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Sood A, Kumar A, Gupta VK, Kim CM, Han SS. Translational Nanomedicines Across Human Reproductive Organs Modeling on Microfluidic Chips: State-of-the-Art and Future Prospects. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:62-84. [PMID: 36541361 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c01080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Forecasting the consequence of nanoparticles (NPs) and therapeutically significant molecules before materializing for human clinical trials is a mainstay for drug delivery and screening processes. One of the noteworthy obstacles that has prevented the clinical translation of NP-based drug delivery systems and novel drugs is the lack of effective preclinical platforms. As a revolutionary technology, the organ-on-a-chip (OOC), a coalition of microfluidics and tissue engineering, has surfaced as an alternative to orthodox screening platforms. OOC technology recapitulates the structural and physiological features of human organs along with intercommunications between tissues on a chip. The current review discusses the concept of microfluidics and confers cutting-edge fabrication processes for chip designing. We also outlined the advantages of microfluidics in analyzing NPs in terms of characterization, transport, and degradation in biological systems. The review further elaborates the scope and research on translational nanomedicines in human reproductive organs (testis, placenta, uterus, and menstrual cycle) by taking the advantages offered by microfluidics and shedding light on their potential future implications. Finally, we accentuate the existing challenges for clinical translation and scale-up dynamics for microfluidics chips and emphasize its future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Sood
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea
| | - Anuj Kumar
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea.,Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea
| | - Vijai Kumar Gupta
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, Scotland's Rural College, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, United Kingdom
| | - Chul Min Kim
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Gyeongsang National University, 33 Dongjin-ro, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do 52725, South Korea
| | - Sung Soo Han
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea.,Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea
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2
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Lignos I, Utzat H, Bawendi MG, Jensen KF. Nanocrystal synthesis, μfluidic sample dilution and direct extraction of single emission linewidths in continuous flow. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:1975-1980. [PMID: 32352465 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00213e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The rational design of semiconductor nanocrystal populations requires control of their emission linewidths, which are dictated by interparticle inhomogeneities and single-nanocrystal spectral linewidths. To date, research efforts have concentrated on minimizing the ensemble emission linewidths, however there is little knowledge about the synthetic parameters dictating single-nanocrystal linewidths. In this direction, we present a flow-based system coupled with an optical interferometry setup for the extraction of single nanocrystal properties. The platform has the ability to synthesize nanocrystals at high temperature <300 °C, adjust the particle concentration after synthesis and extract ensemble-averaged single nanocrystal emission linewidths using flow photon-correlation Fourier spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Lignos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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3
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Shrivastava M, Srivastav A, Gandhi S, Rao S, Roychoudhury A, Kumar A, Singhal R, Jha SK, Singh S. Monitoring of engineered nanoparticles in soil-plant system: A review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enmm.2019.100218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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4
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Simeonova S, Georgiev P, Exner KS, Mihaylov L, Nihtianova D, Koynov K, Balashev K. Kinetic study of gold nanoparticles synthesized in the presence of chitosan and citric acid. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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5
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Jung SR, Han R, Sun W, Jiang Y, Fujimoto BS, Yu J, Kuo CT, Rong Y, Zhou XH, Chiu DT. Single-Molecule Flow Platform for the Quantification of Biomolecules Attached to Single Nanoparticles. Anal Chem 2018; 90:6089-6095. [PMID: 29672026 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We describe here a flow platform for quantifying the number of biomolecules on individual fluorescent nanoparticles. The platform combines line-confocal fluorescence detection with near nanoscale channels (1-2 μm in width and height) to achieve high single-molecule detection sensitivity and throughput. The number of biomolecules present on each nanoparticle was determined by deconvolving the fluorescence intensity distribution of single-nanoparticle-biomolecule complexes with the intensity distribution of single biomolecules. We demonstrate this approach by quantifying the number of streptavidins on individual semiconducting polymer dots (Pdots); streptavidin was rendered fluorescent using biotin-Alexa647. This flow platform has high-throughput (hundreds to thousands of nanoparticles detected per second) and requires minute amounts of sample (∼5 μL at a dilute concentration of 10 pM). This measurement method is an additional tool for characterizing synthetic or biological nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Ryoung Jung
