1
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Janitz E, Herb K, Völker LA, Huxter WS, Degen CL, Abendroth JM. Diamond surface engineering for molecular sensing with nitrogen-vacancy centers. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. C 2022; 10:13533-13569. [PMID: 36324301 PMCID: PMC9521415 DOI: 10.1039/d2tc01258h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Quantum sensing using optically addressable atomic-scale defects, such as the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond, provides new opportunities for sensitive and highly localized characterization of chemical functionality. Notably, near-surface defects facilitate detection of the minute magnetic fields generated by nuclear or electron spins outside of the diamond crystal, such as those in chemisorbed and physisorbed molecules. However, the promise of NV centers is hindered by a severe degradation of critical sensor properties, namely charge stability and spin coherence, near surfaces (< ca. 10 nm deep). Moreover, applications in the chemical sciences require methods for covalent bonding of target molecules to diamond with robust control over density, orientation, and binding configuration. This forward-looking Review provides a survey of the rapidly converging fields of diamond surface science and NV-center physics, highlighting their combined potential for quantum sensing of molecules. We outline the diamond surface properties that are advantageous for NV-sensing applications, and discuss strategies to mitigate deleterious effects while simultaneously providing avenues for chemical attachment. Finally, we present an outlook on emerging applications in which the unprecedented sensitivity and spatial resolution of NV-based sensing could provide unique insight into chemically functionalized surfaces at the single-molecule level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Janitz
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Konstantin Herb
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Laura A Völker
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - William S Huxter
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Christian L Degen
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - John M Abendroth
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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2
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Serafin J, Ouzzine M, Xing C, El Ouahabi H, Kamińska A, Sreńscek-Nazzal J. Activated carbons from the Amazonian biomass andiroba shells applied as a CO2 adsorbent and a cheap semiconductor material. J CO2 UTIL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2022.102071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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3
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Huang Y, Cohen TA, Sperry BM, Larson H, Nguyen HA, Homer MK, Dou FY, Jacoby LM, Cossairt BM, Gamelin DR, Luscombe CK. Organic building blocks at inorganic nanomaterial interfaces. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2022; 9:61-87. [PMID: 34851347 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh01294k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This tutorial review presents our perspective on designing organic molecules for the functionalization of inorganic nanomaterial surfaces, through the model of an "anchor-functionality" paradigm. This "anchor-functionality" paradigm is a streamlined design strategy developed from a comprehensive range of materials (e.g., lead halide perovskites, II-VI semiconductors, III-V semiconductors, metal oxides, diamonds, carbon dots, silicon, etc.) and applications (e.g., light-emitting diodes, photovoltaics, lasers, photonic cavities, photocatalysis, fluorescence imaging, photo dynamic therapy, drug delivery, etc.). The structure of this organic interface modifier comprises two key components: anchor groups binding to inorganic surfaces and functional groups that optimize their performance in specific applications. To help readers better understand and utilize this approach, the roles of different anchor groups and different functional groups are discussed and explained through their interactions with inorganic materials and external environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunping Huang
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Theodore A Cohen
- Molecular Engineering & Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Breena M Sperry
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Helen Larson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Hao A Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Micaela K Homer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Florence Y Dou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Laura M Jacoby
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Brandi M Cossairt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Daniel R Gamelin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Christine K Luscombe
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
- Molecular Engineering & Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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4
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Zhou L, Gao RT, Zhang XJ, He K, Xu L, Liu N, Wu ZQ. A Versatile Method for the End-Functionalization of Polycarbenes. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 43:e2100630. [PMID: 34791733 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
End-functionalization is an effective strategy for constructing functional materials. A method for chain-end functionalization of helical polycarbenes is herein developed that relied on Sonogashira coupling reaction. In this work, a family of helical polycarbenes with controlled molecular mass (Mn ) and low polydispersity (Mw /Mn ) is readily prepared using Pd(II) and the Wei-Phos ligand as initiator. The Pd(II) complex is confirmed to remain at the chain end of polycarbene. Subsequently, a series of terminal alkyne derivatives with interesting functional groups, including the F atom, aldehyde, or anthracene groups, are synthesized. They could be installed at the chain end of polycarbene through Sonogashira coupling reaction catalyzed by the Pd(II) complex at the chain end. Moreover, a couple of hybrid block copolymers are easily obtained by installing terminal alkynes modified by another type of polymer. The structures of the isolated polymers are confirmed by 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance (1 H NMR), 19 F nuclear magnetic resonance (19 F NMR), 31 P nuclear magnetic resonance (31 P NMR), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), respectively. The self-assembly properties of the hybrid block copolymers are also investigated by atomic force spectroscopy analysis. By the hereby developed method, various functional groups can be introduced at the chain end of helical polycarbenes for constructing functional polymer materials, moreover, the transition metal residues at the end of polymer chains can be easily removed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhou
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230009, China
| | - Run-Tan Gao
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230009, China
| | - Xin-Jie Zhang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230009, China
| | - Kai He
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230009, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230009, China
