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Gribble GW. Naturally Occurring Organohalogen Compounds-A Comprehensive Review. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 121:1-546. [PMID: 37488466 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-26629-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
The present volume is the third in a trilogy that documents naturally occurring organohalogen compounds, bringing the total number-from fewer than 25 in 1968-to approximately 8000 compounds to date. Nearly all of these natural products contain chlorine or bromine, with a few containing iodine and, fewer still, fluorine. Produced by ubiquitous marine (algae, sponges, corals, bryozoa, nudibranchs, fungi, bacteria) and terrestrial organisms (plants, fungi, bacteria, insects, higher animals) and universal abiotic processes (volcanos, forest fires, geothermal events), organohalogens pervade the global ecosystem. Newly identified extraterrestrial sources are also documented. In addition to chemical structures, biological activity, biohalogenation, biodegradation, natural function, and future outlook are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon W Gribble
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.
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2
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Zhang Y, Li Y, Li S, Huang H, Chen Y, Wang X. A Review of Hydroxylated and Methoxylated Brominated Diphenyl Ethers in Marine Environments. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10120751. [PMID: 36548584 PMCID: PMC9781326 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10120751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-PBDEs) and methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (MeO-PBDEs) are present in the marine environment worldwide. Both OH-PBDEs and MeO-PBDEs are known natural products, whereas OH-PBDEs may also be metabolites of PBDEs. There is growing concern regarding OH-PBDEs as these compounds seem to be biological active than PBDEs. In the present study, we reviewed the available data on the contamination of OH/MeO-PBDEs in the marine environment worldwide, including seawater, marine sediment, marine plants, invertebrates, fish, seabirds and mammals. Bioaccumulation and biomagnification of OH/MeO-PBDEs in the marine food web were summarized as well. This study also proposes the future research of OH/MeO-PBDEs, including the production and the synthesis pathway of OH/MeO-PBDEs, the toxicokinetics of OH/MeO-PBDEs and the toxicology and human exposure risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Eco-Environmental Monitoring and Research Center, Pearl River Valley and South China Sea Ecology and Environment Administration, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510611, China
| | - Yi Li
- Eco-Environmental Monitoring and Research Center, Pearl River Valley and South China Sea Ecology and Environment Administration, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510611, China
| | - Sijia Li
- Eco-Environmental Monitoring and Research Center, Pearl River Valley and South China Sea Ecology and Environment Administration, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510611, China
| | - He Huang
- Eco-Environmental Monitoring and Research Center, Pearl River Valley and South China Sea Ecology and Environment Administration, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510611, China
| | - Yezi Chen
- Eco-Environmental Monitoring and Research Center, Pearl River Valley and South China Sea Ecology and Environment Administration, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510611, China
| | - Xutao Wang
- Eco-Environmental Monitoring and Research Center, Pearl River Valley and South China Sea Ecology and Environment Administration, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510611, China
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China
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3
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Zhang X, Sun Y, Gao Y, Liu Z, Ding J, Zhang C, Liu W, Zhang H, Zhuang S. Thyroid Dysfunction of Zebrafish ( Danio rerio) after Early-Life Exposure and Discontinued Exposure to Tetrabromobiphenyl (BB-80) and OH-BB-80. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:2519-2528. [PMID: 35075897 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c07767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
3,3',5,5'-Tetrabromobiphenyl (BB-80) was once used as additive flame retardants. Whether its early exposure and discontinued exposure alter thyroid function remains unknown. We investigate adverse effects after early-life exposure and discontinued exposure to BB-80 and hydroxylated BB-80 (OH-BB-80) on thyroid hormone (TH) levels, thyroid tissue, and transcriptome profiles in zebrafish larvae. BB-80 at 10 μg/L induces pathological changes of thyroid with reduced thyroid follicles in larvae (P < 0.05), whereas OH-BB-80 significantly increases T4 and T3 contents (1.8 and 2.5 times of the control, P < 0.05) at 14 days postfertilization (dpf) without morphological thyroid alterations. BB-80 and OH-BB-80 cause transcriptome aberrations with key differentially expressed genes involved in the disruption of TH synthesis and signal transduction (BB-80 at 14 dpf) or TH pathway activation (OH-BB-80 at 21 dpf). After 7 days of discontinued exposure, thyroglobulin (tg) and thyroid peroxidase (tpo) genes are downregulated (P < 0.05) by 52 and 48% for BB-80 and by 49 and 39% for OH-BB-80, respectively; however, the whole-body TH levels fail to fully recover, and the locomotor activity is impaired more by BB-80. Our results indicate significant adverse impacts of BB-80 and OH-BB-80 on TH homeostasis and thyroid function of zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yumiao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yuchen Gao
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhiquan Liu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Jiafeng Ding
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Chunlong Zhang
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Houston, Clear Lake, Texas 77058, United States
| | - Weiping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hangjun Zhang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Shulin Zhuang
- Women's Reproductive Health Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Environment and Resources Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Environment and Resources Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Wu Q, Eisenhardt N, Holbert SS, Pawlik JR, Kucklick JR, Vetter W. Naturally occurring organobromine compounds (OBCs) including polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins in the marine sponge Hyrtios proteus from The Bahamas. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 172:112872. [PMID: 34454388 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated natural products (HNPs) were identified from organic extracts of the marine sponge Hyrtios proteus from The Bahamas using gas chromatography with electron capture negative ion mass spectrometry and non-targeted gas chromatography with electron ionization mass spectrometry. The HNPs found have similar properties to anthropogenic persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Two ortho-methoxy brominated diphenyl ethers (MeO-BDEs) 2'-MeO-BDE 68 and 6-MeO-BDE 47 were the most abundant compounds. Fourteen other MeO-BDEs were detected along with several polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PBDDs) (1,3,7-triBDD, 1,3,6,8-tetraBDD and 1,3,7,9-tetraBDD) and MeO-PBDDs. Further analysis of a higher trophic level octopus (Octopus maya) from the same FAO fishing area showed that the major HNPs detected in Hyrtios proteus were also predominant. Moreover, HNPs were more than 30-fold higher in abundance than the major POPs in the octopus, i.e., polychlorinated biphenyls. Hence, Caribbean marine organisms, including those potentially used for food, harbor relatively high concentrations of HNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wu
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry, Garbenstrasse 28, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Natalie Eisenhardt
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Chemical Sciences Division, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, United States
| | - Stephanie Shaw Holbert
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Chemical Sciences Division, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, United States; College of Charleston, Department of Biology, Grice Marine Laboratory, Charleston, SC 29412, United States
| | - Joseph R Pawlik
- University of North Carolina Wilmington, Center of Marine Science, 500 Marvin K Moss Lane, Wilmington, NC 28409, United States
| | - John R Kucklick
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Chemical Sciences Division, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, United States
| | - Walter Vetter
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry, Garbenstrasse 28, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Wu Q, Munschy C, Aminot Y, Bodin N, Vetter W. High levels of halogenated natural products in large pelagic fish from the Western Indian Ocean. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:55252-55264. [PMID: 34128165 PMCID: PMC8494675 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14738-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations, profiles and muscle-liver distribution of halogenated natural products (HNPs) and anthropogenic persistent organic pollutants (POPs) were investigated in five large pelagic fish species and one smaller planktivore fish species from the Western Indian Ocean. Analysis of swordfish muscle from the Seychelles revealed the predominance of HNPs, with the highest concentrations found for 2'-methoxy-2,3',4,5'- tetraBDE (2'-MeO-BDE 68 or BC-2), 6-methoxy-2,2',4,4'- tetraBDE (6-MeO-BDE 47 or BC-3) and 2,3,3',4,4',5,5'-heptachloro-1'-methyl-1,2'-bipyrrole (Q1), along with varied contributions of further HNPs. The mean concentration of ∑HNPs (330 ng/g lw) was one or two orders of magnitude higher than ∑DDTs (60 ng/g lw) and ∑PCBs (6.8 ng/g lw). HNPs (BC-2, BC-3 and Q1) were also predominant in individual samples of three tropical tuna species from the Seychelles and from other regions of the Western Indian Ocean (Mozambique Channel, off Somalia and Chagos Archipelago). Non-targeted gas chromatography coupled with electron capture negative ion mass spectrometry operated in the selected ion monitoring mode (GC/ECNI-MS-SIM) analysis of one swordfish sample indicated low abundance of rarely reported HNPs (three hexachloro-1'-methyl-1,2'-bipyrrole (Cl6-MBP) isomers and pentabromo-1,1'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyrroles (Br5-DBP)) but no further abundant unscreened polyhalogenated compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wu
- Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 28, D-70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Catherine Munschy
- Laboratory of Biogeochemistry of Organic Contaminants, IFREMER (French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea), Rue de l'île d'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Yann Aminot
- Laboratory of Biogeochemistry of Organic Contaminants, IFREMER (French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea), Rue de l'île d'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Nathalie Bodin
- Fishing Port, SFA (Seychelles Fishing Authority), Victoria, Mahé, Seychelles
- Fishing Port, IRD (French Research Institute for Sustainable Development), Victoria, Mahé, Seychelles
- SOS (Sustainable Ocean Seychelles), BeauBelle, Mahé, Seychelles
| | - Walter Vetter
- Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 28, D-70599, Stuttgart, Germany.
