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Shirasawa T, Voegeli W, Arakawa E. Simultaneous fast XAS/SAXS measurements in an energy-dispersive mode. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:18493-18499. [PMID: 38916534 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp01399a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) are common materials characterization tools at synchrotron radiation facilities used in many research fields. Since XAS can provide element-specific chemical states and local atomic structures and SAXS can provide nano-scale structural information, their complementary use is advantageous for a comprehensive understanding of multiscale phenomena. This paper presents a new method for simultaneous XAS/SAXS measurements with synchrotron radiation. The method employs a polychromatic X-ray beam as in the energy-dispersive XAS technique and captures both the transmission XAS spectrum and the SAXS intensity distribution with an area X-ray detector, which eliminates the energy scan in the conventional methods and realizes the simultaneous data acquisition in a shorter time. We succeeded in obtaining the atomic and nano-scale structures of Pt and Pt/Pd nanoparticles with a data acquisition time of 0.1 s, suggesting the potential for real-time observation of multiscale phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuroh Shirasawa
- Research Institute for Material and Chemical Measurement, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan.
| | - Wolfgang Voegeli
- Natural Sciences Division, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8501, Japan
| | - Etsuo Arakawa
- Natural Sciences Division, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8501, Japan
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2
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Xing X, Cheng W, Zhou S, Liu H, Wu Z. Recent advances in small-angle scattering techniques for MOF colloidal materials. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 329:103162. [PMID: 38761601 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2024.103162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
This paper reviews the recent progress of small angle scattering (SAS) techniques, mainly including X-ray small angle scattering technique (SAXS) and neutron small angle scattering (SANS) technique, in the study of metal-organic framework (MOF) colloidal materials (CMOFs). First, we introduce the application research of SAXS technique in pristine MOFs materials, and review the studies on synthesis mechanism of MOF materials, the pore structures and fractal characteristics, as well as the spatial distribution and morphological evolution of foreign molecules in MOF composites and MOF-derived materials. Then, the applications of SANS technique in MOFs are summarized, with emphasis on SANS data processing method, structure modeling and quantitative structural information extraction. Finally, the characteristics and developments of SAS techniques are commented and prospected. It can be found that most studies on MOF materials with SAS techniques focus mainly on nanoporous structure characterization and the evolution of pore structures, or the spatial distribution of other foreign molecules loaded in MOFs. Indeed, SAS techniques take an irreplaceable role in revealing the structure and evolution of nanopores in CMOFs. We expect that this paper will help to understand the research status of SAS techniques on MOF materials and better to apply SAS techniques to conduct further research on MOF and related materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqing Xing
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weidong Cheng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, New Energy Storage Devices Research Laboratory, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Shuming Zhou
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huanyan Liu
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; College of Materials Science and Engineering, New Energy Storage Devices Research Laboratory, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Zhonghua Wu
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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3
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Wesdemiotis C, Williams-Pavlantos KN, Keating AR, McGee AS, Bochenek C. Mass spectrometry of polymers: A tutorial review. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2024; 43:427-476. [PMID: 37070280 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Ever since the inception of synthetic polymeric materials in the late 19th century, the number of studies on polymers as well as the complexity of their structures have only increased. The development and commercialization of new polymers with properties fine-tuned for specific technological, environmental, consumer, or biomedical applications requires powerful analytical techniques that permit the in-depth characterization of these materials. One such method with the ability to provide chemical composition and structure information with high sensitivity, selectivity, specificity, and speed is mass spectrometry (MS). This tutorial review presents and exemplifies the various MS techniques available for the elucidation of specific structural features in a synthetic polymer, including compositional complexity, primary structure, architecture, topology, and surface properties. Key to every MS analysis is sample conversion to gas-phase ions. This review describes the fundamentals of the most suitable ionization methods for synthetic materials and provides relevant sample preparation protocols. Most importantly, structural characterizations via one-step as well as hyphenated or multidimensional approaches are introduced and demonstrated with specific applications, including surface sensitive and imaging techniques. The aim of this tutorial review is to illustrate the capabilities of MS for the characterization of large, complex polymers and emphasize its potential as a powerful compositional and structural elucidation tool in polymer chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Addie R Keating
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
| | - Andrew S McGee
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
| | - Calum Bochenek
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
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4
