1
|
Ding D, Gao R, Lei Y, Liu J, Zhou C, Wen Y, Zhou S, Guo J, Li T. Synergistic immune augmentation enabled by covalently conjugating TLR4 and NOD2 agonists. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 278:116792. [PMID: 39217861 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Enhancing the efficacy of subunit vaccines relies significantly on the utilization of potent adjuvants, particularly those capable of triggering multiple immune pathways. To achieve synergistic immune augmentation by Toll-like receptor 4 agonist (TLR4a) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization-domain-containing protein 2 agonist (NOD2a), in this work, we conjugated RC529 (TLR4a) and MDP (NOD2a) to give RC529-MDP, and evaluated its adjuvanticity for OVA antigen. Compared to the unconjugated RC529+MDP, RC529-MDP remarkably enhanced innate immune responses with 6.8-fold increase in IL-6 cytokine, and promoted the maturation of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), possibly because of the conjugation of multiple agonists ensuring their delivery to the same cell and activation of various signaling pathways within that cell. Furthermore, RC529-MDP improved OVA-specific antibody response, T cells response and the memory T cells ratio relative to the unconjugated mixture. Therefore, covalently conjugating TLR4 agonist and NOD2 agonist was an effective strategy to enhance immune responses, providing the potential to design and develop more effective vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Ding
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Runing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Carbohydrate-Based Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yujuan Lei
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Jianing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Carbohydrate-Based Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Chengkai Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Carbohydrate-Based Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yu Wen
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Shihao Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Jun Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China.
| | - Tiehai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Carbohydrate-Based Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hohagen M, Sánchez L, Herbst AJ, Kählig H, Shin JW, Berry D, Del Favero G, Kleitz F. MANNosylation of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles Modifies TLR4 Localization and NF-κB Translocation in T24 Bladder Cancer Cells. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2304150. [PMID: 38554019 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202304150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
D-mannose is widely used as non-antibiotic treatment for bacterial urinary tract infections. This application is based on a well-studied mechanism of binding to the type 1 bacterial pili and, therefore, blocking bacteria adhesion to the uroepithelial cells. To implement D-mannose into carrier systems, the mechanism of action of the sugar in the bladder environment is also relevant and requires investigation. Herein, two different MANNosylation strategies using mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) are described. The impact of different chemical linkers on bacterial adhesion and bladder cell response is studied via confocal microscopy imaging of the MSN interactions with the respective organisms. Cytotoxicity is assessed and the expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and caveolin-1 (CAV-1), in the presence or absence of simulated infection with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), is evaluated using the human urinary bladder cancer cell line T24. Further, localisation of the transcription factor NF-κB due to the MANNosylated materials is examined over time. The results show that MANNosylation modifies bacterial adhesion to the nanomaterials and significantly affects TLR4, caveolin-1, and NF-κB in bladder cells. These elements are essential components of the inflammatory cascade/pathogens response during urinary tract infections. These findings demonstrate that MANNosylation is a versatile tool to design hybrid nanocarriers for targeted biomedical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Hohagen
- Department of Functional Materials and Catalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 42, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Laura Sánchez
- Division of Microbial Ecology, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Ann-Jacqueline Herbst
- Department of Functional Materials and Catalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 42, Vienna, 1090, Austria
- Vienna Doctoral School in Chemistry (DoSChem), University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 42, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Hanspeter Kählig
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Jae Won Shin
- Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - David Berry
- Division of Microbial Ecology, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Giorgia Del Favero
- Core Facility Multimodal Imaging, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 42, Vienna, 1090, Austria
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38-40, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Freddy Kleitz
- Department of Functional Materials and Catalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 42, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Slater O, Dhami KB, Shrestha G, Kontoyianni M, Nichols MR, Demchenko AV. Development of a Simple and Effective Lipid-A Antagonist Based on Computational Prediction. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:1171-1178. [PMID: 35612826 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is a serious medical condition characterized by bacterial infection and a subsequent massive systemic inflammatory response. In an effort to identify compounds that block lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation reported herein is the development of simple Lipid-A analogues that lack a disaccharide core yet still possess potent antagonistic activity against LPS. The structure of the new lead compound was developed based on predictive computational experiments. LPS antagonism by the lead compound was not straightforward, and a biphasic effect was observed suggesting a possibility of more than one binding site. An IC50 value of 13 nM for the new compound was determined for the possible high affinity site. The combination of computational, synthetic, and biological studies revealed new structural determinants of these simplified analogues. It is expected that the acquired information will aid future design of LPS targeting glycopharmaceuticals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Slater
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, Illinois 62026, United States
| | - Kapur B. Dhami
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri─St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, United States
| | - Ganesh Shrestha
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri─St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, United States
| | - Maria Kontoyianni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, Illinois 62026, United States
| | - Michael R. Nichols
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri─St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, United States
