1
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Jiao P, Zheng W, Cui J, Zhang Q, Jin H. Theoretical Study on the P-C Bond Dissociation Enthalpy in 9,10-Dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide Flame Retardants. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:6167-6182. [PMID: 39038260 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c01947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
The 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) flame retardants (DOPO-FRs) have attracted more and more attention in the flame-retardant industry due to their high efficiency, environmental protection, and good molecular design. During the flame-retardant process, the breakage of P-C bonds is very important to the flame-retardant effect. Through the comparison of different density functional theories (DFTs) on P-C BDEs, it was found that MN12-L has the highest calculation accuracy, and the root-mean-square error is the smallest with 1.85 kcal/mol. Therefore, MN12-L was selected to investigate P-C BDEs of different DOPO-FRs including thiophen-amine, benzo[d]thiazol-amine, triazol-amine, and aniline DOPO-FRs. By comparing the theoretical calculation of BDE with the experimental parameters of high limiting oxygen index (LOI) and vertical combustion test (UL-94 test), it was found that the P-C BDEs have a certain correlation with the flame-retardant effect. Finally, based on P-C BDEs, substituent effects, and effective flame-retardant fragments, a series of new DOPO-FRs were designed. The results showed that when only one DOPO fragment was contained, the effective fragments of flame retardants were ranked as furan > thiophene > triazole > imidazole. When bis-DOPO fragment was contained, the flame-retardant effect of diamino-triazole fragments was better than that of benzyldimethylamine fragments. In addition, when the substituents on the effective fragment have two EDGs, the flame-retardant effect is superimposed, which makes the flame-retardant performance more excellent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peilei Jiao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Wenrui Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Jinglei Cui
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Qianxi Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Hao Jin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
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2
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Elhajj S, Gozem S. First and Second Reductions in an Aprotic Solvent: Comparing Computational and Experimental One-Electron Reduction Potentials for 345 Quinones. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:6227-6240. [PMID: 38970475 PMCID: PMC11270834 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.4c00602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Using reference reduction potentials of quinones recently measured relative to the saturated calomel electrode (SCE) in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), we benchmark absolute one-electron reduction potentials computed for 345 Q/Q•- and 265 Q•-/Q2- half-reactions using adiabatic electron affinities computed with density functional theory and solvation energies computed with four continuum solvation models: IEF-PCM, C-PCM, COSMO, and SM12. Regression analyses indicate a strong linear correlation between experimental and absolute computed Q/Q•- reduction potentials with Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) between 0.95 and 0.96 and the mean absolute error (MAE) relative to the linear fit between 83.29 and 89.51 mV for different solvation methods when the slope of the regression is constrained to 1. The same analysis for Q•-/Q2- gave a linear regression with r between 0.74 and 0.90 and MAE between 95.87 and 144.53 mV, respectively. The y-intercept values obtained from the linear regressions are in good agreement with the range of absolute reduction potentials reported in the literature for the SCE but reveal several sources of systematic error. The y-intercepts from Q•-/Q2- calculations are lower than those from Q/Q•- by around 320-410 mV for IEF-PCM, C-PCM, and SM12 compared to 210 mV for COSMO. Systematic errors also arise between molecules having different ring sizes (benzoquinones, naphthoquinones, and anthraquinones) and different substituents (titratable vs nontitratable). SCF convergence issues were found to be a source of random error that was slightly reduced by directly optimizing the solute structure in the continuum solvent reaction field. While SM12 MAEs were lower than those of the other solvation models for Q/Q•-, SM12 had larger MAEs for Q•-/Q2- pointing to a larger error when describing multiply charged anions in DMF. Altogether, the results highlight the advantages of, and further need for, testing computational methods using a large experimental data set that is not skewed (e.g., having more titratable than nontitratable substituents on different parent groups or vice versa) to help further distinguish between sources of random and systematic errors in the calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Elhajj
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia
State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, United States
| | - Samer Gozem
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia
State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, United States
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3
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Mast F, Hielscher MM, Wirtanen T, Erichsen M, Gauss J, Diezemann G, Waldvogel SR. Choice of the Right Supporting Electrolyte in Electrochemical Reductions: A Principal Component Analysis. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:15119-15129. [PMID: 38785120 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
We present an analysis of a set of molecular, electrical, and electronic properties for a large number of the cations of quaternary ammonium salts usually employed as supporting electrolytes in cathodic reduction reactions. The goal of the present study is to define a measure for the quality of a supporting electrolyte in terms of the yield of the reaction considered. We performed a principal component analysis using the normalized values of the properties in order to lower the number of relevant reaction coordinates and find that the integral variance of 13 properties can well be represented by three principal components. The yield of the electrochemical hydrodimerization of acrylonitrile employing different quaternary ammonium salts as supporting electrolytes was determined in a series of experiments. We found only a very weak correlation between the yield and the values of the properties but a strong correlation between the yield and the values of the most important principal component. Very similar results are obtained for two further existing systematic experimental studies of the impact of the supporting electrolyte on the yield of cathodic reductions. For all three example reactions, a supervised regression using the two most important principal components as variables yields excellent values for the coefficients of determination. For comparison, we also applied our methodology to sets of purely structure-based features that are usually employed in cheminformatics and obtained results of almost similar quality. We therefore conjecture that our methodology in combination with a small number of experiments can be used to predict the yield of a given cathodic reduction on the basis of the properties of the supporting electrolyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Mast
- Department Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Maximilian M Hielscher
- Department Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tom Wirtanen
- Chemical and Polymer Synthesis, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Box 1000, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Max Erichsen
- Department Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jürgen Gauss
- Department Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Gregor Diezemann
- Department Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Department Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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4
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He Q, Zhang Q, Rolka AB, Suero MG. Alkoxy Diazomethylation of Alkenes by Photoredox-Catalyzed Oxidative Radical-Polar Crossover. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:12294-12299. [PMID: 38663863 PMCID: PMC11082901 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we present the discovery and development of the first photoredox-catalyzed alkoxy diazomethylation of alkenes with hypervalent iodine reagents and alcohols. This multicomponent process represents a new disconnection approach to diazo compounds and is featured by a broad scope, mild reaction conditions, and excellent selectivity. Key to the process was the generation of diazomethyl radicals, which engaged alkenes and alcohols in an inter- and intramolecular fashion by a photoredox-catalyzed oxidative radical-polar crossover leading to unexplored β-alkoxydiazo compounds. The synthetic utility of such diazo compounds was demonstrated with a series of transformations involving C-H, N-H, and O-H insertions as well as in the construction of complex sp3-rich heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyuan He
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), The Barcelona
Institute of Science and Technology, Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Quan Zhang
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), The Barcelona
Institute of Science and Technology, Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Departament
de Química Analítica i Química Orgánica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Calle Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Alessa B. Rolka
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), The Barcelona
Institute of Science and Technology, Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Marcos G. Suero
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), The Barcelona
Institute of Science and Technology, Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- ICREA,
Pg. Lluis Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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5
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Fernandes AJ, Giri R, Houk KN, Katayev D. Review and Theoretical Analysis of Fluorinated Radicals in Direct C Ar-H Functionalization of (Hetero)arenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318377. [PMID: 38282182 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
