1
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Watanabe N, Imoto H, Naka K. Synthesis of a series of octaalkoxy-substituted cage silsesquioxanes catalyzed by zinc acetate. Dalton Trans 2024. [PMID: 38817162 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01008f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Octaalkoxy-substituted polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (8RO-POSS) is an attractive starting material for producing silicone resins. However, polymers derived from 8RO-POSS via the sol-gel process have seldom been reported owing to their synthetic difficulty. In this study, we attempted to use zinc acetate (Zn(OAc)2) as the catalyst for the synthesis of a series of 8RO-POSS from octahydrido-POSS (8H-POSS). The reaction conditions were optimized using heptaisobutyl monohydride-POSS (7iBu1H-POSS) as a model reaction. The desired product was obtained in 96% yield under optimized conditions. The alkoxylation of 8H-POSS was performed using methanol (MeOH), ethanol (EtOH), isopropyl alcohol (i-PrOH), and tert-butyl alcohol (t-BuOH) in the presence of Zn(OAc)2 as the catalyst. Although octamethoxy-POSS (8MeO-POSS) was isolated in the presence of a byproduct, octaethoxy-POSS (8EtO-POSS) and octaisopropoxy-POSS (8iPrO-POSS) were obtained in high yields. The degree of alkoxylation was 55% in the case of using t-BuOH. The structures of 8MeO-POSS, 8EtO-POSS, and 8iPrO-POSS were confirmed by FT-IR, 1H-, and 29Si-NMR and MALDI-TOF-MS analyses. Compared to the random silicate obtained by base-treated tetramethoxysilane (TMOS), base-treated 8EtO-POSS and 8iPrO-POSS showed that the cage structures were maintained even after the formation of condensed silicate structures via a condensation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Watanabe
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan.
- Materials Innovation Lab, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Goshokaido-cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
- JNC Petrochemical Corporation, 5-1, Goikaigan, Ichihara, Chiba 290-8551, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Imoto
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan.
- Materials Innovation Lab, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Goshokaido-cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Kensuke Naka
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan.
- Materials Innovation Lab, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Goshokaido-cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
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2
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Xu T, Xiang W, Ru X, Wang Z, Liu Y, Li N, Xu H, Liu S. Enhancing Stability and Efficiency of Inverted Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells with In-Situ Interfacial Cross-Linked Modifier. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2312237. [PMID: 38363019 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202312237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Inverted inorganic perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is potential as the top cells in tandem configurations, owing to the ideal bandgap, good thermal and light stability of inorganic perovskites. However, challenges such as mismatch of energy levels between charge transport layer and perovskite, significant non-radiative recombination caused by surface defects, and poor water stability have led to the urgent need for further improvement in the performance of inverted inorganic PSCs. Herein, the fabrication of efficient and stable CsPbI3-x Brx PSCs through surface treatment of (3-mercaptopropyl) trimethoxysilane (MPTS), is reported. The silane groups in MPTS can in situ crosslink in the presence of moisture to build a 3-dimensional (3D) network by Si-O-Si bonds, which forms a hydrophobic layer on perovskite surface to inhibit water invasion. Additionally, -SH can strongly interact with the undercoordinated Pb2+ at the perovskite surface, effectively minimizing interfacial charge recombination. Consequently, the efficiency of the inverted inorganic PSCs improves dramatically from 19.0% to 21.0% under 100 mW cm-2 illumination with MPTS treatment. Remarkably, perovskite films with crosslinked MPTS exhibit superior stability when soaking in water. The optimized PSC maintains 91% of its initial efficiency after aging 1000 h in ambient atmosphere, and 86% in 800 h of operational stability testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianfei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Wanchun Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Xiaoning Ru
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
- LONGi Central R&D Institute, LONGi Green Energy Technology Co., Ltd, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710018, China
| | - Zezhang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Yali Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Nan Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Haojie Xu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Shengzhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, iChEM, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
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3
