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Galstyan V, D'Angelo P, Tarabella G, Vurro D, Djenizian T. High versatility of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste for the development of batteries, biosensing and gas sensing devices. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 359:142314. [PMID: 38735489 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Continuously growing adoption of electronic devices in energy storage, human health and environmental monitoring systems increases demand for cost-effective, lightweight, comfortable, and highly efficient functional structures. In this regard, the recycling and reuse of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste in the aforementioned fields due to its excellent mechanical properties and chemical resistance is an effective solution to reduce plastic waste. Herein, we review recent advances in synthesis procedures and research studies on the integration of PET into energy storage (Li-ion batteries) and the detection of gaseous and biological species. The operating principles of such systems are described and the role of recycled PET for various types of architectures is discussed. Modifying the composition, crystallinity, surface porosity, and polar surface functional groups of PET are important factors for tuning its features as the active or substrate material in biological and gas sensors. The findings indicate that conceptually new pathways to the study are opened up for the effective application of recycled PET in the design of Li-ion batteries, as well as biochemical and catalytic detection systems. The current challenges in these fields are also presented with perspectives on the opportunities that may enable a circular economy in PET use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vardan Galstyan
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism, National Research Council (IMEM-CNR), Parco Area delle Scienze, 37/A, 43124, Parma, (PR), Italy; Department of Engineering "Enzo Ferrari", University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Vivarelli 10, 41125, Modena, Italy.
| | - Pasquale D'Angelo
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism, National Research Council (IMEM-CNR), Parco Area delle Scienze, 37/A, 43124, Parma, (PR), Italy
| | - Giuseppe Tarabella
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism, National Research Council (IMEM-CNR), Parco Area delle Scienze, 37/A, 43124, Parma, (PR), Italy
| | - Davide Vurro
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism, National Research Council (IMEM-CNR), Parco Area delle Scienze, 37/A, 43124, Parma, (PR), Italy
| | - Thierry Djenizian
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Center of Microelectronics in Provence, Department of Flexible Electronics, F-13541, Gardanne, France; Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Center of Physical-Chemical Methods of Research and Analysis, Tole bi str., 96A, Almaty, Kazakhstan
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2
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Hu Q, Zhang Z, He D, Wu J, Ding J, Chen Q, Jiao X, Xie Y. Progress and Perspective for "Green" Strategies of Catalytic Plastics Conversion into Fuels by Regulating Half-Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:16950-16962. [PMID: 38832898 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Nowadays, plastic waste threatens public health and the natural ecosystems of our lives. It is highly beneficial to recycle plastic waste in order to maximize the reuse of its contained carbon sources for the development of other valuable products. Unfortunately, traditional techniques usually require significant energy consumption and result in the generation of hazardous waste. Herein, the up-to-date developments on the "green" strategies under mild conditions including electrocatalysis, photocatalysis, and photoelectrocatalysis of plastic wastes are presented. During the oxidation of plastics in these "green" strategies, corresponding reduction reactions usually exist, which affect the property of catalytic plastics conversion. Particularly, we mainly focus on how to design the corresponding half reactions, such as the water reduction, carbon dioxide reduction, and nitrate reduction. Finally, we provide forward-looking insight into the enhancement of these "green" strategies, the extension of more half reactions into other organic catalysis, a comprehensive exploration of the underlying mechanisms through in situ studies and theoretical analysis and the problems for practical applications that needs to be solved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyuan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhixing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Dongpo He
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jiacong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jinyu Ding
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Qingxia Chen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xingchen Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yi Xie
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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3
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Li T, Theodosopoulos G, Lovell C, Loukodimou A, Maniam KK, Paul S. Progress in Solvent-Based Recycling of Polymers from Multilayer Packaging. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1670. [PMID: 38932020 DOI: 10.3390/polym16121670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Conversion of chemical feedstocks derived from fossil fuels to virgin polymer, manufacturing of plastics in coal-dependent economies, and increasing consumption of virgin polymers for plastics packaging contribute significantly to environmental issues and the challenges we face. Nowadays, promoting sustainable development has become the consensus of more and more countries. Among them, the recycling of multilayer packaging is a huge challenge. Due to the complexity of its structure and materials, as well as the limitations of existing recycling frameworks, currently, multilayer packaging cannot be commercially recycled thus resulting in a series of circular economy challenges. It is undeniable that multilayer packaging offers many positive effects on products and consumers, so banning the use of such packaging would be unwise and unrealistic. Developing the appropriate processes to recycle multilayer packaging is the most feasible strategy. In recent years, there have been some studies devoted to the recycling process of multilayer packaging. Many of the processes being developed involve the use of solvents. Based on the recycled products, we categorised these recycling processes as solvent-based recycling, including physical dissolution and chemical depolymerisation. In physical dissolution, there are mainly two approaches named delamination and selective dissolution-precipitation. Focusing on these processes, this paper reviews the solvents developed and used in the last 20 years for the recycling of polymers from multilayer packaging waste and gives a summary of their advantages and disadvantages in terms of cost, product quality, ease of processing, and environmental impact. Based on existing research, one could conclude that solvent-based recycling methods have the potential to be commercialised and become part of a standard recycling process for polymer-based multilayer packaging. The combined use of multiple solvent-based recycling processes could be a breakthrough in achieving unified recycling of multilayer packaging with different components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianmiao Li
- Materials Innovation Centre, School of Engineering, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - George Theodosopoulos
- Materials Performance and Integrity Technology Group, TWI Ltd., Cambridge CB21 6AL, UK
| | - Chris Lovell
- Materials Performance and Integrity Technology Group, TWI Technology and Training Centre-North East, Middlesbrough TS2 1DJ, UK
| | - Adamantini Loukodimou
- Materials Innovation Centre, School of Engineering, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Kranthi Kumar Maniam
- Materials Performance and Integrity Technology Group, TWI Ltd., Cambridge CB21 6AL, UK
| | - Shiladitya Paul
- Materials Innovation Centre, School of Engineering, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
- Materials Performance and Integrity Technology Group, TWI Ltd., Cambridge CB21 6AL, UK
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4
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Ji L, Meng J, Li C, Wang M, Jiang X. From Polyester Plastics to Diverse Monomers via Low-Energy Upcycling. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2403002. [PMID: 38626364 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202403002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