| | - Alexei V. Demchenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri─St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, 3501 Laclede Ave, St. Louis, Missouri 63103, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Garcia-Vello P, Di Lorenzo F, Zucchetta D, Zamyatina A, De Castro C, Molinaro A. Lipopolysaccharide lipid A: A promising molecule for new immunity-based therapies and antibiotics. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 230:107970. [PMID: 34454000 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are the main components of the external leaflet of the Gram-negative outer membrane and consist of three different moieties: lipid A, core oligosaccharide, and O-polysaccharide. The lipid A is a glucosamine disaccharide with different levels of acylation and phosphorylation, beside carrying, in certain cases, additional substituents on the sugar backbone. It is also the main immunostimulatory part of the LPS, as its recognition by the host immune system represents a fundamental event for detection of perilous microorganisms. Moreover, an uncontrolled immune response caused by a large amount of circulating LPS can lead to dramatic outcomes for human health, such as septic shock. The immunostimulant properties of an LPS incredibly vary depending on lipid A chemical structure, and for this reason, natural and synthetic variants of the lipid A are under study to develop new drugs that mimic or antagonise its natural effects. Here, we review past and recent findings on the lipid A as an antibiotic target and immune-therapeutic molecule, with a special attention on the crucial role of the chemical structure and its exploitation for conceiving novel strategies for treatment of several immune-related pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Garcia-Vello
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Flaviana Di Lorenzo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Daniele Zucchetta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alla Zamyatina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cristina De Castro
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Antonio Molinaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhou C, Xu Z, Li G, Gao Q, Sui Q, Li T. Efficient synthesis of monophosphoryl lipid A mimetic RC-529. J Carbohydr Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2021.2016793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chengkai Zhou
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuojia Xu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gen Li
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Gao
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Sui
- Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, China
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, China
| | - Tiehai Li
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hazelard D, Compain P. Nucleophilic Ring‐Opening of 1,6‐Anhydrosugars: Recent Advances and Applications in Organic Synthesis. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Damien Hazelard
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (LIMA) Univ. de Strasbourg Univ. de Haute-Alsace CNRS (UMR 7042) Equipe de Synthèse Organique et Molécules Bioactives (SYBIO) ECPM 25 Rue Becquerel 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Philippe Compain
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (LIMA) Univ. de Strasbourg Univ. de Haute-Alsace CNRS (UMR 7042) Equipe de Synthèse Organique et Molécules Bioactives (SYBIO) ECPM 25 Rue Becquerel 67000 Strasbourg France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hamala V, Červenková Šťastná L, Kurfiřt M, Cuřínová P, Balouch M, Hrstka R, Voňka P, Karban J. The effect of deoxyfluorination and O-acylation on the cytotoxicity of N-acetyl-D-gluco- and D-galactosamine hemiacetals. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:4497-4506. [PMID: 33949602 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00497b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fully acetylated deoxyfluorinated hexosamine analogues and non-fluorinated 3,4,6-tri-O-acylated N-acetyl-hexosamine hemiacetals have previously been shown to display moderate anti-proliferative activity. We prepared a set of deoxyfluorinated GlcNAc and GalNAc hemiacetals that comprised both features: O-acylation at the non-anomeric positions with an acetyl, propionyl and butanoyl group, and deoxyfluorination at selected positions. Determination of the in vitro cytotoxicity towards the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer and HEK-293 cell lines showed that deoxyfluorination enhanced cytotoxicity in most analogues. Increasing the ester alkyl chain length had a variable effect on the cytotoxicity of fluoro analogues, which contrasted with non-fluorinated hemiacetals where butanoyl derivatives had always higher cytotoxicity than acetates. Reaction with 2-phenylethanethiol indicated that the recently described S-glyco-modification is an unlikely cause of cytotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vojtěch Hamala
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, v. v. i., Rozvojová 135, 16502 Praha 6, Czech Republic. and University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 16628 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Červenková Šťastná
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, v. v. i., Rozvojová 135, 16502 Praha 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Kurfiřt
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, v. v. i., Rozvojová 135, 16502 Praha 6, Czech Republic. and University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 16628 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Cuřínová
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, v. v. i., Rozvojová 135, 16502 Praha 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Balouch
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Hrstka
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, žlutý kopec 7, Brno, 65653, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Voňka
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, žlutý kopec 7, Brno, 65653, Czech Republic
| | - Jindřich Karban
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, v. v. i., Rozvojová 135, 16502 Praha 6, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gao J, Guo Z. Progress in the synthesis and biological evaluation of lipid A and its derivatives. Med Res Rev 2018; 38:556-601. [PMID: 28621828 PMCID: PMC5732894 DOI: 10.1002/med.21447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Lipid A is one of the core structures of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPSs), and it is mainly responsible for the strong immunostimulatory activities of LPS through interactions with the Toll-like receptors and other molecules in the human immune system. To obtain structurally homogeneous and well-defined lipid As and its derivatives in quantities meaningful for various biological studies and applications, their chemical synthesis has become a focal point. This review has provided a survey of significant progresses made in the synthesis of lipid A, and its derivatives that carry diverse saturated and unsaturated lipids, have the phosphate group at its reducing end replaced with a more stable phosphate or carboxyl group, or lack the reducing end phosphate or both phosphate groups, as well as progresses in the synthesis of LPS analogs and other lipid A conjugates. These synthetic molecules have facilitated the elucidation of the structure-activity relationships of lipid A useful for the design and development of lipid A based therapeutics, such as those utilized to treat sepsis, and other medical applications, for example the use of monophosphoryl lipid A as a carrier molecule for the study of fully synthetic self-adjuvanting conjugate vaccines. These topics are also briefly covered in the current review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Gao