| | - Na Liu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230009, China
| | - Zong-Quan Wu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230009, China
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5
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Hoque MK, Behan JA, Creel J, Lunney JG, Perova TS, Colavita PE. Reactive Plasma N-Doping of Amorphous Carbon Electrodes: Decoupling Disorder and Chemical Effects on Capacitive and Electrocatalytic Performance. Front Chem 2020; 8:593932. [PMID: 33240854 PMCID: PMC7670066 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.593932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen-free amorphous carbon thin films prepared via sputtering followed by graphitization, were used as precursor materials for the creation of N-doped carbon electrodes with varying degrees of amorphization. Incorporation of N-sites was achieved via nitrogen plasma treatments which resulted in both surface functionalization and amorphization of the carbon electrode materials. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman spectroscopy were used to monitor composition and carbon organization: results indicate incorporation of predominantly pyrrolic-N sites after relatively short treatment cycles (5 min or less), accompanied by an initial etching of amorphous regions followed by a slower process of amorphization of graphitized clusters. By leveraging the difference in the rate of these two processes it was possible to investigate the effects of chemical N-sites and C-defect sites on their electrochemical response. The materials were tested as metal-free electrocatalysts in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in alkaline conditions. We find that the introduction of predominantly pyrrolic-N sites via plasma modification results in improvements in selectivity in the ORR, relative to the nitrogen-free precursor material. Introduction of defects through prolonged plasma exposure has a more pronounced and beneficial effect on ORR descriptors than introduction of N-sites alone, leading to both increased onset potentials, and reduced hydroperoxide yields relative to the nitrogen-free carbon material. Our results suggest that increased structural disorder/heterogeneity results in the introduction of carbon sites that might either serve as main activity sites, or that enhance the effects of N-functionalities in the ORR via synergistic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Khairul Hoque
- Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN) and SFI Research Centre for Advanced Materials and BioEngineering Research (AMBER) Research Centres, School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - James A. Behan
- Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN) and SFI Research Centre for Advanced Materials and BioEngineering Research (AMBER) Research Centres, School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - James Creel
- Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN) and SFI Research Centre for Advanced Materials and BioEngineering Research (AMBER) Research Centres, School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Tatiana S. Perova
- School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paula E. Colavita
- Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN) and SFI Research Centre for Advanced Materials and BioEngineering Research (AMBER) Research Centres, School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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6
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Brush-modified materials: Control of molecular architecture, assembly behavior, properties and applications. Prog Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2019.101180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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7
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Zhang Y, Tamijani AA, Taylor ME, Zhi B, Haynes CL, Mason SE, Hamers RJ. Molecular Surface Functionalization of Carbon Materials via Radical-Induced Grafting of Terminal Alkenes. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:8277-8288. [PMID: 31038938 PMCID: PMC7733706 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b02369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Formation of functional monolayers on surfaces of carbon materials is inherently difficult because of the high bond strength of carbon and because common pathways such as SN2 mechanisms cannot take place at surfaces of solid materials. Here, we show that the radical initiators can selectively abstract H atoms from H-terminated carbon surfaces, initiating regioselective grafting of terminal alkenes to surfaces of diamond, glassy carbon, and polymeric carbon dots. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) demonstrate formation of self-terminating organic monolayers linked via the terminal C atom of 1-alkenes. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggest that this selectivity is at least partially thermodynamic in origin, as significantly less energy is needed to abstract H atoms from carbon surfaces as compared to typical aliphatic compounds. The regioselectivity favoring binding to the terminal C atom of the reactant alkenes arises from steric hindrance encountered in bond formation at the adjacent carbon atom. Our results demonstrate that carbon surface radical chemistry yields a versatile, selective, and scalable approach to monolayer formation on H-terminated carbon surfaces and provide mechanistic insights into the surface selectivity and regioselectivity of molecular grafting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqian Zhang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Ali A Tamijani
- Department of Chemistry , University of Iowa , Iowa City , Iowa 52242 , United States
| | - Megan E Taylor
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Bo Zhi
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota Twin Cities , 207 Pleasant Street SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Christy L Haynes
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota Twin Cities , 207 Pleasant Street SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Sara E Mason
- Department of Chemistry , University of Iowa , Iowa City , Iowa 52242 , United States
| | - Robert J Hamers
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
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8
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Humeres E, de Souza EP, Debacher NA, Lopes CN, Moreira RDF, Santaballa JA, Canle L. M. Effect of mass of pristine carbon nanotubes on the photolysis of phenylalanine. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Humeres
- Departamento de Química; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Florianópolis SC Brazil
| | | | - Nito Angelo Debacher
- Departamento de Química; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Florianópolis SC Brazil
| | - Cristiane Nunes Lopes
- Departamento de Química; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Florianópolis SC Brazil
| | - Regina de F.P.M. Moreira
- Departamento de Engenharia Química e Engenharia de Alimentos; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Florianópolis SC Brazil
| | - J. Arturo Santaballa
- Facultade de Ciencias and CICA, Grupo Reactividad Química e Fotorreactividade; Universidade da Coruña; A Coruña Spain
| | - Moisés Canle L.