We highlight key contributions in the field of direct radical CAr- H (hetero)aromatic functionalization involving fluorinated radicals. A compilation of Functional Group Transfer Reagents and their diverse activation mechanisms leading to the release of radicals are discussed. The substrate scope for each radical is analyzed and classified into three categories according to the electronic properties of the substrates. Density functional theory computational analysis provides insights into the chemical reactivity of several fluorinated radicals through their electrophilicity and nucleophilicity parameters. Theoretical analysis of their reduction potentials also highlights the remarkable correlation between electrophilicity and oxidizing ability. It is also established that highly fluorinated radicals (e.g. ⋅OCF3) are capable of engaging in single-electron transfer (SET) processes rather than radical addition, which is in good agreement with experimental literature data. A reactivity scale, based on activation barrier of addition of these radicals to benzene is also elaborated using the high accuracy DLPNO-(U)CCSD(T) method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Fernandes
- Department für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rahul Giri
- Department für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kendall N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, 90095, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Dmitry Katayev
- Department für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
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6
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Corcho-Valdes AL, Ponce de Leon-Cabrera J, Padron-Ramirez I, Chao-Mujica FJ, Lebed E, Gutierrez-Quintanilla A, Desdin-Garcia LF, Voloshin Y, Antuch M. Precise Fingerprint Determination of Vibrational Infrared Spectra in a Series of Co(II) Clathrochelates through Experimental and Theoretical Analyses. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:9419-9429. [PMID: 37935045 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c04161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
The energetic demands of modern society for clean energy vectors, such as H2, have caused a surge in research associated with homogeneous and immobilized electrocatalysts that may replace Pt. In particular, clathrochelates have shown excellent electrocatalytic properties for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). However, the actual mechanism for the HER catalyzed by these d-metal complexes remains an open debate, which may be addressed via Operando spectroelectrochemistry. The prediction of electrochemical properties via density functional theory (DFT) needs access to thermodynamic functions, which are only available after Hessian calculations. Unfortunately, there is a notable lack in the current literature regarding the precise evaluation of vibrational spectra of such complexes, given their structural complexity and the associated tangled IR spectra. In this work, we have performed a detailed theoretical and experimental analysis in a family of Co(II) clathrochelates, in order to establish univocally their IR pattern, and also the calculation methodology that is adequate for such predictions. In summary, we have observed the presence of multiple common bands shared by this clathrochelate family, using the B3LYP functional, the LANL2DZ basis, and effective core potentials (ECP) for heavy atoms. The most important issue addressed in this article was therefore related to the detailed assignment of the fingerprint associated with cobalt(II) clathrochelates, which is a challenging endeavor due to the crowded nature of their spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Luis Corcho-Valdes
- Centro de Aplicaciones Tecnologicas y Desarrollo Nuclear (CEADEN), No. 502, Calle 30 y 5ta Ave., Miramar, C.P. 11300 La Habana, Cuba
| | - Josue Ponce de Leon-Cabrera
- Centro de Aplicaciones Tecnologicas y Desarrollo Nuclear (CEADEN), No. 502, Calle 30 y 5ta Ave., Miramar, C.P. 11300 La Habana, Cuba
| | - Ivan Padron-Ramirez
- Centro de Aplicaciones Tecnologicas y Desarrollo Nuclear (CEADEN), No. 502, Calle 30 y 5ta Ave., Miramar, C.P. 11300 La Habana, Cuba
| | - Frank Justo Chao-Mujica
- Centro de Aplicaciones Tecnologicas y Desarrollo Nuclear (CEADEN), No. 502, Calle 30 y 5ta Ave., Miramar, C.P. 11300 La Habana, Cuba
| | - Ekaterina Lebed
- Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 28-1 Vavilova st., 119334 Moscow, Russia
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 31 Leninsky pr., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Luis Felipe Desdin-Garcia
- Centro de Aplicaciones Tecnologicas y Desarrollo Nuclear (CEADEN), No. 502, Calle 30 y 5ta Ave., Miramar, C.P. 11300 La Habana, Cuba
| | - Yan Voloshin
- Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 28-1 Vavilova st., 119334 Moscow, Russia
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 31 Leninsky pr., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Manuel Antuch
- Centro de Aplicaciones Tecnologicas y Desarrollo Nuclear (CEADEN), No. 502, Calle 30 y 5ta Ave., Miramar, C.P. 11300 La Habana, Cuba
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7
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Zhao H, Pan Y, Lau KC. Ferrocene/ferrocenium, cobaltocene/cobaltocenium and nickelocene/nickelocenium: from gas phase ionization energy to one-electron reduction potential in solvated medium. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023. [PMID: 37325896 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp01904g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We propose a theoretical procedure for accurate determination of reduction potentials for three metallocene couples, Cp2M+/Cp2M, where M = Fe, Co and Ni. This procedure first computes the gas phase ionization energy (IE) using the explicitly correlated CCSD(T)-F12 method and includes the zero-point energy correction, core-valence electronic correlation, and relativistic and spin-orbit coupling effects. By means of Born-Haber thermochemical cycle, the one-electron reduction potential is obtained as the sum of the gas phase IE and the corresponding Gibbs free energies of solvation (ΔGsolv) for both the neutral and cationic species. Among the three solvent models (PCM, SMD and uESE) investigated here, it turns out that only the SMD model (computed at the DFT level) gives the best estimation of the value for "ΔGsolv(cation) - ΔGsolv(neutral)" and thus, combining with the accurate IE values, the theoretical protocol is capable of yielding reliable values (in V) for , and . These predictions compare favorably with the available experimental data (in V): , , and . We show that our theoretical procedure is reliable for accurate reduction potential predictions of Cp2Fe+/Cp2Fe, Cp2Co+/Cp2Co and Cp2Ni+/Cp2Ni redox couples in aqueous and non-aqueous media; the maximum absolute deviation is as small as ≈120 mV, which outperforms those of the existing theoretical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| | - Yi Pan
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| | - Kai-Chung Lau
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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8
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Liao K, Chan CY, Liu S, Zhang X, Chen J, Huang Y. Photoredox Cleavage of a C sp3-C sp3 Bond in Aromatic Hydrocarbons. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37216226 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c02745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Functionalizing molecules through the selective cleavage of carbon-carbon bonds is an attractive approach in synthetic chemistry. Despite recent advances in both transition-metal catalysis and radical chemistry, the selective cleavage of inert Csp3-Csp3 bonds in hydrocarbon feedstocks remains challenging. Examples reported in the literature typically involve substrates containing redox functional groups or highly strained molecules. In this article, we present a straightforward protocol for the cleavage and functionalization of Csp3-Csp3 bonds in alkylbenzenes using photoredox catalysis. Our method employs two distinct bond scission pathways. For substrates with tertiary benzylic substituents, a carbocation-coupled electron transfer mechanism is prevalent. For substrates with primary or secondary benzylic substituents, a triple single-electron oxidation cascade is applicable. Our strategy offers a practical means of cleaving inert Csp3-Csp3 bonds in molecules without any heteroatoms, resulting in primary, secondary, tertiary, and benzylic radical species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Cho Ying Chan
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Siqi Liu
- Pingshan Translational Medicine Center, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Xinhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Pingshan Translational Medicine Center, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Jiean Chen
- Pingshan Translational Medicine Center, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Yong Huang
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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9
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Izato YI, Matsugi A, Koshi M, Miyake A. Computation of entropy values for non-electrolyte solute molecules in solution based on semi-empirical corrections to a polarized continuum model. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:8082-8089. [PMID: 36876720 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04972d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
A simple heuristic model was developed for estimating the entropy of a solute molecule in an ideal solution based on quantum mechanical calculations with polarizable continuum models (QM/PCMs). A translational term was incorporated that included free-volume compensation for the Sackur-Tetrode equation and a rotational term was modeled based on the restricted rotation of a dipole in an electrostatic field. The configuration term for the solute at a given concentration was calculated using a simple lattice model that considered the number of configurations of the solute within the lattice. The configurational entropy was ascertained from this number based on Boltzmann's principle. Standard entropy values were determined for 41 combinations of solutes and solvents at a set concentration of 1 mol dm-3 using the proposed model, and the computational values were compared with experimental data. QM/PCM calculations were conducted at the ωB97X-D/6-311++G(d,p)/IEF-PCM level using universal force field van der Waals radii scaled by 1.2. The proposed model accurately reproduced the entropy values reported for solutes in non-aqueous solvents within a mean absolute deviation of 9.2 J mol-1 K-1 for 33 solutions. This performance represents a considerable improvement relative to that obtained using the method based on the ideal gas treatment that is widely utilized in commercially available computation packages. In contrast, computations for aqueous molecules overestimated the entropies because hydrophobic effects that decrease the entropy of aqueous solutions were not included in the present model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ichiro Izato
- Graduate School of Information and Environment Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-7 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Akira Matsugi
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Sciences and Technology, 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Koshi
- Professor Emeritus, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
| | - Atsumi Miyake
- Graduate School of Information and Environment Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-7 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Japan.