Polyester plastics, constituting over 10% of the total plastic production, are widely used in packaging, fiber, single-use beverage bottles, etc. However, their current depolymerization processes face challenges such as non-broad spectrum recyclability, lack of diversified high-value-added depolymerization products, and crucially high energy consumption. Herein, an efficient strategy is developed for dismantling the compact structure of polyester plastics to achieve diverse monomer recovery. Polyester plastics undergo swelling and decrystallization with a low depolymerization energy barrier via synergistic effects of polyfluorine/hydrogen bonding, which is further demonstrated via density functional theory calculations. The swelling process is elucidated through scanning electron microscopy analysis. Obvious destruction of the crystalline region is demonstrated through X-ray crystal diffractometry curves. PET undergoes different aminolysis efficiently, yielding nine corresponding high-value-added monomers via low-energy upcycling. Furthermore, four types of polyester plastics and five types of blended polyester plastics are closed-loop recycled, affording diverse monomers with exceeding 90% yields. Kilogram-scale depolymerization of real polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste plastics is successfully achieved with a 96% yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular & Process Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, North Zhongshan Road 3663, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Jiaolong Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular & Process Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, North Zhongshan Road 3663, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Chengliang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular & Process Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, North Zhongshan Road 3663, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular & Process Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, North Zhongshan Road 3663, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Xuefeng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular & Process Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, North Zhongshan Road 3663, Shanghai, 200062, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
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5
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Shi C, Quinn EC, Diment WT, Chen EYX. Recyclable and (Bio)degradable Polyesters in a Circular Plastics Economy. Chem Rev 2024; 124:4393-4478. [PMID: 38518259 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Polyesters carrying polar main-chain ester linkages exhibit distinct material properties for diverse applications and thus play an important role in today's plastics economy. It is anticipated that they will play an even greater role in tomorrow's circular plastics economy that focuses on sustainability, thanks to the abundant availability of their biosourced building blocks and the presence of the main-chain ester bonds that can be chemically or biologically cleaved on demand by multiple methods and thus bring about more desired end-of-life plastic waste management options. Because of this potential and promise, there have been intense research activities directed at addressing recycling, upcycling or biodegradation of existing legacy polyesters, designing their biorenewable alternatives, and redesigning future polyesters with intrinsic chemical recyclability and tailored performance that can rival today's commodity plastics that are either petroleum based and/or hard to recycle. This review captures these exciting recent developments and outlines future challenges and opportunities. Case studies on the legacy polyesters, poly(lactic acid), poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate)s, poly(ethylene terephthalate), poly(butylene succinate), and poly(butylene-adipate terephthalate), are presented, and emerging chemically recyclable polyesters are comprehensively reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changxia Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Ethan C Quinn
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Wilfred T Diment
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Eugene Y-X Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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Manjunathan J, Pavithra K, Nangan S, Prakash S, Saxena KK, Sharma K, Muzammil K, Verma D, Gnanapragasam JR, Ramasubburayan R, Revathi M. Polyethylene terephthalate waste derived nanomaterials (WDNMs) and its utilization in electrochemical devices. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 353:141541. [PMID: 38423149 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Plastics are a vital component of our daily lives in the contemporary globalization period; they are present in all facets of modern life. Because the bulk of synthetic plastics utilized in the market are non-biodegradable by nature, the issues associated with their contamination are unavoidable in an era dominated by polymers. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), which is extensively used in industries such as automotive, packaging, textile, food, and beverages production represents a major share of these non-biodegradable polymer productions. Given its extensive application across various sectors, PET usage results in a considerable amount of post-consumer waste, majority of which require disposal after a certain period. However, the recycling of polymeric waste materials has emerged as a prominent topic in research, driven by growing environmental consciousness. Numerous studies indicate that products derived from polymeric waste can be converted into a new polymeric resource in diverse sectors, including organic coatings and regenerative medicine. This review aims to consolidate significant scientific literatures on the recycling PET waste for electrochemical device applications. It also highlights the current challenges in scaling up these processes for industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Manjunathan
- Department of Biotechnology, Vels Institute of Science Technology and Advanced Studies, Pallavaram, Chennai, 600117, India
| | - K Pavithra
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic Sciences, Vels Institute of Science Technology and Advanced Studies, Pallavaram, Chennai, 600 117, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Senthilkumar Nangan
- Department of Chemistry, Graphic Era Deemed to be University, Dehradun, Uttarkhand, India; Chitkara Centre for Research and Development, Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh, 174103, India
| | - S Prakash
- Department of Basic Sciences, Institute of Fisheries Post Graduate Studies, Tamilnadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, OMR Campus, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Kuldeep K Saxena
- Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Kuldeep Sharma
- Centre for Research Impact and Outcomes, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Khursheed Muzammil
- Department of Public Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Khamis Mushait Campus, King Khalid University, Abha, 62561, Saudi Arabia
| | - Deepak Verma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun, Uttarkhand, India
| | | | - R Ramasubburayan
- Centre for Marine Research and Conservation, Department of Prosthodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, 600 077, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - M Revathi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic Sciences, Vels Institute of Science Technology and Advanced Studies, Pallavaram, Chennai, 600 117, Tamilnadu, India.
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7
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Gao B, Yao C, Sun X, Yaras A, Mao L. Upcycling discarded polyethylene terephthalate plastics into superior tensile strength and impact resistance materials with a facile one-pot process. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 466:133662. [PMID: 38309171 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Discarding PET plastic (dPET) causes serious environmental pollution and enormous fossil resources waste. Processing techniques have mainly focused on the conversion of dPET into monomers, with minimal reports highlighting their transformation into high-value materials. This work intends to transform dPET into a high-performance material with potential alternative value in harsh production environments. The soft and hard segments of the thermoplastic polyester elastomeric (TPEE) molecular structure are reacted and cross-linked with dPET using a facile one-pot process, and two main polymers, (C8H4O4)n and ((C16H18O4)0.76·(C4H8O)0.24)n are generated after the reaction. Through chemical reactions between TPEE and dPET, new characteristic products and chemical bond-crossing structures are formed, while the resulting product particles or multiple TPEE particles are anchored by the high viscosity of dPET, which endows the material with superior tensile strength (34.21 MPa) and impact resistance. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of the material implies that neither the molecular chain nor the chain segments can move, while only the atoms or groups composing the molecule vibrate at their equilibrium positions. The development of this new treatment method may contribute to the reduction of environmental pollution and the improvement of the high-value conversion and utilization of dPET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingying Gao
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Chao Yao
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Xuzhang Sun
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Ali Yaras
- Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Design, Department of Metallurgy and Material Engineering, Bartın University, Bartin, Turkey
| | - Linqiang Mao
- School of Environmental & Safety Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China.