- Facultade de Ciencias and CICA, Grupo Reactividad Química e Fotorreactividade; Universidade da Coruña; A Coruña Spain
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9
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Hoque MK, Behan JA, Stamatin S, Zen F, Perova TS, Colavita PE. Capacitive storage at nitrogen doped amorphous carbon electrodes: structural and chemical effects of nitrogen incorporation. RSC Adv 2019; 9:4063-4071. [PMID: 35518062 PMCID: PMC9060499 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra10187f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen incorporated carbon materials play an important role in electrochemical energy conversion technologies from fuel cells to capacitive storage devices. This work investigates the effects of nitrogen incorporation on capacitance, work function and semiconductor properties of amorphous carbon thin film electrodes. Nitrogenated electrodes (a-C:N) electrodes were synthesized via magnetron sputtering and characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS), Raman spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). EIS was carried in both aqueous (0.1 M KCl) and organic (0.1 M TBAPF6/acetonitrile) electrolytes to discriminate between pseudocapacitive contributions and changes to semiconductor properties of the materials arising from structural and chemical disruption of the graphitic carbon scaffold. Raman and UPS spectroscopy both suggest that nitrogen incorporation increases the metallic character of the disordered carbon matrix at low-intermediate concentrations, whereas further nitrogen incorporation results in significantly more defective carbon with small graphitic cluster size. EIS studies in 0.1 M KCl indicate that the capacitance of a-C:N electrodes increases relative to nitrogen-free a-C electrodes due to a combination of microroughness and pseudocapacitive contributions in parallel to those of the double layer capacitance. Results in 0.1 M TBAPF6 in acetonitrile which are dominated by the interfacial capacitance, show that initial nitrogen incorporation into the disordered carbon scaffold compensates for p-type properties in the disordered carbon matrix, resulting in an increase in metallic character. Greater levels of nitrogenation, are instead disruptive and increase defect density while decreasing the double layer capacitance. Nitrogen incorporation into carbon increases metallic character and capacitance, however high concentrations are instead disruptive and decrease interfacial capacitance.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Khairul Hoque
- School of Chemistry
- CRANN
- AMBER Research Centres
- Trinity College Dublin
- Dublin 2
| | - James A. Behan
- School of Chemistry
- CRANN
- AMBER Research Centres
- Trinity College Dublin
- Dublin 2
| | - Serban N. Stamatin
- School of Chemistry
- CRANN
- AMBER Research Centres
- Trinity College Dublin
- Dublin 2
| | - Federico Zen
- School of Chemistry
- CRANN
- AMBER Research Centres
- Trinity College Dublin
- Dublin 2
| | - Tatiana S. Perova
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering
- Trinity College Dublin
- Dublin 2
- Ireland
- ITMO University
| | - Paula E. Colavita
- School of Chemistry
- CRANN
- AMBER Research Centres
- Trinity College Dublin
- Dublin 2
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10
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Ortiz M, Debela AM, Méthivier C, Thorimbert S, Hasenknopf B, O'Sullivan CK. Stable Carboxylate-Terminated Gold Surfaces Produced by Spontaneous Grafting of an Alkyltin Compound. Chemistry 2018; 24:11177-11184. [PMID: 29782690 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembled monolayers formed by chemisorption of thiolated molecules on gold surfaces are widely applied for biosensing. Moreover, and due to the low stability of thiol-gold chemistry, contributions to the functionalisation of gold substrates with linkers that provide a more stable platform for the immobilisation of electroactive or biological molecules are highly appreciated. Herein, it is demonstrated that a carboxylated organotin compound can be successfully grafted onto gold substrates to form a highly stable organic layer with reactivity for subsequent binding to an aminated molecule. A battery of techniques were used to characterise the surface chemistry. The grafted layer was used to anchor aminoferrocene and subjected to both thermostability tests and long-term stability studies over a period of one year, demonstrating thermostability up to 90 °C and storage stability for at least 12 months at 4 °C protected from light. The stable surface tethering of molecules on gold substrates can be exploited in a plethora of applications, including molecular techniques, such as solid-phase amplification and solid-phase melting curve analysis, that require elevated temperature stability, as well as biosensors, which require long-term storage stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayreli Ortiz
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Avinguda Països Catalans 26, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Ahmed M Debela
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire IPCM, 4 place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Méthivier
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface LRS, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Serge Thorimbert
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire IPCM, 4 place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Bernold Hasenknopf
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire IPCM, 4 place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Ciara K O'Sullivan
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Avinguda Països Catalans 26, 43007, Tarragona, Spain.,ICREA, Passeig Lluis Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
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11
