1
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Mariani A, Malucelli G. Polymer Hydrogels and Frontal Polymerization: A Winning Coupling. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4242. [PMID: 37959922 PMCID: PMC10647350 DOI: 10.3390/polym15214242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymer hydrogels are 3D networks consisting of hydrophilic crosslinked macromolecular chains, allowing them to swell and retain water. Since their invention in the 1960s, they have become an outstanding pillar in the design, development, and application of engineered polymer systems suitable for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications (such as drug or cell delivery, the regeneration of hard and soft tissues, wound healing, and bleeding prevention, among others). Despite several well-established synthetic routes for developing polymer hydrogels based on batch polymerization techniques, about fifteen years ago, researchers started to look for alternative methods involving simpler reaction paths, shorter reaction times, and lower energy consumption. In this context, frontal polymerization (FP) has undoubtedly become an alternative and efficient reaction model that allows for the conversion of monomers into polymers via a localized and propagating reaction-by means of exploiting the formation and propagation of a "hot" polymerization front-able to self-sustain and propagate throughout the monomeric mixture. Therefore, the present work aims to summarize the main research outcomes achieved during the last few years concerning the design, preparation, and application of FP-derived polymeric hydrogels, demonstrating the feasibility of this technique for the obtainment of functional 3D networks and providing the reader with some perspectives for the forthcoming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Mariani
- Department of Chemical, Physical, Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali, INSTM, Via Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Giulio Malucelli
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali, INSTM, Via Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Viale Teresa Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
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2
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Suslick BA, Hemmer J, Groce BR, Stawiasz KJ, Geubelle PH, Malucelli G, Mariani A, Moore JS, Pojman JA, Sottos NR. Frontal Polymerizations: From Chemical Perspectives to Macroscopic Properties and Applications. Chem Rev 2023; 123:3237-3298. [PMID: 36827528 PMCID: PMC10037337 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and processing of most thermoplastics and thermoset polymeric materials rely on energy-inefficient and environmentally burdensome manufacturing methods. Frontal polymerization is an attractive, scalable alternative due to its exploitation of polymerization heat that is generally wasted and unutilized. The only external energy needed for frontal polymerization is an initial thermal (or photo) stimulus that locally ignites the reaction. The subsequent reaction exothermicity provides local heating; the transport of this thermal energy to neighboring monomers in either a liquid or gel-like state results in a self-perpetuating reaction zone that provides fully cured thermosets and thermoplastics. Propagation of this polymerization front continues through the unreacted monomer media until either all reactants are consumed or sufficient heat loss stalls further reaction. Several different polymerization mechanisms support frontal processes, including free-radical, cat- or anionic, amine-cure epoxides, and ring-opening metathesis polymerization. The choice of monomer, initiator/catalyst, and additives dictates how fast the polymer front traverses the reactant medium, as well as the maximum temperature achievable. Numerous applications of frontally generated materials exist, ranging from porous substrate reinforcement to fabrication of patterned composites. In this review, we examine in detail the physical and chemical phenomena that govern frontal polymerization, as well as outline the existing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Suslick
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Julie Hemmer
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Brecklyn R Groce
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 United States
| | - Katherine J Stawiasz
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Philippe H Geubelle
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Giulio Malucelli
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Alberto Mariani
- Department of Chemical, Physical, Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Jeffrey S Moore
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - John A Pojman
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 United States
| | - Nancy R Sottos
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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3
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Gao Y, Paul JE, Chen M, Hong L, Chamorro LP, Sottos NR, Geubelle PH. Buoyancy-Induced Convection Driven by Frontal Polymerization. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:028101. [PMID: 36706389 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.028101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, we study the interaction between a self-sustaining exothermic reaction front propagating in a direction perpendicular to that of gravity and the buoyancy-driven convective flow during frontal polymerization (FP) of a low-viscosity monomer resin. As the polymerization front transforms the liquid monomer into the solid polymer, the large thermal gradients associated with the propagating front sustain a natural convection of the fluid ahead of the front. The fluid convection in turn affects the reaction-diffusion (RD) dynamics and the shape of the front. Detailed multiphysics numerical analyses and particle image velocimetry experiments reveal this coupling between natural convection and frontal polymerization. The frontal Rayleigh (Ra) number affects the magnitude of the velocity field and the inclination of the front. A higher Ra number drives instability during FP, leading to the observation of thermal-chemical patterns with tunable wavelengths and magnitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Gao
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - J E Paul