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Rui Han
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Yifei Jiang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Bryant S Fujimoto
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Jiangbo Yu
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Chun-Ting Kuo
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Yu Rong
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Xing-Hua Zhou
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Daniel T Chiu
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
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6
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Dominguez-Medina S, Chen S, Blankenburg J, Swanglap P, Landes CF, Link S. Measuring the Hydrodynamic Size of Nanoparticles Using Fluctuation Correlation Spectroscopy. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2017; 67:489-514. [PMID: 27215820 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-040214-121510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Fluctuation correlation spectroscopy (FCS) is a well-established analytical technique traditionally used to monitor molecular diffusion in dilute solutions, the dynamics of chemical reactions, and molecular processes inside living cells. In this review, we present the recent use of FCS for measuring the size of colloidal nanoparticles in solution. We review the theoretical basis and experimental implementation of this technique and its advantages and limitations. In particular, we show examples of the use of FCS to measure the size of gold nanoparticles, monitor the rotational dynamics of gold nanorods, and investigate the formation of protein coronas on nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sishan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005;
| | - Jan Blankenburg
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005;
| | | | - Christy F Landes
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005; .,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005.,Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005.,Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
| | - Stephan Link
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005; .,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005.,Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005.,Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
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7
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Maceiczyk R, Shimizu H, Müller D, Kitamori T, deMello A. A Photothermal Spectrometer for Fast and Background-Free Detection of Individual Nanoparticles in Flow. Anal Chem 2017; 89:1994-1999. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Maceiczyk
- Institute
for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied
Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hisashi Shimizu
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - David Müller
- Institute
for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied
Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Centre Suisse d’Electronique et de Microtechnique (CSEM), Bahnhofstrasse 1, 7302 Landquart, Switzerland
| | - Takehiko Kitamori
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Andrew deMello
- Institute
for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied
Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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8
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Wulf V, Knoch F, Speck T, Sönnichsen C. Gold Nanorods as Plasmonic Sensors for Particle Diffusion. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:4951-4955. [PMID: 27934054 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b02165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic gold nanoparticles are normally used as sensor to detect analytes permanently bound to their surface. If the interaction between the analyte and the nanosensor surface is negligible, it only diffuses through the sensor's sensing volume, causing a small temporal shift of the plasmon resonance position. By using a very sensitive and fast detection scheme, we are able to detect these small fluctuations in the plasmon resonance. With the help of a theoretical model consistent with our detection geometry, we determine the analyte's diffusion coefficient. The method is verified by observing the trends upon changing diffusor size and medium viscosity, and the diffusion coefficients obtained were found to reflect reduced diffusion close to a solid interface. Our method, which we refer to as NanoPCS (for nanoscale plasmon correlation spectroscopy), is of practical importance for any application involving the diffusion of analytes close to nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Wulf
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and ‡Institute of Physics, University of Mainz , D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Fabian Knoch
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and ‡Institute of Physics, University of Mainz , D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Speck
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and ‡Institute of Physics, University of Mainz , D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Carsten Sönnichsen
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and ‡Institute of Physics, University of Mainz , D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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9
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Adam V, Loyaux-Lawniczak S, Quaranta G. Characterization of engineered TiO₂ nanomaterials in a life cycle and risk assessments perspective. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:11175-92. [PMID: 25994264 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4661-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