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Carvalho RR, Pujari SP, Vrouwe EX, Zuilhof H. Mild and Selective C-H Activation of COC Microfluidic Channels Allowing Covalent Multifunctional Coatings. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:16644-16650. [PMID: 28481097 PMCID: PMC5437660 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b02022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plastics, such as cyclic olefin copolymer (COC), are becoming an increasingly popular material for microfluidics. COC is used, in part, because of its (bio)-chemical resistance. However, its inertness and hydrophobicity can be a major downside for many bioapplications. In this paper, we show the first example of a surface-bound selective C-H activation of COC into alcohol C-OH moieties under mild aqueous conditions at room temperature. The nucleophilic COC-OH surface allows for subsequent covalent attachments, such as of a H-terminated silane. The resulting hybrid material (COC-Si-H) was then modified via a photolithographic hydrosilylation in the presence of ω-functionalized 1-alkenes to form a new highly stable, solvent-resistant hybrid surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Rijo Carvalho
- Laboratory of Organic
Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Micronit Microtechnologies B.V., Colosseum 15, 7521 PV Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Sidharam P. Pujari
- Laboratory of Organic
Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elwin X. Vrouwe
- Micronit Microtechnologies B.V., Colosseum 15, 7521 PV Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Han Zuilhof
- Laboratory of Organic
Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
- School of
Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China
- Department of Chemical
and Materials Engineering, King Abdulaziz
University, Jeddah 23218, Saudi Arabia
- E-mail:
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12
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Yang LK, Zhang XG, Yang FZ, Wu DY, Liu XY, Tian ZQ. Competing Mechanisms in the Acetaldehyde Functionalization of Positively Charged Hydrogenated Silicene. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:281-286. [PMID: 27921368 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201601013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Density functional theory calculations were used to elucidate the mechanism of the addition reaction of acetaldehyde to positively charged hydrogenated silicene (H-silicene). We found that the positively charged H-silicene plane could be partially restructured to form a vacant Si site, which enabled an additional nucleophilic addition reaction. After attachment of the acetaldehyde molecule to the H-silicene plane, two competing pathways were found to be involved in the hydrogen-abstraction process: a random-reaction mechanism and a chain-reaction mechanism. The theoretical results provided detailed information about stable structures and thermodynamic parameters of the reaction pathways, such as equilibrium geometries, Gibbs free energies, and the evolution of the spin densities and atomic charges. Our results reveal that the existence of a positive charge can significantly activate the grafting of unsaturated species on hydrogenated silicene, even if no silicon dangling bond is created proactively. The simulated Raman spectra of the two products were analyzed to elucidate the features of the competing mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Kun Yang
- Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, College of Materials, Fujian Key Provincial Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, Xiamen University, No.422, Siming South Road, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Xia-Guang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, No.422, Siming South Road, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Fang-Zu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, No.422, Siming South Road, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - De-Yin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, No.422, Siming South Road, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Xiang-Yang Liu
- Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, College of Materials, Fujian Key Provincial Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, Xiamen University, No.422, Siming South Road, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, P.R. China.,Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117542, Singapore
| | - Zhong-Qun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, No.422, Siming South Road, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, P.R. China
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13
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Lhenry S, Boichard B, Leroux YR, Even-Hernandez P, Marchi V, Hapiot P. Photo-electrochemical properties of quantum rods studied by scanning electrochemical microscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:4627-4635. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp07143k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) is used for studying the intrinsic photo-electrochemical properties of CdSe/CdS quantum rods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Lhenry
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes
- CNRS
- Université de Rennes 1
- UMR 6226 (Equipe MaCSE)
- 35042 Rennes Cedex
| | - Benoît Boichard
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes
- CNRS
- Université de Rennes 1
- UMR 6226 (Equipe MaCSE)
- 35042 Rennes Cedex
| | - Yann R. Leroux
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes
- CNRS
- Université de Rennes 1
- UMR 6226 (Equipe MaCSE)
- 35042 Rennes Cedex
| | - Pascale Even-Hernandez
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes
- CNRS
- Université de Rennes 1
- UMR 6226 (Equipe MaCSE)
- 35042 Rennes Cedex
| | - Valérie Marchi
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes
- CNRS
- Université de Rennes 1
- UMR 6226 (Equipe MaCSE)
- 35042 Rennes Cedex
| | - Philippe Hapiot
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes
- CNRS
- Université de Rennes 1
- UMR 6226 (Equipe MaCSE)
- 35042 Rennes Cedex
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14