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Roh J, Cho YH, Ahn DJ. Sustainable colorimetric/luminescent sensors enabled by armored lipid nanoparticles. NANO CONVERGENCE 2022; 9:42. [PMID: 36178553 PMCID: PMC9525522 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-022-00335-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we developed a highly stable polymeric vesicle using a nanosilica-armor membrane to achieve a sustainable colorimetric/luminescent response. The silica armor can be grown directly as ~ 5 nm spherical nanoparticles on the surface of the diacetylene (DA) vesicle with liposomal structure. This can be accomplished via the modified Stöber reaction in pure water on a layer of amine linkers deposited on the vesicles. Once formed, the structural stability of the DA vesicles dramatically increased and remained so even in a dried powder form that could be stored for a period of approximately 6 months. Then, redispersed in water, the armored vesicles did not agglomerate because of the electric charge of the silica armor. After polymerization, the polydiacetylene (PDA) vesicles maintained an average of 87.4% their sensing capabilities compared to unstored vesicles. Furthermore, the silica membrane thickness can be controlled by reiteration of the electrostatic layer-by-layer approach and the direct hydrolysis of silica. As the number of silica armor membranes increases, the passage of the stimuli passing through the membranes becomes longer. Consequently, three layers of silica armor gave the PDA vesicles size-selective recognition to filter out external stimuli. These discoveries are expected to have large-scale effects in the chemo- and biosensor fields by applying protective layers to organic nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinkyu Roh
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of South Korea
| | - Yong Ho Cho
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of South Korea
| | - Dong June Ahn
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of South Korea.
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of South Korea.
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4
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Tang T, Han C, Deng J, Luo G. Controllable preparation of thio-functionalized composite polysilsesquioxane microspheres in a microreaction system. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2022.103578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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5
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Guo S, Liu Q, Dong H, Qu Z, Wu C. Preparation of
MT
‐type polysiloxane containing active vinyl groups with low hydroxyl group content. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shiping Guo
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou China
| | - Qingyue Liu
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou China
| | - Hong Dong
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou China
| | - Zhirong Qu
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou China
| | - Chuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou China
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6
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Huang Y, Guo M, Tan J, Feng S. Impact of Molecular Architecture on Surface Properties and Aqueous Stabilities of Silicone-Based Carboxylate Surfactants. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:2023-2029. [PMID: 32027137 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Silicone surfactants consist of siloxane or carbosilane hydrophobic groups that possess better surface activity compared with alkane surfactants. The surfactants, containing Si atoms which bring excellent bond flexibility and low cohesive energy properties are a promising class of materials for unique surface working, but there are few studies to elaborate their surface activity mechanism with regard to the molecular architecture. Herein, two novel carboxylate surfactants with different silicone hydrophobic groups (Si-O-Si and Si-C-Si) were synthesized and their surface activities, aggregate behaviors, and solution stabilities were systematically investigated. Results showed that both surfactants had excellent surface activities which are attributed to the hydrophobic structure of silicone. The hydrolysis resistance of the carbosilane-based carboxylate surfactant was better than that of the siloxane-based carboxylate surfactant. The differences in hydrolysis processes for the surfactants were confirmed by the mass spectrum and kinetic analysis. Meanwhile, the aggregation number of Si-C-Si surfactants was also determined by the fluorescence quenching method for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Huang
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional Aggregated Materials & Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Mengdong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional Aggregated Materials & Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Jinglin Tan
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 332005, PR China
| | - Shengyu Feng
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional Aggregated Materials & Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
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7
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Moriones P, Arzamendi G, Cornejo A, Garrido JJ, Echeverria JC. Comprehensive Kinetics of Hydrolysis of Organotriethoxysilanes by 29Si NMR. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:10364-10371. [PMID: 31711291 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b08910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics of several representative hybrid precursors were studied via 29Si NMR: three alkyl precursors, methyltriethoxysilane, ethyltriethoxysilane, and propyltriethoxysilane; as well as two unsaturated radicals, vinyltriethoxysilane and phenyltriethoxysilane. The reaction rate is related to the chemical shift of 29Si in the NMR spectra, which gives information about the electronic density of the Si atoms and the inductive effects of substituents. The concentration of the precursors decreased exponentially with time, and the intermediate products of hydrolysis and the beginning of the condensation reactions showed curves characteristic of sequential reactions, with a similar distribution of the species as a function of the fractional conversion. For all of the precursors, condensation started when the most hydrolyzed species reached a maximum concentration of 0.30 M, when the precursor had run out. A prediction following the developed mathematical model fits the experimental results in line with a common pathway described by eight parameters.