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - M Chen
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - L Hong
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - L P Chamorro
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - N R Sottos
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - P H Geubelle
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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4
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Liu H, Taylor AF. Influence of Oxygen on Chemoconvective Patterns in the Iodine Clock Reaction. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:10136-10145. [PMID: 36416799 PMCID: PMC9743209 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c04682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing interest in using chemical clock reactions to drive material formation; however, these reactions are often subject to chemoconvective effects, and control of such systems remains challenging. Here, we show how the transfer of oxygen at the air-water interface plays a crucial role in the spatiotemporal behavior of the iodine clock reaction with sulfite. A kinetic model was developed to demonstrate how the reaction of oxygen with sulfite can control a switch from a low-iodine to high-iodine state under well-stirred conditions and drive the formation of transient iodine gradients in unstirred solutions. In experiments in thin layers with optimal depths, the reaction couples with convective instability at the air-water interface forming an extended network-like structure of iodine at the surface that develops into a spotted pattern at the base of the layer. Thus, oxygen drives the spatial separation of iodine states essential for patterns in this system and may influence pattern selection in other clock reaction systems with sulfite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haimiao Liu
- School
of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou221116, China
| | - Annette F. Taylor
- Chemical
and Biological Engineering, University of
Sheffield, SheffieldS1 3JD, U.K.,
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5
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Development of periodic colored bands via frontal polymerization. J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2022.100721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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6
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Gary DP, Ngo D, Bui A, Pojman JA. Charge transfer complexes as dual thermal/photo initiators for
free‐radical
frontal polymerization. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P. Gary
- Department of Chemistry and the Macromolecular Studies Group Louisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana USA
| | - Douglas Ngo
- Department of Chemistry and the Macromolecular Studies Group Louisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana USA
| | - Amber Bui
- Department of Chemistry and the Macromolecular Studies Group Louisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana USA
| | - John A. Pojman
- Department of Chemistry and the Macromolecular Studies Group Louisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana USA
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7
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Gao Y, Dearborn MA, Vyas S, Kumar A, Hemmer J, Wang Z, Wu Q, Alshangiti O, Moore JS, Esser-Kahn AP, Geubelle PH. Manipulating Frontal Polymerization and Instabilities with Phase-Changing Microparticles. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:7537-7545. [PMID: 34228929 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c03899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recently presented as a rapid and eco-friendly manufacturing method for thermoset polymers and composites, frontal polymerization (FP) experiences thermo-chemical instabilities under certain conditions, leading to visible patterns and spatially dependent material properties. Through numerical analyses and experiments, we demonstrate how the front velocity, temperature, and instability in the frontal polymerization of cyclooctadiene are affected by the presence of poly(caprolactone) microparticles homogeneously mixed with the resin. The phase transformation associated with the melting of the microparticles absorbs some of the exothermic reaction energy generated by the FP, reduces the amplitude and order of the thermal instabilities, and suppresses the front velocity and temperatures. Experimental measurements validate predictions of the dependence of the front velocity and temperature on the microparticle volume fraction provided by the proposed homogenized reaction-diffusion model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- Beckman Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Mason A Dearborn
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Sagar Vyas
- Beckman Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Aditya Kumar
- Beckman Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Julie Hemmer
- Beckman Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Zhao Wang
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Qiong Wu
- Beckman Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Omar Alshangiti
- Beckman Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jeffrey S Moore
- Beckman Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Aaron P Esser-Kahn
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Philippe H Geubelle
- Beckman Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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8
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Ivanoff DG, Sung J, Butikofer SM, Moore JS, Sottos NR. Cross-Linking Agents for Enhanced Performance of Thermosets Prepared via Frontal Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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9
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Gary DP, Bynum S, Thompson BD, Groce BR, Sagona A, Hoffman IM, Morejon‐Garcia C, Weber C, Pojman JA. Thermal transport and chemical effects of fillers on
free‐radical
frontal polymerization. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20200323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P. Gary
- Department of Chemistry and the Macromolecular Studies GroupLouisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana USA
| | - Samuel Bynum