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Li X, Ma W, Shestopalov AA. Vapor-Phase Carbenylation of Hard and Soft Material Interfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:11386-11394. [PMID: 27759398 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b02471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study describes the formation of functional organic monolayers on hard and soft interfaces via a vapor-phase carbene insertion into Si-H and C-H bonds. We demonstrate that functional diazirine molecules can be used to form monomolecular coatings on silicon, silicon nitride, and urethane-acrylate polymers under mild vacuum conditions and exposure to UV light. We investigate the molecular coverage and the long-term stability of the resulting monolayers in air, isopropanol, and water. Our results suggest that vapor-phase carbenylation can be used as a complementary technology to the traditional self-assembly, permitting functionalization of various passivated substrates with stable and functional molecular coatings under mild and scalable conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunzhi Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester , Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Wenchuan Ma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester , Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Alexander A Shestopalov
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester , Rochester, New York 14627, United States
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15
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McKenas CG, Fehr JM, Donley CL, Lockett MR. Thiol-Ene Modified Amorphous Carbon Substrates: Surface Patterning and Chemically Modified Electrode Preparation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:10529-10536. [PMID: 27657877 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b02961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Amorphous carbon (aC) films are chemically stable under ambient conditions or when interfaced with aqueous solutions, making them a promising material for preparing biosensors and chemically modified electrodes. There are a number of wet chemical methods capable of tailoring the reactivity and wettability of aC films, but few of these chemistries are compatible with photopatterning. Here, we introduce a method to install thiol groups directly onto the surface of aC films. These terminal thiols are compatible with thiol-ene click reactions, which allowed us to rapidly functionalize and pattern the surface of the aC films. We thoroughly characterized the aC films and confirmed the installation of surface-bound thiols does not significantly oxidize the surface or change its topography. We also determined the conditions needed to selectively attach alkene-containing molecules to these films and show the reaction is proceeding through a thiol-mediated reaction. Lastly, we demonstrate the utility of our approach by photopatterning the aC films and preparing ferrocene-modified aC electrodes. The chemistry described here provides a rapid means of fabricating sensors and preparing photoaddressable arrays of (bio)molecules on stable carbon interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine G McKenas
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Kenan and Caudill Laboratories, 125 South Road, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Julia M Fehr
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Kenan and Caudill Laboratories, 125 South Road, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Carrie L Donley
- Chapel Hill Analytical and Nanofabrication Laboratory, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapman Hall, 205 South Columbia Street, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3216, United States
| | - Matthew R Lockett
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Kenan and Caudill Laboratories, 125 South Road, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
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16
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Young SL, Kellon JE, Hutchison JE. Small Gold Nanoparticles Interfaced to Electrodes through Molecular Linkers: A Platform to Enhance Electron Transfer and Increase Electrochemically Active Surface Area. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:13975-13984. [PMID: 27681856 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b07674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
For the smallest nanostructures (<5 nm), small changes in structure can lead to significant changes in properties and reactivity. In the case of nanoparticle (NP)-functionalized electrodes, NP structure and composition, and the nature of the NP-electrode interface have a strong influence upon electrochemical properties that are critical in applications such as amperometric sensing, photocatalysis and electrocatalysis. Existing methods to fabricate NP-functionalized electrodes do not allow for precise control over all these variables, especially the NP-electrode interface, making it difficult to understand and predict how structural changes influence NP activity. We investigated the electrochemical properties of small (dcore < 2.5 nm) gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on boron doped diamond electrodes using three different electrode fabrication techniques with varying degrees of nanoparticle-electrode interface definition. Two methods to attach AuNPs to the electrode through a covalently bound molecular linker were developed and compared to NP-functionalized electrodes fabricated using solution deposition methods (drop-casting and physiadsorption of a monolayer). In each case, a ferrocene redox probe was tethered to the AuNP surface to evaluate electron transfer through the AuNPs. The AuNPs that were molecularly interfaced with the electrode exhibited nearly ideal, reproducible electrochemical behavior with narrow redox peaks and small peak separations, whereas the solution deposited NPs had broader redox peaks with large peak separations. These data suggest that the molecular tether facilitates AuNP-mediated electron transfer. Interestingly, the molecularly tethered NPs also had significantly more electrochemically active surface area than the solution deposited NPs. The enhanced electrochemical behavior of the molecularly interfaced NPs demonstrates the significant influence of the interface on NP-mediated electron transfer and suggests that similar modified electrodes can serve as versatile platforms for studies and applications of nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Young
