1
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Hill R, Phipps J, Greenwood R, Skuse D, Zhang ZJ. The effect of pre-treatment and process conditions on the gas barrier properties of fibrillated cellulose films and coatings: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 337:122085. [PMID: 38710579 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) is a bio-material produced by disintegrating cellulose fibres into fibrillar components. MFC could offer a sustainable solution to packaging needs since it can form an excellent barrier to oxygen. However, a comprehensive understanding of how MFC characteristics impact barrier properties of MFC films or coatings is required. This article critically reviews how the extent of separation of fibres into fibrils-and any resulting changes to the crystallinity and degree of polymerisation of cellulose-influences gas barrier properties of MFC films or coatings. Findings from publications investigating the barrier performance of MFC prepared through different processes intending to increase the effectiveness of fibrillation are evaluated and compared. The effects of processing conditions or chemical pre-treatments on barrier properties of MFC films or coatings are then discussed. A comparison of reported results showed that morphology and size polydispersity of the cellulose strongly influence the barrier properties of MFC. However, changing the MFC production process to decrease fibril diameter and polydispersity can result in changes to cellulose crystallinity; reduction in fibril length; introduction of bulky functional groups; or increased fibril surface charge: all of which could have a negative impact on the barrier properties of the final films or coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn Hill
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; FiberLean Technologies, Par Moor Road, Par PL24 2SQ, UK.
| | - Jon Phipps
- FiberLean Technologies, Par Moor Road, Par PL24 2SQ, UK.
| | - Richard Greenwood
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - David Skuse
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; FiberLean Technologies, Par Moor Road, Par PL24 2SQ, UK.
| | - Zhenyu Jason Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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2
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Lo Faro E, Bonofiglio A, Barbi S, Montorsi M, Fava P. Polycaprolactone/Starch/Agar Coatings for Food-Packaging Paper: Statistical Correlation of the Formulations' Effect on Diffusion, Grease Resistance, and Mechanical Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3921. [PMID: 37835970 PMCID: PMC10574950 DOI: 10.3390/polym15193921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Paper is one of the most promising materials for food packaging and wrapping due to its low environmental impact, but surface treatments are often needed to improve its performance, e.g., the resistance to fats and oils. In this context, this research is focused on the formulation of a new paper bio-coating. Paper was coated with liquids containing poly(hexano-6-lactone) (PCL), glycerol and variable percentages of starch (5-10% w/w PCL dry weight), agar-agar (0-1.5% w/w PCL dry weight), and polyethylene glycol (PEG) (5% or 15% w/w PCL dry weight) to improve coating uniformity and diffusion. A design of experiments approach was implemented to find statistically reliable results in terms of the best coating formulation. Coated paper was characterized through mechanical and physical properties. Results showed that agar content (1.5% w/w PCL dry weight) has a beneficial effect on increasing the resistance to oil. Furthermore, the best coating composition has been calculated, and it is 10% w/w PCL dry weight of starch, 1.5% w/w PCL dry weight of agar, and 15% w/w PCL dry weight of PEG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Lo Faro
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (E.L.F.); (A.B.); (P.F.)
| | - Angela Bonofiglio
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (E.L.F.); (A.B.); (P.F.)
| | - Silvia Barbi
- Department of Sciences and Methods for Engineering, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy;
| | - Monia Montorsi
- Department of Sciences and Methods for Engineering, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy;
- Interdepartmental Research Center for Industrial Research and Technology Transfer in the Field of Integrated Technologies for Sustainable Research, Efficient Energy Conversion, Energy Efficiency of Buildings, Lighting and Home Automation (EN&TECH), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Piazzale Europa 1a, 42124 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Patrizia Fava
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (E.L.F.); (A.B.); (P.F.)
- Interdepartmental Centre BIOGEST SITEIA, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Piazzale Europa 1a, 42124 Reggio Emilia, Italy
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3
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Mazega A, Tarrés Q, Aguado R, Pèlach MÀ, Mutjé P, Ferreira PJT, Delgado-Aguilar M. Improving the Barrier Properties of Paper to Moisture, Air, and Grease with Nanocellulose-Based Coating Suspensions. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12203675. [PMID: 36296865 PMCID: PMC9609131 DOI: 10.3390/nano12203675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Food packaging manufacturers often resort to lamination, typically with materials which are neither non-biodegradable nor biobased polymers, to confer barrier properties to paper and cardboard. The present work considers a greener solution: enhancing paper’s resistance to moisture, grease, and air by aqueous coating suspensions. For hydrophobization, a combined approach between nanocellulose and common esterifying agents was considered, but the water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) remained excessively high for the goal of wrapping moisture-sensitive products (>600 g m−2 d−1). Nonetheless, oil-repellant surfaces were effectively obtained with nanocellulose, illite, sodium alginate, and/or poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), reaching Kit ratings up to 11. Regarding air resistance, mineral-rich coatings attained values above 1000 Gurley s. In light of these results, nanocellulose, minerals, PVA, pullulan, alginate, and a non-ionic surfactant were combined for multi-purpose coating formulations. It is hypothesized that these materials decrease porosity while complementing each other’s flaws, e.g., PVA succeeds at decreasing porosity but has low dimensional stability. As an example, a suspension mostly constituted by nanocellulose, sizing agents, minerals and PVA yielded a WVTR of roughly 100 g m−2 d−1, a Kit rating of 12, and an air resistance above 300 s/100 mL. This indicates that multi-purpose coatings can be satisfactorily incorporated into paper structures for food packaging applications, although not as the food contact layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Mazega
- LEPAMAP-PRODIS Research Group, University of Girona, C. Maria Aurèlia Capmany, n°61, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Quim Tarrés
- LEPAMAP-PRODIS Research Group, University of Girona, C. Maria Aurèlia Capmany, n°61, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Roberto Aguado
- LEPAMAP-PRODIS Research Group, University of Girona, C. Maria Aurèlia Capmany, n°61, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Maria Àngels Pèlach
- LEPAMAP-PRODIS Research Group, University of Girona, C. Maria Aurèlia Capmany, n°61, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Pere Mutjé
- LEPAMAP-PRODIS Research Group, University of Girona, C. Maria Aurèlia Capmany, n°61, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Paulo J. T. Ferreira