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Wang L, Shen Y, Liu Y, Zeng P, Meng J, Liu T, Zhang L. Electrochemical Restoration of Battery Materials Guided by Synchrotron Radiation Technology for Sustainable Lithium-Ion Batteries. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2201658. [PMID: 37199184 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202201658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been ubiquitous in modern society, especially in the fields of electronic devices, electric vehicles and grid storage, while raising concerns about a tremendous number of spent batteries in the next five to ten years. As environmental awareness and resource security is gaining increasingly extensive attention, how to effectively deal with spent LIBs has become a challenging issue academically and industrially. Accordingly, the development of battery recycling has surfaced as a highly researched topic in the battery community. Recently, the structural and electrochemical restoration of recycled electrode materials have been proposed as a non-destructive method to save more energy and chemical agents compared with mature metallurgical methods. Such a refurbishment process of electrode materials is also regarded as a reverse process of their degradation in the working condition. Notably, synchrotron radiation technology, which is previously applied to diagnose battery degrade, has started to play major roles in gaining more insight into the structural restoration of electrode materials. Here, the contribution of synchrotron radiation technology to reveal the underlying degradation and regeneration mechanisms of LIBs cathodes is highlighted, providing a theoretical basis and guidance for the direct recycling and reuse of degraded cathodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Yihao Shen
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Yuanlong Liu
- Zhejiang Tianneng New Materials Co. Ltd., Huzhou, Zhejiang, 313103, China
| | - Pan Zeng
- Institute for Advanced Study, School of Mechanical Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Junxia Meng
- School of Physics and Electronics, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Tiefeng Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
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5
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Bazin D, Reguer S, Vantelon D, Haymann JP, Letavernier E, Frochot V, Daudon M, Esteve E, Colboc H. XANES spectroscopy for the clinician. CR CHIM 2022. [DOI: 10.5802/crchim.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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6
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Terrill NJ, Dent AJ, Dobson B, Beale AM, Allen L, Bras W. Past, present and future-sample environments for materials research studies in scattering and spectroscopy; a UK perspective. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 33:483002. [PMID: 34479225 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac2389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Small angle x-ray scattering and x-ray absorption fine structure are two techniques that have been employed at synchrotron sources ever since their inception. Over the course of the development of the techniques, the introduction of sample environments for added value experiments has grown dramatically. This article reviews past successes, current developments and an exploration of future possibilities for these two x-ray techniques with an emphasis on the developments in the United Kingdom between 1980-2020.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew J Dent
- Diamond Light Source, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Barry Dobson
- Sagentia Ltd, Harston Mill, Harston Mill, CB22 7GG, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew M Beale
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
- The Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Allen
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
- The Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Wim Bras
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, One Bethel Valley Road TN 37831, United States of America
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8
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Rivera-Torrente M, Mandemaker LDB, Filez M, Delen G, Seoane B, Meirer F, Weckhuysen BM. Spectroscopy, microscopy, diffraction and scattering of archetypal MOFs: formation, metal sites in catalysis and thin films. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:6694-6732. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00635a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive overview of characterization tools for the analysis of well-known metal–organic frameworks and physico-chemical phenomena associated to their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Rivera-Torrente
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- 3584 CG Utrecht
- The Netherlands
| | - Laurens D. B. Mandemaker
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- 3584 CG Utrecht
- The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Filez
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- 3584 CG Utrecht
- The Netherlands
| | - Guusje Delen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- 3584 CG Utrecht
- The Netherlands
| | - Beatriz Seoane
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- 3584 CG Utrecht
- The Netherlands
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- 3584 CG Utrecht
- The Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- 3584 CG Utrecht
- The Netherlands
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9
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Sharapa DI, Doronkin DE, Studt F, Grunwaldt JD, Behrens S. Moving Frontiers in Transition Metal Catalysis: Synthesis, Characterization and Modeling. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1807381. [PMID: 30803078 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201807381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nanosized transition metal particles are important materials in catalysis with a key role not only in academic research but also in many processes with industrial and societal relevance. Although small improvements in catalytic properties can lead to significant economic and environmental impacts, it is only now that knowledge-based design of such materials is emerging, partly because the understanding of catalytic mechanisms on nanoparticle surfaces is increasingly improving. A knowledge-based design requires bottom-up synthesis of well-defined model catalysts, an understanding of the catalytic nanomaterials "at work" (operando), and both a detailed understanding and a prediction by theoretical methods. This article reports on progress in colloidal synthesis of transition metal nanoparticles for preparation of model catalysts to close the materials gap between the discoveries of fundamental surface science and industrial application. The transition metal particles, however, often undergo extensive transformations when applied to the catalytic process and much progress has recently been achieved operando characterization techniques under relevant reaction conditions. They allow better understanding of size/structure-activity correlations in these systems. Moreover, the growth of computing power and the improvement of theoretical methods uncover mechanisms on nanoparticles and have recently predicted highly active particles for CO/CO2 hydrogenation or direct H2 O2 synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry I Sharapa