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute, 1253 University of Oregon , Eugene, Oregon 97403-1253, United States
| | - Jaclyn E Kellon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute, 1253 University of Oregon , Eugene, Oregon 97403-1253, United States
| | - James E Hutchison
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute, 1253 University of Oregon , Eugene, Oregon 97403-1253, United States
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17
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Carvalho RR, Pujari SP, Lange SC, Sen R, Vrouwe EX, Zuilhof H. Local Light-Induced Modification of the Inside of Microfluidic Glass Chips. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:2389-2398. [PMID: 26976049 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b04621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The ability to locally functionalize the surface of glass allows for myriad biomedical and chemical applications. This would be the case if the surface functionalization can be induced using light with wavelengths for which standard glass is almost transparent. To this aim, we present the first example of a photochemical modification of hydrogen-terminated glass (H-glass) with terminal alkenes. Both flat glass surfaces and the inside of glass microchannels were modified with a well-defined, covalently attached organic monolayer using a range of wavelengths, including sub-band-gap 302 nm ultraviolet light. A detailed characterization thereof was conducted by measurements of the static water contact angle, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and scanning Auger microscopy (SAM). Germanium attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (GATR-FTIR) indicates that the mechanism of the surface modification proceeds via an anti-Markovnikov substitution. Reacting H-glass with 10-trifluoro-acetamide-1-decene (TFAAD) followed by basic hydrolysis affords the corresponding primary amine-terminated monolayer, enabling additional functionalization of the substrate. Furthermore, we show the successful formation of a photopatterned amine layer by the specific attachment of fluorescent nanoparticles in very discrete regions. Finally, a microchannel was photochemically patterned with a functional linker allowing for surface-directed liquid flow. These results demonstrate that H-glass can be modified with a functional tailor-made organic monolayer, has highly tunable wetting properties, and displays significant potential for further applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Rijo Carvalho
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University , Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Micronit Microfluidics B.V., Colosseum 15, 7521 PV Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Sidharam P Pujari
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University , Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stefanie C Lange
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University , Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rickdeb Sen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University , Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elwin Xander Vrouwe
- Micronit Microfluidics B.V., Colosseum 15, 7521 PV Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Han Zuilhof
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University , Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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18
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Cullen RJ, Jayasundara DR, Baker RJ, O' Connell G, Donnelly T, Ballantine KE, Lunney JG, Colavita PE. Laser-driven rapid functionalization of carbon surfaces and its application to the fabrication of fluorinated adsorbers. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra13811j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid functionalisation of carbon surfaces using pulsed UV lasers offers a novel method for capturing fluorinated ligands or pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Tony Donnelly
- School of Physics
- Trinity College Dublin
- Dublin 2
- Ireland
| | | | - James G. Lunney
- School of Physics
- Trinity College Dublin
- Dublin 2
- Ireland
- Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN)
| | - Paula E. Colavita
- School of Chemistry
- Trinity College Dublin
- Dublin 2
- Ireland
- Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN)
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19
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Debela AM, Ortiz M, Beni V, O'Sullivan CK. Surface functionalisation of carbon for low cost fabrication of highly stable electrochemical DNA sensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 71:25-29. [PMID: 25880835 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.03.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
An alternative strategy for surface tethering of DNA probes, where highly reactive glassy carbon (GC) substrates are prepared via electrochemical hydrogenation and electrochemical/chemical chlorination is reported. Thiolated DNA probes and alkanethiols were stably immobilised on the halogenated carbon, with electrochemical chlorination being milder, thus producing less damage to the surface. Electrochemical DNA sensors prepared using this surface chemistry on carbon with electrochemical chlorination providing an improved performance, producing a highly ordered surface and the use of lateral spacers to improve steric accessibility to immobilised probes was not required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Debela
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Avinguda Països Catalans, 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Mayreli Ortiz
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Avinguda Països Catalans, 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Valerio Beni
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Avinguda Països Catalans, 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Ciara K O'Sullivan
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Avinguda Països Catalans, 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; ICREA, Passeig Lluis Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain.