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8
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Liu P, Zheng Y, Yuan Y, Han Y, Su T, Qi Q. Upcycling of PET oligomers from chemical recycling processes to PHA by microbial co-cultivation. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 172:51-59. [PMID: 37714010 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is the most widely consumed polyester plastic and can be recycled by many chemical processes, of which glycolysis is most cost-effective and commercially viable. However, PET glycolysis produces oligomers due to incomplete depolymerization, which are undesirable by-products and require proper disposal. In this study, the PET oligomers from chemical recycling processes were completely bio-depolymerized into monomers and then used for the biosynthesis of biodegradable plastics polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) by co-cultivation of two engineered microorganisms Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3)-LCCICCG and Pseudomonas putida KT2440-ΔRDt-ΔZP46C-M. E. coli BL21 (DE3)-LCCICCG was used to secrete the PET hydrolase LCCICCG into the medium to directly depolymerize PET oligomers. P. putida KT2440-ΔRDt-ΔZP46C-M that mastered the metabolism of aromatic compounds was engineered to accelerate the hydrolysis of intermediate products mono-2-(hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (MHET) by expressing IsMHETase, and biosynthesize PHA using ultimate products terephthalate and ethylene glycol depolymerized from the PET oligomers. The population ratios of the two microorganisms during the co-cultivation were characterized by fluorescent reporter system, and revealed the collaboration of the two microorganisms to bio-depolymerize and bioconversion of PET oligomers in a single process. This study provides a biological strategy for the upcycling of PET oligomers and promotes the plastic circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yingbo Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yuanfei Han
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Tianyuan Su
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Qingsheng Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
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Lee SH, Seo H, Hong H, Park J, Ki D, Kim M, Kim HJ, Kim KJ. Three-directional engineering of IsPETase with enhanced protein yield, activity, and durability. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 459:132297. [PMID: 37595467 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
The mesophilic PETase from Ideonella sakaiensis (IsPETase) has been shown to exhibit high PET hydrolysis activity, but its low stability limits its industrial applications. Here, we developed a variant, Z1-PETase, with enhanced soluble protein yield and durability while maintaining or improving activity at lower temperatures. The selected Z1-PETase not only exhibited a 20-fold improvement in soluble protein yield compared to the previously engineered IsPETaseS121E/D186H/S242T/N246D (4p) variant, but also demonstrated a 30% increase in low-temperature activity at 40 °C, along with an 11 °C increase in its TmD value. The PET depolymerization test across a temperature range low to high (30-70 °C) confirmed that Z1-PETase exhibits high accessibility of mesophilic PET hydrolase and rapid depolymerizing rate at higher temperature in accordance with the thermal behaviors of polymer and enzyme. Additionally, structural interpretation indicated that the stabilization of specific active site loops in Z1-PETase contributes to enhanced thermostability without adversely impacting enzymatic activity. In a pH-stat bioreactor, Z1-PETase depolymerized > 90% of both transparent and colored post-consumer PET powders within 24 and 8 h at 40 °C and 55 °C, respectively, demonstrating that the utility of this IsPETase variant in the bio-recycling of PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seul Hoo Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, KNU Institute for Microorganisms, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hogyun Seo
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, KNU Institute for Microorganisms, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwaseok Hong
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, KNU Institute for Microorganisms, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoung Park
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, KNU Institute for Microorganisms, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwoo Ki
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, KNU Institute for Microorganisms, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Mijeong Kim
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, KNU Institute for Microorganisms, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Joon Kim
- Bioresearch Research Institute, CJ CheilJedang Co., Suwon 16495, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Jin Kim
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, KNU Institute for Microorganisms, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; Zyen Co, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Xu T, Li Z, Ju X, Tang H, Xiang W. Chemical Degradation of Waste PET and Its Application in Wood Reinforcement and Modification. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:30550-30562. [PMID: 37636979 PMCID: PMC10448690 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, with the increasing scarcity of fossil resources and the worsening environmental pollution, the effective utilization of wood and plastic waste has become a critical issue. In this paper, propylene glycol (PG) was used as an alcoholysis agent to degrade waste poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), and unsaturated polyester (UPR) was synthesized by the polycondensation reaction. The Chinese fir was modified by chemical impregnation to obtain a new type of waste PET-based wood-plastic composites. It exhibits a compressive strength of about 107 MPa and a water absorption of less than 20%. These results highlight the outstanding modification effect on fir, demonstrating excellent mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. This study presents a green and efficient method for the preparation of wood-plastic composites and the recycling of waste PET, providing promising solutions for sustainable resource utilization and environmental protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianle Xu
- Faculty
of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University
of Science and Technology, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Zhibin Li
- Faculty
of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University
of Science and Technology, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Xinran Ju
- Faculty
of Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hui Tang
- Faculty
of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University
of Science and Technology, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Wenli Xiang
- Faculty
of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University
of Science and Technology, Kunming 650032, China
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11
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Zhang S, Xue Y, Wu Y, Zhang YX, Tan T, Niu Z. PET recycling under mild conditions via substituent-modulated intramolecular hydrolysis. Chem Sci 2023; 14:6558-6563. [PMID: 37350822 PMCID: PMC10283487 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01161e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Catalytic depolymerization represents a promising approach for the closed-loop recycling of plastic wastes. Here, we report a knowledge-driven catalyst development for poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) recycling, which not only achieves more than 23-fold enhancement in specific activity but also reduces the alkali concentration by an order of magnitude compared with the conventional hydrolysis. Substituted binuclear zinc catalysts are developed to regulate biomimetic intramolecular PET hydrolysis. Hammett studies and density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate that the substituents modify the charge densities of the active centers, and an optimal substituent should slightly increase the electron richness of the zinc sites to facilitate the formation of a six-membered ring intermediate. The understanding of the structure-activity relationship leads to an advanced catalyst with a specific activity of 778 ± 40 gPET h-1 gcatal-1 in 0.1 M NaOH, far outcompeting the conventional hydrolysis using caustic bases (<33.3 gPET h-1 gcatal-1 in 1-5 M NaOH). This work opens new avenues for environmentally benign PET recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengbo Zhang
- Department State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Yingying Xue
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Yanfen Wu
- Department State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Yu-Xiao Zhang
- Department State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Ting Tan
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Zhiqiang Niu
- Department State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
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12
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Li A, Cui H, Sheng Y, Qiao J, Li X, Huang H. Global plastic upcycling during and after the COVID-19 pandemic: The status and perspective. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2023; 11:110092. [PMID: 37200549 PMCID: PMC10167783 DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2023.110092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plastic pollution has become one of the most pressing environmental issues worldwide since the vast majority of post-consumer plastics are hard to degrade in the environment. The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic had disrupted the previous effort of plastic pollution mitigation to a great extent due to the overflow of plastic-based medical waste. In the post-pandemic era, the remaining challenge is how to motivate global action towards a plastic circular economy. The need for one package of sustainable and systematic plastic upcycling approaches has never been greater to address such a challenge. In this review, we summarized the threat of plastic pollution during COVID-19 to public health and ecosystem. In order to solve the aforementioned challenges, we present a shifting concept, regeneration value from plastic waste, that provides four promising pathways to achieve a sustainable circular economy: 1) Increasing reusability and biodegradability of plastics; 2) Transforming plastic waste into high-value products by chemical approaches; 3) The closed-loop recycling can be promoted by biodegradation; 4) Involving renewable energy into plastic upcycling. Additionally, the joint efforts from different social perspectives are also encouraged to create the necessary economic and environmental impetus for a circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anni Li
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyang Cui
- RWTH Aachen University, Templergraben 55, 52062 Aachen, Germany
| | - Yijie Sheng
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Qiao
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiujuan Li
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - He Huang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China
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13
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Lin Y, Yang D, Meng C, Si C, Zhang Q, Zeng G, Jiang W. Oxygen Vacancy Promoted Generation of Monatomic Oxygen Anion over Ni 2+ -Doped MgO for Efficient Glycolysis of Waste PET. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202300154. [PMID: 36862090 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Developing efficient and eco-friendly catalysts for selective degradation of waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is critical to the circular economy of plastics. Herein, we report the first monatomic oxygen anion (O- )-rich MgO-Ni catalyst based on a combined theoretical and experimental approach, which achieves a bis(hydroxyethyl) terephthalate yield of 93.7 % with no heavy metal residues detected. DFT calculations and electron paramagnetic resonance characterization indicate that Ni2+ doping not only reduces the formation energy of oxygen vacancies, but also enhances local electron density to facilitate the conversion of adsorbed oxygen into O- . O- plays a crucial role in the deprotonation of ethylene glycol (EG) to EG- (exothermic by -0.6 eV with an activation barrier of 0.4 eV), which is proved effective to break the PET chain via nucleophilic attack on carbonyl carbon. This work reveals the potential of alkaline earth metal-based catalysts in efficient PET glycolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuheng Lin