- CIEPQPF, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Pólo II, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Marc Delgado-Aguilar
- LEPAMAP-PRODIS Research Group, University of Girona, C. Maria Aurèlia Capmany, n°61, 17003 Girona, Spain
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4
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Nadeem H, Athar M, Dehghani M, Garnier G, Batchelor W. Recent advancements, trends, fundamental challenges and opportunities in spray deposited cellulose nanofibril films for packaging applications. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 836:155654. [PMID: 35508247 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plastic packaging is causing a serious environmental concern owing to its difficulty in degrading and micro-particulates' emissions. Developing biodegradable films has gained research attention to overcome ecological and health issues associated with plastic based packaging. One alternative substitute for petroleum-based plastic is nanocellulose based films, having distinguishing characteristics such as biodegradability, renewability, and non-toxicity. Nanocellulose is classified into three major types, i.e., cellulose nanofibril, cellulose nanocrystals, and bacterial nanocellulose. However, the scope of this review is limited to cellulose nanofibril (CNF) because this is the only one of major types that could be turned into film at a competitive cost with petroleum derived polymers. This paper provides a concise insight on the current trends and production methods of CNF. Additionally, the methods for transforming CNF into films are also discussed in this review. However, the focus of this review is the CNF films produced via spray deposition, their properties and applications, and fundamental challenges associated with their commercialization. Spray deposition or spray coating is an ideal candidate as a large-scale production technique of CNF films due to its remarkable features such as rapidity, flexibility, and continuity. Spray deposited CNF films exhibit excellent mechanical properties and oxygen barrier performance, while, possessing limited moisture barrier performance. The possible pathways to improve the moisture barrier performance and optical properties of these films are also discussed in this review. The existing publications on spray deposited CNF films are also highlighted from the literature. Finally, the current status of industrial production of these films and opportunities for academics and industries are also presented, indicating that fibre production capacity needs to be enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humayun Nadeem
- Bioresource Processing Research Institute of Australia (BioPRIA), Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Muhammad Athar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Muhammad Nawaz Sharif University of Engineering and Technology, BCG Chowk, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Mostafa Dehghani
- Bioresource Processing Research Institute of Australia (BioPRIA), Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Gil Garnier
- Bioresource Processing Research Institute of Australia (BioPRIA), Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Warren Batchelor
- Bioresource Processing Research Institute of Australia (BioPRIA), Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia.
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5
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Spagnuolo L, D'Orsi R, Operamolla A. Nanocellulose for Paper and Textile Coating: The Importance of Surface Chemistry. Chempluschem 2022; 87:e202200204. [PMID: 36000154 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202200204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Nanocellulose has received enormous scientific interest for its abundance, easy manufacturing, biodegradability, and low cost. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) are ideal candidates to replace plastic coating in the textile and paper industry. Thanks to their capacity to form an interconnected network kept together by hydrogen bonds, nanocelluloses perform an unprecedented strengthening action towards cellulose- and other fiber-based materials. Furthermore, nanocellulose use implies greener application procedures, such as deposition from water. The surface chemistry of nanocellulose plays a pivotal role in influencing the performance of the coating: tailored surface functionalization can introduce several properties, such as gas or grease barrier, hydrophobicity, antibacterial and anti-UV behavior. This review summarizes recent achievements in the use of nanocellulose for paper and textile coating, evidencing critical aspects of coating performances related to deposition technique, nanocellulose morphology, and surface functionalization. Furthermore, beyond focusing on the aspects strictly related to large-scale coating applications for paper and textile industries, this review includes recent achievements in the use of nanocellulose coating for the safeguarding of Cultural Heritage, an extremely noble and interesting emerging application of nanocellulose, focusing on consolidation of historical paper and archaeological textile. Finally, nanocellulose use in electronic devices as an electrode modifier is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Spagnuolo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, via Giuseppe Moruzzi, 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy.,Interuniversity Consortium of Chemical Reactivity and Catalysis (CIRCC), Via Celso Ulpiani 27, Bari, 70126, Italy
| | - Rosarita D'Orsi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, via Giuseppe Moruzzi, 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy.,Interuniversity Consortium of Chemical Reactivity and Catalysis (CIRCC), Via Celso Ulpiani 27, Bari, 70126, Italy
| | - Alessandra Operamolla
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, via Giuseppe Moruzzi, 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy.,Interuniversity Consortium of Chemical Reactivity and Catalysis (CIRCC), Via Celso Ulpiani 27, Bari, 70126, Italy
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6
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Boarino A, Schreier A, Leterrier Y, Klok HA. Uniformly Dispersed Poly(lactic acid)-Grafted Lignin Nanoparticles Enhance Antioxidant Activity and UV-Barrier Properties of Poly(lactic acid) Packaging Films. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2022; 4:4808-4817. [PMID: 35846781 PMCID: PMC9274615 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.2c00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) represents one of the most widely used biodegradable polymers for food packaging applications. While this material provides many advantages, it is characterized by limited antioxidant and UV-barrier properties. Blending PLA with lignin is an attractive strategy to address these limitations. Lignin possesses antioxidant properties and absorbs UV-light and is a widely available low value byproduct of the paper and pulp industry. This study has explored the use of lignin nanoparticles to augment the properties of PLA-based films. A central challenge in the preparation of PLA-lignin nanoparticle blend films is to avoid nanoparticle aggregation, which could compromise optical properties as well as antioxidant activity, among others. To avoid nanoparticle aggregation in the PLA matrix, PLA-grafted lignin nanoparticles were prepared via organocatalyzed lactide ring-opening polymerization. In contrast to lignin and unmodified lignin nanoparticles, these PLA-grafted lignin nanoparticles could be uniformly dispersed in PLA for lignin contents up to 10 wt %. The addition of as little as the equivalent of 1 wt % of lignin of these nanoparticles effectively blocked transmission of 280 nm UV-light. At the same time, these blend films retained reasonable visible light transmittance. The optical properties of the PLA lignin blend films also benefited from the well-dispersed nature of the PLA-grafted nanoparticles, as evidenced by significantly higher visible light transmittance of blends of PLA and PLA-grafted nanoparticles, as compared to blends prepared from PLA with lignin or unmodified lignin nanoparticles. Finally, blending PLA with PLA-grafted lignin nanoparticles greatly augments the antioxidant activity of these films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Boarino