For the last 10 years, engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) have raised interest to industrials due to their properties. They are present in a large variety of products from cosmetics to building materials through food additives, and their value on the market was estimated to reach $3 trillion in 2014 (Technology Strategy Board 2009). TiO2 NMs represent the second most important part of ENMs production worldwide (550-5500 t/year). However, a gap of knowledge remains regarding the fate and the effects of these, and consequently, impact and risk assessments are challenging. This is due to difficulties in not only characterizing NMs but also in selecting the NM properties which could contribute most to ecotoxicity and human toxicity. Characterizing NMs should thus rely on various analytical techniques in order to evaluate several properties and to crosscheck the results. The aims of this review are to understand the fate and effects of TiO2 NMs in water, sediment, and soil and to determine which of their properties need to be characterized, to assess the analytical techniques available for their characterization, and to discuss the integration of specific properties in the Life Cycle Assessment and Risk Assessment calculations. This study underlines the need to take into account nano-specific properties in the modeling of their fate and effects. Among them, crystallinity, size, aggregation state, surface area, and particle number are most significant. This highlights the need for adapting ecotoxicological studies to NP-specific properties via new methods of measurement and new metrics for ecotoxicity thresholds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Adam
- Laboratoire d'Hydrologie et de Géochimie de Strasbourg/EOST/UDS, 1, rue Blessig, 67084, Strasbourg Cedex, France,
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10
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McLeod E, Wei Q, Ozcan A. Democratization of Nanoscale Imaging and Sensing Tools Using Photonics. Anal Chem 2015; 87:6434-45. [PMID: 26068279 PMCID: PMC4497296 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Providing means for researchers and citizen scientists in the developing world to perform advanced measurements with nanoscale precision can help to accelerate the rate of discovery and invention as well as improve higher education and the training of the next generation of scientists and engineers worldwide. Here, we review some of the recent progress toward making optical nanoscale measurement tools more cost-effective, field-portable, and accessible to a significantly larger group of researchers and educators. We divide our review into two main sections: label-based nanoscale imaging and sensing tools, which primarily involve fluorescent approaches, and label-free nanoscale measurement tools, which include light scattering sensors, interferometric methods, photonic crystal sensors, and plasmonic sensors. For each of these areas, we have primarily focused on approaches that have either demonstrated operation outside of a traditional laboratory setting, including for example integration with mobile phones, or exhibited the potential for such operation in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Euan McLeod
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, University of
California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of California
Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Qingshan Wei
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, University of
California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of California
Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Aydogan Ozcan
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, University of
California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of California
Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California
NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University
of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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11
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12
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Lakshmanan R, Sanchez-Dominguez M, Matutes-Aquino JA, Wennmalm S, Kuttuva Rajarao G. Removal of total organic carbon from sewage wastewater using poly(ethylenimine)-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:1036-1044. [PMID: 24428551 DOI: 10.1021/la404076n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The increased levels of organic carbon in sewage wastewater during recent years impose a great challenge to the existing wastewater treatment process (WWTP). Technological innovations are therefore sought that can reduce the release of organic carbon into lakes and seas. In the present study, magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized, functionalized with poly(ethylenimine) (PEI), and characterized using TEM (transmission electron microscopy), X-ray diffraction (XRD), FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), CCS (confocal correlation spectroscopy), SICS (scattering interference correlation spectroscopy), magnetism studies, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The removal of total organic carbon (TOC) and other contaminants using PEI-coated magnetic nanoparticles (PEI-NPs) was tested in wastewater obtained from the Hammarby Sjöstadsverk sewage plant, Sweden. The synthesized NPs were about 12 nm in diameter and showed a homogeneous particle size distribution in dispersion by TEM and CCS analyses, respectively. The magnetization curve reveals superparamagnetic behavior, and the NPs do not reach saturation because of surface anisotropy effects. A 50% reduction in TOC was obtained in 60 min when using 20 mg/L PEI-NPs in 0.5 L of wastewater. Along with TOC, other contaminants such as turbidity (89%), color (86%), total nitrogen (24%), and microbial content (90%) were also removed without significant changes in the mineral ion composition of wastewater. We conclude that the application of PEI-NPs has the potential to reduce the processing time, complexity, sludge production, and use of additional chemicals in the WWTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramnath Lakshmanan