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Fujii Y, Poma G, Malarvannan G, Soeda F, Toda A, Haraguchi K, Covaci A. Estimation of dietary intake and sources of organohalogenated contaminants among infants: 24-h duplicate diet survey in Fukuoka, Japan. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 195:110745. [PMID: 33460637 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The widespread occurrence of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the environment is a matter of concern. In this study, selected organohalogenated contaminants, including dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs) polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), chlordanes (CHLs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), 2,4,6-tribromophenol (TBP), were measured in complete meal sets (24-h duplicate-diet) of Japanese infants to investigate the levels, profiles, and possible sources of contamination. In total, 46 whole-day meals of infants (7-24-months old) were collected during 2017 from Fukuoka, Japan. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report based on the duplicate-diet method for infants. The median intakes among the POP groups were highest for ΣDDTs (18 ng/day, maximum 251 ng/day), followed by ΣPCBs (17 ng/day, maximum 198 ng/day), ΣCHLs (14 ng/day, maximum 105 ng/day), HCB (11 ng/day, maximum 64 ng/day), TBP (3.5 ng/day, maximum 109 ng/day), ΣHBCDs (1.9 ng/day, maximum 70 ng/day), TBBPA (0.72 ng/day, maximum 34 ng/day), and ΣPBDEs (0.11 ng/day, maximum 4.5 ng/day). Among the PCBs, PCB-138 and PCB-153 were the most abundant congeners (27% and 23%, respectively). p,p'-DDE, the major DDT metabolite, accounted for 96% of total DDTs. Among PBDEs, BDE47 was the only detected congener (present in 4% of the samples). The dietary intake of the targeted compounds was lower than the intake via breast milk, suggesting that the exposure from baby food was limited. In the principal component analysis, chlorinated and brominated compounds were separated on principal component 1, while TBP and α-HBCD were separated on principal component 2, likely suggesting a differing emission time trend or source. PCB-153, PCB-138, trans-chlordane, cis-chlordane, and trans-nonachlor were correlated with seafood consumption (Spearman's ρ = 0.45 to 0.57, p < 0.05), while TBP was correlated with seaweed consumption (Spearman's ρ = 0.46, p < 0.05). Also, four species of commercial edible seaweed in Japan were analyzed to confirm the findings of the duplicate-diet study. The relatively high concentration of TBP (5.5 ± 6.6 ng/g wet weight) was observed in the seaweed samples, indicating that seaweed is a potential exposure source of TBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Fujii
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daiichi University of Pharmacy, 22-1 Tamagawa-cho, Minami-ku, Fukuoka, 815-8511, Japan.
| | - Giulia Poma
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Govindan Malarvannan
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Fumio Soeda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daiichi University of Pharmacy, 22-1 Tamagawa-cho, Minami-ku, Fukuoka, 815-8511, Japan
| | - Akihisa Toda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daiichi University of Pharmacy, 22-1 Tamagawa-cho, Minami-ku, Fukuoka, 815-8511, Japan
| | - Koichi Haraguchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daiichi University of Pharmacy, 22-1 Tamagawa-cho, Minami-ku, Fukuoka, 815-8511, Japan
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium.
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Wu Q, Krauß S, Vetter W. Occurrence and fate studies (sunlight exposure and stable carbon isotope analysis) of the halogenated natural product MHC-1 and its producer Plocamium cartilagineum. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 736:139680. [PMID: 32474271 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
MHC-1 is a halogenated natural product (HNP) produced by the red seaweed Plocamium cartilagineum. MHC-1 concentrations of 550-2700 μg/g dry weight were found in Plocamium collected by divers at Heligoland (Germany). Compared to that MHC-1 concentrations were much lower in samples collected on beaches in Ireland and Portugal. Exposure of leaves of Plocamium to sunlight showed that MHC-1 was readily transformed by hydrodebromination. At Heligoland in March, MHC-1 (δ13C value -45.2‰) was lighter in carbon by ~15‰ compared to the bulk δ13C value (‰) of Plocamium (-30.7‰). Collected at the same time and location at Heligoland, samples of Halichondria and Mastocarpus sp. were richer in carbon (by ~10‰) as Plocamium. However, the δ13C value of MHC-1 in Halichondria (-44.6‰) and Mastocarpus sp. (-42.1‰) was as negative as in Plocamium. This was indirect proof that MHC-1 was produced by Plocamium and then released into the water phase from where it then was bioconcentrated by Halichondria and Mastocarpus sp. In agreement with that, concentrations of MHC-1 in Halichondria and Mastocarpus sp. were much lower than in Plocamium. In addition, a potential isomer of MHC-1 (compound X) was detected in all samples from Heligoland at ~2% of the MHC-1 level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wu
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), Garbenstraße 28, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Stephanie Krauß
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), Garbenstraße 28, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Walter Vetter
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), Garbenstraße 28, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Wang S, Wang S, Shah S, Li L, Fang H, Hao C. A density functional theory/time-dependent density functional theory study of the structure-related photochemical properties of hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers and methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers and metal ion effects. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:9297-9306. [PMID: 31916157 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07538-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
As the derivatives and structural analogs of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-PBDEs) and methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (MeO-PBDEs) have attracted increasing concern. However, knowledge of the photochemical behaviors of OH-PBDEs and MeO-PBDEs in water is limited. Here, we used density functional theory and time-dependent density functional theory to examine the structure-related photochemical properties of OH-PBDEs and MeO-PBDEs in water and the effects of metal ions as environmental factors. Eight 6-OH-PBDEs with 1-8 bromine substituents and eight 6-MeO-PBDEs with 1-8 bromine substituents were selected for this study. The optimized geometries of the selected congeners and their complexes with metals in the lowest excited triplet state (T1) showed that one C-Br bond moderately or significantly elongated. The elongated C-Br bond in the T1 state was shown in the ortho-position for the 6-OH-PBDE congeners and the ortho-position or the meta-position for the 6-MeO-PBDE congeners. For the selected congeners, there were significant positive linear correlations between the number of bromine atoms (NBr) and the calculated average atomic charge of bromine and maximum electronic absorbance wavelength (λmax), and a negative linear correlation between the NBr and average bond dissociation energy of C-O bonds (BDEC-O). The photoreactivities of the 6-OH-PBDEs and 6-MeO-PBDEs increased with an increase in the bromination degree with or without metal ions. The calculated average atomic charge of bromine and BDEC-O of the complexes with Mg2+/Zn2+ was higher and lower than those of the corresponding monomers, respectively, indicating that the presence of Mg2+/Zn2+ increased the photoreactivity (debromination and dissociation of C-O bond) of the selected 6-OH-PBDEs and 6-MeO-PBDEs. The effects of the coordination of Mg2+/Zn2+ may be overestimated due to their missing explicit solvation shell. These results provide vital insight into the photochemical properties of OH-PBDEs and MeO-PBDEs in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - Shuwen Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Shaheen Shah