- Institut
des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie
Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 12, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aigoul Schreier
- Institut
des Matériaux, Laboratory for Processing of Advanced Composites, École Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne (EPFL), Station
12, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yves Leterrier
- Institut
des Matériaux, Laboratory for Processing of Advanced Composites, École Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne (EPFL), Station
12, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Harm-Anton Klok
- Institut
des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie
Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 12, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- . Phone: + 41 21 693 4866
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7
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Suekuni MT, D’Souza N, Allgeier AM. NMR Relaxometry Studies on the Drying Kinetics of Cellulose Nanofibers. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c04878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Murilo Toledo Suekuni
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Nicole D’Souza
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Alan M. Allgeier
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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8
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Cherian RM, Tharayil A, Varghese RT, Antony T, Kargarzadeh H, Chirayil CJ, Thomas S. A review on the emerging applications of nano-cellulose as advanced coatings. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 282:119123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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9
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Du L, Yu H, Zhang B, Tang R, Zhang Y, Qi C, Wolcott MP, Yu Z, Wang J. Transparent oxygen barrier nanocellulose composite films with a sandwich structure. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 268:118206. [PMID: 34127230 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Transparent gas barrier materials have extensive applications in packaging, pharmaceutical preservation, and electronics. Herein, we designed transparent films with a symmetric sandwich structure using layer-by-layer assembly of biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) and acrylic resin (AR) followed by a cellulose nanoparticle (CNP) layer. The BOPP as a substrate created a barrier to hinder the transmission of water molecules to the adhesive AR layer and gas barrier functional CNP layer. The aspect ratio of the CNPs was shown to affect the film microstructure, resulting in different values for the oxygen transmission rate (OTR). The well-organized CNP layer exhibited lower OTR when compared with the network layer. The thickness, density, and porosity of the CNP layer exhibited correlations with OTR. The water molecules were able to flow in through an additional pathway, thus increasing the water vapor transmission rate (WVTR). Moreover, these sandwiched cellulose composite films showed excellent light transmittance and tensile strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanxing Du
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agriculture University, Baoding 071000, China; College of Material Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Composite Materials and Engineering Center, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163, USA.
| | - Haonan Yu
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agriculture University, Baoding 071000, China.
| | - Bohan Zhang
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agriculture University, Baoding 071000, China.
| | - Ruilin Tang
- College of Material Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yang Zhang
- College of Material Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Chusheng Qi
- College of Material Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Michael P Wolcott
- Composite Materials and Engineering Center, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163, USA.
| | - Zhiming Yu
- College of Material Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Jinwu Wang
- Forest Products Laboratory, U. S. Forest Service, Madison, WI 53726, USA.
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10
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Tyagi P, Salem KS, Hubbe MA, Pal L. Advances in barrier coatings and film technologies for achieving sustainable packaging of food products – A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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11
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Clarkson CM, El Awad Azrak SM, Forti ES, Schueneman GT, Moon RJ, Youngblood JP. Recent Developments in Cellulose Nanomaterial Composites. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2000718. [PMID: 32696496 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202000718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanomaterials (CNMs) are a class of materials that have recently garnered attention in fields as varied as structural materials, biomaterials, rheology modifiers, construction, paper enhancement, and others. As the principal structural reinforcement of biomass giving wood its mechanical properties, CNM is strong and stiff, but also nontoxic, biodegradable, and sustainable with a very large (Gton yr-1 ) source. Unfortunately, due to the relatively young nature of the field and inherent incompatibility of CNM with most man-made materials in use today, research has tended to be more basic-science oriented rather than commercially applicable, so there are few CNM-enabled products on the market today. Herein, efforts are presented for preparing and forming cellulose nanomaterial nanocomposites. The focus is on recent efforts attempting to mitigate common impediments to practical commercialization but is also placed in context with traditional efforts. The work is presented in terms of the progress made, and still to be made, on solving the most pressing challenges-getting properties that are competitive with currently used materials, removing organic solvent, solving the inherent incompatibility between CNM and polymers of interest, and incorporation into commonly used industrial processing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlyn M Clarkson
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, 701 West Stadium Ave., ARMS, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2045, USA
| | - Sami M El Awad Azrak
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, 701 West Stadium Ave., ARMS, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2045, USA
| | - Endrina S Forti
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, 701 West Stadium Ave., ARMS, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2045, USA
| | - Gregory T Schueneman
- Forest Products Laboratory, United States Forest Service, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Robert J Moon