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, 27 Shanda Nan Lu, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Zhongwu Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, 214 Leigh Hall, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zamyatina A. Aminosugar-based immunomodulator lipid A: synthetic approaches. Beilstein J Org Chem 2018; 14:25-53. [PMID: 29379577 PMCID: PMC5769089 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.14.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The immediate immune response to infection by Gram-negative bacteria depends on the structure of a lipopolysaccharide (LPS, also known as endotoxin), a complex glycolipid constituting the outer leaflet of the bacterial outer membrane. Recognition of picomolar quantities of pathogenic LPS by the germ-line encoded Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4) complex triggers the intracellular pro-inflammatory signaling cascade leading to the expression of cytokines, chemokines, prostaglandins and reactive oxygen species which manifest an acute inflammatory response to infection. The "endotoxic principle" of LPS resides in its amphiphilic membrane-bound fragment glycophospholipid lipid A which directly binds to the TLR4·MD-2 receptor complex. The lipid A content of LPS comprises a complex mixture of structural homologs varying in the acylation pattern, the length of the (R)-3-hydroxyacyl- and (R)-3-acyloxyacyl long-chain residues and in the phosphorylation status of the β(1→6)-linked diglucosamine backbone. The structural heterogeneity of the lipid A isolates obtained from bacterial cultures as well as possible contamination with other pro-inflammatory bacterial components makes it difficult to obtain unambiguous immunobiological data correlating specific structural features of lipid A with its endotoxic activity. Advanced understanding of the therapeutic significance of the TLR4-mediated modulation of the innate immune signaling and the central role of lipid A in the recognition of LPS by the innate immune system has led to a demand for well-defined materials for biological studies. Since effective synthetic chemistry is a prerequisite for the availability of homogeneous structurally distinct lipid A, the development of divergent and reproducible approaches for the synthesis of various types of lipid A has become a subject of considerable importance. This review focuses on recent advances in synthetic methodologies toward LPS substructures comprising lipid A and describes the synthesis and immunobiological properties of representative lipid A variants corresponding to different bacterial species. The main criteria for the choice of orthogonal protecting groups for hydroxyl and amino functions of synthetically assembled β(1→6)-linked diglucosamine backbone of lipid A which allows for a stepwise introduction of multiple functional groups into the molecule are discussed. Thorough consideration is also given to the synthesis of 1,1'-glycosyl phosphodiesters comprising partial structures of 4-amino-4-deoxy-β-L-arabinose modified Burkholderia lipid A and galactosamine-modified Francisella lipid A. Particular emphasis is put on the stereoselective construction of binary glycosyl phosphodiester fragments connecting the anomeric centers of two aminosugars as well as on the advanced P(III)-phosphorus chemistry behind the assembly of zwitterionic double glycosyl phosphodiesters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alla Zamyatina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang L, Feng S, Wang S, Li H, Guo Z, Gu G. Synthesis and Immunological Comparison of Differently Linked Lipoarabinomannan Oligosaccharide–Monophosphoryl Lipid A Conjugates as Antituberculosis Vaccines. J Org Chem 2017; 82:12085-12096. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lizhen Wang
- National
Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory
of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, 27 Shanda Nan Lu, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Shaojie Feng
- National
Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory
of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, 27 Shanda Nan Lu, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Subo Wang
- National
Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory
of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, 27 Shanda Nan Lu, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Hui Li
- National
Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory
of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, 27 Shanda Nan Lu, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Zhongwu Guo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Florida, 214 Leigh Hall, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Guofeng Gu
- National
Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory
of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, 27 Shanda Nan Lu, Jinan 250100, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cochet F, Peri F. The Role of Carbohydrates in the Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) Signalling. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2318. [PMID: 29099761 PMCID: PMC5713287 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The interactions between sugar-containing molecules from the bacteria cell wall and pattern recognition receptors (PRR) on the plasma membrane or cytosol of specialized host cells are the first molecular events required for the activation of higher animal's immune response and inflammation. This review focuses on the role of carbohydrates of bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS, lipooligosaccharide, LOS, and lipid A), in the interaction with the host Toll-like receptor 4/myeloid differentiation factor 2 (TLR4/MD-2) complex. The lipid chains and the phosphorylated disaccharide core of lipid A moiety are responsible for the TLR4 agonist action of LPS, and the specific interaction between MD-2, TLR4, and lipid A are key to the formation of the activated complex (TLR4/MD-2/LPS)₂, which starts intracellular signalling leading to nuclear factors activation and to production of inflammatory cytokines. Subtle chemical variations in the lipid and sugar parts of lipid A cause dramatic changes in endotoxin activity and are also responsible for the switch from TLR4 agonism to antagonism. While the lipid A pharmacophore has been studied in detail and its structure-activity relationship is known, the contribution of core saccharides 3-deoxy-d-manno-octulosonic acid (Kdo) and heptosyl-2-keto-3-deoxy-octulosonate (Hep) to TLR4/MD-2 binding and activation by LPS and LOS has been investigated less extensively. This review focuses on the role of lipid A, but also of Kdo and Hep sugars in LPS/TLR4 signalling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florent Cochet
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza, 2, 20126 Milano, Italy.