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8
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Clausen PA, Kofoed-Sørensen V, Nørgaard AW, Sahlgren NM, Jensen KA. Thermogravimetry and Mass Spectrometry of Extractable Organics from Manufactured Nanomaterials for Identification of Potential Coating Components. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E3657. [PMID: 31698885 PMCID: PMC6888238 DOI: 10.3390/ma12223657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Manufactured nanomaterials (MNMs) often have a surface-chemical modification in order to tailor their physicochemical properties, including also powder properties and miscibility. Surface-chemical modifications may influence the toxicological properties of the MNM, but the specific chemistry and extent are rarely described in detail in suppliers' technical data sheets. Chemical and quantitative information on any surface-chemical treatment, coating and functionalization are required for chemicals registration in Europe. Currently there is no globally accepted and documented approach to generate such data. Consequently, there is a continued research need to establish a structured approach to identify and quantify surface-chemical modifications. Here we present a tiered approach starting with screening for mass-loss during heating in a furnace or thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) followed by solvent extraction, and analysis by several mass spectrometry (MS) techniques depending on the target analytes. Thermal treatment was assumed to be able to quantify the amount of organic coating and MS was used to identify the extractable organic coatings after pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) using methanol at 200 °C. Volatile organic compounds in extracts were identified with gas chromatography and MS (GC-MS), non-volatile organic compounds with liquid chromatography MS (LC-MS), and polymeric compounds with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight MS (MALDI-TOF-MS). The approach was demonstrated by analysis of 24 MNM, comprising titanium dioxide, synthetic amorphous silica, graphite, zinc oxide, silver, calcium carbonate, iron oxide, nickel-zinc-iron oxide, and organoclay. In extracts of 14 MNMs a range of organic compounds were identified and the main groups were silanes/siloxanes, fatty acids, fatty acid esters, quaternary ammonium compounds and polymeric compounds. In the remaining 10 MNMs no organic compounds were detected by MS, despite the fact an organic coating was indicated by TGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Axel Clausen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (V.K.-S.); (A.W.N.); (N.M.S.)
| | - Vivi Kofoed-Sørensen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (V.K.-S.); (A.W.N.); (N.M.S.)
| | - Asger W. Nørgaard
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (V.K.-S.); (A.W.N.); (N.M.S.)
- Novo Nordisk, DK-2760 Måløv, Denmark
| | - Nicklas Mønster Sahlgren
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (V.K.-S.); (A.W.N.); (N.M.S.)
| | - Keld Alstrup Jensen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (V.K.-S.); (A.W.N.); (N.M.S.)
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9
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Firmino TR, Riveros JM. An unprecedented gas-phase condensation reaction mediated by a bissilylated chloronium ion intermediate. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj02250a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Gas phase Cl2Si(OH)+ ions undergo an unusual condensation reaction with SiCl4 to yield Cl3SiOSiCl2+ ions that by progressive hydrolysis or solvolysis give rise to a large variety of siloxane type moieties.