- Department of Environmental Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Deshuai Yang
- Kuang Yaming Honors School & Institute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Chaoyu Meng
- Department of Environmental Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Chunying Si
- Department of Environmental Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Quanxing Zhang
- Department of Environmental Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Guixiang Zeng
- Kuang Yaming Honors School & Institute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Environmental Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
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14
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Lee TH, Forrester M, Wang TP, Shen L, Liu H, Dileep D, Kuehl B, Li W, Kraus G, Cochran E. Dihydroxyterephthalate-A Trojan Horse PET Counit for Facile Chemical Recycling. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2210154. [PMID: 36857624 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202210154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Here, low-energy poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) chemical recycling in water: PET copolymers with diethyl 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalate (DHTE) undergo selective hydrolysis at DHTE sites, autocatalyzed by neighboring group participation, is demonstrated. Liberated oligomeric subchains further hydrolyze until only small molecules remain. Poly(ethylene terephthalate-stat-2,5-dihydroxyterephthalate) copolymers were synthesized via melt polycondensation and then hydrolyzed in 150-200 °C water with 0-1 wt% ZnCl2 , or alternatively in simulated sea water. Degradation progress follows pseudo-first order kinetics. With increasing DHTE loading, the rate constant increases monotonically while the thermal activation barrier decreases. The depolymerization products are ethylene glycol, terephthalic acid, 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalic acid, and bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate dimer, which could be used to regenerate virgin polymer. Composition-optimized copolymers show a decrease of nearly 50% in the Arrhenius activation energy, suggesting a 6-order reduction in depolymerization time under ambient conditions compared to that of PET homopolymer. This study provides new insight to the design of polymers for end-of-life while maintaining key properties like service temperature and mechanical properties. Moreover, this chemical recycling procedure is more environmentally friendly compared to traditional approaches since water is the only needed material, which is green, sustainable, and cheap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Han Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Michael Forrester
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Tung-Ping Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Liyang Shen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Hengzhou Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Dhananjay Dileep
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Baker Kuehl
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Wenzhen Li
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - George Kraus
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Eric Cochran
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
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15
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Mastropietro TF. Metal-organic frameworks and plastic: an emerging synergic partnership. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2023; 24:2189890. [PMID: 37007671 PMCID: PMC10054298 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2023.2189890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Mismanagement of plastic waste results in its ubiquitous presence in the environment. Despite being durable and persistent materials, plastics are reduced by weathering phenomena into debris with a particle size down to nanometers. The fate and ecotoxicological effects of these solid micropollutants are not fully understood yet, but they are raising increasing concerns for the environment and people's health. Even if different current technologies have the potential to remove plastic particles, the efficiency of these processes is modest, especially for nanoparticles. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are crystalline nano-porous materials with unique properties, have unique properties, such as strong coordination bonds, large and robustus porous structures, high accessible surface areas and adsorption capacity, which make them suitable adsorbent materials for micropollutants. This review examines the preliminary results reported in literature indicating that MOFs are promising adsorbents for the removal of plastic particles from water, especially when MOFs are integrated in porous composite materials or membranes, where they are able to assure high removal efficiency, superior water flux and antifouling properties, even in the presence of other dissolved co-pollutants. Moreover, a recent trend for the alternative preparation of MOFs starting from plastic waste, especially polyethylene terephthalate, as a sustainable source of organic linkers is also reviewed, as it represents a promising route for mitigating the impact of the costs deriving from the widescale MOFs production and application. This connubial between MOFs and plastic has the potential to contribute at implementing a more effective waste management and the circular economy principles in the polymer life cycle.
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16
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Bohre A, Jadhao PR, Tripathi K, Pant KK, Likozar B, Saha B. Chemical Recycling Processes of Waste Polyethylene Terephthalate Using Solid Catalysts. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023:e202300142. [PMID: 36972065 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a non-degradable single-use plastic and a major component of plastic waste in landfills. Chemical recycling is one of the most widely adopted methods to transform post-consumer PET into PET's building block chemicals. Non-catalytic depolymerization of PET is very slow and requires high temperatures and/or pressures. Recent advancements in the field of material science and catalysis have delivered several innovative strategies to promote PET depolymerization under mild reaction conditions. Particularly, heterogeneous catalysts assisted depolymerization of post-consumer PET to monomers and other value-added chemicals is the most industrially compatible method. This review includes current progresses on the heterogeneously catalyzed chemical recycling of PET. It describes four key pathways for PET depolymerization including, glycolysis, pyrolysis, alcoholysis, and reductive depolymerization. The catalyst function, active sites and structure-activity correlations are briefly outlined in each section. An outlook for future development is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Bohre
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi, 110016, India
- Biomass and Energy Management Division, Sardar Swaran Singh National Institute of Bio-energy Kapurthala, Punjab, 1440603, India
- Department of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1001, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Prashant Ram Jadhao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Komal Tripathi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Kamal Kishore Pant
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Blaž Likozar
- Department of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1001, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Basudeb Saha
- RiKarbon, Inc., 550 S. College Ave, Newark, Delaware, DE 19716, USA
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17
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Li W, Miao L, Adyel TM, Wu J, Yu Y, Hou J. Characterization of dynamic plastisphere and their underlying effects on the aging of biodegradable and traditional plastics in freshwater ecosystems. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 446:130714. [PMID: 36599276 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Recently, biodegradable plastics (BPs) are emerging as a sustainable alternative to traditional plastics. When released into an aquatic environment, the biodegradable performance of BPs is influenced by biochemical processes, especially the developed plastisphere. However, studies addressing the biodegrading capacity of BPs and traditional plastics within the plastisphere are still limited. Here, we investigated plastisphere community variations and their capacity to biodegrade polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and starch-based plastics (SBP) for four time periods (15, 30, 45, and 80 days) in three freshwaters. Unexpectedly, there is no significant difference in the microbial communities and network structure of the plastisphere between SBP and PET. Moreover, SBP tended to age rapidly at the early stage (0-15 days), while the aging degree of SBP and PET did not display an obvious difference at 80 days. Partial least squares path modeling suggested that plastic aging was mainly dominated by keystone taxa of network and aquatic environmental factors. These results suggest that the aging rate of commercial BPs may not be as fast as we imagine in freshwaters (SBP ≈ PET), and the environmental behaviors of BPs in the aquatic environment should be paid more attention to.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanyi Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingzhan Miao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tanveer M Adyel
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC 3125, Australia
| | - Jun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Yu
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jun Hou
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, People's Republic of China
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18
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Tang J, Meng X, Cheng X, Zhu Q, Yan D, Zhang Y, Lu X, Shi C, Liu X. Mechanistic Insights of Cosolvent Efficient Enhancement of PET Methanol Alcohololysis. Ind Eng Chem Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c04419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xiangshuai Meng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Xiujie Cheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Qingqing Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Sino Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dongxia Yan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - YuJin Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xingmei Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Chemical and Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chunyan Shi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xiaomin Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China
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19
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Liu K, Xu Z, Zhao Z, Chen Y, Chai Y, Ma L, Li S. A Dual Fluorescence Assay Enables High-Throughput Screening for Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Hydrolases. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202202019. [PMID: 36511949 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202202019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The drastically increasing consumption of petroleum-derived plastics hasserious environmental impacts and raises public concerns. Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is amongst the most extensively produced synthetic polymers. Enzymatic hydrolysis of PET recently emerged as an enticing path for plastic degradation and recycling. In-lab directed evolution has revealed the great potential of PET hydrolases (PETases). However, the time-consuming and laborious PETase assays hinder the identification of effective variants in large mutant libraries. Herein, we devise and validate a dual fluorescence-based high-throughput screening (HTS) assay for a representative IsPETase. The two-round HTS of a pilot library consisting of 2850 IsPETase variants yields six mutant IsPETases with 1.3-4.9 folds improved activities. Compared to the currently used structure- or computational redesign-based PETase engineering, this HTS approach provides a new strategy for discovery of new beneficial mutation patterns of PETases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, P. R. China