| | - Francesco Peri
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza, 2, 20126 Milano, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
White AFB, Demchenko AV. Modulating LPS signal transduction at the LPS receptor complex with synthetic Lipid A analogues. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 2015; 71:339-89. [PMID: 25480508 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800128-8.00005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis, defined as a clinical syndrome brought about by an amplified and dysregulated inflammatory response to infections, is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Despite persistent attempts to develop treatment strategies to manage sepsis in the clinical setting, the basic elements of treatment have not changed since the 1960s. As such, the development of effective therapies for reducing inflammatory reactions and end-organ dysfunction in critically ill patients with sepsis remains a global priority. Advances in understanding of the immune response to sepsis provide the opportunity to develop more effective pharmaceuticals. This article details current information on the modulation of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) receptor complex with synthetic Lipid A mimetics. As the initial and most critical event in sepsis pathophysiology, the LPS receptor provides an attractive target for antisepsis agents. One of the well-studied approaches to sepsis therapy involves the use of derivatives of Lipid A, the membrane-anchor portion of an LPS, which is largely responsible for its endotoxic activity. This article describes the structural and conformational requirements influencing the ability of Lipid A analogues to compete with LPS for binding to the LPS receptor complex and to inhibit the induction of the signal transduction pathway by impairing LPS-initiated receptor dimerization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aileen F B White
- Dextra Laboratories Ltd., Science and Technology Centre, Earley Gate, Reading, United Kingdom.
| | - Alexei V Demchenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhou Z, Mondal M, Liao G, Guo Z. Synthesis and evaluation of monophosphoryl lipid A derivatives as fully synthetic self-adjuvanting glycoconjugate cancer vaccine carriers. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:3238-45. [PMID: 24728423 PMCID: PMC4074652 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob00390j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A fully synthetic carbohydrate-based cancer vaccine is an attractive concept, but an important topic in the area is to develop proper vaccine carriers that can improve the immunogenicity and other immunological properties of tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs). In this context, four monophosphoryl derivatives of Neisseria meningitidis lipid A were synthesized via a highly convergent and effective strategy and evaluated as vaccine carriers and adjuvants. The conjugates of these monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) derivatives with a modified form of the sTn antigen were found to elicit high titers of antigen-specific IgG antibodies, indicating a T cell-dependent immune response, in the absence of an external adjuvant. It was concluded that MPLAs could be utilized as potent vaccine carriers and built-in adjuvants to create fully synthetic self-adjuvanting carbohydrate-based cancer vaccines. The lipid composition and structure of MPLA were shown to have a significant influence on its immunological activity, and among the MPLAs examined, natural N. meningitidis MPLA exhibited the most promising properties. Moreover, Titermax Gold, a conventional vaccine adjuvant, was shown to inhibit, rather than promote, the immunological activity of MPLA conjugates, maybe via interacting with MPLA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhifang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kaeothip S, Paranjape G, Terrill SE, Bongat AFG, Udan MLD, Kamkhachorn T, Johnson HL, Nichols MR, Demchenko AV. Development of LPS antagonistic therapeutics: synthesis and evaluation of glucopyranoside-spacer-amino acid motifs. RSC Adv 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ra00145k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
15
|
Ingram BO, Masoudi A, Raetz CRH. Escherichia coli mutants that synthesize dephosphorylated lipid A molecules. Biochemistry 2010; 49:8325-37. [PMID: 20795687 DOI: 10.1021/bi101253s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The lipid A moiety of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide is a hexaacylated disaccharide of glucosamine that is phosphorylated at the 1 and 4' positions. Expression of the Francisella novicida lipid A 1-phosphatase FnLpxE in E. coli results in dephosphorylation of the lipid A proximal unit. Coexpression of FnLpxE and the Rhizobium leguminosarum lipid A oxidase RlLpxQ in E. coli converts much of the proximal glucosamine to 2-amino-2-deoxygluconate. Expression of the F. novicida lipid A 4'-phosphatase FnLpxF in wild-type E. coli has no effect because FnLpxF cannot dephosphorylate hexaacylated lipid A. However, expression of FnLpxF in E. coli lpxM mutants, which synthesize pentaacylated lipid A lacking the secondary 3'-myristate chain, causes extensive 4'-dephosphorylation. Coexpression of FnLpxE and FnLpxF in lpxM mutants results in massive accumulation of lipid A species lacking both phosphate groups, and introduction of RlLpxQ generates phosphate-free lipid A variants containing 2-amino-2-deoxygluconate. The proposed lipid A structures were confirmed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Strains with 4'-dephosphorylated lipid A display increased polymyxin resistance. Heptose-deficient mutants of E. coli lacking both the 1- and 4'-phosphate moieties are viable on plates but sensitive to CaCl(2). Our methods for reengineering lipid A structure may be useful for generating novel vaccines and adjuvants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian O Ingram