- Department of Chemistry and the Macromolecular Studies GroupLouisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana USA
| | - Baylen D. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and the Macromolecular Studies GroupLouisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana USA
| | - Brecklyn R. Groce
- Department of Chemistry and the Macromolecular Studies GroupLouisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana USA
| | - Anthony Sagona
- Department of Chemistry and the Macromolecular Studies GroupLouisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana USA
| | - Imogen M. Hoffman
- Department of Chemistry and the Macromolecular Studies GroupLouisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana USA
| | - Catherine Morejon‐Garcia
- Department of Chemistry and the Macromolecular Studies GroupLouisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana USA
| | - Corey Weber
- Department of Chemistry and the Macromolecular Studies GroupLouisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana USA
| | - John A. Pojman
- Department of Chemistry and the Macromolecular Studies GroupLouisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana USA
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10
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Carrasco-Huertas G, Jiménez-Riobóo RJ, Gutiérrez MC, Ferrer ML, del Monte F. Carbon and carbon composites obtained using deep eutectic solvents and aqueous dilutions thereof. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:3592-3604. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc00681e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Extending the “all-in-one” features of DESs to DES/H2O binary mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaspar Carrasco-Huertas
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM)
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
- Cantoblanco 28049
- Spain
| | - Rafael J. Jiménez-Riobóo
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM)
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
- Cantoblanco 28049
- Spain
| | - María Concepción Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM)
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
- Cantoblanco 28049
- Spain
| | - María Luisa Ferrer
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM)
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
- Cantoblanco 28049
- Spain
| | - Francisco del Monte
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM)
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
- Cantoblanco 28049
- Spain
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11
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Datta P, Efimenko K, Genzer J. Thermally driven directional free-radical polymerization in confined channels. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py01550c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report on the formation of poly(acrylamide) (PAAm) with a relatively-narrow molecular weight distribution (MWD) by means of thermally-driven directional free-radical polymerization carried out in polymerization chambers featuring two parallel glass walls separated by various distances, ranging from sub-millimeter to a few millimeters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeta Datta
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
| | - Kirill Efimenko
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
| | - Jan Genzer
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
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12
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Ruelas Paredes DRA, Vasquez DA. Convection induced by thermal gradients on thin reaction fronts. Phys Rev E 2018; 96:033116. [PMID: 29346926 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.96.033116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We present a thin front model for the propagation of chemical reaction fronts in liquids inside a Hele-Shaw cell or porous media. In this model we take into account density gradients due to thermal and compositional changes across a thin interface. The front separating reacted from unreacted fluids evolves following an eikonal relation between the normal speed and the curvature. We carry out a linear stability analysis of convectionless flat fronts confined in a two-dimensional rectangular domain. We find that all fronts are stable to perturbations of short wavelength, but they become unstable for some wavelengths depending on the values of compositional and thermal gradients. If the effects of these gradients oppose each other, we observe a range of wavelengths that make the flat front unstable. Numerical solutions of the nonlinear model show curved fronts of steady shape with convection propagating faster than flat fronts. Exothermic fronts increase the temperature of the fluid as they propagate through the domain. This increment in temperature decreases with increasing speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R A Ruelas Paredes
- Departamento de Ciencias, Sección Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú Av. Universitaria 1801, San Miguel, Lima 32, Peru
| | - Desiderio A Vasquez
- Departamento de Ciencias, Sección Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú Av. Universitaria 1801, San Miguel, Lima 32, Peru.,Department of Physics, Indiana University Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, Indiana 46805, USA
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13
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Fazende KF, Phachansitthi M, Mota-Morales JD, Pojman JA. Frontal Polymerization of Deep Eutectic Solvents Composed of Acrylic and Methacrylic Acids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kylee F. Fazende
- Department of Chemistry; 232 Choppin Hall, Louisiana State University; Baton Rouge Louisiana 70803
| | - Manysa Phachansitthi
- Department of Chemistry; 232 Choppin Hall, Louisiana State University; Baton Rouge Louisiana 70803
| | - Josué D. Mota-Morales
- Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla No. 3001; Querétaro QRO 76230 México
| | - John A. Pojman
- Department of Chemistry; 232 Choppin Hall, Louisiana State University; Baton Rouge Louisiana 70803
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14