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Herrmann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Dmitry E Doronkin
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Herrmann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 20, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Felix Studt
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Herrmann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 20, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jan-Dierk Grunwaldt
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Herrmann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 20, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Silke Behrens
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Herrmann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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10
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Alvarez-Vicente J, Dandil S, Banerjee D, Gunaratne HN, Gray S, Felton S, Srinivasan G, Kaczmarek AM, Van Deun R, Nockemann P. Easily Accessible Rare-Earth-Containing Phosphonium Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids: EXAFS, Luminescence, and Magnetic Properties. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:5301-11. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b03870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Alvarez-Vicente
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The QUILL Research Centre,
David Keir Building, Queen’s University Belfast, Stranmillis
Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, United Kingdom
| | - Sahra Dandil
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The QUILL Research Centre,
David Keir Building, Queen’s University Belfast, Stranmillis
Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, United Kingdom
| | - Dipanjan Banerjee
- Dutch-Belgian
Beamline (DUBBLE), ESRF - The European Synchrotron, CS 40220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - H.Q. Nimal Gunaratne
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The QUILL Research Centre,
David Keir Building, Queen’s University Belfast, Stranmillis
Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanne Gray
- Centre
for Nanostructured Media, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
| | - Solveig Felton
- Centre
for Nanostructured Media, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
| | - Geetha Srinivasan
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The QUILL Research Centre,
David Keir Building, Queen’s University Belfast, Stranmillis
Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, United Kingdom
| | - Anna M. Kaczmarek
- L3 − Luminescent Lanthanide
Lab, Department of Inorganic
and Physical Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S3, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rik Van Deun
- L3 − Luminescent Lanthanide
Lab, Department of Inorganic
and Physical Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S3, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Nockemann
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The QUILL Research Centre,
David Keir Building, Queen’s University Belfast, Stranmillis
Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, United Kingdom
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11
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Abstract
X-ray scattering is a structural characterization tool that has impacted diverse fields of study. It is unique in its ability to examine materials in real time and under realistic sample environments, enabling researchers to understand morphology at nanometer and angstrom length scales using complementary small and wide angle X-ray scattering (SAXS, WAXS), respectively. Herein, we focus on the use of SAXS to examine nanoscale particulate systems. We provide a theoretical foundation for X-ray scattering, considering both form factor and structure factor, as well as the use of correlation functions, which may be used to determine a particle's size, size distribution, shape, and organization into hierarchical structures. The theory is expanded upon with contemporary use cases. Both transmission and reflection (grazing incidence) geometries are addressed, as well as the combination of SAXS with other X-ray and non-X-ray characterization tools. We conclude with an examination of several key areas of research where X-ray scattering has played a pivotal role, including in situ nanoparticle synthesis, nanoparticle assembly, and operando studies of catalysts and energy storage materials. Throughout this review we highlight the unique capabilities of X-ray scattering for structural characterization of materials in their native environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory , 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Andrew J Senesi
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory , 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Byeongdu Lee
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory , 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
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12
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Filez M, Redekop EA, Poelman H, Galvita VV, Marin GB. Advanced Elemental Characterization during Pt–In Catalyst Formation by Wavelet Transformed X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2015; 87:3520-6. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Filez
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Evgeniy A. Redekop
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hilde Poelman
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Vladimir V. Galvita