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lu D, Li Y, Gong Y. Organocatalytic Asymmetric Tandem Michael Addition−Hemiacetalization: A Route to Chiral Dihydrocoumarins, Chromanes, and 4H-Chromenes. J Org Chem 2010; 75:6900-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jo101446d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dengfu Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Yajun Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuefa Gong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gaekwad J, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Reeves J, Wolfert MA, Boons GJ. Differential induction of innate immune responses by synthetic lipid a derivatives. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:29375-86. [PMID: 20634284 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.115204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have indicated that lipopolysaccharides (LPS) isolated from particular bacterial strains can bias innate immune responses toward different signal transduction pathways thereby eliciting unique patterns of cytokines. Heterogeneity in the structure of lipid A (the active component of LPS) and possible contaminations with other inflammatory components have made it difficult to confirm these observations and dissect molecular motifs that may be responsible for modulatory properties. To address these issues, we have examined, for the first time, the ability of a range of well defined synthetic lipid As and isolated LPS and lipid A preparations to induce the production of a wide range of cytokines in three different mouse cell types. It was found that, for a given compound, the potencies of production of the various cytokines differed significantly. An additive model, in which a chemical change in the structure of a compound effects the potencies of all cytokines in the same manner, could describe the potencies of the cytokines for all compounds. Thus, no evidence was found that the structure of lipid A can modulate the pattern of cytokine production. In addition, the statistical analysis showed that the relative ordering of the potencies of the compounds was identical in the different cell types and that structural features such as the presence of a 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid moiety, anomeric phosphate, lipid length, and acylation pattern were important for pro-inflammatory activity. Finally, it was found that transcriptional and post-transcription control mechanisms determine potencies and efficacies of cytokine production in cell-specific manners.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jidnyasa Gaekwad
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Banoub JH, El Aneed A, Cohen AM, Joly N. Structural investigation of bacterial lipopolysaccharides by mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2010; 29:606-650. [PMID: 20589944 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometric studies are now playing a leading role in the elucidation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) structures through the characterization of antigenic polysaccharides, core oligosaccharides and lipid A components including LPS genetic modifications. The conventional MS and MS/MS analyses together with CID fragmentation provide additional structural information complementary to the previous analytical experiments, and thus contribute to an integrated strategy for the simultaneous characterization and correct sequencing of the carbohydrate moiety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph H Banoub
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Science Branch, Special Projects, P.O. Box 5667, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada A1C 5X1.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Tang S, Wang Q, Guo Z. Synthesis of a monophosphoryl derivative of Escherichia coli lipid A and its efficient coupling to a tumor-associated carbohydrate antigen. Chemistry 2010; 16:1319-25. [PMID: 19943286 PMCID: PMC2867242 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200902153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Monophosphoryl lipid A is a safe and potent immunostimulant and vaccine adjuvant, which is potentially useful for the development of effective carbohydrate-based conjugate vaccines. This paper presents a convergent and efficient synthesis of a monophosphoryl derivative of E. coli lipid A that has an alkyne functionality at the reducing end, which is suitable for coupling with various molecules. The coupling of this derivative to an N-modified analogue of tumor-associated antigen GM3 through click chemistry is also presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shouchu Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA, Fax: (+) 1-313-557-8822
| | - Qianli Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA, Fax: (+) 1-313-557-8822
| | - Zhongwu Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA, Fax: (+) 1-313-557-8822
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wang Q, Xue J, Guo Z. Synthesis of a monophosphoryl lipid A derivative and its conjugation to a modified form of a tumor-associated carbohydrate antigen GM3. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:5536-7. [PMID: 19753348 PMCID: PMC2877631 DOI: 10.1039/b907351e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
An efficient synthesis of a derivative of monophosphoryl lipid A suitable for coupling to various structures for the construction of glycoconjugate vaccines and its conjugation with an N-modified form of the tumor-associated antigen GM3 is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qianli Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhang Y, Gaekwad J, Wolfert MA, Boons GJ. Synthetic tetra-acylated derivatives of lipid A from Porphyromonas gingivalis are antagonists of human TLR4. Org Biomol Chem 2008; 6:3371-81. [PMID: 18802645 PMCID: PMC2793594 DOI: 10.1039/b809090d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Tetra-acylated lipid As derived from Porphyromonas gingivalis LPS have been synthesized using a key disaccharide intermediate functionalized with levulinate (Lev), allyloxycarbonate (Alloc) and anomeric dimethylthexylsilyl (TDS) as orthogonal protecting groups and 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbamate (Fmoc) and azido as amino protecting groups. Furthermore, an efficient cross-metathesis has been employed for the preparation of the unusual branched R-(3)-hydroxy-13-methyltetradecanic acid and (R)-3-hexadecanoyloxy-15-methylhexadecanoic acid of P. gingivalis lipid A. Biological studies have shown that the synthetic lipid As cannot activate human and mouse TLR2 and TLR4 to produce cytokines. However, it has been found that the compounds are potent antagonist of cytokine secretion by human monocytic cells induced by enteric LPS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanghui Zhang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Jidnyasa Gaekwad