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Nuvoli L, Sanna D, Alzari V, Nuvoli D, Sanna V, Malfatti L, Mariani A. Double responsive copolymer hydrogels prepared by frontal polymerization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Nuvoli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia; Università di Sassari, and local INSTM Unit; via Vienna 2 Sassari 07100 Italy
| | - Davide Sanna
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia; Università di Sassari, and local INSTM Unit; via Vienna 2 Sassari 07100 Italy
| | - Valeria Alzari
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia; Università di Sassari, and local INSTM Unit; via Vienna 2 Sassari 07100 Italy
| | - Daniele Nuvoli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia; Università di Sassari, and local INSTM Unit; via Vienna 2 Sassari 07100 Italy
| | - Vanna Sanna
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia; Università di Sassari, and local INSTM Unit; via Vienna 2 Sassari 07100 Italy
| | - Luca Malfatti
- DADU, Lab Sci Mat & Nanotecnol, Università di Sassari, and local INSTM Unit; Piazza Duomo 6 Alghero Sassari 07041 Italy
| | - Alberto Mariani
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia; Università di Sassari, and local INSTM Unit; via Vienna 2 Sassari 07100 Italy
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15
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Budroni MA. Cross-diffusion-driven hydrodynamic instabilities in a double-layer system: General classification and nonlinear simulations. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2015; 92:063007. [PMID: 26764804 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.92.063007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Cross diffusion, whereby a flux of a given species entrains the diffusive transport of another species, can trigger buoyancy-driven hydrodynamic instabilities at the interface of initially stable stratifications. Starting from a simple three-component case, we introduce a theoretical framework to classify cross-diffusion-induced hydrodynamic phenomena in two-layer stratifications under the action of the gravitational field. A cross-diffusion-convection (CDC) model is derived by coupling the fickian diffusion formalism to Stokes equations. In order to isolate the effect of cross-diffusion in the convective destabilization of a double-layer system, we impose a starting concentration jump of one species in the bottom layer while the other one is homogeneously distributed over the spatial domain. This initial configuration avoids the concurrence of classic Rayleigh-Taylor or differential-diffusion convective instabilities, and it also allows us to activate selectively the cross-diffusion feedback by which the heterogeneously distributed species influences the diffusive transport of the other species. We identify two types of hydrodynamic modes [the negative cross-diffusion-driven convection (NCC) and the positive cross-diffusion-driven convection (PCC)], corresponding to the sign of this operational cross-diffusion term. By studying the space-time density profiles along the gravitational axis we obtain analytical conditions for the onset of convection in terms of two important parameters only: the operational cross-diffusivity and the buoyancy ratio, giving the relative contribution of the two species to the global density. The general classification of the NCC and PCC scenarios in such parameter space is supported by numerical simulations of the fully nonlinear CDC problem. The resulting convective patterns compare favorably with recent experimental results found in microemulsion systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Budroni
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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16
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Hennessy MG, Vitale A, Cabral JT, Matar OK. Role of heat generation and thermal diffusion during frontal photopolymerization. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2015; 92:022403. [PMID: 26382412 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.92.022403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Frontal photopolymerization (FPP) is a rapid and versatile solidification process that can be used to fabricate complex three-dimensional structures by selectively exposing a photosensitive monomer-rich bath to light. A characteristic feature of FPP is the appearance of a sharp polymerization front that propagates into the bath as a planar traveling wave. In this paper, we introduce a theoretical model to determine how heat generation during photopolymerization influences the kinetics of wave propagation as well as the monomer-to-polymer conversion profile, both of which are relevant for FPP applications and experimentally measurable. When thermal diffusion is sufficiently fast relative to the rate of polymerization, the system evolves as if it were isothermal. However, when thermal diffusion is slow, a thermal wavefront develops and propagates at the same rate as the polymerization front. This leads to an accumulation of heat behind the polymerization front which can result in a significant sharpening of the conversion profile and acceleration of the growth of the solid. Our results also suggest that a novel way to tailor the dynamics of FPP is by imposing a temperature gradient along the growth direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Hennessy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandra Vitale
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - João T Cabral
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Omar K Matar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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17
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Li Y, Yang S, Wang CF, Chen S. Facile synthesis of poly(DMC-co-HPA) hydrogels via infrared laser ignited frontal polymerization and their adsorption-desorption switching performance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.27701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Nanjing Tech University; Nanjing 210009 People's Republic of China
| | - Shengyang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Nanjing Tech University; Nanjing 210009 People's Republic of China
| | - Cai-Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Nanjing Tech University; Nanjing 210009 People's Republic of China
| | - Su Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Nanjing Tech University; Nanjing 210009 People's Republic of China
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18