- School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) , Stockholm, Sweden
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13
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A sensitive, universal and homogeneous method for determination of biomarkers in biofluids by resonance light scattering correlation spectroscopy (RLSCS). Talanta 2013; 116:501-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Capretto L, Carugo D, Mazzitelli S, Nastruzzi C, Zhang X. Microfluidic and lab-on-a-chip preparation routes for organic nanoparticles and vesicular systems for nanomedicine applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:1496-532. [PMID: 23933616 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, advancements in the fields of microfluidic and lab-on-a-chip technologies have provided unique opportunities for the implementation of nanomaterial production processes owing to the miniaturisation of the fluidic environment. It has been demonstrated that microfluidic reactors offer a range of advantages compared to conventional batch reactors, including improved controllability and uniformity of nanomaterial characteristics. In addition, the fast mixing achieved within microchannels, and the predictability of the laminar flow conditions, can be leveraged to investigate the nanomaterial formation dynamics. In this article recent developments in the field of microfluidic production of nanomaterials for drug delivery applications are reviewed. The features that make microfluidic reactors a suitable technological platform are discussed in terms of controllability of nanomaterials production. An overview of the various strategies developed for the production of organic nanoparticles and colloidal assemblies is presented, focusing on those nanomaterials that could have an impact on nanomedicine field such as drug nanoparticles, polymeric micelles, liposomes, polymersomes, polyplexes and hybrid nanoparticles. The effect of microfluidic environment on nanomaterials formation dynamics, as well as the use of microdevices as tools for nanomaterial investigation is also discussed.
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15
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Koynov K, Butt HJ. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy in colloid and interface science. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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16
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Medina-Sánchez M, Miserere S, Merkoçi A. Nanomaterials and lab-on-a-chip technologies. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:1932-43. [PMID: 22517169 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc40063d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Lab-on-a-chip (LOC) platforms have become important tools for sample analysis and treatment with interest for DNA, protein and cells studies or diagnostics due to benefits such as the reduced sample volume, low cost, portability and the possibility to build new analytical devices or be integrated into conventional ones. These platforms have advantages of a wide set of nanomaterials (NM) (i.e. nanoparticles, quantum dots, nanowires, graphene etc.) and offer excellent improvement in properties for many applications (i.e. detectors sensitivity enhancement, biolabelling capability along with other in-chip applications related to the specificities of the variety of nanomaterials with optical, electrical and/or mechanical properties). This review covers the last trends in the use of nanomaterials in microfluidic systems and the related advantages in analytical and bioanalytical applications. In addition to the applications of nanomaterials in LOCs, we also discuss the employment of such devices for the production and characterization of nanomaterials. Both framed platforms, NMs based LOCs and LOCs for NMs production and characterization, represent promising alternatives to generate new nanotechnology tools for point-of-care diagnostics, drug delivery and nanotoxicology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Medina-Sánchez
- Nanobioelectronics & Biosensors Group, Institut Català de Nanotecnologia, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona-Spain
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17
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Liu H, Dong C, Huang X, Ren J. Spatially Resolved Scattering Correlation Spectroscopy Using a Total Internal Reflection Configuration. Anal Chem 2012; 84:3561-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ac2031833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heng Liu
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200240, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chaoqing Dong
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200240, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangyi Huang
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200240, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jicun Ren
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200240, People’s Republic of China
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18