- Forest Products Laboratory, United States Forest Service, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Jeffrey P Youngblood
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, 701 West Stadium Ave., ARMS, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2045, USA
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12
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Balasubramaniam SL, Patel AS, Nayak B. Surface modification of cellulose nanofiber film with fatty acids for developing renewable hydrophobic food packaging. Food Packag Shelf Life 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2020.100587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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13
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Jasmani L, Rusli R, Khadiran T, Jalil R, Adnan S. Application of Nanotechnology in Wood-Based Products Industry: A Review. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2020; 15:207. [PMID: 33146807 PMCID: PMC7642047 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-020-03438-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Wood-based industry is one of the main drivers of economic growth in Malaysia. Forest being the source of various lignocellulosic materials has many untapped potentials that could be exploited to produce sustainable and biodegradable nanosized material that possesses very interesting features for use in wood-based industry itself or across many different application fields. Wood-based products sector could also utilise various readily available nanomaterials to enhance the performance of existing products or to create new value added products from the forest. This review highlights recent developments in nanotechnology application in the wood-based products industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latifah Jasmani
- Forest Products Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), 52109 Kepong, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Rafeadah Rusli
- Forest Products Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), 52109 Kepong, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Tumirah Khadiran
- Forest Products Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), 52109 Kepong, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Rafidah Jalil
- Forest Products Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), 52109 Kepong, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Sharmiza Adnan
- Forest Products Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), 52109 Kepong, Selangor Malaysia
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14
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15
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Li L, Liu RH, Yang B, Zhou ZH, Xu L, Huang HD, Zhong GJ, Li ZM. Interconnected Microdomain Structure of a Cross-Linked Cellulose Nanocomposite Revealed by Micro-Raman Imaging and Its Influence on Water Permeability of a Film. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:2754-2762. [PMID: 31125205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b00508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Substantial adsorption of water vapor triggered by hydrogen-bonding interactions between water molecules and cellulose chains (or nanoplates) is hard to avoid in nanocomposite films, although the addition of nanoplates can improve the oxygen (or carbon dioxide) barrier property. In the present work, an effective strategy is raised to decline adsorption by weakening hydrogen-bonding interactions via chemical cross-linking by epichlorohydrin (ECH) without sacrificing the homogeneous dispersion of nanoplates. The generated microdomain structure of the chemical cross-linking reaction via ECH is explicitly revealed by micro-Raman imaging. Unambiguously, Raman maps of scanning elucidate the distribution and morphology of physical and chemical cross-linking domains quantitatively. The chemical cross-linking domains are nearly uniformly located in the matrix at a low degree of cross-linking, while the interconnected and assembled networks are formed at a high degree of cross-linking. ECH boosts the formation of chemical cross-linking microdomains, bringing out the terrific water vapor barrier property and alleviating the interfacial interactions in penetration, consequently magnifying the water contact angle and holding back the water vapor permeability. Our methodology confers an effective and convenient strategy to obtain remarkable water vapor-resistant cellulose-based films that meet the practical application in the packaging fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065 , P. R. China
| | - Run-Hua Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065 , P. R. China
| | - Biao Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065 , P. R. China
| | - Zi-Han Zhou
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065 , P. R. China
| | - Ling Xu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065 , P. R. China
| | - Hua-Dong Huang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065 , P. R. China
| | - Gan-Ji Zhong
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065 , P. R. China
| | - Zhong-Ming Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065 , P. R. China
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16
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Biofouling-resistant nanocellulose layer in hierarchical polymeric membranes: Synthesis, characterization and performance. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.02.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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17
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Li L, Zhou ZH, Yang B, Ji X, Huang HD, Zhong GJ, Xu L, Li ZM. Robust cellulose nanocomposite films based on covalently cross-linked network with effective resistance to water permeability. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 211:237-248. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.01.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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18
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Koppolu R, Lahti J, Abitbol T, Swerin A, Kuusipalo J, Toivakka M. Continuous Processing of Nanocellulose and Polylactic Acid into Multilayer Barrier Coatings. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:11920-11927. [PMID: 30829474 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b00922/asset/images/large/am-2019-00922c_0005.jpeg] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have seen an increased interest toward utilizing biobased and biodegradable materials for barrier packaging applications. Most of the abovementioned materials usually have certain shortcomings that discourage their adoption as a preferred material of choice. Nanocellulose falls into such a category. It has excellent barrier against grease, mineral oils, and oxygen but poor tolerance against water vapor, which makes it unsuitable to be used at high humidity. In addition, nanocellulose suspensions' high viscosity and yield stress already at low solid content and poor adhesion to substrates create additional challenges for high-speed processing. Polylactic acid (PLA) is another potential candidate that has reasonably high tolerance against water vapor but rather a poor barrier against oxygen. The current work explores the possibility of combining both these materials into thin multilayer coatings onto a paperboard. A custom-built slot-die was used to coat either microfibrillated cellulose or cellulose nanocrystals onto a pigment-coated baseboard in a continuous process. These were subsequently coated with PLA using a pilot-scale extrusion coater. Low-density polyethylene was used as for reference extrusion coating. Cationic starch precoating and corona treatment improved the adhesion at nanocellulose/baseboard and nanocellulose/PLA interfaces, respectively. The water vapor transmission rate for nanocellulose + PLA coatings remained lower than that of the control PLA coating, even at a high relative humidity of 90% (38 °C). The multilayer coating had 98% lower oxygen transmission rate compared to just the PLA-coated baseboard, and the heptane vapor transmission rate reduced by 99% in comparison to the baseboard. The grease barrier for nanocellulose + PLA coatings increased 5-fold compared to nanocellulose alone and 2-fold compared to PLA alone. This approach of processing nanocellulose and PLA into multiple layers utilizing slot-die and extrusion coating in tandem has the potential to produce a barrier packaging paper that is both 100% biobased and biodegradable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Koppolu