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Hennessy MG, Vitale A, Matar OK, Cabral JT. Controlling frontal photopolymerization with optical attenuation and mass diffusion. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2015; 91:062402. [PMID: 26172720 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.91.062402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Frontal photopolymerization (FPP) is a versatile directional solidification process that can be used to rapidly fabricate polymer network materials by selectively exposing a photosensitive monomer bath to light. A characteristic feature of FPP is that the monomer-to-polymer conversion profiles take on the form of traveling waves that propagate into the unpolymerized bulk from the illuminated surface. Practical implementations of FPP require detailed knowledge about the conversion profile and speed of these traveling waves. The purpose of this theoretical study is to (i) determine the conditions under which FPP occurs and (ii) explore how optical attenuation and mass transport can be used to finely tune the conversion profile and propagation kinetics. Our findings quantify the strong optical attenuation and slow mass transport relative to the rate of polymerization required for FPP. The shape of the traveling wave is primarily controlled by the magnitude of the optical attenuation coefficients of the neat and polymerized material. Unexpectedly, we find that mass diffusion can increase the net extent of polymerization and accelerate the growth of the solid network. The theoretical predictions are found to be in excellent agreement with experimental data acquired for representative systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Hennessy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandra Vitale
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Omar K Matar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - João T Cabral
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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19
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Grinyuk EV, Duk OG, Sheresh IV, Krul’ LP. Preparation of copolymers of acrylamide and 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid by frontal polymerization. RUSS J APPL CHEM+ 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070427214120192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Nuvoli D, Alzari V, Pojman JA, Sanna V, Ruiu A, Sanna D, Malucelli G, Mariani A. Synthesis and characterization of functionally gradient materials obtained by frontal polymerization. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:3600-3606. [PMID: 25611548 DOI: 10.1021/am507725k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Functionally gradient materials (FGMs) with gradual and continuous changes of their properties in one or more dimensions are useful in a wide range of applications. However, obtaining such materials with accurate control of the gradient, especially when the gradient is nonlinear, is not easy. In this work, frontal polymerization (FP) was exploited to synthesize polymeric FGMs. We demonstrated that the use of ascending FP with continuous feeding of monomers with computer-controlled peristaltic pumps provided an excellent method for the preparation of functionally gradient materials with programmed gradients. To test the effectiveness of the method, copolymers made from triethylene glycol dimethacrylate/hexyl methacrylate with linear and hyperbolic gradient in composition were synthesized. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Shore A hardness measurements, compression tests, and swelling studies were performed along the length of the materials to assess the relationship between the gradients and the material properties. Glass transition temperatures, determined by DSC, showed a linear dependence on the composition and were in agreement with theoretical values. The other properties showed different and specific behaviors as a function of the compositional gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Nuvoli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Sassari , Local INSTM Unit, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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21
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del Monte F, Carriazo D, Serrano MC, Gutiérrez MC, Ferrer ML. Deep eutectic solvents in polymerizations: a greener alternative to conventional syntheses. CHEMSUSCHEM 2014; 7:999-1009. [PMID: 24376090 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201300864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The use of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) that act as all-in-one solvent-template-reactant systems offers an interesting green alternative to conventional syntheses in materials science. This Review aims to provide a comprehensive overview to emphasize the similarities and discrepancies between DES-assisted and conventional syntheses and rationalize certain green features that are common for the three DES-assisted syntheses described herein: one case of radical polymerization and two cases of polycondensations. For instance, DESs contain the precursor itself and some additional components that either provide certain functionality (e.g., drug delivery and controlled release, or electrical conductivity) to the resulting materials or direct their formation with a particular structure (e.g., hierarchical-type). Moreover, DESs provide a reaction medium, so polymerizations are ultimately carried out in a solventless fashion. This means that DES-assisted syntheses match green chemistry principles 2 and 5 because of the economy of reagents and solvents, whereas the functionality incorporated by the second component allows the need for any post-synthesis derivatization to be minimized or even fully avoided (principle 8). DESs also provide new precursors that favor more efficient polymerization (principle 6) by decreasing the energy input required for reaction progress. Finally, the use of mild reaction conditions in combination with the compositional versatility of DESs, which allows low-toxic components to be selected, is also of interest from the viewpoint of green chemistry because it opens up the way to design biocompatible and/or eco-friendly synthetic methods (principle 3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco del Monte
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid (Spain).