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Pagliara S, Chimerel C, Langford R, Aarts DGAL, Keyser UF. Parallel sub-micrometre channels with different dimensions for laser scattering detection. LAB ON A CHIP 2011; 11:3365-3368. [PMID: 21804971 DOI: 10.1039/c1lc20399a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A novel and simple approach for the realization of polymer sub-micrometre channels is introduced by exploiting replica molding of Pt wires deposited by focused ion beam. We fabricate arrays of parallel channels with typical dimensions down to 600 nm and with variable height. We characterize the pressure-driven transport of polymer colloids through the channels in terms of the translocation frequency, amplitude and duration by implementing a laser scattering detection technique. We propose a prototype application of the presented platform such as the in situ sizing and sensing of populations of particles with different dimensions down to 50 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Pagliara
- University of Cambridge, Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
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19
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Pal N, Dev Verma S, Singh MK, Sen S. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy: an efficient tool for measuring size, size-distribution and polydispersity of microemulsion droplets in solution. Anal Chem 2011; 83:7736-44. [PMID: 21899251 DOI: 10.1021/ac2012637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) is an ideal tool for measuring molecular diffusion and size under extremely dilute conditions. However, the power of FCS has not been utilized to its best to measure diffusion and size parameters of complex chemical systems. Here, we apply FCS to measure the size, and, most importantly, the size distribution and polydispersity of a supramolecular nanostructure (i.e., microemulsion droplets, MEDs) in dilute solution. It is shown how the refractive index mismatch of a solution can be corrected in FCS to obtain accurate size parameters of particles, bypassing the optical matching problem of light scattering techniques that are used often for particle-size measurements. We studied the MEDs of 13 different W(0) values from 2 to 50 prepared in a ternary mixture of water, sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT), and isooctane, with sulforhodamine-B as a fluorescent marker. We find that, near the optical matching point of MEDs, the dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements underestimate the droplet sizes while FCS estimates the accurate ones. A Gaussian distribution model (GDM) and a maximum-entropy-based FCS data fitting model (MEMFCS) are used to analyze the fluorescence correlation curves that unfold Gaussian-type size distributions of MEDs in solution. We find the droplet size varies linearly with W(0) up to ~20, but beyond this W(0) value, the size variation deviates from this linearity. To explain nonlinear variation of droplet size for W(0) values beyond ~20, we invoke a model (the coated-droplet model) that incorporates the size polydispersity of the droplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nibedita Pal
- Spectroscopy Laboratory, School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
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20
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Zhu S, Wang S, Yang L, Huang T, Yan X. Progress in the development of techniques based on light scattering for single nanoparticle detection. Sci China Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-011-4313-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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21
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Lan T, Dong C, Huang X, Ren J. Single particle technique for one-step homogeneous detection of cancer marker using gold nanoparticle probes. Analyst 2011; 136:4247-53. [DOI: 10.1039/c1an15497d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Zhu S, Yang L, Long Y, Gao M, Huang T, Hang W, Yan X. Size differentiation and absolute quantification of gold nanoparticles via single particle detection with a laboratory-built high-sensitivity flow cytometer. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:12176-8. [PMID: 20707319 DOI: 10.1021/ja104052c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Employing single nanoparticle detection with a laboratory-built high-sensitivity flow cytometer, we developed a simple and versatile platform that is capable of detecting the surface plasmon resonance scattering of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) as small as 24 nm, differentiating GNPs of different sizes, and providing accurate quantification of GNPs. Low-concentration samples (fM to pM) in small volumes (microL) can be measured in minutes with an analysis rate of up to 100-200 GNPs per second. Among these features, absolute quantification provides a distinct advantage because it does not require standard samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaobin Zhu
- Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, The Key Laboratory of Analytical Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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Smith PB, Dendramis KA, Chiu DT. Investigating lyophilization of lipid nanocapsules with fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:10218-22. [PMID: 20302335 PMCID: PMC2887724 DOI: 10.1021/la1003808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes characterization of lyophilized lipid nanocapsules loaded with Alexa 488 by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). Fluorimetry analysis of nanocapsules containing self-quenching concentrations of 5- and 6-carboxyfluorescein was performed to establish a point of reference for FCS. FCS results complemented the results obtained by fluorimetry for a bulk nanocapsule solution and provided additional information about the size and dye retention by individual nanocapsules. Using this method, we determined that nanocapsules composed of the thiol-functionalized lipids showed the best dye retention and the most consistent results. Dye retention, size, and photolysis efficiency of these thiol-functionalized nanocapsules doped with a far-red photosensitizer did not change substantially upon lyophilization and storage at -20 degrees C for up to 2 months, making lyophilization a suitable method for the long-term storage of nanocapsules with the appropriate lipid composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polina B Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, USA