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10
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Paterson A, Raja B, Garvey G, Kolhatkar A, Hagström AEV, Kourentzi K, Lee TR, Willson RC. Persistent luminescence strontium aluminate nanoparticles as reporters in lateral flow assays. Anal Chem 2014; 86:9481-8. [PMID: 25247754 PMCID: PMC4188266 DOI: 10.1021/ac5012624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Demand for highly sensitive, robust diagnostics and environmental monitoring methods has led to extensive research in improving reporter technologies. Inorganic phosphorescent materials exhibiting persistent luminescence are commonly found in electroluminescent displays and glowing paints but are not widely used as reporters in diagnostic assays. Persistent luminescence nanoparticles (PLNPs) offer advantages over conventional photoluminescent probes, including the potential for enhanced sensitivity by collecting time-resolved measurements or images with decreased background autofluorescence while eliminating the need for expensive optical hardware, superior resistance to photobleaching, amenability to quantitation, and facile bioconjugation schemes. We isolated rare-earth doped strontium aluminate PLNPs from larger-particle commercial materials by wet milling and differential sedimentation and water-stabilized the particles by silica encapsulation using a modified Stöber process. Surface treatment with aldehyde silane followed by reductive amination with heterobifunctional amine-poly(ethylene glycol)-carboxyl allowed covalent attachment of proteins to the particles using standard carbodiimide chemistry. NeutrAvidin PLNPs were used in lateral flow assays (LFAs) with biotinylated lysozyme as a model analyte in buffer and monoclonal anti-lysozyme HyHEL-5 antibodies at the test line. Preliminary experiments revealed a limit of detection below 100 pg/mL using the NeutrAvidin PLNPs, which was approximately an order of magnitude more sensitive than colloidal gold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew
S. Paterson
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Balakrishnan Raja
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Gavin Garvey
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Arati Kolhatkar
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Anna E. V. Hagström
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Katerina Kourentzi
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - T. Randall Lee
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Richard C. Willson
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
- Department
of Biology and Biochemistry, University
of Houston, Houston, Texas 77004, United
States
- Centro
de Biotecnología FEMSA, Tecnológico
de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64849, Mexico
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11
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Besselink R, ten Elshof JE. Mass-fractal growth in niobia/silsesquioxane mixtures: a small-angle X-ray scattering study. J Appl Crystallogr 2014; 47:1606-1613. [PMID: 25294980 PMCID: PMC4180739 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576714017105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleation and growth of niobium pentaethoxide (NPE)-derived clusters in ethanol, through acid-catalyzed hydrolysis/condensation in the presence and absence of the silsesquioxane 1,2-bis(triethoxysilyl)ethane (BTESE), was monitored at 298-333 K by small-angle X-ray scattering. The data were analyzed with a newly derived model for polydisperse mass-fractal-like structures. At 298-313 K in the absence of BTESE the data indicated the development of relatively monodisperse NPE-derived structures with self-preserving polydispersity during growth. The growth exponent was consistent with irreversible diffusion-limited cluster agglomeration. At 333 K the growth exponent was characteristic for fast-gelling reaction-limited cluster agglomeration. The reaction yielded substantially higher degrees of polydispersity. In the presence of BTESE the growth exponents were substantially smaller. The smaller growth exponent in this case is not consistent with irreversible Smoluchowski-type agglomeration. Instead, reversible Lifshitz-Slyozov-type agglomeration seems to be more consistent with the experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogier Besselink
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Johan E. ten Elshof
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands
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12
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Zhai Q, Zhou C, Zhao S, Peng C, Han Y. Kinetic Study of Alkoxysilane Hydrolysis under Acidic Conditions by Fourier Transform Near Infrared Spectroscopy Combined with Partial Least-Squares Model. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie5012195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Zhai
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chuanjian Zhou
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shigui Zhao
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cun Peng
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingchao Han
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People’s Republic of China
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13
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Mao Y, Zhou Y, Wen H, Xie J, Zhang W, Wang J. Morphology-controlled synthesis of large mordenite crystals. NEW J CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3nj01601c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Morphology-controlled synthesis of mordenite is achieved by a facile acidic hydrolysis route, and the three new morphologies obtained include bulky sphere, hexagonal star-like prism and petal shaped crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaming Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Yu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Haimeng Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Jingyan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
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14
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Rathnayake H, Wright N, Patel A, Binion J, McNamara LE, Scardino DJ, Hammer NI. Synthesis and characterization of poly(3-hexylthiophene)-functionalized siloxane nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:3212-3215. [PMID: 23467660 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr34249b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Poly(3-hexylthiophene)-functionalized siloxane nanoparticles were prepared by a modified Stöber method. The photovoltaic performance of P3HT-nanohybrids with C60 derivative PCBM was evaluated. The device made from 1 : 1 blends of P3HT-NPs:PCBM showed reasonably good photovoltaic performance with a power conversion efficiency of 2.5% under standard test conditions (AM 1.5G, 100 mW cm(-2)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemali Rathnayake
- Department of Chemistry, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green KY 42101, USA.