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22
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Rongy L, Assemat P, De Wit A. Marangoni-driven convection around exothermic autocatalytic chemical fronts in free-surface solution layers. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 2012; 22:037106. [PMID: 23020497 DOI: 10.1063/1.4747711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Gradients of concentration and temperature across exothermic chemical fronts propagating in free-surface solution layers can initiate Marangoni-driven convection. We investigate here the dynamics arising from such a coupling between exothermic autocatalytic reactions, diffusion, and Marangoni-driven flows. To this end, we numerically integrate the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations coupled through the tangential stress balance to evolution equations for the concentration of the autocatalytic product and for the temperature. A solutal and a thermal Marangoni numbers measure the coupling between reaction-diffusion processes and surface-driven convection. In the case of an isothermal system, the asymptotic dynamics is characterized by a steady fluid vortex traveling at a constant speed with the front, deforming and accelerating it [L. Rongy and A. De Wit, J. Chem. Phys. 124, 164705 (2006)]. We analyze here the influence of the reaction exothermicity on the dynamics of the system in both cases of cooperative and competitive solutal and thermal effects. We show that exothermic fronts can exhibit new unsteady spatio-temporal dynamics when the solutal and thermal effects are antagonistic. The influence of the solutal and thermal Marangoni numbers, of the Lewis number (ratio of thermal diffusivity over molecular diffusivity), and of the height of the liquid layer on the spatio-temporal front evolution are investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Rongy
- Nonlinear Physical Chemistry Unit, Service de Chimie Physique et Biologie Théorique, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), CP 231, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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23
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Sanna R, Sanna D, Alzari V, Nuvoli D, Scognamillo S, Piccinini M, Lazzari M, Gioffredi E, Malucelli G, Mariani A. Synthesis and characterization of graphene-containing thermoresponsive nanocomposite hydrogels of poly(N
-vinylcaprolactam) prepared by frontal polymerization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.26215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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24
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Datta P, Efimenko K, Genzer J. The effect of confinement on thermal frontal polymerization. Polym Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py20640d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Carriazo D, Serrano MC, Gutiérrez MC, Ferrer ML, del Monte F. Deep-eutectic solvents playing multiple roles in the synthesis of polymers and related materials. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:4996-5014. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cs15353j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 511] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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26
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Almarcha C, R'Honi Y, De Decker Y, Trevelyan PMJ, Eckert K, De Wit A. Convective mixing induced by acid-base reactions. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:9739-44. [PMID: 21793552 DOI: 10.1021/jp202201e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
When two miscible solutions, each containing a reactive species, are put in contact in the gravity field, local variations in the density due to the reaction can induce convective motion and mixing. We characterize here both experimentally and theoretically such buoyancy-driven instabilities induced by the neutralization of a strong acid by a strong base in aqueous solutions. The diverse patterns obtained are shown to depend on the type of reactants used and on their relative concentrations. They have their origin in a combination of classical hydrodynamic instabilities including differential diffusion of the solutes involved while temperature effects only play a marginal role.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Almarcha
- IRPHE, UMR 6594, CNRS, Université d'Aix-Marseille 1, 49, rue F. Joliot Curie, 13384 Marseille, France.