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24
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Chiu DT. Interfacing droplet microfluidics with chemical separation for cellular analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 397:3179-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3686-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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26
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Chiu DT, Lorenz RM. Chemistry and biology in femtoliter and picoliter volume droplets. Acc Chem Res 2009; 42:649-58. [PMID: 19260732 DOI: 10.1021/ar8002464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The basic unit of any biological system is the cell, and malfunctions at the single-cell level can result in devastating diseases; in cancer metastasis, for example, a single cell seeds the formation of a distant tumor. Although tiny, a cell is a highly heterogeneous and compartmentalized structure: proteins, lipids, RNA, and small-molecule metabolites constantly traffic among intracellular organelles. Gaining detailed information about the spatiotemporal distribution of these biomolecules is crucial to our understanding of cellular function and dysfunction. To access this information, we need sensitive tools that are capable of extracting comprehensive biochemical information from single cells and subcellular organelles. In this Account, we outline our approach and highlight our progress toward mapping the spatiotemporal organization of information flow in single cells. Our technique is centered on the use of femtoliter- and picoliter-sized droplets as nanolabs for manipulating single cells and subcellular compartments. We have developed a single-cell nanosurgical technique for isolating select subcellular structures from live cells, a capability that is needed for the high-resolution manipulation and chemical analysis of single cells. Our microfluidic approaches for generating single femtoliter-sized droplets on demand include both pressure and electric field methods; we have also explored a design for the on-demand generation of multiple aqueous droplets to increase throughput. Droplet formation is only the first step in a sequence that requires manipulation, fusion, transport, and analysis. Optical approaches provide the most convenient and precise control over the formed droplets with our technology platform; we describe aqueous droplet manipulation with optical vortex traps, which enable the remarkable ability to dynamically "tune" the concentration of the contents. Integration of thermoelectric manipulations with these techniques affords further control. The amount of chemical information that can be gleaned from single cells and organelles is critically dependent on the methods available for analyzing droplet contents. We describe three techniques we have developed: (i) droplet encapsulation, rapid cell lysis, and fluorescence-based single-cell assays, (ii) physical sizing of the subcellular organelles and nanoparticles in droplets, and (iii) capillary electrophoresis (CE) analysis of droplet contents. For biological studies, we are working to integrate the different components of our technology into a robust, automated device; we are also addressing an anticipated need for higher throughput. With progress in these areas, we hope to cement our technique as a new tool for studying single cells and organelles with unprecedented molecular detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T. Chiu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700
| | - Robert M. Lorenz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700
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27
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Ye F, Collinson MM, Higgins DA. What can be learned from single molecule spectroscopy? Applications to sol-gel-derived silica materials. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2008; 11:66-82. [PMID: 19081909 DOI: 10.1039/b812924j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Single molecule spectroscopic methods are now being widely employed to probe the nanometer scale properties of sol-gel-derived silica materials. This article reviews a subset of the recent literature in this area and provides salient examples of the new information that can be obtained. The materials covered include inorganic and organically-modified silica, along with surfactant-templated mesoporous materials. Studies of molecule-matrix interactions based on ionic, hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions are reviewed, highlighting the impacts of these interactions on mass transport phenomena. Quantitative investigations of molecular diffusion by single molecule tracking and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy are also covered, focusing on the characterization of anisotropic and hindered diffusion in mesoporous systems. Single molecule polarity studies are described and the new information that can be obtained from the resulting inhomogeneous distributions is discussed. Likewise, single molecule studies of silica acidity properties are reviewed, including observation of nanoscale buffering phenomena due to the chemistry of surface silanols. Finally, related single nanoparticle studies of macroporous silicas are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangmao Ye
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, KS, 66506, Manhattan, USA
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28