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Margreet A. Wolfert
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zhang Y, Gaekwad J, Wolfert MA, Boons GJ. Innate immune responses of synthetic lipid A derivatives of Neisseria meningitidis. Chemistry 2008; 14:558-69. [PMID: 17943705 PMCID: PMC2830612 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200701165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Differences in the pattern and chemical nature of fatty acids of lipid A of Neisseria meningitides lipooligosaccharides (LOS) and Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides (LPS) may account for differences in inflammatory properties. Furthermore, there are indications that dimeric 3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid (KDO) moieties of LOS and LPS enhance biological activities. Heterogeneity in the structure of lipid A and possible contaminations with other inflammatory components have made it difficult to confirm these observations. To address these problems, a highly convergent approach for the synthesis of a lipid A derivative containing KDO has been developed, which relies on the ability to selectively remove or unmask in a sequential manner an isopropylidene acetal, 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc), allyloxycarbonate (Alloc), azide, and thexyldimethylsilyl (TDS) ether. The strategy was employed for the synthesis of N. meningitidis lipid A containing KDO (3). Mouse macrophages were exposed to the synthetic compound and its parent LOS, E. coli lipid A (2), and a hybrid derivative (4) that has the asymmetrical acylation pattern of E. coli lipid A, but the shorter lipids of meningococcal lipid A. The resulting supernatants were examined for tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interferon beta (IFN-beta) production. The lipid A derivative containing KDO was much more active than lipid A alone and just slightly less active than its parent LOS, indicating that one KDO moiety is sufficient for full activity of TNF-alpha and IFN-beta induction. The lipid A of N. meningitidis was a significantly more potent inducer of TNF-alpha and IFN-beta than E. coli lipid A, which is due to a number of shorter fatty acids. The compounds did not demonstrate a bias towards a MyD88- or TRIF-dependent response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanghui Zhang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center The University of Georgia 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 (USA)
| | - Jidnyasa Gaekwad
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center The University of Georgia 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 (USA)
| | - Margreet A. Wolfert
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center The University of Georgia 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 (USA)
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center The University of Georgia 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 (USA)
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Fujimoto Y, Iwata M, Imakita N, Shimoyama A, Suda Y, Kusumoto S, Fukase K. Synthesis of immunoregulatory Helicobacter pylori lipopolysaccharide partial structures. Tetrahedron Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
24
|
Zhang Y, Wolfert MA, Boons GJ. The influence of the long chain fatty acid on the antagonistic activities of Rhizobium sin-1 lipid A. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:4800-12. [PMID: 17513113 PMCID: PMC1950268 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2007] [Revised: 04/23/2007] [Accepted: 05/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The lipid A from nitrogen-fixing bacterial species Rhizobium sin-1 is structurally unusual due to lack of phosphates and the presence of a 2-aminogluconolactone and a very long chain fatty acid, 27-hydroxyoctacosanoic acid (27OHC28:0), moiety. This structurally unusual lipid A can antagonize TNF-alpha production by human monocytes induced by Escherichia coli LPS. To establish the relevance of the unusual long chain 27-hydroxyoctacosanoic acid for antagonistic properties, a highly convergent strategy for the synthesis of several derivatives of the lipid A of R. sin-1 has been developed. Compound 1 is a natural R. sin-1 lipid A having a 27-hydroxyoctacosanoic acid at C-2', compound 2 contains an octacosanoic acid moiety at this position, and compound 3 is modified by a short chain tetradecanoic acid. Cellular activation studies with a human monocytic cell line have shown that the octacosanoic acid is important for optimal antagonistic properties. The hydroxyl of the natural 27-hydroxyoctacosanoic moiety does, however, not account for inhibitory activity. The resulting structure-activity relationships are important for the design of compounds for the treatment of septic shock.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanghui Zhang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Vasan M, Wolfert MA, Boons GJ. Agonistic and antagonistic properties of a Rhizobium sin-1 lipid A modified by an ether-linked lipid. Org Biomol Chem 2007; 5:2087-97. [PMID: 17581652 PMCID: PMC2830616 DOI: 10.1039/b704427e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
LPS from Rhizobium sin-1 (R. sin-1) can antagonize the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) by E. coli LPS in human monocytic cells. Therefore these compounds provide interesting leads for the development of therapeutics for the prevention or treatment of septic shock. Detailed structure activity relationship studies have, however, been hampered by the propensity of these compounds to undergo beta-elimination to give biological inactive enone derivatives. To address this problem, we have chemically synthesized in a convergent manner a R. sin-1 lipid A derivative in which the beta-hydroxy ester at C-3 of the proximal sugar unit has been replaced by an ether linked moiety. As expected, this derivative exhibited a much-improved chemical stability. Furthermore, its ability to antagonize TNF-alpha production induced by enteric LPS was only slightly smaller than that of the parent ester modified derivative demonstrating that the ether-linked lipids affect biological activities only marginally. Furthermore, it has been shown for the first time that R. sin-1 LPS and the ether modified lipid A are also able to antagonize the production of the cytokine interferon-inducible protein 10, which arises from the TRIF-dependent pathway. The latter pathway was somewhat more potently inhibited than the MyD88-dependent pathway. Furthermore, it was observed that the natural LPS possesses much greater activity than the synthetic and isolated lipid As, which indicates that di-KDO moiety is important for optimal biological activity. It has also been found that isolated R. sin-1 LPS and lipid A agonize a mouse macrophage cell line to induce the production of TNF-alpha and interferon beta in a Toll-like receptor 4-dependent manner demonstrating species specific properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahalakshmi Vasan