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15
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Bai L, Hu H, Zhang W, Fu J, Lu Z, Liu M, Jiang H, Zhang L, Chen Q, Tan P. Amine/acid catalyzed synthesis of a new silica-aminomethyl pyridine material as a selective adsorbent of copper. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm33831a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Lowe RD, Pellow MA, Stack TDP, Chidsey CED. Deposition of dense siloxane monolayers from water and trimethoxyorganosilane vapor. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:9928-9935. [PMID: 21721567 DOI: 10.1021/la201333y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A convenient, laboratory-scale method for the vapor deposition of dense siloxane monolayers onto oxide substrates was demonstrated. This method was studied and optimized at 110 °C under reduced pressure with the vapor of tetradecyltris(deuteromethoxy)silane, (CD(3)O)(3)Si(CH(2))(13)CH(3), and water from the dehydration of MgSO(4)·7H(2)O. Ellipsometric thicknesses, water contact angles, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and electrochemical capacitance measurements were used to probe monolayer densification. The CD(3) stretching mode in the FTIR spectrum was monitored as a function of the deposition time and amounts of silane and water reactants. This method probed the unhydrolyzed methoxy groups on adsorbed silanes. Excess silane and water were necessary to achieve dense, completely hydrolyzed monolayers. In the presence of sufficient silane, an excess of water above the calculated stoichiometric amount was necessary to hydrolyze all methoxy groups and achieve dense monolayers. The excess water was partially attributed to the reversibility of the hydrolysis of the methoxy groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall D Lowe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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Shimizu W, Hokka J, Sato T, Usami H, Murakami Y. Microstructure investigation on micropore formation in microporous silica materials prepared via a catalytic sol-gel process by small angle X-ray scattering. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:9369-78. [PMID: 21692454 DOI: 10.1021/jp203385y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The so-called sol-gel technique has been shown to be a template-free, efficient way to create functional porous silica materials having uniform micropores. This appears to be closely linked with a postulation that the formation of weakly branched polymer-like aggregates in a precursor solution is a key to the uniform micropore generation. However, how such a polymer-like structure can precisely be controlled, and further, how the generated low-fractal dimension solution structure is imprinted on the solid silica materials still remain elusive. Here we present fabrication of microporous silica from tetramethyl orthosilicate (TMOS) using a recently developed catalytic sol-gel process based on a nonionic hydroxyacetone (HA) catalyst. Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), nitrogen adsorption porosimetry, and transmission electron microscope (TEM) allowed us to observe the whole structural evolution, ranging from polymer-like aggregates in the precursor solution to agglomeration with heat treatment and microporous morphology of silica powders after drying and hydrolysis. Using the HA catalyst with short chain monohydric alcohols (methanol or ethanol) in the precursor solution, polymer-like aggregates having microscopic correlation length (or mesh-size) < 2 nm and low fractal dimensions ∼2, which is identical to that of an ideal coil polymer, can selectively be synthesized, yielding the uniform micropores with diameters <2 nm in the solid materials. In contrast, the absence of HA or substitution of 1-propanol led to considerably different scattering behavior reflecting the particle-like aggregate formation in the precursor solution, which resulted in the formation of mesopores (diameter >2 nm) in the solid product due to apertures between the particle-like aggregates. The data demonstrate that the extremely fine porous silica architecture comes essentially from a gaussian polymer-like nature of the silica aggregates in the precursor having the microscopic mesh-size and their successful imprint on the solid product. The result offers a general but significantly efficient route to creating precisely designed fine porous silica materials under mild condition that serve as low refractive index and efficient thermal insulation materials in their practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Shimizu
- Division of Chemistry and Materials, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan.