- Department of Chemistry, Karakorum International University, Gilgit, Gilgit-Balitstan, 15100, Pakistan
| | - Longyan Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Hao Fang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Ce Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, Liaoning, China
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Wu Q, Bouwman H, Uren RC, van der Lingen CD, Vetter W. Halogenated natural products and anthropogenic persistent organic pollutants in chokka squid (Loligo reynaudii) from three sites along the South Atlantic and Indian Ocean coasts of South Africa. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 255:113282. [PMID: 31563788 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Chokka squid (Loligo reynaudii) from three sites along the South African coast were analyzed for halogenated natural products (HNPs) and anthropogenic persistent organic pollutants (POPs). HNPs were generally more than one order of magnitude more abundant than POPs. The most prevalent pollutant, i.e. the HNP 2,3,3',4,4',5,5'-heptachloro-1'-methyl-1,2'-bipyrrole (Q1), was detected in all chokka squid samples with mean concentrations of 105, 98 and 45 ng/g lipid mass, respectively, at the Indian Ocean (site A), between both oceans (site B) and the South Atlantic Ocean (site C). In addition, bromine containing polyhalogenated 1'-methyl-1,2'-bipyrroles (PMBPs), 2,4,6-tribromophenol (2,4,6-TBP, up to 28 ng/g lipid mass), polybrominated methoxy diphenyl ethers, MHC-1, TBMP and other HNPs were also detected. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were the predominant class of anthropogenic POPs. PCB 153 was the most abundant PCB congener in chokka squid from the Indian Ocean, and PCB 138 in samples from the South Atlantic Ocean and between both oceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wu
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry, Garbenstraße 28, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Hindrik Bouwman
- Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Ryan C Uren
- Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Carl D van der Lingen
- Fisheries Management, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Cape Town, South Africa; Marine Research Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Walter Vetter
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry, Garbenstraße 28, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Taylor AC, Fones GR, Vrana B, Mills GA. Applications for Passive Sampling of Hydrophobic Organic Contaminants in Water—A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2019; 51:20-54. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2019.1675043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam C. Taylor
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Gary R. Fones
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Branislav Vrana
- Faculty of Science, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Graham A. Mills
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
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Gallen C, Heffernan AL, Kaserzon S, Dogruer G, Samanipour S, Gomez-Ramos MJ, Mueller JF. Integrated chemical exposure assessment of coastal green turtle foraging grounds on the Great Barrier Reef. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 657:401-409. [PMID: 30550904 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The Great Barrier Reef receives run-off from 424,000 km2 catchment area across coastal Queensland, incorporating diffuse agricultural run-off, and run-off point sources of land-based chemical pollutants from urban and industrial development. Marine biota, such as green turtles (Chelonia mydas), are exposed to these diverse chemical mixtures in their natural environments, and the long term effects on turtle and ecosystem health remain unknown. This study was part of a larger multi-disciplinary project characterising anthropogenic chemical exposures from the marine environment and turtle health. The aim of this study was to screen for a wide range of anthropogenic chemical pollutants present in the external and internal environment of green turtles, using a combination of traditional targeted chemical analyses, non-target suspect screening, and effect-based bioassay methods, while employing a case-control study design. A combination of passive (water) and grab (water, sediment) samples were investigated. Three known green turtle foraging sites were selected for sampling: two coastal 'case' sites influenced primarily by urban/industrial and agricultural activities, respectively; and a remote, offshore 'control' site. Water and sediment samples from each of the three sampling locations showed differences in chemical pollutant profiles that reflected the dominant land uses in the adjacent catchment. Targeted mass spectrometric analysis for a range of pesticides, industrial chemicals, pharmaceuticals and personal care products found the greatest detection frequency and highest concentrations in coastal samples, compared to the control. Non-target screening analysis of water showed clear differentiation in chemical profile of the urban/industrial site. In-vitro assays of sediment samples from the control site had lowest induction, compared to coastal locations, as expected. Here we present evidence that turtles foraging in coastal areas are exposed to a range of anthropogenic pollutants derived from the adjacent coastal catchment areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gallen
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall St, Woolloongabba, Qld 4102, Australia.
| | - A L Heffernan
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall St, Woolloongabba, Qld 4102, Australia
| | - S Kaserzon
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall St, Woolloongabba, Qld 4102, Australia
| | - G Dogruer
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall St, Woolloongabba, Qld 4102, Australia; Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Germany
| | - S Samanipour
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall St, Woolloongabba, Qld 4102, Australia; Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo, Norway
| | - M J Gomez-Ramos
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall St, Woolloongabba, Qld 4102, Australia
| | - J F Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall St, Woolloongabba, Qld 4102, Australia
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Vetter W, Kaserzon S, Gallen C, Knoll S, Gallen M, Hauler C, Mueller JF. Occurrence and concentrations of halogenated natural products derived from seven years of passive water sampling (2007-2013) at Normanby Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 137:81-90. [PMID: 30503491 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) based passive water samplers deployed at Normanby Island, Great Barrier Reef (Australia) from 2007 to 2013 were analyzed for halogenated natural products (HNPs). Altogether, 38 samples, typically deployed for 30 days, were studied. Five HNPs (Q1, 2'‑MeO-BDE 68, BC-10, 2,4‑dibromoanisole and 2,4,6‑tribromoanisole) were detected in all samples. Most samples (>90%) featured 2,2'‑diMeO-BB 80, 6‑MeO-BDE 47, 2',6‑diMeO-BDE 68 and 2,4‑dibromophenol. In addition, tetrabromo‑N‑methylpyrrole (TBMP) was detected in ~80% and Cl6-DBP in ~30% of the samples. Estimated time weighted maximum water concentrations were >150 pg Q1 and 60 pg 2'‑MeO-BDE 68 per L seawater. Typically, the concentrations were varying from year to year. Moreover, time weighted average water concentration estimates did not reveal consistent maximum trend levels within a given year. Additional screening analysis via GC/MS indicated the presence of several polyhalogenated 1'‑methyl‑1,2'‑bipyrroles (PMBPs), 1,1'‑dimethyl‑2,2'‑bipyrroles (PDBPs), and 1‑methylpyrroles (PMPs) along with four brominated N‑methylindoles and several other polyhalogenated compounds at Normanby Island.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Vetter
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry, Garbenstrasse 28, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany; Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall St. Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia.