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Guy B. Marin
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
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13
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Garino C, Borfecchia E, Gobetto R, van Bokhoven JA, Lamberti C. Determination of the electronic and structural configuration of coordination compounds by synchrotron-radiation techniques. Coord Chem Rev 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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14
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Jensen KMØ, Tyrsted C, Bremholm M, Iversen BB. In situ studies of solvothermal synthesis of energy materials. CHEMSUSCHEM 2014; 7:1594-1611. [PMID: 24599741 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201301042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Solvothermal and hydrothermal synthesis, that is, synthesis taking place in a solvent at elevated temperature and pressure, is a powerful technique for the production of advanced energy materials as it is versatile, cheap, and environmentally friendly. However, the fundamental reaction mechanisms dictating particle formation and growth under solvothermal conditions are not well understood. In order to produce tailor-made materials with specific properties for advanced energy technologies, it is essential to obtain an improved understanding of these processes and, in this context, in situ studies are an important tool as they provide real time information on the reactions taking place. Here, we present a review of the use of powder diffraction and total scattering methods for in situ studies of synthesis taking place under solvothermal and hydrothermal conditions. The experimental setups used for in situ X-ray and neutron studies are presented, and methods of data analysis are described. Special attention is given to the methods used to extract structural information from the data, for example, Rietveld refinement, whole powder pattern modelling and pair distribution function analysis. Examples of in situ studies are presented to illustrate the types of chemical insight that can be obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten M Ø Jensen
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C (Denmark) www.cmc.chem.au.dk
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15
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Linkov P, Artemyev M, Efimov AE, Nabiev I. Comparative advantages and limitations of the basic metrology methods applied to the characterization of nanomaterials. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:8781-8798. [PMID: 23934544 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr02372a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Fabrication of modern nanomaterials and nanostructures with specific functional properties is both scientifically promising and commercially profitable. The preparation and use of nanomaterials require adequate methods for the control and characterization of their size, shape, chemical composition, crystalline structure, energy levels, pathways and dynamics of physical and chemical processes during their fabrication and further use. In this review, we discuss different instrumental methods for the analysis and metrology of materials and evaluate their advantages and limitations at the nanolevel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Linkov
- Laboratory of Nano-Bioengineering, National Research Nuclear University, Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, 31 Kashirskoe sh., 115409 Moscow, Russian Federation.
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16
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Martis M, Smith AJ, Tang C, Parker JE, Hyde TI, Watson MJ, Baucherel X, Kohara S, Wakihara T, Sankar G. Tracking the structural changes in pure and heteroatom substituted aluminophosphate, AIPO-18, using synchrotron based X-ray diffraction techniques. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:11766-74. [PMID: 23752302 DOI: 10.1039/c3cp00015j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the structural changes that occur during the thermal removal of organic template molecules that occlude the pores of small pore nanoporous zeolitic solids, AlPO-18, SAPO-18, CoAlPO-18, ZnAlPO-18 and CoSAPO-18. The calcination process is a necessary step in the formation of active catalysts. The studies performed using time-resolved High Resolution Powder Diffraction (HRPD) and High Energy X-ray Diffraction (HEXRD) techniques at various temperatures reveal that changes that take place are dependent on the type of heteroatom present in the nanoporous solids. While time-resolved HRPD shows clear changes in lattice parameters during the removal of physisorbed water molecules and subsequent removal of the organic template, HEXRD data show changes in various near neighbour distances in AlPO-18, SAPO-18, CoAlPO-18, CoSAPO-18 and ZnAlPO-18 during the calcination process. In particular HEXRD reveals the presence of water molecules coordinated to Al(III) ions in the as-synthesised materials. Upon removal of the template and water, these solids show contraction in the cell volume at elevated temperatures while first and second neighbour distances remained almost unchanged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Martis
- University College London, Department of Chemistry, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
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17
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Patlolla A, Baumann P, Xu W, Senanayake SD, Rodriguez JA, Frenkel AI. Characterization of Metal-Oxide Catalysts in Operando Conditions by Combining X-ray Absorption and Raman Spectroscopies in the Same Experiment. Top Catal 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-013-0053-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Davey RJ, Schroeder SLM, ter Horst JH. Keimbildung organischer Kristalle aus molekularer Sichtweise. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201204824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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19