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Goudarzi N, Arab Chamjangali M, Bagherian G. Application of 29Si NMR spectroscopy to study of alkaline aqueous and alcoholic tetraoctylammonium (TOA) silicate solutions. J Mol Struct 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2010.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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19
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Asaro F, Benedetti A, Freris I, Riello P, Savko N. Evolution of the nonionic inverse microemulsion-acid-TEOS system during the synthesis of nanosized silica via the sol-gel process. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:12917-12925. [PMID: 20604556 DOI: 10.1021/la101737x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The cyclohexane-igepal inverse microemulsion, comprehensively established for the synthesis of silica nanoparticles in an ammonia-catalyzed sol-gel process, was alternatively studied with an acid-catalyzed sol-gel process. Tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) was used as the silica precursor, while two different aqueous phases containing either HNO(3) or HCl at two different concentrations, 0.1 and 0.05 M, were examined in the presence and in the absence of NaF, a catalyst of the condensation step. The evolution of the overall reacting system, specifically hydrolysis and polycondensation of reaction intermediates, was monitored in situ by time-resolved small-angle X-ray scattering. No size variation of the inverse micelles was detected throughout the sol-gel process. Conversely, the density of the micellar core increased after a certain time interval, indicating the presence of the polycondensation product. The IR spectra of the reacting mixture were in agreement with such a hypothesis. (1)H and (13)C NMR measurements provided information on the soluble species, the surfactant, and TEOS. The TEOS consumption was well fitted by means of an exponential decay, suggesting that a first-order kinetics for TEOS transpires in the various systems examined, with rate constants dependent not only on the acid concentration but also on its nature (anion specific effect), on the presence of NaF, and on the amount of water in the core of the inverse micelle. The self-diffusion coefficients, determined by means of PGSTE NMR, proved that a sizable amount of the byproduct ethanol was partitioned inside the inverse micelles. Characterization of the final product was carried out by means of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), which concurrently confirmed that the silica isolated from the inverse nonionic microemulsion is not significantly different from the product of a bulk acid-catalyzed sol-gel synthesis. TEM micrographs illustrated particles with diameters smaller than the diameter of the inverse micelles as determined by SAXS, due to a shrinkage effect, in addition to nanostructured aggregates in the range 20-100 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Asaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Trieste, via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
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Hardin JL, Oyler NA, Steinle ED, Meints GA. Spectroscopic analysis of interactions between alkylated silanes and alumina nanoporous membranes. J Colloid Interface Sci 2010; 342:614-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2009.10.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2009] [Revised: 10/21/2009] [Accepted: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Rainone R, Malaspina T, Xavier LA, Riveros JM. The gas-phase alcoholysis of protonated homoleptic alkoxysilanes. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2010; 16:379-388. [PMID: 20530843 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Tetra-alkoxysilanes are common and useful reagents in sol-gel processes and understanding their reactivity is important in the design of new materials. The mechanism of gas-phase reactions that mimic alcoholyis of Si(OMe)(4) (usually known as TMOS) under acidic conditions have been studied by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance techniques and density functional calculations at the B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) level. The proton affinity of TMOS has been estimated at 836.4 kJ mol(-1) and protonation of TMOS gives rise to an ionic species that is best represented as trimethoxysilyl cations associated with a methanol molecule. Protonated TMOS undergoes rapid and sequential substitution of the methoxy groups in the gas-phase upon reaction with alcohols. The calculated energy profile of the reaction indicates that the substitution reaction through an S(N)2 type mechanism may be more favorable than frontal attack at silicon. Furthermore, the sequential substitution reactions are promoted by a mechanism that involves proton shuttle from the most favorable protonation site to the oxygen of the departing group mediated by the neutral reagent molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Rainone
- Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Caixa Postal 26077, São Paulo, Brazil
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22
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Nishikiori H, Tanaka N, Isowaki Y, Tanno Y, Nomoto T, Toriumi K, Mishima S, Fujii T. Proton donor–acceptor property of matrix during the sol–gel reaction. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-008-0014-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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23
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Ansell RJ, Meegan JE, Barrett SA, Warrinner SL. On the interactions of alkyl 2-hydroxycarboxylic acids with alkoxysilanes 2. Complexation and esterification of di- and tricarboxylic acids. Dalton Trans 2009:1460-70. [DOI: 10.1039/b814488e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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24