| | - Ziping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, P. R. China
| | - Yuexing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, P. R. China
| | - Yating Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, P. R. China
| | - Li Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, P. R. China
| | - Shengying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, P. R. China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, No. 168 Wenhai Middle Rd, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, P. R. China
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20
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Kulkarni A, Quintens G, Pitet LM. Trends in Polyester Upcycling for Diversifying a Problematic Waste Stream. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amruta Kulkarni
- Advanced Functional Polymers (AFP) Laboratory, Institute for Materials Research (imo-imomec), Hasselt University, Martelarenlaan 42, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Greg Quintens
- Advanced Functional Polymers (AFP) Laboratory, Institute for Materials Research (imo-imomec), Hasselt University, Martelarenlaan 42, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Louis M. Pitet
- Advanced Functional Polymers (AFP) Laboratory, Institute for Materials Research (imo-imomec), Hasselt University, Martelarenlaan 42, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
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21
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Maladeniya CP, Tennyson AG, Smith RC. Single‐stage chemical recycling of plastic waste to yield durable composites via a tandem transesterification‐thiocracking process. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20220686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew G. Tennyson
- Department of Chemistry Clemson University Clemson South Carolina USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Clemson University Clemson South Carolina USA
| | - Rhett C. Smith
- Department of Chemistry Clemson University Clemson South Carolina USA
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22
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Aguado A, Becerra L, Martínez L. Glycolysis optimisation of different complex PET waste with recovery and reuse of ethylene glycol. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-023-02704-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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23
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Wu F, Wang Y, Zhao Y, Tang M, Zeng W, Wang Y, Chang X, Xiang J, Han B, Liu Z. Lactate anion catalyzes aminolysis of polyesters with anilines. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade7971. [PMID: 36724269 PMCID: PMC9891692 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade7971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Chemical transformation of spent polyesters into value-added chemicals is substantial for sustainable development but still challenging. Here, we report a simple, metal-free, and efficient aminolysis strategy to upcycle polylactic acid by anilines over lactate-based ionic liquids (e.g., tetrabutylammonium lactate), accessing a series of N-aryl lactamides under mild conditions. This strategy is also effective for degradation of poly(bisphenol A carbonate), affording bisphenol A and corresponding diphenylurea derivatives. It is found that, with the assistance of water, lactate anion as hydrogen-bond donor can efficiently activate carbonyl C atom of polyesters via hydrogen bonding with carbonyl O atom; meanwhile, as hydrogen-bond acceptor, it can enhance nucleophilicity of the N atom of anilines via hydrogen bonding with amino H atom. The nucleophilic attack of N atom of anilines on carbonyl C atom of polyesters results in cleavage of C─O bond of polymers and formation of the target products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengtian Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Polymer Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Devices, Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Yuepeng Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanfei Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Minhao Tang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Zeng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoqian Chang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junfeng Xiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Buxing Han
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhimin Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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24
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Shirazimoghaddam S, Amin I, Faria Albanese JA, Shiju NR. Chemical Recycling of Used PET by Glycolysis Using Niobia-Based Catalysts. ACS ENGINEERING AU 2023; 3:37-44. [PMID: 36820227 PMCID: PMC9936547 DOI: 10.1021/acsengineeringau.2c00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Plastic production has steadily increased worldwide at a staggering pace. The polymer industry is, unfortunately, C-intensive, and accumulation of plastics in the environment has become a major issue. Plastic waste valorization into fresh monomers for production of virgin plastics can reduce both the consumption of fossil feedstocks and the environmental pollution, making the plastic economy more sustainable. Recently, the chemical recycling of plastics has been studied as an innovative solution to achieve a fully sustainable cycle. In this way, plastics are depolymerized to their monomers or/and oligomers appropriate for repolymerization, closing the loop. In this work, PET was depolymerized to its bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET) monomer via glycolysis, using ethylene glycol (EG) in the presence of niobia-based catalysts. Using a sulfated niobia catalyst treated at 573 K, we obtained 100% conversion of PET and 85% yield toward BHET at 195 °C in 220 min. This approach allows recycling of the PET at reasonable conditions using an inexpensive and nontoxic material as a catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Shirazimoghaddam
- Van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1090 GDAmsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ihsan Amin
- Van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1090 GDAmsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jimmy A Faria Albanese
- Catalytic
Processes and Materials Group, Faculty of Science and Technology,
MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University
of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AEAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | - N. Raveendran Shiju
- Van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1090 GDAmsterdam, The Netherlands,
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25
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Li Q, Liu W, Jing N, Li Q, Yang K, Wang X, Yao J. Attack Site Density of a Highly-efficient PET Hydrolases. Protein Pept Lett 2023; 30:506-512. [PMID: 37165591 DOI: 10.2174/0929866530666230509141807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is one of the most abundant polyester materials used in daily life and it is also one of the main culprits of environmental pollution. ICCG (F243I/D238C/S283C/Y127G) is an enzyme that performs four modifications on the leaf branch compost keratase (LCC). It shows excellent performance in the hydrolysis of PET and has a great potential in further applications. METHOD Here, we used ICCG to degrade PET particles of various sizes and use the density of attack sites (Γattack) and kinetic parameters to evaluate the effect of particle size on enzyme degradation efficiency. We are surprised to observe that there is a certain relationship between Km and Γattack. In order to further confirm the relationship, we obtained three different enzymes (Y95K, M166S and H218S) by site-directed mutagenesis on the basis of ICCG. RESULT The results confirmed that there was a negative correlation between Km and Γattack. In addition, we also found that increasing the affinity between the enzyme and the substrate does not necessarily lead to the increase of degradation rate. CONCLUSION These findings show that the granulation of PET and the selection of appropriate particle size are helpful to improve its industrial application value. At the same time, additional protein engineering to increase ICCG performance is realistic, but it can't be limited to enhance the affinity between enzyme and substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Wenhong Liu
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Nannan Jing
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Qingqing Li
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Kang Yang
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Xia Wang
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Jianzhuang Yao
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
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Bhanderi KK, Joshi JR, Patel JV. Optimization process for glycolysis of poly (ethylene terephthalate) using bio-degradable & recyclable heterogeneous catalyst. J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2023.100904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Behera S, Dinda S, Saha R, Mondal B. Quantitative Electrocatalytic Upcycling of Polyethylene Terephthalate Plastic and Its Oligomer with a Cobalt-Based One-Dimensional Coordination Polymer Having Open Metal Sites along with Coproduction of Hydrogen. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c05270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Snehanjali Behera
- Discipline of Chemistry, IIT Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar-382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Soumitra Dinda
- Discipline of Chemistry, IIT Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar-382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Rajat Saha
- Department of Chemistry, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol-713340, West Bengal, India
| | - Biswajit Mondal
- Discipline of Chemistry, IIT Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar-382355, Gujarat, India
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Juhua Ou, Yang R, Dai Z, Kong Z, Shu H, Huang X. Synthesis, Characterization, Application of PET Waste Blended with Hybrid Fibers and Preparation of Fiber Derived Unsaturated Resin. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x22700602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
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Kim NK, Lee SH, Park HD. Current biotechnologies on depolymerization of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and repolymerization of reclaimed monomers from PET for bio-upcycling: A critical review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 363:127931. [PMID: 36100185 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The production of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) has drastically increased in the past half-century, reaching 30 million tons every year. The accumulation of this recalcitrant waste now threatens diverse ecosystems. Despite efforts to recycle PET wastes, its rate of recycling remains limited, as the current PET downcycling is mostly unremunerative. To address this problem, PET bio-upcycling, which integrates microbial depolymerization of PET followed by repolymerization of PET-derived monomers into value-added products, has been suggested. This article critically reviews current understanding of microbial PET hydrolysis, the metabolic mechanisms involved in PET degradation, PET hydrolases, and their genetic improvement. Furthermore, this review includes the use of meta-omics approaches to search PET-degrading microbiomes, microbes, and putative hydrolases. The current development of biosynthetic technologies to convert PET-derived materials into value-added products is also comprehensively discussed. The integration of various depolymerization and repolymerization biotechnologies enhances the prospects of a circular economy using waste PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na-Kyung Kim
- School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang-Hoon Lee
- School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hee-Deung Park
- School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.