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Davey RJ, Schroeder SLM, ter Horst JH. Nucleation of organic crystals--a molecular perspective. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:2166-79. [PMID: 23307268 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201204824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The outcome of synthetic procedures for crystalline organic materials strongly depends on the first steps along the molecular self-assembly pathway, a process we know as crystal nucleation. New experimental techniques and computational methodologies have spurred significant interest in understanding the detailed molecular mechanisms by which nuclei form and develop into macroscopic crystals. Although classical nucleation theory (CNT) has served well in describing the kinetics of the processes involved, new proposed nucleation mechanisms are additionally concerned with the evolution of structure and the competing nature of crystallization in polymorphic systems. In this Review, we explore the extent to which CNT and nucleation rate measurements can yield molecular-scale information on this process and summarize current knowledge relating to molecular self-assembly in nucleating systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger J Davey
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Sciences, University of Manchester, The Mill, Sackville Street, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
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20
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Frenkel AI, Rodriguez JA, Chen JG. Synchrotron Techniques for In Situ Catalytic Studies: Capabilities, Challenges, and Opportunities. ACS Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/cs3004006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly I. Frenkel
- Department of Physics, Yeshiva University, New York, New York 10016, United
States
| | - Jose A. Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973,
United States
| | - Jingguang G. Chen
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United
States
- Department of Chemical
Engineering, Columbia University, New York,
New York 10027, United
States
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21
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Patlolla A, Carino EV, Ehrlich SN, Stavitski E, Frenkel AI. Application of Operando XAS, XRD, and Raman Spectroscopy for Phase Speciation in Water Gas Shift Reaction Catalysts. ACS Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/cs300414c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Patlolla
- Department of Physics, Yeshiva University, New York, New York 10016, United
States
| | - E. V. Carino
- Department of Chemical
Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark,
Delaware 19716, United
States
| | - S. N. Ehrlich
- National Synchrotron
Light Source, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973,
United States
| | - E. Stavitski
- National Synchrotron
Light Source, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973,
United States
| | - A. I. Frenkel
- Department of Physics, Yeshiva University, New York, New York 10016, United
States
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22
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Yu W, Porosoff MD, Chen JG. Review of Pt-Based Bimetallic Catalysis: From Model Surfaces to Supported Catalysts. Chem Rev 2012; 112:5780-817. [DOI: 10.1021/cr300096b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 951] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiting Yu
- Catalysis Center for Energy
Innovation, Department of Chemical and Bimolecular Engineering, University
of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Marc D. Porosoff
- Catalysis Center for Energy
Innovation, Department of Chemical and Bimolecular Engineering, University
of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Jingguang G. Chen
- Catalysis Center for Energy
Innovation, Department of Chemical and Bimolecular Engineering, University
of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering,
Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
- Chemistry Department, Brookhaven
National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
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23
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Gommes CJ, Jiao Y, Torquato S. Microstructural degeneracy associated with a two-point correlation function and its information content. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2012; 85:051140. [PMID: 23004736 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.85.051140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A two-point correlation function provides a crucial yet an incomplete characterization of a microstructure because distinctly different microstructures may have the same correlation function. In an earlier Letter [Gommes, Jiao, and Torquato, Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 080601 (2012)], we addressed the microstructural degeneracy question: What is the number of microstructures compatible with a specified correlation function? We computed this degeneracy, i.e., configurational entropy, in the framework of reconstruction methods, which enabled us to map the problem to the determination of ground-state degeneracies. Here, we provide a more comprehensive presentation of the methodology and analyses, as well as additional results. Since the configuration space of a reconstruction problem is a hypercube on which a Hamming distance is defined, we can calculate analytically the energy profile of any reconstruction problem, corresponding to the average energy of all microstructures at a given Hamming distance from a ground state. The steepness of the energy profile is a measure of the roughness of the energy landscape associated with the reconstruction problem, which can be used as a proxy for the ground-state degeneracy. The relationship between this roughness metric and the ground-state degeneracy is calibrated using a Monte Carlo algorithm for determining the ground-state degeneracy of a variety of microstructures, including realizations of hard disks and Poisson point processes at various densities as well as those with known degeneracies (e.g., single disks of various sizes and a particular crystalline microstructure). We show that our results can be expressed in terms of the information content of the two-point correlation functions. From this perspective, the a priori condition for a reconstruction to be accurate is that the information content, expressed in bits, should be comparable to the number of pixels in the unknown microstructure. We provide a formula to calculate the information content of any two-point correlation function, which makes our results broadly applicable to any field in which correlation functions are employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Gommes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Liège, Liège 4000, Belgium.