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10
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Conradie J. Reduction potential of benzophenones, hydroxyphenones and bis(2-hydroxyphenone)copper molecules. Electrochim Acta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2023.141931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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11
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Ding YF, Yin SF, Cai MQ. Enhanced photocatalytic toluene oxidation performance induced by two types of cooperative fluorine doping in polymeric carbon nitride with the first-principles calculations. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 630:452-459. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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MISPR: an open-source package for high-throughput multiscale molecular simulations. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15760. [PMID: 36130978 PMCID: PMC9492707 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20009-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Computational tools provide a unique opportunity to study and design optimal materials by enhancing our ability to comprehend the connections between their atomistic structure and functional properties. However, designing materials with tailored functionalities is complicated due to the necessity to integrate various computational-chemistry software (not necessarily compatible with one another), the heterogeneous nature of the generated data, and the need to explore vast chemical and parameter spaces. The latter is especially important to avoid bias in scattered data points-based models and derive statistical trends only accessible by systematic datasets. Here, we introduce a robust high-throughput multi-scale computational infrastructure coined MISPR (Materials Informatics for Structure-Property Relationships) that seamlessly integrates classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with density functional theory (DFT). By enabling high-performance data analytics and coupling between different methods and scales, MISPR addresses critical challenges arising from the needs of automated workflow management and data provenance recording. The major features of MISPR include automated DFT and MD simulations, error handling, derivation of molecular and ensemble properties, and creation of output databases that organize results from individual calculations to enable reproducibility and transparency. In this work, we describe fully automated DFT workflows implemented in MISPR to compute various properties such as nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shift, binding energy, bond dissociation energy, and redox potential with support for multiple methods such as electron transfer and proton-coupled electron transfer reactions. The infrastructure also enables the characterization of large-scale ensemble properties by providing MD workflows that calculate a wide range of structural and dynamical properties in liquid solutions. MISPR employs the methodologies of materials informatics to facilitate understanding and prediction of phenomenological structure-property relationships, which are crucial to designing novel optimal materials for numerous scientific applications and engineering technologies.
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13
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Revealing the Mechanisms of Photocatalytic Toluene Selective Oxidation on Titanium Dioxide Cluster with Density Functional Theory Calculations. Catal Letters 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-022-04139-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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14
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Dhungana RK, Granados A, Sharique M, Majhi J, Molander GA. A three-component difunctionalization of N-alkenyl amides via organophotoredox radical-polar crossover. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:9556-9559. [PMID: 35930003 PMCID: PMC10443537 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc04101d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a three-component organophotoredox coupling of N-alkenyl amides with α-bromocarbonyls and various nucleophiles. This transition metal-free difunctionalization protocol installs sequential C-C and C-Y (Y = S/O/N) bonds in alkenes. This reaction works with terminal and internal alkenes containing both cyclic and acyclic amides via radical-polar crossover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshan K Dhungana
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104-6323, USA.
| | - Albert Granados
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104-6323, USA.
| | - Mohammed Sharique
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104-6323, USA.
| | - Jadab Majhi
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104-6323, USA.
| | - Gary A Molander
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104-6323, USA.
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15
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Lukeš V, Kováčová A, Hartmann H. On thermodynamics of electron, proton and PCET processes of catechol, hydroquinone and resorcinol – Consequences for redox properties of polyphenolic compounds. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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16
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Kang G, Han S. Synthesis of Dimeric Securinega Alkaloid Flueggeacosine B: From Pd-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling to Cu-Catalyzed Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:8932-8937. [PMID: 35576619 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We completed the synthesis of dimeric high-oxidation-state securinega alkaloid flueggeacosine B via two synthetic routes from allosecurinine. The first-generation synthesis (seven overall steps) involved a Liebeskind-Srogl cross-coupling reaction for the union of two functionalized fragments, the organostannane and the thioester. As a means to further streamline the synthetic route, we have developed a visible-light-mediated Cu-catalyzed cross-dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) reaction between an aldehyde and an electron-deficient olefin. This enabled the second-generation synthesis of flueggeacosine B from allosecurinine in four overall steps. The newly developed CDC reaction paves a direct way to a conjugated dicarbonyl moiety, a ubiquitous structural moiety present in various natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyumin Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunkyu Han
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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17
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Loipersberger M, Derrick JS, Chang CJ, Head-Gordon M. Deciphering Distinct Overpotential-Dependent Pathways for Electrochemical CO 2 Reduction Catalyzed by an Iron-Terpyridine Complex. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:6919-6933. [PMID: 35452213 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
[Fe(tpyPY2Me)]2+ ([Fe]2+) is a homogeneous electrocatalyst for converting CO2 into CO featuring low overpotentials of <100 mV, near-unity selectivity, and high activity with turnover frequencies faster than 100 000 s-1. To identify the origins of its exceptional performance and inform future catalyst design, we report a combined computational and experimental study that establishes two distinct mechanistic pathways for electrochemical CO2 reduction catalyzed by [Fe]2+ as a function of applied overpotential. Electrochemical data shows the formation of two catalytic regimes at low (ηTOF/2 of 160 mV) and high (ηTOF/2 of 590 mV) overpotential plateaus. We propose that at low overpotentials [Fe]2+ undergoes a two-electron reduction, two-proton-transfer mechanism (electrochemical-electrochemical-chemical-chemical, EECC), where turnover occurs through the dicationic iron complex, [Fe]2+. Computational analysis supports the importance of the singlet ground-state electronic structure for CO2 binding and that the rate-limiting step is the second protonation in this low-overpotential regime. When more negative potentials are applied, an additional electron-transfer event occurs through either a stepwise or proton-coupled electron-transfer (PCET) pathway, enabling catalytic turnover from the monocationic iron complex ([Fe]+) via an electrochemical-chemical-electrochemical-chemical (ECEC) mechanism. Comparison of experimental kinetic data obtained from variable controlled potential electrolysis (CPE) experiments with direct product detection with calculated rates obtained from the energetic span model supports the PCET pathway as the most likely mechanism. Moreover, we build upon this mechanistic understanding to propose the design of an improved ligand framework that is predicted to stabilize the key transition states identified in our study and explore their electronic structures using an energy decomposition analysis. Taken together, this work highlights the value of synergistic computational/experimental approaches to decipher mechanisms of new electrocatalysts and direct the rational design of improved platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Loipersberger
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jeffrey S Derrick
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Christopher J Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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18
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Conradie J. Redox chemistry of bis(terpyridine)manganese(II) complexes – a molecular view. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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19