- Laboratory of Paper Coating and Converting, Center for Functional Materials , Åbo Akademi University , 20500 Turku , Finland
| | - Johanna Lahti
- Paper Converting and Packaging , Tampere University of Technology , 33100 Tampere , Finland
| | - Tiffany Abitbol
- Bioeconomy-Biorefinery and Energy , RISE Research Institutes of Sweden , 114 28 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Agne Swerin
- Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health , KTH Royal Institute of Technology , 100 44 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Jurkka Kuusipalo
- Paper Converting and Packaging , Tampere University of Technology , 33100 Tampere , Finland
| | - Martti Toivakka
- Laboratory of Paper Coating and Converting, Center for Functional Materials , Åbo Akademi University , 20500 Turku , Finland
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19
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Koppolu R, Lahti J, Abitbol T, Swerin A, Kuusipalo J, Toivakka M. Continuous Processing of Nanocellulose and Polylactic Acid into Multilayer Barrier Coatings. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:11920-11927. [PMID: 30829474 PMCID: PMC6727189 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b00922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have seen an increased interest toward utilizing biobased and biodegradable materials for barrier packaging applications. Most of the abovementioned materials usually have certain shortcomings that discourage their adoption as a preferred material of choice. Nanocellulose falls into such a category. It has excellent barrier against grease, mineral oils, and oxygen but poor tolerance against water vapor, which makes it unsuitable to be used at high humidity. In addition, nanocellulose suspensions' high viscosity and yield stress already at low solid content and poor adhesion to substrates create additional challenges for high-speed processing. Polylactic acid (PLA) is another potential candidate that has reasonably high tolerance against water vapor but rather a poor barrier against oxygen. The current work explores the possibility of combining both these materials into thin multilayer coatings onto a paperboard. A custom-built slot-die was used to coat either microfibrillated cellulose or cellulose nanocrystals onto a pigment-coated baseboard in a continuous process. These were subsequently coated with PLA using a pilot-scale extrusion coater. Low-density polyethylene was used as for reference extrusion coating. Cationic starch precoating and corona treatment improved the adhesion at nanocellulose/baseboard and nanocellulose/PLA interfaces, respectively. The water vapor transmission rate for nanocellulose + PLA coatings remained lower than that of the control PLA coating, even at a high relative humidity of 90% (38 °C). The multilayer coating had 98% lower oxygen transmission rate compared to just the PLA-coated baseboard, and the heptane vapor transmission rate reduced by 99% in comparison to the baseboard. The grease barrier for nanocellulose + PLA coatings increased 5-fold compared to nanocellulose alone and 2-fold compared to PLA alone. This approach of processing nanocellulose and PLA into multiple layers utilizing slot-die and extrusion coating in tandem has the potential to produce a barrier packaging paper that is both 100% biobased and biodegradable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Koppolu
- Laboratory
of Paper Coating and Converting, Center for Functional Materials, Åbo Akademi University, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Johanna Lahti
- Paper
Converting and Packaging, Tampere University
of Technology, 33100 Tampere, Finland
| | - Tiffany Abitbol
- Bioeconomy—Biorefinery
and Energy, RISE Research Institutes of
Sweden, 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Agne Swerin
- Division
of Surface and Corrosion Science, School of Engineering Sciences in
Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH
Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jurkka Kuusipalo
- Paper
Converting and Packaging, Tampere University
of Technology, 33100 Tampere, Finland
| | - Martti Toivakka
- Laboratory
of Paper Coating and Converting, Center for Functional Materials, Åbo Akademi University, 20500 Turku, Finland
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20
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Oguzlu H, Jiang F. Nanopolysaccharides in Surface Coating. SPRINGER SERIES IN BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-0913-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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21
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Karasu F, Müller L, Ridaoui H, Ibn ElHaj M, Flodberg G, Aulin C, Axrup L, Leterrier Y. Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Planarization and Water Vapor Barrier Coatings on Cellulose Nanofibrils Substrates. Front Chem 2018; 6:571. [PMID: 30525026 PMCID: PMC6262297 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) can be produced in the form of thin, transparent and flexible films. However, the permeability of such materials to oxygen and water vapor is very sensitive to moisture, which limits their potential for a variety of packaging and encapsulation applications. Diffusion barrier coatings were thus developed to reduce the access of water molecules to enzymatically pre-treated and carboxymethylated CNF substrates. The coatings were based on UV curable organic-inorganic hybrids with epoxy, tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) and 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethylenesilane (GPTS) precursors and additional vapor formed SiNx layers. A total of 14 monolayer and multilayer coatings with various thickness and hybrid composition were produced and analyzed. The water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of the bilayer epoxy/CNF film was two times lower compared to that of uncoated CNF film. This was partly due to the water vapor permeability of the epoxy, a factor of two times lower than CNF. The epoxy coating improved the transparency of CNF, however it did not properly wet to the CNF surfaces and the interfacial adhesion was low. In contrast hybrid epoxy-silica coatings led to high adhesion levels owing to the formation of covalent interactions through condensation reactions with the OH-terminated CNF surface. The barrier and optical performance of hybrid coated CNF substrates was similar to that of CNF coated with pure epoxy. In addition, the hybrid coatings provided an excellent planarization effect, with roughness close to 1 nm, one to two orders of magnitude lower than that of the CNF substrates. The WVTR and oxygen transmission rate values of the hybrid coated CNF laminates were in the range 5–10 g/m2/day (at 38°C and 50% RH) and 3–6 cm3/m2/day/bar (at 23°C and 70% RH), respectively, which matches food and pharmaceutical packaging requirements. The permeability to water vapor of the hybrid coatings was moreover found to decrease with increasing the TEOS/GPTS ratio up to 30 wt% and then increase at higher ratio, and to be much lower for thinner coatings due to further UV-induced silanol condensation and faster evaporation of byproducts. The addition of a single 150 nm thick SiNx layer on the hybrid coated CNF improved its water vapor barrier performance by more than 680 times, with WVTR below the 0.02 g/m2/day detection limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feyza Karasu