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Youssef A, Pabon M, Woelflé E, Severac R, Gilbert RG. Perfluorinated coatings and terracotta: An impregnation study. J Appl Polym Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/app.28702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Ansell RJ, Barrett SA, Meegan JE, Warriner SL. On the interactions of alkyl 2-hydroxycarboxylic acids with alkoxysilanes: selective esterification of simple 2-hydroxycarboxylic acids. Chemistry 2007; 13:4654-64. [PMID: 17443833 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200601859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The interactions of a range of monocarboxylic acids with tetramethoxysilane Si(OMe)(4) (TMOS), in methanol (MeOH), have been investigated by using (1)H, (13)C and (29)Si solution-phase NMR spectroscopy and electrospray mass spectrometry (ESMS). Si(OMe)(4) acts as a catalyst/reagent in the selective methylation of 2-hydroxycarboxylic acids (2HOAs) in MeOH at room temperature: glycolic acid, lactic acid and 2-hydroxybutyric acid are esterified more than a hundred times faster in MeOH and Si(OMe)(4) than in MeOH alone. No acceleration of methylation is observed for carboxylic acids lacking the 2-hydroxy group. Methylation of the 2HOAs is associated with the condensation of individual siloxane units to form oligomers. A mechanism is proposed in which 2HOAs attach to silicon via the alkoxy group, then subsequently via the carboxyl group in an intramolecular rearrangement to form an unstable and reactive cyclic intermediate. This intermediate may lead to accelerated methylation of the carboxylic acid via nucleophilic attack of MeOH at the carbonyl group, while a separate reaction pathway leads to condensation of silanols and/or alkoxysilanes leading to oligosiloxanes. The mechanism has implications for the use of 2HOAs as templates in sol-gel silica preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Ansell
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, UK.
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26
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Cellesi F, Tirelli N. Sol–gel synthesis at neutral pH in W/O microemulsion: A method for enzyme nanoencapsulation in silica gel nanoparticles. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2006.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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27
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Jang KW, Choi SH, Pyun SI, John MS. The Effects of the Water Content, Acidity, Temperature and Alcohol Content on the Acidic Sol-Gel Polymerization of Tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) with Monte Carlo Simulation. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/08927020108024516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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28
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Bianco A, Maggini M, Nogarole M, Scorrano G. Hydrolysis Rate of Functionalized Fullerenes Bearing Alkoxysilanes: A Comparative Study. European J Org Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200600084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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29
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Rankin SE, Macosko CW, McCormick AV. Sol-gel polycondensation kinetic modeling: Methylethoxysilanes. AIChE J 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.690440512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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Beckmann J, Dakternieks D, Duthie A, Larchin ML, Tiekink ERT. tert-Butoxysilanols as model compounds for labile key intermediates of the sol-gel process: crystal and molecular structures of (t-BuO)3SiOH and HO[(t-BuO)2SiO]2H. Appl Organomet Chem 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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31
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Šefčík J, Rankin SE. Monte Carlo Simulations of Size and Structure of Gel Precursors in Silica Polycondensation. J Phys Chem B 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp026361d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ján Šefčík
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich, Laboratorium für Technische Chemie, ETH Hönggerberg/HCI, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland, and Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, University of Kentucky, 177 Anderson Hall, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0046
| | - Stephen E. Rankin
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich, Laboratorium für Technische Chemie, ETH Hönggerberg/HCI, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland, and Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, University of Kentucky, 177 Anderson Hall, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0046
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32
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Rankin SE, McCormick AV. Reaction Engineering of Cocondensing (Methyl)ethoxysilane Mixtures: Kinetic Characterization and Modeling. Macromolecules 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0004920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen E. Rankin
- University of Minnesota, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Alon V. McCormick
- University of Minnesota, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
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Rankin SE, McCormick AV. Hydrolysis pseudoequilibrium: challenges and opportunities to sol–gel silicate kinetics. Chem Eng Sci 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2509(99)00486-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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35
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Rankin SE, Šefčík J, McCormick AV. Similarities in the Hydrolysis Pseudoequilibrium Behavior of Methyl-Substituted Ethoxysilanes. Ind Eng Chem Res 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ie990027v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen E. Rankin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Ján Šefčík
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Alon V. McCormick
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
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36