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Yang Y, Zheng W, Ren L, Xu X. A theoretical study on the proton affinity of sulfur ylides. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj00948j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The proton affinities of sulfoxide ylides, carbonyl ylides, allyl ylides, benzenyl ylides and heterocyclic ylides with typical substituents were investigated using the SOGGA11-X functional.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Wenrui Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Center for Druggability of Cardiovascular noncoding RNA, Institute for Frontier Medical Technology, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Lufei Ren
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xiaofei Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
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20
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Zheng H, Zhang L, Zhang G, Gan Y, Xie M, Zhang S. UV-Induced Redox Conversion of Tellurite by Biacetyl. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:16646-16654. [PMID: 34889589 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c05318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Tellurium (Te) is a rare element of great value, but it exists mainly in the toxic form of tellurite (TeIV) in water. Effective approaches that are able to reduce the toxicity and recover Te from contaminated water are highly needed. Here, we developed a simple but effective way to reduce toxic TeIV to widely applicable elemental Te0. With the combination of ultraviolet (UV) and biacetyl (BD), the oxidation state of Te could be feasibly changed from IV to 0 or VI. The consumption of dissolved oxygen (DO) was a key factor in the redox conversion of TeIV. Under UV irradiation, BD was first cleaved to acetyl radicals, which could then combine with water molecules to form more reductive diol radicals or combine with DO to form strongly oxidative peroxide radicals. Even without deoxygenation, the UV/BD system could rapidly change from being oxidative to being reductive because of the fast depletion of DO. Owing to the high quantum yield of the acetyl radical, the reduction efficiency of the UV/BD system was about 1 order of magnitude higher than that of UV/sulfite and was more efficient than the commonly used biological methods. This work provides a proof of concept for the reduction of tellurite, which could have relevant implications for water treatment and resource recovery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongcen Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Guoyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yonghai Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Min Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shujuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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21
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Franceschi P, Nicoletti C, Bonetto R, Bonchio M, Natali M, Dell'Amico L, Sartorel A. Basicity as a Thermodynamic Descriptor of Carbanions Reactivity with Carbon Dioxide: Application to the Carboxylation of α,β-Unsaturated Ketones. Front Chem 2021; 9:783993. [PMID: 34900942 PMCID: PMC8652261 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.783993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The utilization of carbon dioxide as a raw material represents nowadays an appealing strategy in the renewable energy, organic synthesis, and green chemistry fields. Besides reduction strategies, carbon dioxide can be exploited as a single-carbon-atom building block through its fixation into organic scaffolds with the formation of new C-C bonds (carboxylation processes). In this case, activation of the organic substrate is commonly required, upon formation of a carbanion C-, being sufficiently reactive toward the addition of CO2. However, the prediction of the reactivity of C- with CO2 is often problematic with the process being possibly associated with unfavorable thermodynamics. In this contribution, we present a thermodynamic analysis combined with density functional theory calculations on 50 organic molecules enabling the achievement of a linear correlation of the standard free energy (ΔG0) of the carboxylation reaction with the basicity of the carbanion C-, expressed as the pKa of the CH/C- couple. The analysis identifies a threshold pKa of ca 36 (in CH3CN) for the CH/C- couple, above which the ΔG0 of the carboxylation reaction is negative and indicative of a favorable process. We then apply the model to a real case involving electrochemical carboxylation of flavone and chalcone as model compounds of α,β-unsaturated ketones. Carboxylation occurs in the β-position from the doubly reduced dianion intermediates of flavone and chalcone (calculated ΔG0 of carboxylation in β = -12.8 and -20.0 Kcalmol-1 for flavone and chalcone, respectively, associated with pKa values for the conjugate acids of 50.6 and 51.8, respectively). Conversely, the one-electron reduced radical anions are not reactive toward carboxylation (ΔG0 > +20 Kcalmol-1 for both substrates, in either α or β position, consistent with pKa of the conjugate acids < 18.5). For all the possible intermediates, the plot of calculated ΔG0 of carboxylation vs. pKa is consistent with the linear correlation model developed. The application of the ΔG0 vs. pKa correlation is finally discussed for alternative reaction mechanisms and for carboxylation of other C=C and C=O double bonds. These results offer a new mechanistic tool for the interpretation of the reactivity of CO2 with organic intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Franceschi
- Nano and Molecular Catalysis Laboratory, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Catia Nicoletti
- Nano and Molecular Catalysis Laboratory, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Ruggero Bonetto
- Nano and Molecular Catalysis Laboratory, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Marcella Bonchio
- Nano and Molecular Catalysis Laboratory, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Mirco Natali
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences (DOCPAS), University of Ferrara, and Centro Interuniversitario per La Conversione Chimica Dell'Energia Solare (SOLARCHEM), Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luca Dell'Amico
- Nano and Molecular Catalysis Laboratory, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Sartorel
- Nano and Molecular Catalysis Laboratory, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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22
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Omar ÖH, Del Cueto M, Nematiaram T, Troisi A. High-throughput virtual screening for organic electronics: a comparative study of alternative strategies. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. C 2021; 9:13557-13583. [PMID: 34745630 PMCID: PMC8515942 DOI: 10.1039/d1tc03256a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We present a review of the field of high-throughput virtual screening for organic electronics materials focusing on the sequence of methodological choices that determine each virtual screening protocol. These choices are present in all high-throughput virtual screenings and addressing them systematically will lead to optimised workflows and improve their applicability. We consider the range of properties that can be computed and illustrate how their accuracy can be determined depending on the quality and size of the experimental datasets. The approaches to generate candidates for virtual screening are also extremely varied and their relative strengths and weaknesses are discussed. The analysis of high-throughput virtual screening is almost never limited to the identification of top candidates and often new patterns and structure-property relations are the most interesting findings of such searches. The review reveals a very dynamic field constantly adapting to match an evolving landscape of applications, methodologies and datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ömer H Omar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool Liverpool L69 3BX UK
| | - Marcos Del Cueto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool Liverpool L69 3BX UK
| | | | - Alessandro Troisi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool Liverpool L69 3BX UK
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23
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Andersen CL, Lacerda EG, Christensen JB, Sauer SPA, Hammerich O. Prediction of the standard potentials for one-electron oxidation of N, N, N', N' tetrasubstituted p-phenylenediamines by calculation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:20340-20351. [PMID: 34486635 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02315b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The formal potentials for the reversible one-electron oxidation of N,N,N',N' tetrasubstituted p-phenylenediamines in acetonitrile have been applied as a test set for benchmarking computational methods for a series of compounds with only small structural differences. The aim of the study is to propose a simple method for calculating the standard oxidation potentials, and therefore, the protocol is progressively developed by adding more terms in the energy expression. In addition, the effect of including implicit solvation models (IEFPCM, CPCM, and SMD), larger basis sets, and correlation methods are investigated. The oxidation potentials calculated using the G3MP2B3 approach with IEFPCM resulted in the best fit (R2 = 0.9624), but the slope of the correlation line, 0.74, is far from the optimal value, 1.00. B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) and TPSSh/6-311++G(2d,p) yielded only slightly less consistent data (R2 = 0.9388 and R2 = 0.9425), but with much better slopes, 1.00 and 0.94, respectively. We conclude that it is important to investigate the basis set size and treatment of electron correlation when calculating oxidation potentials for N,N,N',N' tetrasubstituted p-phenylenediamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilie L Andersen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Evanildo G Lacerda