- Laboratory for Processing of Advanced Composites (LPAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Luca Müller
- Laboratory for Processing of Advanced Composites (LPAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | - Lars Axrup
- Stora Enso Karlstad Research Centre, Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Yves Leterrier
- Laboratory for Processing of Advanced Composites (LPAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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22
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Thomas B, Raj MC, B AK, H RM, Joy J, Moores A, Drisko GL, Sanchez C. Nanocellulose, a Versatile Green Platform: From Biosources to Materials and Their Applications. Chem Rev 2018; 118:11575-11625. [PMID: 30403346 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 542] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
With increasing environmental and ecological concerns due to the use of petroleum-based chemicals and products, the synthesis of fine chemicals and functional materials from natural resources is of great public value. Nanocellulose may prove to be one of the most promising green materials of modern times due to its intrinsic properties, renewability, and abundance. In this review, we present nanocellulose-based materials from sourcing, synthesis, and surface modification of nanocellulose, to materials formation and applications. Nanocellulose can be sourced from biomass, plants, or bacteria, relying on fairly simple, scalable, and efficient isolation techniques. Mechanical, chemical, and enzymatic treatments, or a combination of these, can be used to extract nanocellulose from natural sources. The properties of nanocellulose are dependent on the source, the isolation technique, and potential subsequent surface transformations. Nanocellulose surface modification techniques are typically used to introduce either charged or hydrophobic moieties, and include amidation, esterification, etherification, silylation, polymerization, urethanization, sulfonation, and phosphorylation. Nanocellulose has excellent strength, high Young's modulus, biocompatibility, and tunable self-assembly, thixotropic, and photonic properties, which are essential for the applications of this material. Nanocellulose participates in the fabrication of a large range of nanomaterials and nanocomposites, including those based on polymers, metals, metal oxides, and carbon. In particular, nanocellulose complements organic-based materials, where it imparts its mechanical properties to the composite. Nanocellulose is a promising material whenever material strength, flexibility, and/or specific nanostructuration are required. Applications include functional paper, optoelectronics, and antibacterial coatings, packaging, mechanically reinforced polymer composites, tissue scaffolds, drug delivery, biosensors, energy storage, catalysis, environmental remediation, and electrochemically controlled separation. Phosphorylated nanocellulose is a particularly interesting material, spanning a surprising set of applications in various dimensions including bone scaffolds, adsorbents, and flame retardants and as a support for the heterogenization of homogeneous catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bejoy Thomas
- Department of Chemistry , Newman College, Thodupuzha , 685 585 Thodupuzha , Kerala , India
| | - Midhun C Raj
- Department of Chemistry , Newman College, Thodupuzha , 685 585 Thodupuzha , Kerala , India
| | - Athira K B
- Department of Chemistry , Newman College, Thodupuzha , 685 585 Thodupuzha , Kerala , India
| | - Rubiyah M H
- Department of Chemistry , Newman College, Thodupuzha , 685 585 Thodupuzha , Kerala , India
| | - Jithin Joy
- Department of Chemistry , Newman College, Thodupuzha , 685 585 Thodupuzha , Kerala , India.,International and Interuniversity Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IIUCNN), Mahatma Gandhi University , 686 560 Kottayam , Kerala , India
| | - Audrey Moores
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry , McGill University , 801 Sherbrooke Street West , Montreal , Quebec H3A 0B8 , Canada
| | - Glenna L Drisko
- CNRS, ICMCB, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5026 , F-33600 Pessac , France
| | - Clément Sanchez
- UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 7574 Laboratoire Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, Collège de France , 11 place, Marcelin Berthelot , F-75005 , Paris , France
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23
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Tayeb AH, Amini E, Ghasemi S, Tajvidi M. Cellulose Nanomaterials-Binding Properties and Applications: A Review. Molecules 2018; 23:E2684. [PMID: 30340374 PMCID: PMC6222763 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellulose nanomaterials (CNs) are of increasing interest due to their appealing inherent properties such as bio-degradability, high surface area, light weight, chirality and the ability to form effective hydrogen bonds across the cellulose chains or within other polymeric matrices. Extending CN self-assembly into multiphase polymer structures has led to useful end-results in a wide spectrum of products and countless innovative applications, for example, as reinforcing agent, emulsion stabilizer, barrier membrane and binder. In the current contribution, after a brief description of salient nanocellulose chemical structure features, its types and production methods, we move to recent advances in CN utilization as an ecofriendly binder in several disparate areas, namely formaldehyde-free hybrid composites and wood-based panels, papermaking/coating processes, and energy storage devices, as well as their potential applications in biomedical fields as a cost-effective and tissue-friendly binder for cartilage regeneration, wound healing and dental repair. The prospects of a wide range of hybrid materials that may be produced via nanocellulose is introduced in light of the unique behavior of cellulose once in nano dimensions. Furthermore, we implement some principles of colloidal and interfacial science to discuss the critical role of cellulose binding in the aforesaid fields. Even though the CN facets covered in this study by no means encompass the great amount of literature available, they may be regarded as the basis for future developments in the binder applications of these highly desirable materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali H Tayeb
- School of Forest Resources, University of Maine, 5755 Nutting Hall, Orono, ME 04469, USA.
- Advanced Structures and Composites Center, University of Maine, 35 Flagstaff Road, Orono, ME 04469, USA.
| | - Ezatollah Amini
- School of Forest Resources, University of Maine, 5755 Nutting Hall, Orono, ME 04469, USA.
| | - Shokoofeh Ghasemi
- School of Forest Resources, University of Maine, 5755 Nutting Hall, Orono, ME 04469, USA.
| | - Mehdi Tajvidi
- School of Forest Resources, University of Maine, 5755 Nutting Hall, Orono, ME 04469, USA.
- Advanced Structures and Composites Center, University of Maine, 35 Flagstaff Road, Orono, ME 04469, USA.