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27
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Viner V, Viner G. Effect of Filler Choice on a Binary Frontal Polymerization System. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:6862-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jp112365a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Viner
- United State Navy—Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR), Naval Air Warfare Center, Weapons Division (NAWCWD), Research Department, Chemistry Division, 1900 North Knox Road Stop 6303, China Lake, California 93555, United States
| | - Gloria Viner
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
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28
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Davtyan SP, Berlin AA, Tonoyan AO. Advances and problems of frontal polymerization processes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s207997801101002x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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29
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Mota-Morales JD, Gutiérrez MC, Sanchez IC, Luna-Bárcenas G, del Monte F. Frontal polymerizations carried out in deep-eutectic mixtures providing both the monomers and the polymerization medium. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:5328-30. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc10391a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Asad A, Yang YH, Chai C, Wu JT. Hydrodynamic Instabilities Driven by Acid-base Neutralization Reaction in Immiscible System. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2010. [DOI: 10.1088/1674-0068/23/05/513-520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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31
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Scognamillo S, Alzari V, Nuvoli D, Mariani A. Hybrid organic/inorganic epoxy resins prepared by frontal polymerization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.24263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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32
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Davtyan SP, Berlin AA, Shik K, Tonoyan AO, Rogovina SZ. Polymer nanocomposites with a uniform distribution of nanoparticles in a polymer matrix synthesized by the frontal polymerization technique. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s1995078009070106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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33
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Fang Y, Chen L, Chen S. Facile and quick synthesis of poly(
N
‐methylolacrylamide)/polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane graft copolymer hybrids via frontal polymerization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.23201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Material‐Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, No. 5 Xin Mofan Road, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Material‐Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, No. 5 Xin Mofan Road, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Su Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Material‐Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, No. 5 Xin Mofan Road, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
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34
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Grosfils P, Dubois F, Yourassowsky C, De Wit A. Hot spots revealed by simultaneous experimental measurement of the two-dimensional concentration and temperature fields of an exothermic chemical front during finger-pattern formation. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2009; 79:017301. [PMID: 19257167 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.79.017301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A noninvasive optical technique combining digital interferometry in transmission and transparency measurement of concentration is developed to analyze spatiotemporal dynamics of physicochemical systems. This technique allows one to measure simultaneously the two-dimensional (2D) dynamics of concentration and temperature fields in both reactive and nonreactive systems contained inside a transparent cell. When used to experimentally analyze buoyancy-driven fingering of an exothermic autocatalytic chemical front, this method reveals in the 2D temperature field the presence of hot spots where the temperature locally exceeds the adiabatic one.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Grosfils
- Microgravity Research Center, Chimie Physique E.P. CP 165/62, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F.D. Roosevelt 50, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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35
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Kostarev KG, Svistkov AL, Shmyrov AV. Formation of inhomogeneities in polyacrylamide gel in the course of frontal polymerization. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2008. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x08060151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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36
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Cai X, Chen S, Chen L. Solvent-free free-radical frontal polymerization: A new approach to quickly synthesize poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.22552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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37
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Pujari NS, Inamdar SR, Ambekar JD, Kulkarni BD, Ponrathnam S. Exhaustive Analysis of Frontal Copolymerization of Functionalized Monovinyl and Divinyl Monomers. Chemistry 2007; 13:5862-72. [PMID: 17444545 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200601428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A series of copolymers of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA)/glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and ethylene dimethacrylate (EGDM) were synthesized by frontal polymerization (FP). This study was conducted to investigate the effect of crosslink density, type and concentration of initiator, the use of a complex initiator system, porogen, and diluent on the most relevant parameters of FP, such as sustainability of the front, temperature profile, front velocity, and yield. The products were also characterized for intruded pore volume, pore-size distribution, epoxy-functionality number, and surface morphology. Higher crosslink densities (CLDs) and initiator concentration produced higher front velocities, whereas no trend in front temperature was noted. A complex initiation system was effective in stabilizing and increasing the polymerization yield. Relative to suspension polymerization (SP), FP products synthesized without a solvent were microporous, whereas micro-to-macroporous products were obtained in the presence of a solvent (for HEMA-EGDM polymers). We also present, explain, and discuss the exotic patterns observed under a microscope. We observed two basic types of spatial patterns, namely, planar and nonplanar patterns. The type of planar pattern observed under scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has a spatial impulse that appears as a loop followed by regular periodic motion in the radial and axial directions. This behavior gives rise to a repeating pattern that is a few microns thick. Also, nonplanar patterns, namely, layered concentric rings and winding staircase patterns, were observed under SEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narahari S Pujari