- Instituto de Física da Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 1371, 05508-090 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jørn B Christensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Stephan P A Sauer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Ole Hammerich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
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24
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Hetemi D, Combellas C, Kanoufi F, Podvorica FI. Direct vs Indirect Grafting of Alkyl and Aryl Halides. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:1844-1849. [PMID: 34125990 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The direct and indirect electrochemical grafting of alkyl and aryl halides (RX, ArX) on carbon, metal and polymer surfaces is examined. Their electrochemical reduction occurs at highly negative potential in organic solvents and very often produces carbanions because the reduction potentials of RX and ArX are more negative than those of their corresponding radicals. Therefore, direct electrografting of alkyl and aryl radicals generated from RX and ArX is not easy to perform. This obstacle is overcome using aryl radicals derived from the 2,6-dimethylbenzenediazonium salt (2,6-DMBD), which do not react on the electrode surface due to their steric hindrance but react in solution by abstracting an iodine or bromine atom from RX (X=I, Br) or ArI to give alkyl or aryl radicals. As a consequence, alkyl and aryl radicals are generated at very low driving force by diverting the reactivity of aryl radicals derived from an aryl diazonium salt; they attack the electrode surface and form strongly attached organic layers. This strategy applies to the chemical modification of polymers (polyethylene, polymethylmethacrylate) by alkyl halides under heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dardan Hetemi
- Pharmacy Department, Medical Faculty, University of Prishtina "Hasan Prishtina", Rr. "Dëshmorët e Kombit" p.n., 10000, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Catherine Combellas
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS, UMR 7086, 15 rue J-A de Baïf, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Kanoufi
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS, UMR 7086, 15 rue J-A de Baïf, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Fetah I Podvorica
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematical-Natural Sciences, University of Prishtina "Hasan Prishtina", 10000, Prishtina, Kosovo.,Academy of Sciences and Arts of Kosova, Rr. "Agim Ramadani" nr 305, 10000, Prishtina, Kosovo.,NanoAlb-Unit of Albanian Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 1000, Tirana, Albania
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25
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Toriumi N, Yamashita K, Iwasawa N. Metal-Free Photoredox-Catalyzed Hydrodefluorination of Fluoroarenes Utilizing Amide Solvent as Reductant. Chemistry 2021; 27:12635-12641. [PMID: 34190366 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A metal-free photoredox-catalyzed hydrodefluorination of fluoroarenes was achieved by using N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-para-phenylenediamine (1) as a strong photoreduction catalyst. This reaction was applicable not only to electron-rich monofluoroarenes but also to polyfluoroarenes to afford non-fluorinated arenes. The experimental mechanistic studies indicated that the amide solvent NMP plays an important role for regeneration of the photocatalyst, enabling additive-free photoreduction catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Toriumi
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Kazuya Yamashita
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Nobuharu Iwasawa
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
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26
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Liu S, Su YL, Sun TY, Doyle MP, Wu YD, Zhang X. Precise Introduction of the -CH nX 3-n (X = F, Cl, Br, I) Moiety to Target Molecules by a Radical Strategy: A Theoretical and Experimental Study. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:13195-13204. [PMID: 34374531 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Addition of halomethyl radicals to form bioactive molecules has recently become an efficient strategy. The reaction has a bottleneck, however, which is the effective and selective generation of the proper halomethyl •CHnX3-n radical by combining CHnX4-n with a carbon radical. Understanding the reactivity and selectivity of carbon radicals in the hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) and halogen atom transfer (XAT) reactions of CHnX4-n is key to the development of such an attractive method. With the help of the emerging data-driven strategy, DFT calculations were used to explore various correlations. For selectivity, the relative energy barriers between HAT and XAT reactions (ΔG⧧H - ΔG⧧X) correlate reasonably well with the three parameters ΔGH, ΔGX, and IP, and the correlation studies reveal that the calculated IPinver and the experimental ΔBDE can be used to conveniently predict the selectivity. Predicted selectivities are consistent with experimental determinations. This work not only provides a possibility for selecting carbon radicals with the known or easily obtained physicochemical data but also demonstrates that the informatic workflow such as generating data and identifying correlations has potential applications in mining reaction rules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Liu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518132, China
| | - Yong-Liang Su
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Tian-Yu Sun
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518132, China
| | - Michael P Doyle
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Yun-Dong Wu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518132, China.,Lab of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xinhao Zhang
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518132, China.,Lab of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
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27
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Medvedev JJ, Medvedeva XV, Engelhardt H, Klinkova A. Relative activity of metal cathodes towards electroorganic coupling of CO2 with benzylic halides. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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28
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Zhang G, Xie M, Zhao J, Wei S, Zheng H, Zhang S. Key structural features that determine the selectivity of UV/acetylacetone for the degradation of aromatic pollutants when compared to UV/H 2O 2. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 196:117046. [PMID: 33774353 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Acetylacetone (AA) has proven to be a potent photo-activator for the decolorization of dyes. However, there is very limited information on the quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) and the mechanisms of dye degradation by UV/AA. Herein, the photolysis of 65 aromatic compounds (dyes and dye precursors) was investigated at three pH values (4.0, 6.0, 9.0) by UV/AA and UV/H2O2. The obtained pseudo-first-order photodegradation rate constants (k1) were processed using statistical analysis. The correlation between the k1 values and the number of photons absorbed by AA, together with the observed pH effect, suggested that the protonated enol structure of AA plays a crucial role in the photodecolorization of dyes. According to quantum chemical computation, photo-induced direct electron transfer between the excited state of AA and the dye was the main mechanism in the UV/AA process. QSAR models demonstrated that the molecular size and stability were the key factors that determined the efficiency of UV/H2O2 for dye degradation. Statistically, the UV/AA process was target-selective and suffered less from the inner filter effect, which made it more effective than the UV/H2O2 process for dye degradation. The selectivity of the UV/AA process was mainly embodied in the substituent effects: dyes with hydroxyl groups in conjugated systems decomposed faster than those with nitro-substitution or ortho-substituted sulfonate groups. The results can be used for the selection of appropriate photochemical approaches for the treatment of dye-contaminated water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Min Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shuangshuang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hongcen Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shujuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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29
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Beerhues J, Neubrand M, Sobottka S, Neuman NI, Aberhan H, Chandra S, Sarkar B. Directed Design of a Au I Complex with a Reduced Mesoionic Carbene Radical Ligand: Insights from 1,2,3-Triazolylidene Selenium Adducts and Extensive Electrochemical Investigations. Chemistry 2021; 27:6557-6568. [PMID: 33502818 PMCID: PMC8252451 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Carbene-based radicals are important for both fundamental and applied chemical research. Herein, extensive electrochemical investigations of nine different 1,2,3-triazolylidene selenium adducts are reported. It is found that the half-wave potentials of the first reduction of the selones correlate with their calculated LUMO levels and the LUMO levels of the corresponding triazolylidene-based mesoionic carbenes (MICs). Furthermore, unexpected quasi-reversibility of the reduction of two triazoline selones, exhibiting comparable reduction potentials, was discovered. Through UV/Vis/NIR and EPR spectroelectrochemical investigations supported by DFT calculations, the radical anion was unambiguously assigned to be triazoline centered. This electrochemical behavior was transferred to a triazolylidene-type MIC-gold phenyl complex resulting in a MIC-radical coordinated AuI species. Apart from UV-Vis-NIR and EPR spectroelectrochemical investigations of the reduction, the reduced gold-coordinated MIC radical complex was also formed in situ in the bulk through chemical reduction. This is the first report of a monodentate triazolylidene-based MIC ligand that can be reduced to its anion radical in a metal complex. The results presented here provide design principles for stabilizing radicals based on MICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Beerhues