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30
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Chemical recycling and upcycling of poly(bisphenol A carbonate) via metal acetate catalyzed glycolysis. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
The mismanagement and leakage of plastic waste into the environment are failures of modern society. Once in the environment, plastic waste degrades into microplastics on a time scale dependent on the resin chemistry and the associated biotic or abiotic process. The high surface area of microplastics results in the contamination of ecosystems through the leaching of toxic chemicals compounded with plastics during manufacturing. In addition, the small size of microplastics increases the likelihood that they will be inhaled or ingested, which has led to the bioaccumulation of microplastics with documented harm. Furthermore, microplastics are more readily aerosolized and distributed by weather systems to areas remote from locations where plastic waste has been mismanaged. Consequently, the carbon cycle must now account for plastic waste discharge, degradation, and dispersal in the environment after the end of useful life on a global scale.Circularity in plastics recycling endeavors to solve the waste problem while promoting greater sustainability. Circularity can be conducted at different stages in the plastics life cycle. Post-industrial recycling enabling scrap recovery in manufacturing is desirable for industrial material efficiency. However, the degradation of polymer chains currently limits the extent to which scrap recovery may be practiced repeatedly on the same material, particularly when the conversion of secondary resin to various plastic products is intolerant to deviations in polymer properties. Post-consumer recycling, on the other hand, is desirable for erasing the manufacturing history and use history of plastic-containing products. Post-consumer recycling involves cleaning and sorting plastic waste into bales, followed by mechanical recycling to produce dense feedstocks for downstream chemical processes required for deconstruction, monomer refinement, and secondary resin production. The efficiency and intensity of chemical processes used to recover reusable monomers or polymers remain low for most plastics. Consequently, there is an urgent need for novel polymers with useful or advantageous properties designed for recycling by addressing the challenges of resource recovery for reuse.In this Account, I discuss the design, discovery, and development of circular plastics based on the chemistry of polydiketoenamines. The diketoenamine bond provides a vantage point for the creation of thermoplastics, elastomers, and thermosets from polytopic triketone and amine monomers. The dynamic covalent character of the diketoenamine bond can be exploited during scrap recovery to provide resilience during mechanical recycling, maintaining baseline properties of the primary resin through multiple cycles of reuse. Furthermore, the hydrolyzability of the diketoenamine bond in strong acid can be exploited for efficient monomer recovery during chemical recycling. A systems-level analysis of polydiketoenamine circularity reveals substantive benefits in low-carbon manufacturing as well as a context to quantify the market potential, identifying use cases where circularity might be most effective. Leveraging these insights, it is possible to guide the process chemistry development necessary to scale monomer and resin production to meet imminent needs for more circular plastics in the market. These insights also provide a glimpse into the underlying molecular mechanisms critical to circularity in a new plastics economy while firmly establishing a role for creativity in polymer chemistry to provide innovative solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett A Helms
- Materials Sciences Division and The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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32
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Guo C, Zhang LQ, Jiang W. Biodegrading plastics with a synthetic non-biodegradable enzyme. Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2022.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Tollini F, Brivio L, Innocenti P, Sponchioni M, Moscatelli D. Influence of the catalytic system on the methanolysis of polyethylene terephthalate at mild conditions: A systematic investigation. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2022.117875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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34
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Liu T, Shao L, Zhao B, Chang YC, Zhang J. Progress in Chemical Recycling of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Composites. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200538. [PMID: 36056702 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites are indispensable in a variety of applications, because of their high specific strength. CFRPs are generally constructed by carbon fibers as reinforcements and crosslinked polymers as binders. Due to the irreversible nature of the crosslinked polymers, CFRPs are neither repairable nor recyclable. Once the material is damaged or out of service, landfill or incineration are the typical ways to deal with the waste. These methods are taking no advantages from the residue value of the waste and adds burdens to the environment. To extend the service life and reduce the waste and cost, it is desirable to develop effective recycling technology to reserve the residue value of carbon fiber and polymer matrix. In the past decade, chemical recycling by cleaving the covalent bonds in a solvent has been considered as an ideal path for the recycling of CFRP wastes and deserves more investigations and attentions, because it has the potential to recover both valuable CFs and polymer matrix. In this review, the discussion is focused on the recent progress on the chemical recycling of CFRP. The primary matrix resin of CFRP discussed in this review is epoxy resin which is the most widely used polymer matrix in industry. In addition, the challenges and outlook are also provided. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan Liu
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Composite Materials and Engineering Center, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Lin Shao
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Composite Materials and Engineering Center, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Baoming Zhao
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Composite Materials and Engineering Center, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Yu-Chung Chang
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Composite Materials and Engineering Center, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Jinwen Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Composite Materials and Engineering Center, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
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35
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Sustainable polyesters via direct functionalization of lignocellulosic sugars. Nat Chem 2022; 14:976-984. [PMID: 35739426 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-00974-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The development of sustainable plastics from abundant renewable feedstocks has been limited by the complexity and efficiency of their production, as well as their lack of competitive material properties. Here we demonstrate the direct transformation of the hemicellulosic fraction of non-edible biomass into a tricyclic diester plastic precursor at 83% yield (95% from commercial xylose) during integrated plant fractionation with glyoxylic acid. Melt polycondensation of the resulting diester with a range of aliphatic diols led to amorphous polyesters (Mn = 30-60 kDa) with high glass transition temperatures (72-100 °C), tough mechanical properties (ultimate tensile strengths of 63-77 MPa, tensile moduli of 2,000-2,500 MPa and elongations at break of 50-80%) and strong gas barriers (oxygen transmission rates (100 µm) of 11-24 cc m-2 day-1 bar-1 and water vapour transmission rates (100 µm) of 25-36 g m-2 day-1) that could be processed by injection moulding, thermoforming, twin-screw extrusion and three-dimensional printing. Although standardized biodegradation studies still need to be performed, the inherently degradable nature of these materials facilitated their chemical recycling via methanolysis at 64 °C, and eventual depolymerization in room-temperature water.
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36
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Converting waste PET plastics into automobile fuels and antifreeze components. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3343. [PMID: 35688837 PMCID: PMC9187643 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31078-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
With the aim to solve the serious problem of white plastic pollution, we report herein a low-cost process to quantitatively convert polyethylene terephthalate (PET) into p-xylene (PX) and ethylene glycol (EG) over modified Cu/SiO2 catalyst using methanol as both solvent and hydrogen donor. Kinetic and in-situ Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) studies demonstrate that the degradation of PET into PX involves tandem PET methanolysis and dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) selective hydro-deoxygenation (HDO) steps with the in-situ produced H2 from methanol decomposition at 210 °C. The overall high activities are attributed to the high Cu+/Cu0 ratio derived from the dense and granular copper silicate precursor, as formed by the induction of proper NaCl addition during the hydrothermal synthesis. This hydrogen-free one-pot approach allows to directly produce gasoline fuels and antifreeze components from waste poly-ester plastic, providing a feasible solution to the plastic problem in islands. To solve the serious problem of white plastic pollution many degradation routes are being investigated. Here the authors show a H2-free low-cost Cu/SiO2 catalyzed process to quantitatively convert polyethylene terephthalate into p-xylene and ethylene glycol in one pot with methanol as both the solvent and hydrogen source at 210 °C.