- Polymer Science & Engineering Group, Chemical Engineering and Process Development Division, National Chemical Laboratory, Pashan Road, Pune-411008, India
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38
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D'Hernoncourt J, Zebib A, De Wit A. On the classification of buoyancy-driven chemo-hydrodynamic instabilities of chemical fronts. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 2007; 17:013109. [PMID: 17411245 DOI: 10.1063/1.2405129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Exothermic autocatalytic fronts traveling in the gravity field can be deformed by buoyancy-driven convection due to solutal and thermal contributions to changes in the density of the product versus the reactant solutions. We classify the possible instability mechanisms, such as Rayleigh-Benard, Rayleigh-Taylor, and double-diffusive mechanisms known to operate in such conditions in a parameter space spanned by the corresponding solutal and thermal Rayleigh numbers. We also discuss a counterintuitive instability leading to buoyancy-driven deformation of statically stable fronts across which a solute-light and hot solution lies on top of a solute-heavy and colder one. The mechanism of this chemically driven instability lies in the coupling of a localized reaction zone and of differential diffusion of heat and mass. Dispersion curves of the various cases are analyzed. A discussion of the possible candidates of autocatalytic reactions and experimental conditions necessary to observe the various instability scenarios is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D'Hernoncourt
- Nonlinear Physical Chemistry Unit and Center for Nonlinear Phenomena and Complex Systems, CP 231, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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39
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Synthesis of poly(N-methylolacrylamide)/polymethylacrylamide hybrids via frontal free-radical polymerization. Colloid Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-006-1635-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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40
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Chen L, Hu T, Yu H, Chen S, Pojman JA. First solvent-free synthesis of poly(N-methylolacrylamide) via frontal free-radical polymerization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.22176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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41
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Chen S, Hu T, Tian Y, Chen L, Pojman JA. Facile synthesis of poly(hydroxyethyl acrylate) by frontal free-radical polymerization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.21865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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42
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Shi Y, Eckert K. Acceleration of reaction fronts by hydrodynamic instabilities in immiscible systems. Chem Eng Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2006.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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43
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Hu T, Chen S, Tian Y, Pojman JA, Chen L. Frontal free-radical copolymerization of urethane–acrylates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.21420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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44
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45
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Chen S, Sui J, Chen L, Pojman JA. Polyurethane-nanosilica hybrid nanocomposites synthesized by frontal polymerization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.20628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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46
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Devon R, Rosefigura J, Douthat D, Kudenov J, Maselko J. Complex morphology in a simple chemical system. Chem Commun (Camb) 2005:1678-80. [PMID: 15791296 DOI: 10.1039/b419013k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chemical systems, far from thermodynamic equilibrium, may spontaneously self-construct complex structures mimicking biological structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Devon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alaska, Anchorage, USA
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47
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Pujari NS, Vishwakarma AR, Pathak TS, Mule SA, Ponrathnam S. Frontal copolymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate without porogen: comparison with suspension polymerization. POLYM INT 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.1626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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48
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Gill N, Pojman JA, Willis J, Whitehead JB. Polymer-dispersed liquid-crystal materials fabricated with frontal polymerization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.10566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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49
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Davtyan S, Hambartsumyan A, Davtyan D, Tonoyan A, Hayrapetyan S, Bagyan S, Manukyan L. The structure, rate and stability of autowaves during polymerization of Co metal-complexes with acryl amide. Eur Polym J 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0014-3057(02)00139-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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50
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Bazile M, Nichols HA, Pojman JA, Volpert V. Effect of orientation on thermoset frontal polymerization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.10447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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