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische KoordinationschemieInstitut für Anorganische ChemieUniversität StuttgartPfaffenwaldring 5570569StuttgartGermany
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieFreie Universität BerlinFabeckstraße 34–3614195BerlinGermany
| | - Maren Neubrand
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische KoordinationschemieInstitut für Anorganische ChemieUniversität StuttgartPfaffenwaldring 5570569StuttgartGermany
| | - Sebastian Sobottka
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieFreie Universität BerlinFabeckstraße 34–3614195BerlinGermany
| | - Nicolás I. Neuman
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische KoordinationschemieInstitut für Anorganische ChemieUniversität StuttgartPfaffenwaldring 5570569StuttgartGermany
| | - Hannes Aberhan
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieFreie Universität BerlinFabeckstraße 34–3614195BerlinGermany
| | - Shubhadeep Chandra
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische KoordinationschemieInstitut für Anorganische ChemieUniversität StuttgartPfaffenwaldring 5570569StuttgartGermany
| | - Biprajit Sarkar
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische KoordinationschemieInstitut für Anorganische ChemieUniversität StuttgartPfaffenwaldring 5570569StuttgartGermany
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieFreie Universität BerlinFabeckstraße 34–3614195BerlinGermany
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30
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Palmer TC, Beamer A, Pitt T, Popov IA, Cammack CX, Pratt HD, Anderson TM, Batista ER, Yang P, Davis BL. A Comparative Review of Metal-Based Charge Carriers in Nonaqueous Flow Batteries. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:1214-1228. [PMID: 33305517 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202002354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Energy storage is becoming the chief barrier to the utilization of more renewable energy sources on the grid. With independent service operators aiming to acquire gigawatts in the next 10-20 years, there is a large need to develop a suite of new storage technologies. Redox flow batteries (RFB) may be part of the solution if certain key barriers are overcome. This Review focuses on a particular kind of RFB based on nonaqueous media that promises to meet the challenge through higher voltages than the organic and aqueous variants. This class of RFB is divided into three groups: molecular, macromolecular, and redox-targeted systems. The growing field of theoretical modeling is also reviewed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis C Palmer
- Materials Synthesis and Integrated Devices, Los Alamos National Laboratory, 87545, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Andrew Beamer
- Materials Synthesis and Integrated Devices, Los Alamos National Laboratory, 87545, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Tristan Pitt
- Materials Synthesis and Integrated Devices, Los Alamos National Laboratory, 87545, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Ivan A Popov
- T-1: Physics and Chemistry of Materials, Los Alamos National Laboratory, 87545, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Claudina X Cammack
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, MS 0614, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Harry D Pratt
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, MS 0614, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Travis M Anderson
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, MS 0614, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Enrique R Batista
- T-CNLS: Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, 87545, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Ping Yang
- T-CNLS: Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, 87545, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Benjamin L Davis
- Materials Synthesis and Integrated Devices, Los Alamos National Laboratory, 87545, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
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31
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Kuusik I, Kook M, Pärna R, Kisand V. Ionic Liquid Vapors in Vacuum: Possibility to Derive Anodic Stabilities from DFT and UPS. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:5255-5265. [PMID: 33681566 PMCID: PMC7931180 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) investigations of several gas-phase ionic liquid (IL) ion pairs have been conducted. [EMIM][OTF], [PYR14][OTF], [EMIM][DCA], [PYR14][DCA], [PYR14][TCM], [PYR14][FSI], [PYR14][PF6], [S222][TFSI], [P4441][TFSI], and [EMMIM][TFSI] vapor UPS spectra are presented for the first time. The experimental low-binding-energy cutoff value (highest occupied molecular orbital, HOMO energy) of the ionic liquid ion pairs, which is of great interest, has been measured. Many studies use calculated gas-phase electronic properties to estimate the liquid-phase electrochemical stability. Hybrid density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been used to interpret the experimental data. The gas-phase photoelectron spectra in conjunction with the theoretical calculations are able to verify most HOMO energies and assign them to the cation or anion. The hybrid M06 functional is shown to offer a very good description of the ionic liquid electronic structure. In some cases, the excellent agreement between the UPS spectra and the M06 calculation validates the conformer found and constitutes as a first indirect experimental determination of ionic liquid ion-pair structure. Comparisons with recent theoretical studies are made, and implications for electrochemical applications are discussed. The new data provide a much-needed reference for future ab initio calculations and support the argument that modeling of IL cations and anions separately is incorrect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivar Kuusik
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwaldi 1, EE-50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mati Kook
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwaldi 1, EE-50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Rainer Pärna
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwaldi 1, EE-50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Vambola Kisand
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwaldi 1, EE-50411 Tartu, Estonia
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32
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Pakiari AH, Salarhaji M, Abdollahi T, Safapour M. The redox potential of flavin derivatives as a mediator in biosensors. J Mol Model 2021; 27:96. [PMID: 33641033 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-020-04650-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The two-electron reduction potential for a set of 393 flavin derivatives is presented in this article. These derivatives are substituted flavin on carbon 6, 7, 8, and 9 by coinage transition metals (Cu, Ag, and Au) and conjugated double bond hydrocarbons; and both groups are examined with and without functional groups such as OH, Cl, CH3, COOH, and NO2. In order to show the validity of the results, the reduction potential of human life molecules, which have experimental values, such as flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and riboflavin (vitamin B2) is calculated. The experimental value for FAD is - 0.22 V, while the obtained theoretical value is - 0.21 V, and the corresponding values for riboflavin are - 0.18 and - 0.19 V, respectively. Theoretical calculations have been carried out by DFT procedure with a 6-31+G** basis set and BLYP xc-functional for coinage transition metals substitution, and MPW1PW9 xc-functionals for conjugated double bond hydrocarbon substitution. Both xc-functionals are chosen by the DFT calibration procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Pakiari
- Chemistry Department, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 7194684795, Iran.
| | - M Salarhaji
- Chemistry Department, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 7194684795, Iran
| | - T Abdollahi
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Bushehr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bushehr, 75149-44141, Iran
| | - M Safapour
- Chemistry Department, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 7194684795, Iran
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33
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Teets TS, Wu Y, Kim D. Photophysical Properties and Redox Potentials of Photosensitizers for Organic Photoredox Transformations. Synlett 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1390-9065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPhotoredox catalysis has proven to be a powerful tool in synthetic organic chemistry. The rational design of photosensitizers with improved photocatalytic performance constitutes a major advancement in photoredox organic transformations. This review summarizes the fundamental ground-state and excited-state photophysical and electrochemical attributes of molecular photosensitizers, which are important determinants of their photocatalytic reactivity.