| | - Sarit Kaserzon
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall St. Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Christie Gallen
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall St. Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Sarah Knoll
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry, Garbenstrasse 28, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Michael Gallen
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall St. Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Carolin Hauler
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry, Garbenstrasse 28, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall St. Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
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13
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Estrella LF, Ferreira VB, Gallistl C, Alves MGR, Vetter W, Malm O, Abadio Finco FDB, Torres JPM. Occurrence of halogenated natural products in highly consumed fish from polluted and unpolluted tropical bays in SE Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 242:684-691. [PMID: 30025342 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Natural compounds from the metabolism of marine organisms have been detected at high concentrations in environmental samples which are not the producers of these compounds. These natural substances are known as halogenated natural products (HNPs). HNPs are possibly toxic halogenated compounds analogous to POPs that may bioaccumulate and biomagnify along the food web and pose a further risk to human and environmental health. The present study analyzed the occurrence of HNPs in the edible muscle of the three most consumed commercial fish species in the state of Rio de Janeiro: sardine (Sardinella brasiliensis), whitemouth croaker (Micropogonias furnieri) and mullet (Mugil liza) from the highly polluted Guanabara Bay (GB) and the less polluted Ilha Grande Bay (IGB). The analytical steps included Soxhlet extraction, clean-up step and injection in a gas chromatography system coupled to a mass spectrometer operated in the electron-capture negative ion mode (GC/ECNI-MS). The compounds 2,4,6-TBP, 2,4,6-TBA, MHC-1, Q1, 6-MeO-BDE 47 and 2'-MeO-BDE 68 were found in the analyzed fish from both studied areas. Q1, 6-MeO-BDE 47 and 2'-MeO-BDE 68 showed the highest concentrations in samples. Q1 concentrations in the sardines from IGB were higher than the sardines from GB (p < 0.05) and higher than the other IGB species (p < 0.05). The differences found among the species may be related to their characteristic habitat and diet. It is noteworthy that most of these compounds do not have any toxicological reference value. Moreover, the HNPs are being detected in species of low trophic level and since this study has worked only with commercial species, these fish may be considered as a source for human exposure to these natural compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F Estrella
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Radioisotopes Laboratory Eduardo Penna Franca, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho n. 373 Bl G ss 061, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - V B Ferreira
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Radioisotopes Laboratory Eduardo Penna Franca, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho n. 373 Bl G ss 061, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Post-Graduation Program in Food Science and Technology, Rodovia BR 465 Km 7, 23890-000, Seropédica, Brazil
| | - C Gallistl
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry, Garbenstraße 28, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - M G R Alves
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Radioisotopes Laboratory Eduardo Penna Franca, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho n. 373 Bl G ss 061, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; State University Centre of the Western Zone (UEZO), Post-Graduation Program in Environmental Science and Technology, Avenida Manuel Caldeira de Alvarenga, 1203, 23070-200, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - W Vetter
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry, Garbenstraße 28, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - O Malm
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Radioisotopes Laboratory Eduardo Penna Franca, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho n. 373 Bl G ss 061, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - F D B Abadio Finco
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Radioisotopes Laboratory Eduardo Penna Franca, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho n. 373 Bl G ss 061, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Federal University of Tocantins (UFT), Food and Nutrition Security Laboratory, Quadra 109 Norte, Avenida NS-15, ALCNO-14, 77001-090, Palmas, Brazil.
| | - J P M Torres
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Radioisotopes Laboratory Eduardo Penna Franca, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho n. 373 Bl G ss 061, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Brits M, Gorst-Allman P, Rohwer ER, De Vos J, de Boer J, Weiss JM. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to high resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry for screening of organohalogenated compounds in cat hair. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1536:151-162. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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15
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Uptake and biotransformation of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) in four marine microalgae species. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44263. [PMID: 28287149 PMCID: PMC5347160 DOI: 10.1038/srep44263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxylated- and methoxylated- polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-PBDEs and MeO-PBDEs) are more toxic than PBDEs and occur widely in the marine environment, and yet their origins remain controversial. In this study, four species of microalgae (Isochrysis galbana, Prorocentrum minimum, Skeletonema grethae and Thalassiosira pseudonana) were exposed to BDE-47, which is synthetic and is the predominant congener of PBDEs in the environment. By chemical analysis after incubation of 2 to 6 days, the efficiency of uptake of BDE-47 and, more importantly, the potential of undergoing biotransformation to form OH-PBDEs and MeO-PBDEs by the microalgae were investigated. Growth rates of these axenic microalgae were not affected upon exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations (0.2–20 μg BDE-47 L−1), and accumulation ranged from 0.772 ± 0.092 μg BDE-47 g−1 lipid to 215 ± 54 μg BDE-47 g−1 lipid within 2 days. Debromination of BDE-47 and formation of BDE-28 occurred in all microalgae species (0.01 to 0.87%), but biotransformation to OH-PBDEs was only found in I. galbana upon exposure to extremely high concentration. The results of this study showed that biotransformation of microalgae species is unlikely an explanation for the OH-PBDEs and MeO-PBDEs found in the marine environment.
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16
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Bidleman TF, Agosta K, Andersson A, Haglund P, Liljelind P, Hegmans A, Jantunen LM, Nygren O, Poole J, Ripszam M, Tysklind M. Sea-air exchange of bromoanisoles and methoxylated bromodiphenyl ethers in the Northern Baltic. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 112:58-64. [PMID: 27575397 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated natural products in biota of the Baltic Sea include bromoanisoles (BAs) and methoxylated bromodiphenyl ethers (MeO-BDEs). We identified biogenic 6-MeO-BDE47 and 2'-MeO-BDE68 in Baltic water and air for the first time using gas chromatography - high resolution mass spectrometry. Partial pressures in air were related to temperature by: log p/Pa=m/T(K)+b. We determined Henry's law constants (HLCs) of 2,4-dibromoanisole (2,4-DiBA) and 2,4,6-tribromoanisole (2,4,6-TriBA) from 5 to 30°C and revised our assessment of gas exchange in the northern Baltic. The new water/air fugacity ratios (FRs) were lower, but still indicated net volatilization in May-June for 2,4-DiBA and May - September for 2,4,6-TriBA. The net flux (negative) of BAs from Bothnian Bay (38,000km2) between May - September was revised from -1319 to -532kg. FRs of MeO-BDEs were >1, suggesting volatilization, although this is tentative due to uncertainties in their HLCs and binding to dissolved organic carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry F Bidleman
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Kathleen Agosta
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Agneta Andersson
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Peter Haglund
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Per Liljelind
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Alyse Hegmans
- Department of Environmental Science, Royal Roads University, Victoria, BC, V9B 5Y2, Canada
| | - Liisa M Jantunen
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 6248 Eighth Line, Egbert, ON L0L 1N0, Canada
| | - Olle Nygren
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Justen Poole
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Matyas Ripszam
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mats Tysklind
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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17