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37
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Prioritizing Cleaner Production Actions towards Circularity: Combining LCA and Emergy in the PET Production Chain. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14116821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Petrochemicals, which convert oil and gas into products such as plastics, are fundamental to modern societies. Chemists recognize their role in designing materials and the adverse effects that these may have on the environment, preventing sustainable development. Several methodological frameworks and sustainability assessment approaches have been developed to evaluate the resources used in the petrochemical sector in terms of environmental costs. Still, there is a need to evaluate these systems in terms of environmental costs deeply. A combination of life cycle assessment and emergy accounting—to assess the environmental support for resource use—is applied in this study of the PET production chain in Europe. The unit emergy values of several intermediates are calculated or updated to facilitate the discernment of the quality of energy used and the processes’ efficiency. Several routes for synthesizing renewable para-xylene and ethylene glycol from biomass are discussed and confronted with the efforts focused on recycling and recovering the final product, providing concurrently a procedure and a valuable data set for future CP actions. The results show that understanding the efficiencies changing across the production chain may help stakeholders decide where and when interventions to promote a circular economy are most effective along a petrochemical production chain.
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38
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Munguía-López ADC, Ochoa-Barragán R, Ponce-Ortega JM. Optimal waste management during the COVID-19 pandemic. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING AND PROCESSING = GENIE DES PROCEDES = VERFAHRENSTECHNIK 2022; 176:108942. [PMID: 35479187 PMCID: PMC9021047 DOI: 10.1016/j.cep.2022.108942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
There have been many problems generated by the COVID-19 pandemic. One of them is the worrying increase in the generation of medical waste due to the great risk they represent for health. Therefore, this work proposes a mathematical model for optimal solid waste management, proposing a circular value chain where all types of waste are treated in an intensified industrial park. The model selects the processing technologies and their production capacity. The problem was formulated as a mixed-integer linear programming problem to maximize profits and the waste processed, minimizing environmental impact. The proposed strategy is applied to the case study of the city of New York, where the increase in the generation of medical waste has been very significant. To promote recycling, different tax rates are proposed, depending on the amount of waste sent to the landfill. The results are presented on a Pareto curve showing the trade-off between profits and processed waste. We observed that the taxes promote recycling, even of those wastes that are not very convenient to recycle (from an economic point of view), favoring profits, reducing the environmental impact, and the risk to health inherent to the medical waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Del Carmen Munguía-López
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Francisco J. Mujica S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Morelia, Michoacán 58060, México
| | - Rogelio Ochoa-Barragán
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Francisco J. Mujica S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Morelia, Michoacán 58060, México
| | - José María Ponce-Ortega
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Francisco J. Mujica S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Morelia, Michoacán 58060, México
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Schirmeister CG, Mülhaupt R. Closing the Carbon Loop in the Circular Plastics Economy. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200247. [PMID: 35635841 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Today, plastics are ubiquitous in everyday life, problem solvers of modern technologies, and crucial for sustainable development. Yet the surge in global demand for plastics of the growing world population has triggered a tidal wave of plastic debris in the environment. Moving from a linear to a zero-waste and carbon-neutral circular plastic economy is vital for the future of the planet. Taming the plastic waste flood requires closing the carbon loop through plastic reuse, mechanical and molecular recycling, carbon capture, and use of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide. In the quest for eco-friendly products, plastics do not need to be reinvented but tuned for reuse and recycling. Their full potential must be exploited regarding energy, resource, and eco efficiency, waste prevention, circular economy, climate change mitigation, and lowering environmental pollution. Biodegradation holds promise for composting and bio-feedstock recovery, but it is neither the Holy Grail of circular plastics economy nor a panacea for plastic littering. As an alternative to mechanical downcycling, molecular recycling enables both closed-loop recovery of virgin plastics and open-loop valorization, producing hydrogen, fuels, refinery feeds, lubricants, chemicals, and carbonaceous materials. Closing the carbon loop does not create a Perpetuum Mobile and requires renewable energy to achieve sustainability. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl G Schirmeister
- Freiburg Materials Research Center and Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 31, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rolf Mülhaupt
- Sustainability Center, University of Freiburg, Ecker-Str. 4, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
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40
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Liu J, Yin J. Carbon Dioxide Synergistic Enhancement of Supercritical Methanol on PET Depolymerization for Chemical Recovery. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c00572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jutao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Jianzhong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
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Dios Caputto MD, Navarro R, Valentín JL, Marcos‐Fernández Á. Chemical upcycling of poly(ethylene terephthalate) waste: Moving to a circular model. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20220137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María Dolores Dios Caputto
- Department of Physics of Polymers, Elastomers and Energy Applications Institute of Polymer Science and Technology (ICTP‐CSIC) Madrid Spain
| | - Rodrigo Navarro
- Department of Physics of Polymers, Elastomers and Energy Applications Institute of Polymer Science and Technology (ICTP‐CSIC) Madrid Spain
| | - Juan López Valentín
- Department of Physics of Polymers, Elastomers and Energy Applications Institute of Polymer Science and Technology (ICTP‐CSIC) Madrid Spain
| | - Ángel Marcos‐Fernández
- Department of Physics of Polymers, Elastomers and Energy Applications Institute of Polymer Science and Technology (ICTP‐CSIC) Madrid Spain
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42
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Otaibi AAA, Alsukaibi AKD, Rahman MA, Mushtaque M, Haque A. From Waste to Schiff Base: Upcycling of Aminolysed Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Product. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14091861. [PMID: 35567031 PMCID: PMC9100055 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recycling plastic waste into valuable materials is one of the contemporary challenges. Every year around 50 million tons of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles are used worldwide. The fact that only a part of this amount is being recycled is putting a burden on the environment. Therefore, a technology that can convert PET-based waste materials into useful ones is highly needed. In the present work, attempts have been made to convert PET-based waste materials into a precursor for others. We report an aminolysed product (3) obtained by aminolysis reaction of PET (1) with 1,2 diaminopropane (DAP, 2) under solvent and catalytic free conditions. The highest amount of monomeric product was obtained upon heating the mixture of diamine and PET at 130 °C. The resulting aminolysed product was then converted to a Schiff-base (5) in 25% yield. The chemical structure of the synthesized compounds was confirmed using multi-spectroscopic techniques. The results of this study will be a valuable addition to the growing body of work on plastic recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A. Al Otaibi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Hail, Ha’il 81451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdulmohsen Khalaf Dhahi Alsukaibi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Hail, Ha’il 81451, Saudi Arabia;
- Correspondence: (A.K.D.A.); (M.A.R.); (A.H.)
| | - Md. Ataur Rahman
- Experimental Research Building, Department of Chemistry, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 129188, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence: (A.K.D.A.); (M.A.R.); (A.H.)
| | - Md. Mushtaque
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Molecular Sciences, Al-Falah University, Dhauj, Faridabad 121004, India;
| | - Ashanul Haque
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Hail, Ha’il 81451, Saudi Arabia;
- Correspondence: (A.K.D.A.); (M.A.R.); (A.H.)