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20
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Yang LK, Su YQ, Wu XY, Zhang DX, Chen YL, Yang FZ, Wu DY, Tian ZQ. White-light induced grafting of 3-MPA on the Si(111)-H surface for catalyzing Au nanoparticles' in situ growth. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:9563-9569. [PMID: 25947616 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr00664c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A novel, mild and effective method was designed for grafting of high-quality organic monolayers on a silicon surface to catalyze nanoparticles' growth. By using a white-light source, 3-mercaptopropionic acid (3-MPA) molecules were attached to hydrogen-terminated Si(111) surfaces at room temperature. The attached monolayers were characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to provide detailed information. The in situ growth of Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) with dimensions below 20 nm was catalyzed on a silicon surface with highly uniform and compact structure morphology. The AuNPs can grow selectively in a certain region on a patterned Si-Si3N4 chip. p-Nitrothiophenol (p-NTP) was used as the probe to evaluate the SERS enhancement of the highly uniform and compact AuNP-Si substrate. In order to better understand the white light initiation of the addition reaction of 3-MPA on the Si(111)-H surface, the mechanism was elucidated by density functional theoretical (DFT) calculations, which indicated that the formation of the Si-O bond occurred at the PEC of the first singlet excited state (S1) with a very low activation barrier about 30% of the ground state (S0) value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Kun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.
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21
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Lockett MR, Smith LM. Carbon Substrates: A Stable Foundation for Biomolecular Arrays. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2015; 8:263-285. [PMID: 26048550 PMCID: PMC6287745 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-071114-040146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Since their advent in the early 1990s, microarray technologies have developed into a powerful and ubiquitous platform for biomolecular analysis. Microarrays consist of three major elements: the substrate upon which they are constructed, the chemistry employed to attach biomolecules, and the biomolecules themselves. Although glass substrates and silane-based attachment chemistries are used for the vast majority of current microarray platforms, these materials suffer from severe limitations in stability, due to hydrolysis of both the substrate material itself and of the silyl ether linkages employed for attachment. These limitations in stability compromise assay performance and render impossible many potential microarray applications. We describe here a suite of alternative carbon-based substrates and associated attachment chemistries for microarray fabrication. The substrates themselves, as well as the carbon-carbon bond-based attachment chemistries, offer greatly increased chemical stability, enabling a myriad of novel applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Lockett
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599;
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22
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Hopper AP, Dugan JM, Gill AA, Fox OJL, May PW, Haycock JW, Claeyssens F. Amine functionalized nanodiamond promotes cellular adhesion, proliferation and neurite outgrowth. Biomed Mater 2014; 9:045009. [PMID: 25029630 DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/9/4/045009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we report the production of amine functionalized nanodiamond. The amine functionalized nanodiamond forms a conformal monolayer on a negatively charged surface produced via plasma polymerization of acrylic acid. Nanodiamond terminated surfaces were studied as substrates for neuronal cell culture. NG108-15 neuroblastoma-glioma hybrid cells were successfully cultured upon amine functionalized nanodiamond coated surfaces for between 1 and 7 d. Additionally, primary dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and Schwann cells isolated from Wistar rats were also successfully cultured over a period of 21 d illustrating the potential of the coating for applications in the treatment of peripheral nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Hopper
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Broad Lane, Sheffield, S3 7HQ, UK
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23
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Debela AM, Ortiz M, Beni V, O'Sullivan CK. Facile electrochemical hydrogenation and chlorination of glassy carbon to produce highly reactive and uniform surfaces for stable anchoring of thiolated molecules. Chemistry 2014; 20:7646-54. [PMID: 24829137 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201402051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Carbon is a highly adaptable family of materials and is one of the most chemically stable materials known, providing a remarkable platform for the development of tunable molecular interfaces. Herein, we report a two-step process for the electrochemical hydrogenation of glassy carbon followed by either chemical or electrochemical chlorination to provide a highly reactive surface for further functionalization. The carbon surface at each stage of the process is characterized by AFM, SEM, Raman, attenuated total reflectance (ATR) FTIR, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and electroanalytical techniques. Electrochemical chlorination of hydrogen-terminated surfaces is achieved in just 5 min at room temperature with hydrochloric acid, and chemical chlorination is