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34
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Choi J, Kim H. Spin-Flip Density Functional Theory for the Redox Properties of Organic Photoredox Catalysts in Excited States. J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 17:767-776. [PMID: 33449691 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c00850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Photoredox catalysts (PCs) have contributed to the advancement of organic chemistry by accelerating conventional reactions and enabling new pathways through the use of reactive electrons in excited states. With a number of successful applications, chemists continue to seek new promising organic PCs to achieve their objectives. Instead of labor-intensive manual experimentation, quantum chemical simulations could explore the enormous chemical space more efficiently. The reliability and accuracy of quantum chemical simulations have become important factors for material screening. We designed a theoretical protocol capable of predicting redox properties in excited states with high accuracy for a selected model system of dihydroquinoxalino[2,3-b]quinoxaline derivatives. Herein, three factors were considered as critical to achieving reliable predictions with accurate physics: the solvent medium effect on excited-state geometries, an adequate amount of Hartree-Fock exchange (HFX), and the consideration of double-excitation character in excited states. We determined that it is necessary to incorporate solvent medium during geometry optimizations to obtain planar excited-state structures that are consistent with the experimentally observed modest Stokes shift. While density functionals belonging to the generalized gradient approximation family perform well for the prediction of photoelectrochemical properties, an incorrect description of exciton boundedness (spontaneous dissociation of excitons or extremely weak boundedness) on small organic molecules was predicted. The inclusion of an adequate amount of Hartree-Fock exchange was suggested as one approach to obtain bound excitons, which is physically reasonable. The last consideration is the double-excitation character in S1 states. As revealed by the second-order algebraic diagrammatic construction theory, non-negligible double excitations exist in S1 states in our model systems. Time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) is blind to doubly excited states, and this motivated us to use spin-flip DFT (SF-DFT). We established a theoretical protocol that could provide highly accurate estimations of photophysical properties and ground-/excited-state redox properties, focusing on the three factors mentioned above. Geometry optimization with DFT and TDDFT employing the B3LYP functional (20% HFX) in solution and energy refinement by SF-DFT reproduced the experimental redox properties in the excited and ground states remarkably well with mean signed deviations (MSDs) of 0.01 and -0.15 V, respectively. This theoretical protocol is expected to contribute to the understanding of exciton behavior in organic PCs and to the efficient design of new promising PC candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoon Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungjun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
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35
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Xi ZW, Yang L, Wang DY, Feng CW, Qin Y, Shen YM, Pu C, Peng X. Visible Light Induced Reduction and Pinacol Coupling of Aldehydes and Ketones Catalyzed by Core/Shell Quantum Dots. J Org Chem 2021; 86:2474-2488. [PMID: 33415975 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We present an efficient and versatile visible light-driven methodology to transform aryl aldehydes and ketones chemoselectively either to alcohols or to pinacol products with CdSe/CdS core/shell quantum dots as photocatalysts. Thiophenols were used as proton and hydrogen atom donors and as hole traps for the excited quantum dots (QDs) in these reactions. The two products can be switched from one to the other simply by changing the amount of thiophenol in the reaction system. The core/shell QD catalysts are highly efficient with a turn over number (TON) larger than 4 × 104 and 4 × 105 for the reduction to alcohol and pinacol formation, respectively, and are very stable so that they can be recycled for at least 10 times in the reactions without significant loss of catalytic activity. The additional advantages of this method include good functional group tolerance, mild reaction conditions, the allowance of selectively reducing aldehydes in the presence of ketones, and easiness for large scale reactions. Reaction mechanisms were studied by quenching experiments and a radical capture experiment, and the reasons for the switchover of the reaction pathways upon the change of reaction conditions are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Wei Xi
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Center for Chemistry of Novel & High-Performance Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, PR China
| | - Dan-Yan Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Chuan-Wei Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Yufeng Qin
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai 201210, PR China
| | - Yong-Miao Shen
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Chaodan Pu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai 201210, PR China
| | - Xiaogang Peng
- Center for Chemistry of Novel & High-Performance Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, PR China
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36
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Loipersberger M, Cabral DGA, Chu DBK, Head-Gordon M. Mechanistic Insights into Co and Fe Quaterpyridine-Based CO 2 Reduction Catalysts: Metal-Ligand Orbital Interaction as the Key Driving Force for Distinct Pathways. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:744-763. [PMID: 33400528 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Both [CoII(qpy)(H2O)2]2+ and [FeII(qpy)(H2O)2]2+ (with qpy = 2,2':6',2″:6'',2‴-quaterpyridine) are efficient homogeneous electrocatalysts and photoelectrocatalysts for the reduction of CO2 to CO. The Co catalyst is more efficient in the electrochemical reduction, while the Fe catalyst is an excellent photoelectrocatalyst ( ACS Catal. 2018, 8, 3411-3417). This work uses density functional theory to shed light on the contrasting catalytic pathways. While both catalysts experience primarily ligand-based reductions, the second reduction in the Co catalyst is delocalized onto the metal via a metal-ligand bonding interaction, causing a spin transition and a distorted ligand framework. This orbital interaction explains the experimentally observed mild reduction potential and slow kinetics of the second reduction. The decreased hardness and doubly occupied dz2-orbital facilitate a σ-bond with the CO2-π* in an η1-κC binding mode. CO2 binding is only possible after two reductions resulting in an EEC mechanism (E = electron transfer, C = chemical reaction), and the second protonation is rate-limiting. In contrast, the Fe catalyst maintains a Lewis acidic metal center throughout the reduction process because the metal orbitals do not strongly mix with the qpy-π* orbitals. This allows binding of the activated CO2 in an η2-binding mode. This interaction stabilizes the activated CO2 via a π-type interaction of a Fe-t2g orbital and the CO2-π* and a dative bond of the oxygen lone pair. This facilitates CO2 binding to a singly reduced catalyst resulting in an ECE mechanism. The barrier for CO2 addition and the second protonation are higher than those for the Co catalyst and rate-limiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Loipersberger
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Delmar G A Cabral
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Daniel B K Chu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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37
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Abstract
A protocol for photoinduced cross-coupling of aryl iodides having polar π-functional groups or elongated π-conjugation with alkenes has been developed. The radical cascade mechanism involving generation of aryl radicals via C-I bond homolysis of photoexcited aryl iodides and their subsequent addition to alkenes is proposed. The method enables iodide-selective cross-coupling over other halogen leaving groups with functional group compatibility on both arene and alkene motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliang Liu
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Haoyu Li
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Shunsuke Chiba
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
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38
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Adeniyi AA, Conradie J. Exploring substituents and solvent effects on the reduction potential and molecular properties of five derivatives of hydroxybenzophenone (HBP) with their possible conformations and isomers. Struct Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-020-01685-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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39
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Loipersberger M, Cabral DGA, Chu DBK, Head-Gordon M. Mechanistic Insights into Co and Fe Quaterpyridine-Based CO 2 Reduction Catalysts: Metal–Ligand Orbital Interaction as the Key Driving Force for Distinct Pathways. J Am Chem Soc 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09380 and 21=21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Loipersberger
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Delmar G. A. Cabral
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Daniel B. K. Chu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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40
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Sharipov GL, Gareev BM, Vasilyuk KS, Galimov DI, Abdrakhmanov AM. New sonochemiluminescence involving solvated electron in Ce(III)/Ce(IV) solutions. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2021; 70:105313. [PMID: 32866880 PMCID: PMC7786606 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The moving single-bubble sonoluminescence of Ce3+ in water and ethylene glycol solutions of CeCl3 and (NH4)2Ce(NO3)6 was studied. As found, a significant part of intensity of the luminescence (100% with cerium concentration less than 10-4 M) is due to the sonochemiluminescence. A key reaction of sonochemiluminescence is the Ce4+ reduction by a solvated (or hydrated in water) electron: Ce4+ + es (eaq) → *Ce3+. Solvated electrons are formed in a solution via electrons ejection from a low-temperature plasma periodically generated in deformable moving bubble at acoustic vibrations. Reactions of heterolytic dissociation of solvents make up the source of electrons in the plasma. In aqueous CeCl3 solutions, the Ce4+ ion is formed at the oxidation of Ce3+ by OH radical. The latter species originates from homolytic dissociation of water in the plasma of the bubble, also penetrating from the moving bubble into the solution. The sonochemiluminescence in cerium trichloride solutions are quenched by the Br- (acceptor of OH) and H+ ions (acceptor of eaq). In water and ethylene glycol solutions of (NH4)2Ce(NO3)6, the sonochemiluminescence also quenched by the H+ ion. The sonochemiluminescence in CeCl3 solutions is registered at [Ce3+] ≥ 10-5 M. Then the sonochemiluminescence intensity increases with the cerium ion concentration and reaches the saturation plateau at 10-2 M. It was shown that sonophotoluminescence (re-emission of light of bubble plasma emitters by cerium ions) also contributes to the luminescence of Ce3+ in solutions with [Ce3+] ≥ 10-4 M. If the cerium concentration is more than 10-2 M, a third source contributes to luminescence, viz., the collisional excitation of Ce3+ ions penetrating into the moving bubble.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glyus L Sharipov
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 141, Oktyabrya Prospect, 450075 Ufa, Russia.