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Yao H, Yan D, Lu X, Zhou Q, Bao Y, Xu J. Solubility determination and thermodynamic modeling of bis-2-hydroxyethyl terephthalate (BHET) in different solvents. Chin J Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2021.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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44
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Lu H, Diaz DJ, Czarnecki NJ, Zhu C, Kim W, Shroff R, Acosta DJ, Alexander BR, Cole HO, Zhang Y, Lynd NA, Ellington AD, Alper HS. Machine learning-aided engineering of hydrolases for PET depolymerization. Nature 2022; 604:662-667. [PMID: 35478237 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04599-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 132.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Plastic waste poses an ecological challenge1-3 and enzymatic degradation offers one, potentially green and scalable, route for polyesters waste recycling4. Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) accounts for 12% of global solid waste5, and a circular carbon economy for PET is theoretically attainable through rapid enzymatic depolymerization followed by repolymerization or conversion/valorization into other products6-10. Application of PET hydrolases, however, has been hampered by their lack of robustness to pH and temperature ranges, slow reaction rates and inability to directly use untreated postconsumer plastics11. Here, we use a structure-based, machine learning algorithm to engineer a robust and active PET hydrolase. Our mutant and scaffold combination (FAST-PETase: functional, active, stable and tolerant PETase) contains five mutations compared to wild-type PETase (N233K/R224Q/S121E from prediction and D186H/R280A from scaffold) and shows superior PET-hydrolytic activity relative to both wild-type and engineered alternatives12 between 30 and 50 °C and a range of pH levels. We demonstrate that untreated, postconsumer-PET from 51 different thermoformed products can all be almost completely degraded by FAST-PETase in 1 week. FAST-PETase can also depolymerize untreated, amorphous portions of a commercial water bottle and an entire thermally pretreated water bottle at 50 ºC. Finally, we demonstrate a closed-loop PET recycling process by using FAST-PETase and resynthesizing PET from the recovered monomers. Collectively, our results demonstrate a viable route for enzymatic plastic recycling at the industrial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyuan Lu
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Daniel J Diaz
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Natalie J Czarnecki
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Congzhi Zhu
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Wantae Kim
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Raghav Shroff
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.,DEVCOM ARL-South, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Daniel J Acosta
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Bradley R Alexander
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Hannah O Cole
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Nathaniel A Lynd
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Andrew D Ellington
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Hal S Alper
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
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45
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Payne JM, Kamran M, Davidson MG, Jones MD. Versatile Chemical Recycling Strategies: Value-Added Chemicals from Polyester and Polycarbonate Waste. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202200255. [PMID: 35114081 PMCID: PMC9306953 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202200255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ZnII -complexes bearing half-salan ligands were exploited in the mild and selective chemical upcycling of various commercial polyesters and polycarbonates. Remarkably, we report the first example of discrete metal-mediated poly(bisphenol A carbonate) (BPA-PC) methanolysis being appreciably active at room temperature. Indeed, Zn(2)2 and Zn(2)Et achieved complete BPA-PC consumption within 12-18 mins in 2-Me-THF, noting high bisphenol A (BPA) yields (SBPA =85-91 %) within 2-4 h. Further kinetic analysis found such catalysts to possess kapp values of 0.28±0.040 and 0.47±0.049 min-1 respectively at 4 wt%, the highest reported to date. A completely circular upcycling approach to plastic waste was demonstrated through the production of several renewable poly(ester-amide)s (PEAs), based on a terephthalamide monomer derived from bottle-grade poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), which exhibited excellent thermal properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack M. Payne
- Centre for Sustainable and Circular TechnologiesUniversity of BathClaverton DownBathBA2 7AYUnited Kingdom
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BathClaverton DownBathBA2 7AYUnited Kingdom
| | - Muhammad Kamran
- Centre for Sustainable and Circular TechnologiesUniversity of BathClaverton DownBathBA2 7AYUnited Kingdom
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BathClaverton DownBathBA2 7AYUnited Kingdom
| | - Matthew G. Davidson
- Centre for Sustainable and Circular TechnologiesUniversity of BathClaverton DownBathBA2 7AYUnited Kingdom
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BathClaverton DownBathBA2 7AYUnited Kingdom
| | - Matthew D. Jones
- Centre for Sustainable and Circular TechnologiesUniversity of BathClaverton DownBathBA2 7AYUnited Kingdom
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BathClaverton DownBathBA2 7AYUnited Kingdom
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46
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Lei D, Sun XL, Hu S, Cheng H, Chen Q, Qian Q, Xiao Q, Cao C, Xiao L, Huang B. Rapid Glycolysis of Waste Polyethylene Terephthalate Fibers via a Stepwise Feeding Process. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c05022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Lei
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Xiao-Li Sun
- Engineering Research Center of Polymer Green Recycling of Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350007, China
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007 Fujian, China
| | - Shasha Hu
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Huibin Cheng
- Engineering Research Center of Polymer Green Recycling of Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Qinghua Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Polymer Green Recycling of Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350007, China
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007 Fujian, China
| | - Qingrong Qian
- Engineering Research Center of Polymer Green Recycling of Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350007, China
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007 Fujian, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Qiao Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Changlin Cao
- Engineering Research Center of Polymer Green Recycling of Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350007, China
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007 Fujian, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Lireng Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Baoquan Huang
- Engineering Research Center of Polymer Green Recycling of Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350007, China
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007 Fujian, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, Fuzhou 350007, China
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47
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Jiang Z, Yan D, Xin J, Li F, Guo M, Zhou Q, Xu J, Hu Y, Lu X. Poly(ionic liquid)s as efficient and recyclable catalysts for methanolysis of PET. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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48
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Kratish Y, Marks TJ. Efficient Polyester Hydrogenolytic Deconstruction via Tandem Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202112576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yosi Kratish
- Department of Chemistry and the Institute for Catalysis in Energy Processes (ICEP) Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 3113 USA
| | - Tobin J. Marks
- Department of Chemistry and the Institute for Catalysis in Energy Processes (ICEP) Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 3113 USA
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49
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Kim Y, Kim M, Hwang J, Im E, Moon GD. Optimizing PET Glycolysis with an Oyster Shell-Derived Catalyst Using Response Surface Methodology. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14040656. [PMID: 35215568 PMCID: PMC8877978 DOI: 10.3390/polym14040656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste was depolymerized into bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET) through glycolysis with the aid of oyster shell-derived catalysts. The equilibrium yield of BHET was as high as 68.6% under the reaction conditions of mass ratios (EG to PET = 5, catalyst to PET = 0.01) at 195 °C for 1 h. Although biomass-derived Ca-based catalysts were used for PET glycolysis to obtain BHET monomers, no statistical analysis was performed to optimize the reaction conditions. Thus, in this study, we applied response surface methodology (RSM) based on three-factor Box–Behnken design (BBD) to investigate the optimal conditions for glycolysis by analyzing the independent and interactive effects of the factors, respectively. Three independent factors of interest include reaction time, temperature, and mass ratio of catalyst to PET under a fixed amount of ethylene glycol (mass ratio of EG to PET = 5) due to the saturation of the yield above the mass ratio. The quadratic regression equation was calculated for predicting the yield of BHET, which was in good agreement with the experimental data (R2 = 0.989). The contour and response surface plots showed the interaction effect between three variables and the BHET yield with the maximum average yield of monomer (64.98%) under reaction conditions of 1 wt% of mass ratio (catalyst to PET), 195 °C, and 45 min. Both the experimental results and the analyses of the response surfaces revealed that the interaction effects of reaction temperature vs. time and temperature vs. mass ratio of the catalyst to the PET were more prominent in comparison to reaction time vs. mass ratio of the catalyst to the PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghwan Kim
- Department of Advanced Materials R&D Center, Dae-Il Corporation (DIC), Ulsan 44914, Korea; (Y.K.); (J.H.)
| | - Minjun Kim
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Saitama 351-0198, Japan;
| | - Jeongwook Hwang
- Department of Advanced Materials R&D Center, Dae-Il Corporation (DIC), Ulsan 44914, Korea; (Y.K.); (J.H.)
| | - Eunmi Im
- Dongnam Division, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Busan 46938, Korea;
| | - Geon Dae Moon
- Dongnam Division, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Busan 46938, Korea;
- Correspondence:
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50
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Yao H, Liu L, Yan D, Zhou Q, Xin J, Lu X, Zhang S. Colorless BHET obtained from PET by modified mesoporous catalyst ZnO/SBA-15. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2021.117109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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