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 Fax (+)706-542-4412
| | - Margreet A. Wolfert
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 Fax (+)706-542-4412
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 Fax (+)706-542-4412
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zhang Y, Gaekwad J, Wolfert MA, Boons GJ. Modulation of innate immune responses with synthetic lipid A derivatives. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:5200-16. [PMID: 17391035 PMCID: PMC2529018 DOI: 10.1021/ja068922a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The lipid A moiety of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) initiates innate immune responses by interacting with Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), which results in the production of a wide range of cytokines. Derivatives of lipid A show potential for use as immuno-modulators for the treatment of a wide range of diseases and as adjuvants for vaccinations. Development to these ends requires a detailed knowledge of patterns of cytokines induced by a wide range of derivatives. This information is difficult to obtain by using isolated compounds due to structural heterogeneity and possible contaminations with other inflammatory components. To address this problem, we have developed a synthetic approach that provides easy access to a wide range of lipid A's by employing a common disaccharide building block functionalized with a versatile set of protecting groups. The strategy was employed for the preparation of lipid A's derived from E. coli and S. typhimurium. Mouse macrophages were exposed to the synthetic compounds and E. coli 055:B5 LPS, and the resulting supernatants were examined for tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interferon beta (IFN-beta), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interferon-inducible protein 10 (IP-10), RANTES, and IL-1beta. It was found that for each compound, the potencies (EC50 values) for the various cytokines differed by as much as 100-fold. These differences did not follow a bias toward a MyD88- or TRIF-dependent response. Instead, it was established that the observed differences in potencies of secreted TNF-alpha and IL-1beta were due to differences in the processing of respective pro-proteins. Examination of the efficacies (maximum responses) of the various cytokines showed that each synthetic compound and E. coli 055:B5 LPS induced similar efficacies for the production of IFN-beta and IP-10. However, lipid A's 1-4 gave lower efficacies for the production of RANTES and IL-6 as compared to LPS. Collectively, the presented results demonstrate that cytokine secretion induced by LPS and lipid A is complex, which can be exploited for the development of immuno-modulating therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanghui Zhang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Bongat AFG, Demchenko AV. Recent trends in the synthesis of O-glycosides of 2-amino-2-deoxysugars. Carbohydr Res 2007; 342:374-406. [PMID: 17125757 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2006.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2006] [Revised: 10/13/2006] [Accepted: 10/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of new methods for stereoselective glycoside synthesis and convergent oligosaccharide assembly has been critical for the area of glycosciences. At the heart of this account is the discussion of the approaches for stereoselective synthesis of glycosides of 2-amino-2-deoxysugars that have emerged during the past two decades. The introductory part provides general background information and describes the key features and challenges for the synthesis of this class of compounds. Subsequently, major approaches to the synthesis of 2-amino-2-deoxyglycosides are categorized and discussed. Each subsection elaborates on the introduction (or protection) of the amino functionality, synthesis of glycosyl donors by introduction of a suitable leaving group, and glycosidation. Wherever applicable, the deprotection of a temporary amino group substituent and the conversion onto the natural acetamido functionality is described. The conclusions part evaluates the current standing in the field and provides a perspective for future developments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aileen F G Bongat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri--St. Louis, One University Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63121, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Jiang ZH, Budzynski WA, Qiu D, Yalamati D, Koganty RR. Monophosphoryl lipid A analogues with varying 3-O-substitution: synthesis and potent adjuvant activity. Carbohydr Res 2007; 342:784-96. [PMID: 17300769 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2007.