| | - Bulat M Gareev
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 141, Oktyabrya Prospect, 450075 Ufa, Russia
| | - Kristina S Vasilyuk
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 141, Oktyabrya Prospect, 450075 Ufa, Russia
| | - Dim I Galimov
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 141, Oktyabrya Prospect, 450075 Ufa, Russia
| | - Airat M Abdrakhmanov
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 141, Oktyabrya Prospect, 450075 Ufa, Russia
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41
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Estruch-Blasco M, Bosque I, Guijarro D, Gonzalez-Gomez JC. Electrochemically site-selective alkoxylation of twisted 2-arylbenzoic acids via spirolactonization. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00834j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Twisted σ-biphenyl-2-carboxyl radicals show a significant spin density in the adjacent aryl ring, facilitating the spirocyclization. Electro-cross coupling with alcohols and isomerization provide a site-selective alkoxylation of 2-arylbenzoic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manel Estruch-Blasco
- Instituto de Síntesis Orgánica (ISO) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - Irene Bosque
- Instituto de Síntesis Orgánica (ISO) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - David Guijarro
- Instituto de Síntesis Orgánica (ISO) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - Jose C. Gonzalez-Gomez
- Instituto de Síntesis Orgánica (ISO) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain
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42
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Fan Z, Wang Z, Shi R, Wang Y. Dirhodium( ii)-catalyzed diamination reaction via a free radical pathway. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00894c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Unlike C–N bond formation through the well-known dirhodium(ii)-nitrenoid pathway, dirhodium(ii)-catalyzed 1,2- and 1,3-diamination reactions are realized by a free radical mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiying Fan
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R. China
| | - Zhifan Wang
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R. China
| | - Ruoyi Shi
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yuanhua Wang
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R. China
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43
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Yang Y, Zheng W, Xie H, Ren L, Xu X, Liang Y. Theoretical study on adiabatic electron affinity of fatty acids. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj02456f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The AEA of saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids with typical substituents were calculated by the ωB97X method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Wenrui Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Hongyun Xie
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Lufei Ren
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Xiaofei Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Yingning Liang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, 201620, China
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44
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Gao Y, Ligia Focsan A, Kispert LD. The effect of polarity of environment on the antioxidant activity of carotenoids. Chem Phys Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2020.138098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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45
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Kannan N, Patil AR, Sinha A. Direct C-H bond halogenation and pseudohalogenation of hydrocarbons mediated by high-valent 3d metal-oxo species. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:14344-14360. [PMID: 33057538 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02533j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Late-stage direct functionalization of the C-H bond is synthetically desirable. Metalloenzymes having metal-oxo active sites are well known to selectively catalyze hydroxylation and halogenation reactions with high efficiency. This review highlights the recent developments in the field of direct C-H halogenation and pseudohalogenation reactions catalyzed by the functional models of metalloenzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neppoliyan Kannan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Science, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-632014, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Akshay R Patil
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Science, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-632014, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Arup Sinha
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Science, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-632014, Tamil Nadu, India.
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46
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Chilamari M, Immel JR, Bloom S. General Access to C-Centered Radicals: Combining a Bioinspired Photocatalyst with Boronic Acids in Aqueous Media. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacob R. Immel
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Steven Bloom
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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47
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Ganley JM, Murray PRD, Knowles RR. Photocatalytic Generation of Aminium Radical Cations for C─N Bond Formation. ACS Catal 2020; 10:11712-11738. [PMID: 33163257 PMCID: PMC7644096 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Aminium radical cations have been extensively studied as electrophilic aminating species that readily participate in C─N bond forming processes with alkenes and arenes. However, their utility in synthesis has been limited, as their generation required unstable, reactive starting materials and harsh reaction conditions. Visible-light photoredox catalysis has emerged as a platform for the mild production of aminium radical cations from either unfunctionalized or N-functionalized amines. This Perspective covers recent synthetic methods that rely on the photocatalytic generation of aminium radical cations for C─N bond formation, specifically in the context of alkene hydroamination, arene C─H bond amination, and the mesolytic bond cleavage of alkoxyamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob M Ganley
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Philip R D Murray
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Robert R Knowles
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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48
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Hui Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yan’an University, Yan’an 716000, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yujie Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ning Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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49
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Filipiak P, Bobrowski K, Hug GL, Schöneich C, Marciniak B. N-Terminal Decarboxylation as a Probe for Intramolecular Contact Formation in γ-Glu-(Pro) n-Met Peptides. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:8082-8098. [PMID: 32813519 PMCID: PMC7503560 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c04371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics of intramolecular-contact formation between remote functional groups in peptides with restricted conformational flexibility were examined using designed peptides with variable-length proline bridges. As probes for this motion, free radicals were produced using the •OH-induced oxidation at the C-terminal methionine residue of γ-Glu-(Pro)n-Met peptides (n = 0-3). The progress of the radicals' motion along the proline bridges was monitored as the radicals underwent reactions along the peptides' backbones. Of particular interest was the reaction between the sulfur atom located in the side chain of the oxidized Met residue and the unprotonated amino group of the glutamic acid moiety. Interactions between them were probed by the radiation-chemical yields (expressed as G values) of the formation of C-centered, α-aminoalkyl radicals (αN) on the Glu residue. These radicals were monitored directly or via their reaction with p-nitroacetophenone (PNAP) to generate the optically detected PNAP•- radical anions. The yields of these αN radicals were found to be linearly dependent on the number of Pro residues. A constant decrease by 0.09 μM J-1 per spacing Pro residue of the radiation-chemical yields of G(αN) was observed. Previous reports support the conclusion that the αN radicals in these cases would have to result from (S∴N)+-bonded cyclic radical cations that arose as a result from direct contact between the ends of the peptides. Furthermore, by analogy with the rate constants for the formation of intramolecularly (S∴S)+-bonded radical cations in Met-(Pro)n-Met peptides ( J. Phys. Chem. B 2016, 120, 9732), the rate constants for the formation of intramolecularly (S∴N)+-bonded radical cations are activated to the same extent for all of the γ-Glu-(Pro)n-Met peptides. Thus, the continuous decrease of G(αN) with the number of Pro residues (from 0 to 3) suggests that the formation of a contact between the S-atom in the C-terminal Met residue and the N-atom of a deprotonated N-terminal amino group of Glu is controlled in peptides with 0 to 3 Pro residues by the relative diffusion of the S•+ and unoxidized N-atom. The overall rate constants of cyclization to form the (S∴N)-bonded radical cations were estimated to be 3.8 × 106, 1.8 × 106, and 8.1 × 105 s-1 for peptides with n = 0, 1, and 2 Pro residues, respectively. If activation is the same for all of the peptides, then these rate constants are a direct indication for the end-to-end dynamics along the chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Filipiak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznan, Poland.,Center for Advanced Technology, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Bobrowski
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, 03-195 Warsaw, Poland.,Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Gordon L Hug
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznan, Poland.,Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Christian Schöneich
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Bronislaw Marciniak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznan, Poland.,Center for Advanced Technology, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Daniel Little
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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