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Rankin SE, Šefčík J, McCormick AV. Trimethylethoxysilane Liquid-Phase Hydrolysis Equilibrium and Dimerization Kinetics: Catalyst, Nonideal Mixing, and the Condensation Route. J Phys Chem A 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp990304b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen E. Rankin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Ján Šefčík
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Alon V. McCormick
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
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Britt DW, Hlady V. Separating Octadecyltrimethoxysilane Hydrolysis and Condensation at the Air/Water Interface through Addition of Methyl Stearate. J Phys Chem B 1999; 103:2749-2754. [PMID: 25132807 DOI: 10.1021/jp983685m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The hydrolysis and condensation of octadecyltrimethoxysilane (OTMS) at the air/water interface were monitored through molecular area changes at a constant surface pressure of 10 mN/m. The onset of condensation was delayed through the addition of methyl stearate (SME) acting as an inert filler molecule. In the absence of SME, complete gelation of OTMS required 30 h, during which time OTMS condensation occurred concomitantly with hydrolysis. In the presence of SME, the OTMS monolayer gelation rate increased in proportion to the amount of SME present. A 1:6 OTMS:SME molar ratio resulted in monolayer gelation within 30 min, suggesting completion of monomer hydrolysis prior to condensation. These findings indicate that lability of OTMS to hydrolysis at the air/water interface is governed by steric and conformational constraints at the silicon atom site, with monomeric OTMS being much more reactive than oligomeric OTMS. Fluorescence microscope images demonstrated that the OTMS condensed domain size also decreased with increasing SME concentrations, further implicating SME's role as an inert filler.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Britt
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - Vladimir Hlady
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
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Britt DW, Hlady V. Protonation, Hydrolysis, and Condensation of Mono- and Trifunctional Silanes at the Air/Water Interface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 1999; 15:1770-1776. [PMID: 25147424 PMCID: PMC4137797 DOI: 10.1021/la9808566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The protonation, hydrolysis, and condensation kinetics of octadecyldimethylmethoxysilane (OMMS) and octadecyltrimethoxysilane (OTMS) at the air/water interface were investigated using a monolayer trough. OTMS chemical condensation within physically condensed phases was observed in transferred monolayers using fluorescence microscopy. Molecular area increases and decreases attributed to protonation and hydrolysis, respectively, of silane methoxy groups were measured by a surface balance. These area changes at constant surface pressure suggested a stepwise protonation and hydrolysis of the three OTMS methoxy groups. In contrast, only a single protonation and hydrolysis event was observed for monofunctional OMMS. The influences of monolayer spreading time, silane packing density, and subphase pH on the reaction kinetics are presented.
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Okumoto S, Fujita N, Yamabe S. Theoretical Study of Hydrolysis and Condensation of Silicon Alkoxides. J Phys Chem A 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jp980705b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Okumoto
- Matsushita Electric Works, Ltd., 1048, Kadoma, Osaka 571, Japan
| | - Naokatsu Fujita
- Matsushita Electric Works, Ltd., 1048, Kadoma, Osaka 571, Japan
| | - Shinichi Yamabe
- Department of Chemistry, Nara University of Education, Takabatake-cho, Nara 630, Japan
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Hydrolysis and condensation rates of tetramethyl orthosilicate in alcohol solutions of hydrated metal salts as determined by means of FT-IR spectroscopy. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0927-7757(96)03938-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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41
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Šefčik J, McCormick A. Kinetic and thermodynamic issues in the early stages of sol-gel processes using silicon alkoxides. Catal Today 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0920-5861(96)00158-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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42
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Ng LV, McCormick AV. Acidic Sol−Gel Polymerization of TEOS: Effect of Solution Composition on Cyclization and Bimolecular Condensation Rates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/jp960089o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Voon Ng
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Department, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Alon V. McCormick
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Department, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
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Friberg SE, Al-Bawab A, Sjöblom J, Farrington G, Nie W. A reaction between aluminum chloride and octyldimethylmethoxysilane. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0927-7757(95)03330-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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44
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Yang J, Friberg SE, Sjöblom J, Paatero E, Sundqist S. Hydrolysis of tetraethoxysilane by copper(II) salt hydrates. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0927-7757(95)03281-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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45
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Hydrolysis and condensation of octyltrimethoxysilane in nonionic liquid crystals. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0927-7757(94)02850-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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