yang
- Health Examination Center, QiLu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Corresponding Author: Yan Yang, Health Examination Center, QiLu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China. Tel: +86-53182166920, Fax: +86-53182166921, E-mail:
| | - Xiao-sheng Fan
- Department of Cardiology People’s Hospital of LaiWu, LaiWu, China
| | - Cui-huan Tian
- Health Examination Center, QiLu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Health Examination Center, QiLu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jie Li
- Health Examination Center, QiLu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shu-qing Li
- Health Examination Center, QiLu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Hayakawa K, Tang N, Kameda T, Toriba A. Atmospheric Behaviors of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in East Asia. Genes Environ 2014. [DOI: 10.3123/jemsge.2014.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Ducret-Stich RE, Tsai MY, Thimmaiah D, Künzli N, Hopke PK, Phuleria HC. PM10 source apportionment in a Swiss Alpine valley impacted by highway traffic. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:6496-6508. [PMID: 23608980 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-1682-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Although trans-Alpine highway traffic exhaust is one of the major sources of air pollution along the highway valleys of the Alpine regions, little is known about its contribution to residential exposure and impact on respiratory health. In this paper, source-specific contributions to particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter < 10 μm (PM10) and their spatio-temporal distribution were determined for later use in a pediatric asthma panel study in an Alpine village. PM10 sources were identified by positive matrix factorization using chemical trace elements, elemental, and organic carbon from daily PM10 filters collected between November 2007 and June 2009 at seven locations within the village. Of the nine sources identified, four were directly road traffic-related: traffic exhaust, road dust, tire and brake wear, and road salt contributing 16 %, 8 %, 1 %, and 2 % to annual PM10 concentrations, respectively. They showed a clear dependence with distance to highway. Additional contributions were identified from secondary particles (27 %), biomass burning (18 %), railway (11 %), and mineral dust including a local construction site (13 %). Comparing these source contributions with known source-specific biomarkers (e.g., levoglucosan, nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) showed high agreement with biomass burning, moderate with secondary particles (in winter), and lowest agreement with traffic exhaust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina E Ducret-Stich
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, P.O. Box, 4002, Basel, Switzerland.
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Miller-Schulze JP, Paulsen M, Kameda T, Toriba A, Tang N, Tamura K, Dong L, Zhang X, Hayakawa K, Yost MG, Simpson CD. Evaluation of urinary metabolites of 1-nitropyrene as biomarkers for exposure to diesel exhaust in taxi drivers of Shenyang, China. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2013; 23:170-175. [PMID: 22588216 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2012.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Diesel exhaust (DE) is a significant contributor to the toxicity associated with particulate matter (PM). 1-Nitropyrene (1-NP) has been used as a molecular marker for DE, and the urinary metabolites of 1-NP have been proposed as biomarkers for exposure to DE. In this study, several urinary 1-NP metabolites were evaluated for their utility as markers of short-term exposures to DE. The study population was a cohort of 24 taxi drivers from Shenyang, China, who submitted urine samples collected before, after, and the next morning following their workshifts. The urinary metabolites studied were isomers of hydroxy-1-nitropyrene (3-, 6-, 8- OHNPs) and hydroxy-N-acetyl-1-aminopyrene (3-,6-, 8-OHNAAPs). Exposure to DE was estimated based on exposure to 1-NP in air samples collected during and after the driver's workshift; 6- and 8-OHNP, and 8-OHNAAP were consistently detected in the drivers' urine. Concentrations of the metabolites in the taxi drivers' urine were greater than metabolite levels previously reported in non-occupationally exposed subjects; however no associations were observed between subject-specific exposures to 1-NP and urinary metabolites measured at the end of the workshift or in the next morning void. Significant autocorrelation was observed in metabolite levels in successive urine samples, from which half-lives for urinary elimination of ~10-12 h were estimated. These observations suggest that, in an occupational setting, urinary 1-NP metabolites may be more suitable as markers of ongoing exposure (timescales of several days) rather than indicators of acute exposure associated with single workshifts.
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THUY PHAMCHAU, KAMEDA TAKAYUKI, TORIBA AKIRA, TANG NING, HAYAKAWA KAZUICHI. Characteristics of Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Nitropolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Hanoi-Vietnam, as a Typical Motorbike City. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2012.679015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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