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24
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Stavitski E, Goesten M, Juan-Alcañiz J, Martinez-Joaristi A, Serra-Crespo P, Petukhov AV, Gascon J, Kapteijn F. Kinetic Control of Metal-Organic Framework Crystallization Investigated by Time-Resolved In Situ X-Ray Scattering. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:9624-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201101757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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25
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Stavitski E, Goesten M, Juan-Alcañiz J, Martinez-Joaristi A, Serra-Crespo P, Petukhov AV, Gascon J, Kapteijn F. Kinetic Control of Metal-Organic Framework Crystallization Investigated by Time-Resolved In Situ X-Ray Scattering. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201101757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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26
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27
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Pienack N, Bensch W. In-Situ Monitoring of the Formation of Crystalline Solids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:2014-34. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201001180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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28
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Juan-Alcañiz J, Goesten M, Martinez-Joaristi A, Stavitski E, Petukhov AV, Gascon J, Kapteijn F. Live encapsulation of a Keggin polyanion in NH2-MIL-101(Al) observed by in situ time resolved X-ray scattering. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:8578-80. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc12213d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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29
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Patzke GR, Zhou Y, Kontic R, Conrad F. Oxidische Nanomaterialien: Von der Synthese über den Mechanismus zur technologischen Innovation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201000235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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30
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Patzke GR, Zhou Y, Kontic R, Conrad F. Oxide Nanomaterials: Synthetic Developments, Mechanistic Studies, and Technological Innovations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 50:826-59. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201000235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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31
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Aerts A, Kirschhock CEA, Martens JA. Methods for in situ spectroscopic probing of the synthesis of a zeolite. Chem Soc Rev 2010; 39:4626-42. [PMID: 20949188 DOI: 10.1039/b919704b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Unraveling the crystallization mechanism of zeolites remains an increasingly important challenge in chemistry. During the last decade, in situ spectroscopic methods have provided an unprecedented level of detail of the underlying molecular mechanisms and their kinetics. Magnetic resonance, vibrational and X-ray absorption techniques have emerged as principal tools for the in situ observation of crystallization. In this tutorial review, we discuss how these in situ methods have contributed to our understanding of the complex and diverse molecular processes that govern zeolite crystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Aerts
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, K.U. Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
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32
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Abécassis B, Testard F, Kong Q, Francois B, Spalla O. Influence of monomer feeding on a fast gold nanoparticles synthesis: time-resolved XANES and SAXS experiments. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:13847-13854. [PMID: 20704344 DOI: 10.1021/la1020274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive study of the mechanism of gold nanoparticle formation has been conducted using third-generation synchrotrons. The particles were obained by reduction of AuCl(3) by BH(4)(-) in toluene. Gold oxidation state was monitored by X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES), while the size and concentration of the nanoparticles were assessed by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). A time-resolution of 100 ms has been achieved for a total formation time of a few seconds. The change with time of the total amount of Au(0) present in the solution is obtained by XANES. The change of the amount of Au(0) inside the nanoparticles is obtained from the SAXS signal. The comparison between these two quantities shows that a measurable amount of Au(0) exists transiently as monomers (or very small entities) in solution and this quantity is linked to an observed burst of nucleation of nanoparticles. The reduction kinetics is strongly influenced by the presence of ligands and a change in temperature. A model coupling the observed reduction kinetics and nucleation and growth laws is able to recover the final size and number densities of the explored experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Abécassis
- CEA Saclay, DSM/IRAMIS/UMR 3299 CEA/CNRS SIS2M/Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire surl'Organisation Nanométrique et Supramoléculaire, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
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33
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Becker J, Bremholm M, Tyrsted C, Pauw B, Jensen KMØ, Eltzholt J, Christensen M, Iversen BB. Experimental setup forin situX-ray SAXS/WAXS/PDF studies of the formation and growth of nanoparticles in near- and supercritical fluids. J Appl Crystallogr 2010. [DOI: 10.1107/s0021889810014688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The growing interest in inorganic nanoparticles for a wide range of applications is spurring a need for synthesis methods that allow a highly specific tailoring of material properties. Synthesis in supercritical fluids holds great promise for solving this problem, but so far the fundamental chemical processes taking place under these conditions are to a large extent unknown. Here the design, construction and application of a versatile experimental setup are reported; this setup enablesin situsynchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering/wide-angle X-ray scattering/pair distribution function (SAXS/WAXS/PDF) studies of the formation and growth of nanoparticles under supercritical fluid conditions.