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24
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Ong HR, Khan MMR, Ramli R, Yunus RM, Rahman MW, Hong CS, Ahmad MS. Formation of CuO Nanoparticle in Glycerol and Its Catalytic Activity for Alkyd Resin Synthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2018.01.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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25
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Yoo Y, Youngblood JP. Tung Oil Wood Finishes with Improved Weathering, Durability, and Scratch Performance by Addition of Cellulose Nanocrystals. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:24936-24946. [PMID: 28654229 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b04931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The main aim of this study is to verify whether cellulose nanocrystal (CNCs)-reinforced tung oil (TO) composites are effective for wood finishes and offer enhanced mechanical and weathering performance owing to the high strength, stiffness, and barrier properties of CNCs. To achieve even dispersion of CNC particles in a polymeric coating film, surface hydrophobization of the CNCs was carried out by grafting poly(lactic acid) oligomers and oleic acid. These new TO coating formulations contain 0 (controlled sample) to 10 wt % of hydrophobized cellulose nanocrystals (hCNCs). The coating performance (degree of wrinkle, leveling, and instantaneous filling) of the hCNC-TO finishes as well as their coating properties (topography, optical properties, mechanical properties, and gas permeability) were investigated in this study. The influence of the hCNC content in the tung oil composite coatings was examined using scratch/impact resistance tests and oxygen transmission rate (OTR) measurements. An increase in the hCNC content led to an increase in scratch/impact resistance as well as a slight decrease in the color-b change, gloss, surface roughness, and OTR value of their film coatings. The hCNC-TO composites for wood coatings presented here showed enhanced performance for utilization in wood-working processes in terms of desired mechanical properties (scratch and impact resistance), weathering performance (color stability), and easy production without any deterioration in surface gloss and roughness after the addition of hCNC to a TO matrix. The hCNC enhanced coating system is a promising candidate for substantial protection of wood surfaces in demanding settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngman Yoo
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jeffrey P Youngblood
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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26
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Mondal S. Preparation, properties and applications of nanocellulosic materials. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 163:301-316. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Revised: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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27
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Dai L, Long Z, Chen J, An X, Cheng D, Khan A, Ni Y. Robust Guar Gum/Cellulose Nanofibrils Multilayer Films with Good Barrier Properties. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:5477-5485. [PMID: 28102068 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b14471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The pursuit of sustainable functional materials requires development of materials based on renewable resources and efficient fabrication methods. Hereby, we fabricated all-polysaccharides multilayer films using cationic guar gum (CGG) and anionic cellulose nanofibrils (i.e., TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibrils, TOCNs) through a layer-by-layer casting method. This technique is based on alternate depositions of oppositely charged water-based CGG and TOCNs onto laminated films. The resultant polyelectrolyte multilayer films were transparent, ductile, and strong. More importantly, the self-standing films exhibited excellent gas (water vapor and oxygen) and oil barrier performances. Another outstanding feature of these resultant films was their resistance to various organic solvents including methanol, acetone, N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) and tetrahydrofuran (THF). The proposed film fabrication process is environmentally benign, cost-effective, and easy to scale-up. The developed CGG/TOCNs multilayer films can be used as a renewable material for industrial applications such as packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Dai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick , Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Zhu Long
- Key Laboratory of Eco-textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Eco-textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xingye An
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick , Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science & Technology , Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Dong Cheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick , Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science & Technology , Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Avik Khan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick , Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Yonghao Ni
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick , Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada
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28
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Alam M, Alandis NM, Ahmad N. Development of poly(urethane-ester)amide from corn oil and their anticorrosive studies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POLYMER ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/1023666x.2017.1287847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manawwer Alam
- Research Center-College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naser M. Alandis
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naushad Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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29
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Boufi S, González I, Delgado-Aguilar M, Tarrès Q, Pèlach MÀ, Mutjé P. Nanofibrillated cellulose as an additive in papermaking process: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 154:151-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.07.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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30
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Yousefi Shivyari N, Tajvidi M, Bousfield DW, Gardner DJ. Production and Characterization of Laminates of Paper and Cellulose Nanofibrils. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:25520-25528. [PMID: 27588437 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b07655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A novel laminate system comprising of sheets of paper bound together using cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) is manufactured and characterized. Bonding properties of CNF were first confirmed through a series of peeling tests. Composite laminates were manufactured from sheets of paper bonded together using CNF at two different consistencies, press times, and press temperatures. Mechanical properties of the laminates in tension and bending were characterized and the results were statistically analyzed. Elastic modulus and strength results met or exceeded those of a short glass fiber reinforced polypropylene and various natural fiber-filled polypropylene composites as well as some wood and paper based laminates. Stiffness properties, assuming perfect bonding within the laminates, were successfully estimated through a classical laminated plate theory (CLPT) with only 2-10% variation compared to experimental results. Laminates, together with CNF-peeled surfaces, were observed and qualitatively analyzed by SEM imaging. Physical properties, namely, water absorption and thickness swelling were measured. Swelling was controlled by the addition of a small percentage of a cross-linking additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloofar Yousefi Shivyari
- School of Forest Resources and Advanced Structures and Composites Center, University of Maine , Orono, Maine 04469-5755, United States
| | - Mehdi Tajvidi
- School of Forest Resources and Advanced Structures and Composites Center, University of Maine , Orono, Maine 04469-5755, United States
| | - Douglas W Bousfield
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Maine , Orono, Maine 04469-5737, United States
| | - Douglas J Gardner