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Xue W, Chen J, Xie Q. Direct and dissolved oxygen involved photodegradation of MeO-PBDEs in water. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 307:344-349. [PMID: 26802632 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Photodegradation has been proved to be a crucial way of elimination for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hydroxylated PBDEs (HO-PBDEs). However, it is still unknown whether methoxylated PBDEs (MeO-PBDEs) can also undergo photodegradation. In this study, 4'-MeO-BDE-17, 5-MeO-BDE-47, 5'-MeO-BDE-99, 6-MeO-BDE-47 and 6-MeO-BDE-85 were selected as targets to investigate their photodegradation in water. Meanwhile, the effects of dissolved oxygen on the photoreactions of MeO-PBDEs were also unveiled. Simulated sunlight experiments indicate that 6-MeO-BDE-47 resisted photodegradation for 20h, while other MeO-PBDEs underwent relatively fast photodegradation, which was greatly susceptible to the substitution patterns of methoxyl and bromine. Photo-excited MeO-PBDEs (except 6-MeO-BDE-47) can sensitize dissolved oxygen to generate singlet oxygen ((1)O2) and superoxide anion radical (O2(-)). The generated (1)O2 cannot degrade the MeO-PBDEs, whereas O2(-) was reactive with MeO-PBDEs. The contribution of dissolved oxygen to the photodegradation of 4'-MeO-BDE-17 and 6-MeO-BDE-85 was negligible; while the negative contribution was observed for 5-MeO-BDE-47 and 5'-MeO-BDE-99. Hydrodebromination was a crucial photodegradation pathway for MeO-PBDEs (excluding 4'-MeO-BDE-17 and 6-MeO-BDE-47). Eventually, direct photolysis half-lives of MeO-PBDEs except 6-MeO-BDE-47 in the surface waters at 40 N latitude were calculated to be 1.35-3.46d in midsummer and 6.39-17.47d in midwinter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Xue
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Qing Xie
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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18
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Xue W, Chen J, Xie Q, Zhao H. Direct photolysis of MeO-PBDEs in water and methanol: focusing on cyclization product MeO-PBDFs. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 139:518-524. [PMID: 26298690 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hydroxylated PBDEs can transform into polybrominated dibenzofurans (PBDFs) via photocyclization. However, it is unclear whether methoxylated PBDEs (MeO-PBDEs) can photocyclize to form MeO-PBDFs. In this study, 5-MeO-BDE-47, 5'-MeO-BDE-99 and 6-MeO-BDE-85 were selected as models to investigate their direct photolysis, especially photocyclization in two solvent environments (water and methanol) using simulated photochemical experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The experimental results showed that MeO-PBDEs had faster direct photolysis reactions and higher quantum yields in methanol, and MeO-PBDFs could only be formed in a methanol solution of 5-MeO-BDE-47. The DFT results indicated that the lowest excited triplet state MeO-PBDEs can form dibenzofurans via direct cyclization pathways. Intra-annular H-elimination was found to be the rate-determining step for most cyclization pathways with high reaction barriers (⩾19.7kcal/mol), while 5-MeO-BDE-47 was found to have a distinct pathway for which the rate-determining step is ring closure with a low barrier (13.8kcal/mol) in a methanol environment. For this pathway, H-elimination assisted by Br cleaved from an ortho-C-Br bond was observed with a 2.0kcal/mol barrier. Thus, the DFT results reasonably explained the experimental findings, and the photocyclization of MeO-PBDEs depended on the specific Br-substitution patterns and specific effects of the environmental media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Xue
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Qing Xie
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Hongxia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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Barón E, Hauler C, Gallistl C, Giménez J, Gauffier P, Castillo JJ, Fernández-Maldonado C, de Stephanis R, Vetter W, Eljarrat E, Barceló D. Halogenated Natural Products in Dolphins: Brain-Blubber Distribution and Comparison with Halogenated Flame Retardants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:9073-83. [PMID: 26148182 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b02736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated natural products (MHC-1, TriBHD, TetraBHD, MeO-PBDEs, Q1, and related PMBPs) and halogenated flame retardants (PBDEs, HBB, Dec 602, Dec 603, and DP) in blubber and brain are reported from five Alboran Sea delphinids (Spain). Both HNPs and HFRs were detected in brain, implying that they are able to surpass the blood-brain barrier and reach the brain, which represents a new finding for some compounds, such as Q1 and PMBPs, MHC-1, TriBHD, TetraBHD, or Dec 603. Moreover, some compounds (TetraBHD, BDE-153, or HBB) presented higher levels in brain than in blubber. This study evidence the high concentrations of HNPs in the marine environment, especially in top predators. It shows the importance of further monitoring these natural compounds and evaluating their potential toxicity, when most studies focus on anthropogenic compounds only. While no bioaccumulation was found for ∑HNPs, ∑HFRs increased significantly with body size for both common and striped dolphins. Studies evaluating BBB permeation mechanisms of these compounds together with their potential neurotoxic effects in dolphins are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Barón
- †Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research Studies (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Hauler
- ‡University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry, Garbenstraße 28, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - C Gallistl
- ‡University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry, Garbenstraße 28, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - J Giménez
- §Department of Conservation Biology, Estación Biológica de Doñana-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EBD-CSIC), Americo Vespucio s/n, Isla Cartuja, 42092, Seville, Spain
| | - P Gauffier
- ∥Conservation, Information, and Research on Cetaceans (CIRCE), Cabeza de Manzaneda 3, Algeciras-Pelayo, 11390 Cádiz, Spain
| | - J J Castillo
- ⊥Centro de Recuperación de Especies Marinas Amenazadas (CREMA), Aula del Mar de Málaga, Pacífico 80, 29004 Málaga, Spain
| | - C Fernández-Maldonado
- #Agencia de Medio Ambiente y Agua de Andalucía, Consejería de Medio Ambiente y Ordenación del Territorio, Junta de Andalucía, Johan Gütemberg, 1, Isla de la Cartuja, 41092, Seville, Spain
| | - R de Stephanis
- ∥Conservation, Information, and Research on Cetaceans (CIRCE), Cabeza de Manzaneda 3, Algeciras-Pelayo, 11390 Cádiz, Spain
| | - W Vetter
- ‡University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry, Garbenstraße 28, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - E Eljarrat
- †Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research Studies (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - D Barceló
- †Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research Studies (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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van de Merwe JP, Leusch FDL. A sensitive and high throughput bacterial luminescence assay for assessing aquatic toxicity--the BLT-Screen. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2015; 17:947-955. [PMID: 25845535 DOI: 10.1039/c5em00012b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Bioassays using naturally luminescent bacteria are commonly used to assess the toxicity of environmental contaminants, detected by a decrease in luminescence. Typically, this has involved the use of commercial test kits such as Microtox and ToxScreen. These commercial assays, however, have limitations for routine environmental monitoring, including the need for specialized equipment, a low throughput and high on-going costs. There is therefore a need to develop a bacteria bioassay that is sensitive, high-throughput and cost effective. This study presents the development and application of the BLT-Screen (Bacterial Luminescence Toxicity Screen), a 96-well plate bioassay using Photobacterium leiognathi. During development of the method, the concentration of the phosphate buffer in the experimental medium was adjusted to maximize the sensitivity of the assay, and protocols for analyzing both solid-phase extracts and raw water samples were established. A range of organic compounds and metals were analyzed in the assay, as well as extracts of various water samples, including drinking water, wastewater effluent and river water. The IC50 values of the organic compounds and metals tested in the BLT-Screen were comparable to previously published ToxScreen and Microtox data. In addition, the assay was sensitive enough to detect toxicity in all water types tested, and performed equally well for both solid-phase extracts and raw water samples. The BLT-Screen therefore presents a cost-effective, sensitive and high throughput method for testing the toxicity of environmental contaminants in a range of water types that has widespread applications for research, as well as for routine monitoring and operation of wastewater and drinking water plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P van de Merwe
- Smart Water Research Centre, Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland 4222, Australia.