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Tiede K, Boxall AB, Tear SP, Lewis J, David H, Hassellöv M. Detection and characterization of engineered nanoparticles in food and the environment. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2008; 25:795-821. [DOI: 10.1080/02652030802007553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Tiede
- a Central Science Laboratory , Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, UK
- e Environment Department , University of York , Heslington, York, Y010 5DD, UK
| | - Alistair B.A. Boxall
- a Central Science Laboratory , Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, UK
- e Environment Department , University of York , Heslington, York, Y010 5DD, UK
| | | | - John Lewis
- a Central Science Laboratory , Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - Helen David
- c Unilever Colworth, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre , Bedford, UK
| | - Martin Hassellöv
- d Department of Chemistry , University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg, Sweden
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29
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Chastek TQ, Iida K, Amis EJ, Fasolka MJ, Beers KL. A microfluidic platform for integrated synthesis and dynamic light scattering measurement of block copolymer micelles. LAB ON A CHIP 2008; 8:950-957. [PMID: 18497917 DOI: 10.1039/b718235j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic devices were developed that integrate the synthesis of well defined block copolymers and dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurement of their micelle formation. These metal devices were designed to operate in contact with organic solvents and elevated temperatures for long periods, and thus were capable of continuous in-channel atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of styrene and (meth)acrylate homopolymers and block copolymers. These devices were equipped with a miniaturized fiber optic DLS probe that included several technology improvements, including a measurement volume of only 4 microlitres, simple alignment, and reduced multiple scattering. To demonstrate the integrated measurement, poly(methyl methacrylate-b-lauryl methacrylate) and poly(methyl methacrylate-b-octadecyl methacrylate) block copolymers were processed on the device with a selective solvent, dodecane, to induce micelle formation. The in situ DLS measurements yielded the size and aggregation behavior of the micelles. For example, the block copolymer solutions formed discrete micelles (D(H) approximately = 25 nm) when the corona block was sufficiently long (f(MMA) < 0.51), but the micelles aggregated when this block was short. This study demonstrates the utility of these new devices for screening the solution behavior of custom synthesized polymeric surfactants and additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Q Chastek
- Polymers Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive MS8542, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA.
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30
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Lowry M, Fakayode SO, Geng ML, Baker GA, Wang L, McCarroll ME, Patonay G, Warner IM. Molecular Fluorescence, Phosphorescence, and Chemiluminescence Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2008; 80:4551-74. [DOI: 10.1021/ac800749v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Lowry
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, Department of Chemistry, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27110, Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute and the Optical Science and Technology Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale,
| | - Sayo O. Fakayode
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, Department of Chemistry, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27110, Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute and the Optical Science and Technology Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale,
| | - Maxwell L. Geng
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, Department of Chemistry, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27110, Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute and the Optical Science and Technology Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale,
| | - Gary A. Baker
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, Department of Chemistry, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27110, Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute and the Optical Science and Technology Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale,
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, Department of Chemistry, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27110, Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute and the Optical Science and Technology Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale,
| | - Matthew E. McCarroll
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, Department of Chemistry, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27110, Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute and the Optical Science and Technology Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale,
| | - Gabor Patonay
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, Department of Chemistry, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27110, Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute and the Optical Science and Technology Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale,
| | - Isiah M. Warner
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, Department of Chemistry, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27110, Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute and the Optical Science and Technology Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale,