- School of Forest Resources and Advanced Structures and Composites Center, University of Maine , Orono, Maine 04469-5755, United States
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31
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Kumar V, Elfving A, Koivula H, Bousfield D, Toivakka M. Roll-to-Roll Processed Cellulose Nanofiber Coatings. Ind Eng Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b00417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Kumar
- Laboratory
of Paper Coating and Converting, Centre for Functional Materials (FUNMAT), Åbo Akademi University, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Axel Elfving
- Laboratory
of Paper Coating and Converting, Centre for Functional Materials (FUNMAT), Åbo Akademi University, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Hanna Koivula
- Department
of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, PL 66, Agnes
Sjöberginkatu 2, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Douglas Bousfield
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, United States
| | - Martti Toivakka
- Laboratory
of Paper Coating and Converting, Centre for Functional Materials (FUNMAT), Åbo Akademi University, 20500 Turku, Finland
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32
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Wang H, Wei D, Ziaee Z, Xiao H, Zheng A, Zhao Y. Preparation and Properties of Nonleaching Antimicrobial Linear Low-Density Polyethylene Films. Ind Eng Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/ie504393t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Dafu Wei
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine
Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Zainab Ziaee
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Huining Xiao
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada
- School
of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, P. R. China
| | - Anna Zheng
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine
Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Yi Zhao
- School
of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, P. R. China
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Ong HR, Khan MMR, Ramli R, Rahman MW, Yunus RM. Tailoring base catalyzed synthesis of palm oil based alkyd resin through CuO nanoparticles. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra19575f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Palm oil based alkyd resin was synthesized by an alcoholysis–polyesterification process over a base catalyst tailored by copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huei Ruey Ong
- Faculty of Chemical & Natural Resources Engineering
- Universiti Malaysia Pahang
- Malaysia
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB)
- 43000 Kajang
| | | | | | - Md. Wasikur Rahman
- Faculty of Chemical & Natural Resources Engineering
- Universiti Malaysia Pahang
- Malaysia
| | - Rosli Mohd Yunus
- Faculty of Chemical & Natural Resources Engineering
- Universiti Malaysia Pahang
- Malaysia
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Ong HR, Rahman Khan MM, Ramli R, Yunus RM. Effect of CuO Nanoparticle on Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Palm Oil Based Alkyd/Epoxy Resin Blend. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proche.2015.12.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Nair SS, Zhu JY, Deng Y, Ragauskas AJ. High performance green barriers based on nanocellulose. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1186/s40508-014-0023-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
With the increasing environmental concerns such as sustainability and end-of-life disposal challenges, materials derived from renewable resources such as nanocellulose have been strongly advocated as potential replacements for packaging materials. Nanocellulose can be extracted from various plant resources through mechanical and chemical ways. Nanocellulose with its nanoscale dimensions, high crystalline nature, and the ability to form hydrogen bonds resulting in strong network makes it very hard for the molecules to pass through, suggesting excellent barrier properties associated with films made from these material. This review paper aim to summarize the recent developments in various barrier films based on nanocellulose with special focus on oxygen and water vapor barrier properties.
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Song Z, Xiao H, Zhao Y. Hydrophobic-modified nano-cellulose fiber/PLA biodegradable composites for lowering water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of paper. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 111:442-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 03/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Beneventi D, Chaussy D, Curtil D, Zolin L, Gerbaldi C, Penazzi N. Highly Porous Paper Loading with Microfibrillated Cellulose by Spray Coating on Wet Substrates. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie500955x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Beneventi
- Grenoble
Institute of Technology, UMR 5518 CNRS−Grenoble−INP, Domaine Universitaire, 461 rue de la Papeterie, BP 65, 38402 St. Martin d’Hères, France
| | - Didier Chaussy
- Grenoble
Institute of Technology, UMR 5518 CNRS−Grenoble−INP, Domaine Universitaire, 461 rue de la Papeterie, BP 65, 38402 St. Martin d’Hères, France
| | - Denis Curtil
- Grenoble
Institute of Technology, UMR 5518 CNRS−Grenoble−INP, Domaine Universitaire, 461 rue de la Papeterie, BP 65, 38402 St. Martin d’Hères, France
| | - Lorenzo Zolin
- Politecnico
di Torino, Department of Applied Science and Technology—DISAT,
GAME Lab, Corso Duca degli
Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Claudio Gerbaldi
- Politecnico
di Torino, Department of Applied Science and Technology—DISAT,
GAME Lab, Corso Duca degli
Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Nerino Penazzi
- Politecnico
di Torino, Department of Applied Science and Technology—DISAT,
GAME Lab, Corso Duca degli
Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
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Dhar P, Bhardwaj U, Kumar A, Katiyar V. Cellulose Nanocrystals: A Potential Nanofiller for Food Packaging Applications. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2014-1162.ch017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prodyut Dhar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati-781039, Assam, India
| | - Umesh Bhardwaj
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati-781039, Assam, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati-781039, Assam, India
| | - Vimal Katiyar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati-781039, Assam, India
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Dharmapurikar SS, Arulkashmir A, Das C, Muddellu P, Krishnamoorthy K. Enhanced hole carrier transport due to increased intermolecular contacts in small molecule based field effect transistors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:7086-7093. [PMID: 23808768 DOI: 10.1021/am401379a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Small molecules and oligomers can be synthesized with very high purity and precise molecular weights, but they often do not form uniform thin films while processed from solution. Decreased intermolecular contacts between the small molecules are another disadvantage. To increase the intermolecular contacts in small molecules, we have chosen i-indigo, as one of the conjugated molecular units. The electron poor i-indigo has been connected with electron rich triphenylamine to synthesize a donor-acceptor-donor type small molecule. The propeller shaped triphenylamine helps to increase the solubility of the small molecule as well as isotropic charge transport. The intermolecular spacing between the molecules has been found to be low and did not vary as a function of thermal annealing. This implies that the intermolecular contacts between the small molecules are enhanced, and they do not vary as a function of thermal annealing. Organic field effect transistors (OFET) fabricated using a small molecule exhibited a hole carrier mobility (μ) of 0.3 cm(2)/(V s) before thermal annealing. A marginal increase in μ was observed upon thermal annealing at 150 °C, which has been attributed to changes in thin film morphology. The morphology of the thin films plays an important role in charge transport in addition to the intermolecular spacing that can be modulated with a judicious choice of the conjugated molecular unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satej S Dharmapurikar
- Polymer Science and Engineering Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, Maharashtra, India
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