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21
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Fan Y, Huh CA, Lan J, Zhao M, Zhao Z, Li G, Sun J, Jiang G. Major sources of MeO/OH-BDEs in the East China Sea elucidated from their records and phytoplankton biomarkers. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 192:1-8. [PMID: 24874793 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxylated (OH-) and methoxylated (MeO-) polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have caused much concern because of their potential toxicity and worldwide distribution. These compounds are recently suggested to originate from the natural process in the ocean. However, their source remains highly controversial. In this study, we analyzed the contents of nine MeO-BDEs, ten OH-BDEs, and phytoplankton biomarkers (PBs) in two sediment cores collected from the East China Sea (ECS). The detection of 6-MeO-BDE-47, 2'-MeO-BDE-68, and 6-OH-BDE-47 have been reported since the 1920s, prior to the production of PBDEs. Significant relations were found between MeO/OH-BDEs and indicators of marine organic matters. The similar down-core variations and significant correlations between MeO/OH-BDEs and PBs suggest the possibility that phytoplankton produced these natural compounds. Laboratory incubation further demonstrates that phytoplankton can produce MeO-BDEs. Comparisons between the content ratios of 6-MeO-BDE-47/2'-MeO-BDE-68 and brassicasterol/dinosterol indicate that the signature of MeO-BDEs is controlled by the phytoplankton community structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Fan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education/Qingdao Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Chih-An Huh
- Institute of Earth Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jing Lan
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Meixun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education/Qingdao Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Zongshan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education/Qingdao Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Guoliang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jianteng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
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22
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Hauler C, Rimkus G, Risacher C, Knölker HJ, Vetter W. Concentrations of halogenated natural products versus PCB 153 in bivalves from the North and Baltic Seas. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 490:994-1001. [PMID: 24911775 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Different halogenated natural products (HNPs) have been reported to occur in marine wildlife, particularly from regions with comparably little contamination with anthropogenic pollutants. The North Sea and the Baltic Sea have been known as a marine site heavily polluted with organohalogen compounds, and especially with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). In this study we wished to determine the current abundance of HNPs in comparison with 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB 153), i.e. the major PCB congener in marine biota. For this purpose, forty blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) and oysters (Crassostrea gigas) from seven sites were analyzed on HNPs and PCB 153. Most of the samples contained HNPs in the form of polyhalogenated 1'-methyl-1,2'-bipyrroles (PMBPs including Q1) and the mixed halogenated compound MHC-1. In addition we determined several polyhalogenated 1,1'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyrroles (PDBPs), 2,3,4,5-tetrabromo-N-methylpyrrole and several novel homologs, as well as polybrominated N-methylindoles. The occurrence of these HNP groups were considerably different in the samples from different regions with varying sum concentrations up to 1930 μg/kg lipids in blue mussels from Heligoland (North Sea) and much lower concentrations in samples from the Baltic Sea (up to 13 μg/kg lipids). The concentrations of HNPs varied by two orders of magnitude, compared to a factor of 10 for PCB 153, suggesting that HNPs are more spatially (and perhaps temporally) variant than POPs. In the North Sea region Heligoland, HNPs were more abundant than PCB 153.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Hauler
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry, Garbenstraße 28, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Gerhard Rimkus
- State Laboratory Schleswig-Holstein (LSH), Department of Residue and Contamination Analysis, 24537 Neumünster, Germany
| | - Célia Risacher
- Dresden University of Technology, Department of Chemistry, Bergstraße 66, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Knölker
- Dresden University of Technology, Department of Chemistry, Bergstraße 66, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Walter Vetter
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry, Garbenstraße 28, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
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23
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Fan Y, Lan J, Zhao Z, Zhao M. Sedimentary records of hydroxylated and methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the southern Yellow Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2014; 84:366-372. [PMID: 24910183 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Revised: 05/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Although hydroxylated (OH-) and methoxylated (MeO-) polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have caused much concern in recent years, few reports had discussed on their input history. In this study, we measured the contents of nine MeO-BDEs, ten OH-BDEs, and total organic carbon (TOC) of two sediment cores from the southern Yellow Sea. 6-MeO-BDE-47, 2'-MeO-BDE-68, 6-OH-BDE-47, and 2'-OH-BDE-68 were the predominant congeners in HH12, while only 2'-OH-BDE-68 and 6-OH-BDE-47 were frequently detected in core HH11. The records showed that OH-/MeO-BDEs in both cores had increased rapidly since the 1950s. Their existence was detected at the bottom layers (∼1800 s) prior to the production of PBDEs (1960s), thus OH-/MeO-BDEs originate from natural origins rather than artificial PBDEs. Comparisons between TOC and OH-/MeO-BDEs indicated that TOC is a potential factor affecting the accumulation of OH-/MeO-BDEs in marine environments. Similar trends and significant correlations between OH-BDEs and MeO-BDEs suggest their common origins or interconversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Fan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education/Qingdao Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China; Institute of Marine Organic Geochemistry, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Jing Lan
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Zongshan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education/Qingdao Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China; Institute of Marine Organic Geochemistry, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
| | - Meixun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education/Qingdao Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China; Institute of Marine Organic Geochemistry, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
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24
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Bidleman TF, Agosta K, Andersson A, Haglund P, Nygren O, Ripszam M, Tysklind M. Air-water exchange of brominated anisoles in the northern Baltic Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:6124-6132. [PMID: 24811233 DOI: 10.1021/es5007109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Bromophenols produced by marine algae undergo O-methylation to form bromoanisoles (BAs), which are exchanged between water and air. BAs were determined in surface water of the northern Baltic Sea (Gulf of Bothnia, consisting of Bothnian Bay and Bothnian Sea) during 2011-2013 and on a transect of the entire Baltic in September 2013. The abundance decreased in the following order: 2,4,6-tribromoanisole (2,4,6-TBA)>2,4-dibromoanisole (2,4-DBA)≫2,6-dibromoanisole (2,6-DBA). Concentrations of 2,4-DBA and 2,4,6-TBA in September were higher in the southern than in the northern Baltic and correlated well with the higher salinity in the south. This suggests south-to-north advection and dilution with fresh riverine water enroute, and/or lower production in the north. The abundance in air over the northern Baltic also decreased in the following order: 2,4,6-TBA>2,4-DBA. However, 2,6-DBA was estimated as a lower limit due to breakthrough from polyurethane foam traps used for sampling. Water/air fugacity ratios ranged from 3.4 to 7.6 for 2,4-DBA and from 18 to 94 for 2,4,6-TBA, indicating net volatilization. Flux estimates using the two-film model suggested that volatilization removes 980-1360 kg of total BAs from Bothnian Bay (38000 km2) between May and September. The release of bromine from outgassing of BAs could be up to 4-6% of bromine fluxes from previously reported volatilization of bromomethanes and bromochloromethanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry F Bidleman
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University , SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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25
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Bendig P, Lehnert K, Vetter W. Quantification of bromophenols in Islay whiskies. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:2767-2771. [PMID: 24605764 DOI: 10.1021/jf405006e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Two single malt whiskies from the Scottish island Islay, i.e., Laphroiag and Lagavulin, are characterized by an iodine-like flavor associated with marine environments. In this study we investigated if this flavor impression could be due to bromophenols which are character impact compounds of marine fish and shrimps. In this study we developed a method suited for the determination of dibromo- and tribromophenols in whisky. Aliquots were O-acetylated, and quantification was carried out with gas chromatography with electron-capture negative ion mass spectrometry (GC/ECNI-MS). Both Islay whiskies contained more than 400 ng/L bromophenols with 2,6-dibromophenol being the most relevant homologue (>300 ng/L, respectively). These concentrations are at least 1 order of magnitude higher than the taste threshold of 2,6-dibromophenol in water. A third Islay whisky, Bowmore, contained ∼100 ng/L bromophenols while seventeen other whiskies from other regions in Scotland as well as from the USA, Ireland, and Germany contained at least 1 order of magnitude less than the two whiskies with the marine taste. Accordingly, bromophenols may contribute to the marine flavor and taste of Laphroaig and Lagavulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Bendig
- Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), University of Hohenheim , Garbenstrasse 28, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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26
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Aeppli C, Bastviken D, Andersson P, Gustafsson O. Chlorine isotope effects and composition of naturally produced organochlorines from chloroperoxidases, flavin-dependent halogenases, and in forest soil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:6864-6871. [PMID: 23320408 DOI: 10.1021/es3037669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The use of stable chlorine isotopic signatures (δ(37)Cl) of organochlorine compounds has been suggested as a tool to determine both their origins and transformations in the environment. Here we investigated the δ(37)Cl fractionation of two important pathways for enzymatic natural halogenation: chlorination by chloroperoxidase (CPO) and flavin-dependent halogenases (FDH). Phenolic products of CPO were highly (37)Cl depleted (δ(37)Cl = -12.6 ± 0.9‰); significantly more depleted than all known industrially produced organochlorine compounds (δ(37)Cl = -7 to +6‰). In contrast, four FDH products did not exhibit any observable isotopic shifts (δ(37)Cl = -0.3 ± 0.6‰). We attributed the different isotopic effect to the distinctly different chlorination mechanisms employed by the two enzymes. Furthermore, the δ(37)Cl in bulk organochlorines extracted from boreal forest soils were only slightly depleted in (37)Cl relative to inorganic Cl. In contrast to previous suggestions that CPO plays a key role in production of soil organochlorines, this observation points to the additional involvement of either other chlorination pathways, or that dechlorination of naturally produced organochlorines can neutralize δ(37)Cl shifts caused by CPO chlorination. Overall, this study demonstrates that chlorine isotopic signatures are highly useful to understand sources and cycling of organochlorines in nature. Furthermore, this study presents δ(37)Cl values of FDH products as well of bulk organochlorines extracted from pristine forest soil for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Aeppli
- Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM), Stockholm University, Sweden.