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2006] [Revised: 01/18/2007] [Accepted: 01/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Structurally defined immunostimulatory adjuvants play important roles in the development of new generation vaccines. Here described are the syntheses of three monophosphoryl lipid A analogues (1-3) with different substitution at 3-O-position of the reducing sugar and their potent immunostimulatory adjuvant activity. The syntheses involve the preparation of glycosylation acceptors benzyl 3,4-di-O-benzyl-2-deoxy-2-[(R)-3-tetradecanoyloxytetradecanamido]-beta-D-glucopyranoside (16) and benzyl 3-O-allyl-4-O-benzyl-2-deoxy-2-[(R)-3-tetradecanoyloxytetradecanamido]-beta-D-glucopyranoside (17). The glycosylation reactions between the donor 4,6-di-O-benzylidene-2-deoxy-2-(2',2',2'-trichloroethoxycarbonylamino)-alpha-d-glucopyranosyl trichloroacetimidate (21) and acceptors 16 and 17 provide the desired beta-(1-->6)-linked disaccharides 22 and 23, respectively. Selective reductive ring opening of the 4,6-di-O-benzylidene group, installation of a phosphate group to the 4'-hydroxyl group, and the final global debenzylation produce the designed monophosphoryl lipid A analogues 1-3. All three synthetic analogues induce antigen specific T-cell proliferation and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production in ex vivo experiments with a totally synthetic liposomal vaccine system. The immunostimulatory potency of compound 1-3 is in the same order of magnitude as that of the detoxified natural lipid A product isolated from Salmonella minnesota R595 (R595 lipid A). The substituent at the 3-O-position of the reducing sugar does not have much effect on the adjuvant activity of monophosphoryl lipid A analogues. The preliminary lethal toxicity study indicates that the 3-O-acylated hepta-acyl monophosphoryl lipid A may not be more toxic than its 3-O-deacylated hexa-acyl analogue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Hua Jiang
- Biomira Inc., 2011-94 Street, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6N 1H1.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Lee HS, Wolfert MA, Zhang Y, Boons GJ. The 2-aminogluconate isomer of rhizobium sin-1 lipid A can antagonize TNF-alpha production induced by enteric LPS. Chembiochem 2006; 7:140-8. [PMID: 16317789 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200500298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The naturally occurring lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Rhizobium sin-1, a nitrogen-fixing bacterial species, can prevent the induction of the tumor necrosis factor TNF-alpha induced by enteric LPS. The proximal saccharide moiety of R. sin-1 lipid A can exist in two forms, namely as a 2-aminogluconolactone or 2-aminogluconate. As it is unknown which of these forms is responsible for the antagonistic properties of R. sin-1 lipid A, compound 4 was prepared, and its inflammatory properties were studied. This compound contains a methyl ether at the C-5 hydroxyl, which prevents lactonization and therefore is ideally suited to determine whether the 2-aminogluconate possesses antagonistic properties. Compound 4 was synthesized by a highly convergent approach with a key disaccharide building block functionalized with a set of orthogonal protecting groups. The novel synthetic compound lacks proinflammatory properties, as indicated by an absence of TNF-alpha protein production. This compound was, however, able to antagonize the production of TNF-alpha induced by enteric LPS; this indicates that the 2-aminogluconate form of R. sin-1 lipid A is responsible for its biological properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyi-Seung Lee
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Peri F, Marinzi C, Barath M, Granucci F, Urbano M, Nicotra F. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel lipid A antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:190-9. [PMID: 16203155 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A mimetic of Lipid A with a beta-N(OMe) glycosidic linkage, four linear C-14 hydrophobic chains and without phosphate groups has been prepared together with its beta-O-linked analogue. Both these molecules were active in inhibiting the inflammatory action of Escherichia coli lipid A on MT2 macrophages in a dose-dependent manner, while they were completely devoid of inflammatory activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Peri
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, P.zza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Santhanam B, Boons GJ. Preparation of a lipid a derivative that contains a 27-hydroxyoctacosanoic acid moiety. Org Lett 2005; 6:3333-6. [PMID: 15355045 DOI: 10.1021/ol048746f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[structure: see text] A general synthetic strategy for long-chain omega-1 hydroxy fatty acids has been developed, which employs as a key reaction step a cross metathesis between omega-unsaturated ester and 3-butene-2-ol. The resulting lipids were used for the preparation of lipid A derivatives of Rhizobium sin-1, which have the ability to inhibit the E. coli LPS-dependent synthesis of tumor necrosis factor by human monocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Santhanam
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Bhor VM, Thomas CJ, Surolia N, Surolia A. Polymyxin B: an ode to an old antidote for endotoxic shock. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2005; 1:213-22. [PMID: 16880985 DOI: 10.1039/b500756a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Endotoxic shock, a syndrome characterized by deranged hemodynamics, coagulation abnormalities, and multiple system organ failure is caused by the release into the circulation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the structurally diverse component of Gram-negative bacterial outer membranes, and is responsible for 60% mortality in humans. Polymyxin B (PMB), a cyclic, cationic peptide antibiotic, neutralizes endotoxin but induces severe side effects in the process. The potent endotoxin neutralizing ability of PMB, however, offers possibilities for designing non-toxic therapeutic agents for combating endotoxicosis. Amongst the numerous approaches for combating endotoxic shock, peptide mediated neutralization of LPS seems to be the most attractive one. The precise mode of binding of PMB to LPS and the structural features involved therein have been elucidated only recently using a variety of biophysical approaches. These suggest that efficient neutralization of endotoxin by PMB is not achieved by mere binding to LPS but requires its sequestration from the membrane. Incorporation of this feature into the design of endotoxin neutralizing peptides should lead to the development of effective antidotes for endotoxic shock.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vikrant M Bhor
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
|
34
|
Chinchilla R, Nájera C, Yus M. Metalated Heterocycles and Their Applications in Synthetic Organic Chemistry. Chem Rev 2004; 104:2667-722. [PMID: 15137804 DOI: 10.1021/cr020101a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Chinchilla
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and Instituto de Síntesis Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alicante, Apartado 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|