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34
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Agostini G, Lamberti C, Palin L, Milanesio M, Danilina N, Xu B, Janousch M, van Bokhoven JA. In situ XAS and XRPD parametric rietveld refinement to understand dealumination of Y zeolite catalyst. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:667-78. [PMID: 20000838 DOI: 10.1021/ja907696h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dealumination of NH(4)-Y zeolite during steaming to 873 K was investigated with in situ, time-dependent, synchrotron radiation XRPD and in situ Al K-edge XAS. Water desorption is complete at 450 K, and ammonium decomposition occurs between 500 and 550 K. Only a small fraction of Al(3+) species (5%) leaves the framework during heating from 710 to 873 K; these species occupy site I' inside the sodalite cage. This fraction increases up to 8% in the first 50 min at 873 K and remains constant for the following 70 min isotherm and during the high-temperature part of the cooling experiment. During cooling from 500 to 450 K, the electron density at site I' increases suddenly, corresponding to a fraction of 30-35% of the total Al, confirmed by ex situ (27)Al MAS solid-state NMR. At that temperature, in situ Al K-edge XAS indicates a change in Al coordination of a large fraction of Al, and thermogravimetric (TG) data show the first water molecules start to repopulate the pores. Such molecules drive the dislodgment of most of the Al from the zeolitic framework. Our data indicate that considerable structural collapse caused by steaming does not occur at the highest temperature; however, defects form, which lead to significant migration of framework Al(3+) to extraframework positions, which occurs only as water is able to enter the pores again, that is, at much lower temperature. Contrary to general opinion, these results demonstrate that zeolite dealumination is not primarily a high-temperature process. The standard Rietveld refinement approach failed to identify extraframework Al species. These new results were obtained by adopting the innovative parametric refinement [J. Appl. Crystallogr. 2007, 40, 87]. Treating all of the XRPD patterns collected during the evolution of temperature as one unique data set significantly reduces the overall number of optimized variables and, thus, their relative correlation, and finally results in a more reliable estimate of the optimized parameters. Our results contribute to a better understanding of the phenomena involved on the atomic scale in the preparation of ultrastable Y zeolites (USY). USY are employed in fluid catalytic cracking (FCC), which is the most important conversion process in petroleum refineries to convert the high-boiling hydrocarbon fractions of petroleum crude oils to more valuable products like gasoline and olefinic gases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Agostini
- Department of Inorganic, Materials and Physical Chemistry, Torino University, Via P. Giuria 7,10125 Turin, Italy
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35
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Newton MA, Di Michiel M, Kubacka A, Fernández-García M. Combining Time-Resolved Hard X-ray Diffraction and Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Spectroscopy To Illuminate CO Dissociation and Transient Carbon Storage by Supported Pd Nanoparticles during CO/NO Cycling. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:4540-1. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9107512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Newton
- ESRF, 6 Rue Horowitz, BP-220, Grenoble F-38043, France, and Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica, CSIC, C/Marie-Curie 2, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marco Di Michiel
- ESRF, 6 Rue Horowitz, BP-220, Grenoble F-38043, France, and Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica, CSIC, C/Marie-Curie 2, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna Kubacka
- ESRF, 6 Rue Horowitz, BP-220, Grenoble F-38043, France, and Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica, CSIC, C/Marie-Curie 2, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcos Fernández-García
- ESRF, 6 Rue Horowitz, BP-220, Grenoble F-38043, France, and Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica, CSIC, C/Marie-Curie 2, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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36
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Bauer M, Heusel G, Mangold S, Bertagnolli H. Spectroscopic set-up for simultaneous UV-Vis/(Q)EXAFS in situ and in operando studies of homogeneous reactions under laboratory conditions. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2010; 17:273-279. [PMID: 20157283 DOI: 10.1107/s0909049509054910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A novel experimental set-up for in operando studies of homogeneous catalyzed reactions under laboratory conditions has been developed and tested. It combines time-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy with UV/Vis spectroscopy. The reaction solution is stirred in a vessel and pumped in a circle by a peristaltic free gear-wheel through a measurement cell. The X-ray and UV/Vis beams probe the same sample volume of the cell orthogonally. Reactants can be added to the reaction mixture in the course of the measurements and a defined gas atmosphere can be adjusted up to a pressure of 10 bar. The in situ reduction of cerium(IV) ammonium nitrate to cerium(III) by isopropanol is studied as a test reaction with quick-XANES and UV/Vis measurements with a time resolution of 60 s and 1 s, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Bauer
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.