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27
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Bendig P, Vetter W. UV-induced formation of bromophenols from polybrominated diphenyl ethers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:3665-3670. [PMID: 23472584 DOI: 10.1021/es304785f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Bromophenols (BPs) are both man-made industrial compounds and naturally produced secondary metabolites of algae and sponges. This study explored the formation of BPs by UV irradiation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Simulated sunlight (10-80 min) and natural sunlight irradiations (5 days) of BDE-153, BDE-154, BDE-183, BDE-196, and technical octabromodiphenyl ether (DE-79) generated hydrodebrominated PBDEs along with up to 0.7-4 mass % BPs. UV absorption spectra were recorded to show that the para-substituted PBDEs and BPs are those predominately transformed because this structural feature causes a significant bathochromic shift of λmax to higher wavelength. A decrease of higher brominated BPs in favor of lower brominated BPs was observed with time. All possible substitution patterns on the BPs formed by the cleavage of the parent PBDEs and respective hydrodebromination products were observed. The main di- and tribromophenols detected were 2,4-diBP > 2,5-diBP and 2,4,6-triBP > 2,4,5-triBP on average. The irradiation conditions were similar to real-world scenarios and emphasized the environmental relevance of these photolysis products of PBDEs. The meta-substituted BPs can be used as markers to distinguish photolytic PBDE transformation products from naturally produced BPs, which exclusively feature bromo-substitutents in ortho- and para-positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Bendig
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 28, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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28
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Scientific Opinion on Brominated Flame Retardants (BFRs) in Food: Brominated Phenols and their Derivatives. EFSA J 2012. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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29
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Fujii Y, Ito Y, Harada KH, Hitomi T, Koizumi A, Haraguchi K. Regional variation and possible sources of brominated contaminants in breast milk from Japan. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2012; 162:269-274. [PMID: 22243874 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This study focuses on the regional trends and possible sources of brominated organic contaminants accumulated in breast milk from mothers in southeastern (Okinawa) and northwestern (Hokkaido) areas of Japan. For persistent brominated flame retardants, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs; major components, BDE-47 and BDE-153) were distributed at higher levels in mothers from Okinawa (mean, 2.1 ng/g lipid), while hexabromobenzene (HeBB) and its metabolite 1,2,4,5-tetrabromobenzene were more abundantly detected in mothers from Hokkaido (0.86 and 2.6 ng/g lipid), suggesting that there are regional differences in their exposure in Japan. We also detected naturally produced brominated compounds, one of which was identified as 2'-methoxy-2,3',4,5'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (2'-MeO-BDE68) at higher levels in mothers from Okinawa (0.39 ng/g lipid), while the other was identified as 3,3',4,4'-tetrabromo-5,5'-dichloro-2,2'-dimethyl-1,1'-bipyrrole in mothers from Hokkaido (0.45 ng/g lipid). The regional variation may be caused by source differences, i.e. southern seafood for MeO-PBDEs and northern biota for halogenated bipyrroles in the Japanese coastal water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Fujii
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida, Kyoto, Japan
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30
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Gaul S, Bendig P, Olbrich D, Rosenfelder N, Ruff P, Gaus C, Mueller JF, Vetter W. Identification of the natural product 2,3,4,5-tetrabromo-1-methylpyrrole in Pacific biota, passive samplers and seagrass from Queensland, Australia. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2011; 62:2463-2468. [PMID: 21925687 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2011] [Revised: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated natural products (HNPs) are frequently detected in marine organisms. High HNP concentrations have previously been found in marine mammals from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, including in the blubber of herbivorous dugongs (Dugong dugon). To identify the source of HNPs we initially focused on the analysis of Australian seagrass (Halophila ovalis) which serves as the principal food source for dugongs. GC/MS analysis of the seagrass indicated the presence of several organobromine compounds. One compound was identified as 2,3,4,5-tetrabromo-1-methylpyrrole (TBMP) by synthesis. Subsequent analysis of semipermeable membrane devices demonstrated that the photo-sensitive TBMP is widespread in the Great Barrier Reef (Queensland, Australia). The detection of larger TBMP concentrations in fish fillets from Chile and traces in mussels from New Zealand indicated that this potential HNP may be distributed throughout the Southern Pacific Ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Gaul
- Universität Hohenheim, Institut für Lebensmittelchemie (170b), Garbenstr. 28, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
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31
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Pena-Abaurrea M, Covaci A, Ramos L. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography–time-of-flight mass spectrometry for the identification of organobrominated compounds in bluefin tuna. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:6995-7002. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Revised: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Dambacher WB, Rosenfelder N, Conrad J, Vetter W. Generation and analysis of mixed chlorinated/brominated homologs of the halogenated natural product heptachloro-1'-methyl-1,2'-bipyrrole. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 83:948-954. [PMID: 21402396 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The 2,3,3',4,4',5,5'-heptachloro-1'-methyl-1,2'-bipyrrole (Q1, MBP-79) and further halogenated 1'-methyl-1,2'-bipyrroles (MBPs) are a class of marine natural products repeatedly detected in seafood and marine mammals from all over the world. Only Q1 is currently commercially available as reference standard and the full synthesis of mixed brominated-chlorinated compound is rather complicated. For this reason, synthetic Q1 (240 mg) was transferred into bromine-containing MBPs by UV-irradiation in the presence of bromine. Bromine, which rapidly vanished from the solutions, was renewed during the reaction in order to generate higher amounts of Br-containing MBPs. A total of ∼150 mg Q1 was transferred after ∼10 min irradiation with high amounts of Br(2) to give 30.5mg BrCl(6)-MBPs along with lower proportions of Br(2)Cl(5)-, Br(3)Cl(4)-, Br(4)Cl(3)- and traces of Br(5)Cl(2)-MBPs. Longer UV-irradiation in the presence of Br(2) even allowed for the detection of Br(6)Cl-MBPs and traces of Br(7)-MBP. However, this reaction also provided some unknown by-products. A sample stored in the dark and later in in-door light (no UV irradiation) also eliminated Q1 after 76 d in favour of heptahalogenated MBPs with up to three bromine substituents. The irradiation products were separated on silica, and fractions containing only Q1 and BrCl(6)-MBPs were then further fractionated by non-aqueous RP-HPLC. A pure isolate of the major BrCl(6)-MBP (∼1.5mg) was characterized by GC/MS and (13)C NMR to be 2-bromo-3,3',4,4',5,5'-hexachloro-1-methyl-1,2'-bipyrrole (Br-MBP-75). Partial GC enantioseparation of the axially chiral Br-MBP-75 was achieved on a β-PMCD column. A full enantioseparation was managed by enantioselective HPLC using a NUCLEOCEL DELTA S column. Low amounts of pure BrCl(6)-MBP enantiomers could be trapped.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolf Benjamin Dambacher
- Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 28, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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33
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Guitart C, Slattery M, Ankisetty S, Radwan M, Ross SJ, Letcher RJ, Reddy CM. Contemporary 14C radiocarbon levels of oxygenated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (O-PBDEs) isolated in sponge-cyanobacteria associations. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2011; 62:631-6. [PMID: 21276990 PMCID: PMC4876816 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Revised: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 12/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Considerable debate surrounds the sources of oxygenated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (O-PBDEs) in wildlife as to whether they are naturally produced or result from anthropogenic industrial activities. Natural radiocarbon ((14)C) abundance has proven to be a powerful tool to address this problem as recently biosynthesized compounds contain contemporary (i.e. modern) amounts of atmospheric radiocarbon; whereas industrial chemicals, mostly produced from fossil fuels, contain no detectable (14)C. However, few compounds isolated from organisms have been analyzed for their radiocarbon content. To provide a baseline, we analyzed the (14)C content of four O-PBDEs. These compounds, 6-OH-BDE47, 2'-OH-BDE68, 2',6-diOH-BDE159, and a recently identified compound, 2'-MeO-6-OH-BDE120, were isolated from the tropical marine sponges Dysidea granulosa and Lendenfeldia dendyi. The modern radiocarbon content of their chemical structures (i.e. diphenyl ethers, C(12)H(22)O) indicates that they are naturally produced. This adds to a growing baseline on, at least, the sources of these unusual compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Guitart
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.