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Gadd JC, Kuyper CL, Fujimoto BS, Allen RW, Chiu DT. Sizing subcellular organelles and nanoparticles confined within aqueous droplets. Anal Chem 2008; 80:3450-7. [PMID: 18363409 PMCID: PMC2692466 DOI: 10.1021/ac8000385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This article describes two complementary techniques, single-particle tracking and correlation spectroscopy, for accurately sizing nanoparticles confined within picoliter volume aqueous droplets. Single-particle tracking works well with bright particles that can be continuously illuminated and imaged, and we demonstrated this approach for sizing single fluorescent beads. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy detects small intensity bursts from particles or molecules diffusing through the confocal probe volume, which works well with dim and rapidly diffusing particles or molecules; we demonstrated FCS for sizing synaptic vesicles confined in aqueous droplets. In combination with recent advances in droplet manipulations and analysis, we anticipate this capability to size single nanoparticles and molecules in free solution will complement existing tools for probing cellular systems, subcellular organelles, and nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Gadd
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, USA
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Wang K, Qiu X, Dong C, Ren J. Single-molecule technology for rapid detection of DNA hybridization based on resonance light scattering of gold nanoparticles. Chembiochem 2007; 8:1126-9. [PMID: 17506038 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200700174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kanglin Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
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Chastek TQ, Beers KL, Amis EJ. Miniaturized dynamic light scattering instrumentation for use in microfluidic applications. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2007; 78:072201. [PMID: 17672732 DOI: 10.1063/1.2755569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Five designs for a miniaturized dynamic light scattering (DLS) instrument are described that incorporate microfluidic flow of the sample volume and fiber optic probes directly embedded into the sample. These instruments were demonstrated to accurately determine the size of 10-100 nm particles dispersed in organic and aqueous solvents with most sample sizes less than 150 microl. Small stir bars were incorporated directly into the instruments, and enabled blending of different solutions immediately prior to DLS measurements. Demonstration of the instruments' capabilities include high throughput measurements of the micelle to unimer transition for poly(styrene-b-isoprene) in mixed toluene/hexadecane solvent, obtained by systematically blending toluene-rich and hexadecane-rich polymer solutions. The critical solvent composition was quickly identified with less than 20 mg of polymer. Further capabilities include temperature control, demonstrated by identification of a critical micelle temperature of poly(ethylene oxide-b-propylene oxide-b-ethylene oxide), as well as multiangle DLS measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Q Chastek
- Polymers Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8542, USA
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34
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Kuyper CL, Fujimoto BS, Zhao Y, Schiro PG, Chiu DT. Accurate sizing of nanoparticles using confocal correlation spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:24433-41. [PMID: 17134198 PMCID: PMC2525572 DOI: 10.1021/jp064865w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The ability to accurately size low concentrations of nanoscale particles in small volumes is useful for a broad range of disciplines. Here, we characterize confocal correlation spectroscopy (CCS), which is capable of measuring the sizes of both fluorescent and nonfluorescent particles, such as quantum dots, gold colloids, latex spheres, and fluorescent beads. We accurately measured particles ranging in diameter from 11 to 300 nm, a size range that had been difficult to probe, owing to a phenomenon coined biased diffusion that causes diffusion times, or particle size, to deviate as a function of laser power. At low powers, artifacts mimicking biased diffusion are caused by saturation of the detector, which is especially problematic when probing highly fluorescent or highly scattering nanoparticles. However, at higher powers (>1 mW), autocorrelation curves in both resonant and nonresonant conditions show a structure indicative of an increased contribution from longer correlation times coupled with a decrease in shorter correlation times. We propose that this change in the autocorrelation curve is due to the partial trapping of the particles as they transit the probe volume. Furthermore, we found only a slight difference in the effect of biased diffusion when comparing resonant and nonresonant conditions. Simulations suggest the depth of trapping potential necessary for biased diffusion is > 1 k(B)T. Overcoming artifacts from detector saturation and biased diffusion, CCS is particularly advantageous due to its ability to size particles in the small volumes characteristic of microfluidic channels and aqueous microdroplets. We believe the method will find increasing use in a wide range of applications in measuring nanoparticles and macromolecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bryant S. Fujimoto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195−1700
| | - Yiqiong Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195−1700
| | - Perry G. Schiro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195−1700
| | - Daniel T. Chiu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195−1700
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