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37
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Meneghetti F, Wendel E, Mascotto S, Smarsly BM, Tondello E, Bertagnolli H, Gross S. Combined use of XAFS, XRD and TEM to unravel the microstructural evolution of nanostructured ZrO2–SiO2 binary oxides: from nanometres down to the molecular domain. CrystEngComm 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/b911004f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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38
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Abstract
Zeolites are aluminosilicate solids bearing a negatively charged honeycomb framework of micropores into which molecules may be adsorbed for environmental decontamination, and to catalyse chemical reactions. They are central to green-chemistry since the necessity for organic solvents is minimised. Proton-exchanged (H) zeolites are extensively employed in the petrochemical industry for cracking crude oil fractions into fuels and chemical feedstocks for other industrial processes. Due to their ability to perform cation-exchange, in which the cations that are originally present to counterbalance the framework negative charge may be exchanged out of the zeolite by cations present in aqueous solution, zeolites are useful as industrial water-softeners, in the removal of radioactive Cs+ and Sr2+ cations from liquid nuclear waste and in the removal of toxic heavy metal cations from groundwaters and run-off waters. Surfactant-modified zeolites (SMZ) find particular application in the co-removal of both toxic anions and organic pollutants. Toxic anions such as arsenite, arsenate, chromate, cyanide and radioactive iodide can also be removed by adsorption into zeolites that have been previously loaded with co-precipitating metal cations such as Ag+ and Pb2+ which form practically insoluble complexes that are contained within the zeolite matrix.
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39
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Bentrup U. Combining in situ characterization methods in one set-up: looking with more eyes into the intricate chemistry of the synthesis and working of heterogeneous catalysts. Chem Soc Rev 2010; 39:4718-30. [DOI: 10.1039/b919711g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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40
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O'Brien MG, Beale AM, Weckhuysen BM. The role of synchrotron radiation in examining the self-assembly of crystalline nanoporous framework materials: from zeolites and aluminophosphates to metal organic hybrids. Chem Soc Rev 2010; 39:4767-82. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cs00088d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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41
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42
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Kubacka A, Martínez-Arias A, Fernández-García M, Newton MA. Dynamic “operando” observation of 1wt% Pd-based TWCs: Simultaneous XAS/DRIFTS/mass spectrometry analysis of the effects of Ce0.5Zr0.5O2 loading on structure, reactivity and performance. Catal Today 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2008.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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43
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Sankar G, Bras W. Insights into the formation of microporous materials by in situ X-ray scattering techniques. Catal Today 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2009.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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44
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Jacques SD, Leynaud O, Strusevich D, Stukas P, Barnes P, Sankar G, Sheehy M, O’Brien MG, Iglesias-Juez A, Beale AM. Recent progress in the use of in situ X-ray methods for the study of heterogeneous catalysts in packed-bed capillary reactors. Catal Today 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2009.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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45
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Weckhuysen B. Chemical Imaging of Spatial Heterogeneities in Catalytic Solids at Different Length and Time Scales. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:4910-43. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200900339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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46
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O’Brien MG, Beale AM, Jacques SDM, Weckhuysen BM. A Combined Multi-Technique In Situ Approach Used to Probe the Stability of Iron Molybdate Catalysts During Redox Cycling. Top Catal 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-009-9324-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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47
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Weckhuysen B. Chemische Bildgebung von räumlichen Heterogenitäten in katalytischen Festkörpern auf unterschiedlichen Längen- und Zeitskalen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200900339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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48
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Bentrup U, Radnik J, Armbruster U, Martin A, Leiterer J, Emmerling F, Brückner A. Linking Simultaneous In Situ WAXS/SAXS/Raman with Raman/ATR/UV–vis Spectroscopy: Comprehensive Insight into the Synthesis of Molybdate Catalyst Precursors. Top Catal 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-009-9309-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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49
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Iglesias-Juez A, Beale AM, O'Brien MG, Newton MA, Bras W, Weckhuysen BM. Multi-Technique In Situ Approach Towards the Study of Catalytic Solids at Work Using Synchrotron Radiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/08940880802667924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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50
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Bare SR, Ressler T. Chapter 6 Characterization of Catalysts in Reactive Atmospheres by X‐ray Absorption Spectroscopy. ADVANCES IN CATALYSIS 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0360-0564(08)00006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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