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34
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Wong F, Jantunen LM, Pućko M, Papakyriakou T, Staebler RM, Stern GA, Bidleman TF. Air-water exchange of anthropogenic and natural organohalogens on International Polar Year (IPY) expeditions in the Canadian Arctic. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:876-881. [PMID: 21194218 DOI: 10.1021/es1018509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Shipboard measurements of organohalogen compounds in air and surface seawater were conducted in the Canadian Arctic in 2007-2008. Study areas included the Labrador Sea, Hudson Bay, and the southern Beaufort Sea. High volume air samples were collected at deck level (6 m), while low volume samples were taken at 1 and 15 m above the water or ice surface. Water samples were taken within 7 m. Water concentration ranges (pg L(-1)) were as follows: α-hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH) 465-1013, γ-HCH 150-254, hexachlorobenzene (HCB) 4.0-6.4, 2,4-dibromoanisole (DBA) 8.5-38, and 2,4,6-tribromoanisole (TBA) 4.7-163. Air concentration ranges (pg m(-3)) were as follows: α-HCH 7.5-48, γ-HCH 2.1-7.7, HCB 48-71, DBA 4.8-25, and TBA 6.4 - 39. Fugacity gradients predicted net deposition of HCB in all areas, while exchange directions varied for the other chemicals by season and locations. Net evasion of α-HCH from Hudson Bay and the Beaufort Sea during open water conditions was shown by air concentrations that averaged 14% higher at 1 m than 15 m. No significant difference between the two heights was found over ice cover. The α-HCH in air over the Beaufort Sea was racemic in winter (mean enantiomer fraction, EF = 0.504 ± 0.008) and nonracemic in late spring-early summer (mean EF = 0.476 ± 0.010). This decrease in EF was accompanied by a rise in air concentrations due to volatilization of nonracemic α-HCH from surface water (EF = 0.457 ± 0.019). Fluxes of chemicals during the southern Beaufort Sea open water season (i.e., Leg 9) were estimated using the Whitman two-film model, where volatilization fluxes are positive and deposition fluxes are negative. The means ± SD (and ranges) of net fluxes (ng m(-2) d(-1)) were as follows: α-HCH 6.8 ± 3.2 (2.7-13), γ-HCH 0.76 ± 0.40 (0.26-1.4), HCB -9.6 ± 2.7 (-6.1 to -15), DBA 1.2 ± 0.69 (0.04-2.0), and TBA 0.46 ± 1.1 ng m(-2) d(-1) (-1.6 to 2.0).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Wong
- Centre for Atmospheric Research Experiments, Environment Canada, 6248 Eighth Line, Egbert, ON, L0L 1N0, Canada
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Haraguchi K, Kotaki Y, Relox JR, Romero MLJ, Terada R. Monitoring of naturally produced brominated phenoxyphenols and phenoxyanisoles in aquatic plants from the Philippines. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:12385-91. [PMID: 21067177 DOI: 10.1021/jf103001n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Naturally produced brominated phenoxyphenols (OH-PBDEs) and phenoxyanisoles (MeO-PBDEs) were analyzed in aquatic plants (16 genera of green, brown, and red algae and angiosperms) collected from Luzon Island, the Philippines. Two brominated phenoxyphenols, 2'-hydroxy-2,3',4,5'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (2'-OH-BDE68) and 6-hydroxy-2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (6-OH-BDE47), were detected in the phenolic fraction of extracts from most of the specimens; Sargassum oligosystum had the highest concentrations (101 ng/g fresh weight (fw)). The corresponding phenoxyanisole, 2'-methoxy-2,3',4,5'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (2'-MeO-BDE68), was most abundant in Sargassum aff. bataanense (229 ng/g fw), followed by Padina sp., and 6-methoxy-2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (6-MeO-BDE47) was predominant in Jania adhaerens (29 ng/g fw). Hydroxy-pentaBDEs, hydroxy-methoxy-tetraBDEs, dihydroxy-tetraBDEs, dihydroxy-tetrabromobiphenyl, and hydroxy-tetrabromodibenzo-p-dioxins were also detected. The present study demonstrates that these aquatic plant species could be an abundant source of OH-PBDEs and MeO-PBDEs found in higher trophic organisms in the Asia-Pacific region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Haraguchi
- Daiichi College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan
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Rosenfelder N, Van Zee NJ, Mueller JF, Gaus C, Vetter W. Gas Chromatography/Electron Ionization-Mass Spectrometry-Selected Ion Monitoring Screening Method for a Thorough Investigation of Polyhalogenated Compounds in Passive Sampler Extracts with Quadrupole Systems. Anal Chem 2010; 82:9835-42. [DOI: 10.1021/ac102134x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Rosenfelder
- Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 28, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States, and National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (EnTox), The University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains 4108, Australia
| | - Nathan J. Van Zee
- Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 28, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States, and National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (EnTox), The University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains 4108, Australia
| | - Jochen F. Mueller
- Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 28, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States, and National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (EnTox), The University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains 4108, Australia
| | - Caroline Gaus
- Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 28, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States, and National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (EnTox), The University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains 4108, Australia
| | - Walter Vetter
- Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 28, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States, and National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (EnTox), The University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains 4108, Australia
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de Wit CA, Kierkegaard A, Ricklund N, Sellström U. Emerging Brominated Flame Retardants in the Environment. BROMINATED FLAME RETARDANTS 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/698_2010_73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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