performed with phosphorus pentachloride at 50 °C over a three-hour period. A more controlled and uniform surface is obtained using the electrochemical approach, as chemical chlorination is observed to damage the glassy carbon surface. A ferrocene-labeled alkylthiol is used as a model system to demonstrate the genericity and potential application of the highly reactive chlorinated surface formed, and the methodology is optimized. This process is then applied to thiolated DNA, and the functionality of the immobilized DNA probe is demonstrated. XPS reveals the covalent bond formed to be a C-S bond. The thermal stability of the thiolated molecules anchored on the glassy carbon is evaluated, and is found to be far superior to that on gold surfaces. This is the first report on the electrochemical hydrogenation and electrochemical chlorination of a glassy carbon surface, and this facile process can be applied to the highly stable functionalization of carbon surfaces with a plethora of diverse molecules, finding widespread applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Debela
- Departament d'Enginyería Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Avinguda Països Catalans, 26, 43007 Tarragona (Spain), Fax: (+34) 977559667/0034977559721
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24
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A unified intermediate and mechanism for soot combustion on potassium-supported oxides. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4725. [PMID: 24740213 PMCID: PMC3989558 DOI: 10.1038/srep04725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The soot combustion mechanism over potassium-supported oxides (MgO, CeO2 and ZrO2) was studied to clarify the active sites and discover unified reaction intermediates in this typical gas-solid-solid catalytic reaction. The catalytically active sites were identified as free K+ rather than K2CO3, which can activate gaseous oxygen. The active oxygen spills over to soot and forms a common intermediate, ketene, before it was further oxidized into the end product CO2. The existence of ketene species was confirmed by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The oxygen spillover mechanism is proposed, which is explained as an electron transfer from soot to gaseous oxygen through the active K+ sites. The latter mechanism is confirmed for the first time since it was put forward in 1950, not only by ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) results but also by semi-empirical theoretical calculations.
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25
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Zhang W, Patel K, Schexnider A, Banu S, Radadia AD. Nanostructuring of biosensing electrodes with nanodiamonds for antibody immobilization. ACS NANO 2014; 8:1419-28. [PMID: 24397797 PMCID: PMC4004312 DOI: 10.1021/nn405240g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
While chemical vapor deposition of diamond films is currently cost prohibitive for biosensor construction, in this paper, we show that sonication-assisted nanostructuring of biosensing electrodes with nanodiamonds (NDs) allows harnessing the hydrolytic stability of the diamond biofunctionalization chemistry for real-time continuous sensing, while improving the detector sensitivity and stability. We find that the higher surface coverages were important for improved bacterial capture and can be achieved through proper choice of solvent, ND concentration, and seeding time. A mixture of methanol and dimethyl sulfoxide provides the highest surface coverage (33.6 ± 3.4%) for the NDs with positive zeta-potential, compared to dilutions of dimethyl sulfoxide with acetone, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, or water. Through impedance spectroscopy of ND-seeded interdigitated electrodes (IDEs), we found that the ND seeds serve as electrically conductive islands only a few nanometers apart. Also we show that the seeded NDs are amply hydrogenated to be decorated with antibodies using the UV-alkene chemistry, and higher bacterial captures can be obtained compared to our previously reported work with diamond films. When sensing bacteria from 10(6) cfu/mL E. coli O157:H7, the resistance to charge transfer at the IDEs decreased by ∼ 38.8%, which is nearly 1.5 times better than that reported previously using redox probes. Further in the case of 10(8) cfu/mL E. coli O157:H7, the charge transfer resistance changed by ∼ 46%, which is similar to the magnitude of improvement reported using magnetic nanoparticle-based sample enrichment prior to impedance detection. Thus ND seeding allows impedance biosensing in low conductivity solutions with competitive sensitivity.
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26
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Fairman C, Chockalingam M, Liu G, Soeriyadi AH, Gooding JJ. Light-induced organic monolayer modification of iodinated carbon electrodes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:332-339. [PMID: 24341508 DOI: 10.1021/la403669v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We report the modification of carbon electrodes formed from pyrolyzed photoresist films (PPF) via plasma iodination followed by the organic monolayer modification of these surfaces. The iodinated surfaces were characterized using cyclic voltammetry, atomic force microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to enable the optimization of the iodination while preserving the stability and smoothness of the carbon surface. Subsequently, the C-I surface was further modified with molecules that possess an alkene or alkyne at one end through light activation with low energy (visible range λ 514 nm). The versatility of the modification reaction of the C-I surfaces is shown by reactions with undecylenic acid, 1,8-nonadiyne, and S-undec-10-enyl-2,2,2-trifluoroethanethioate (C11-S-TFA). Modification with 1,8-nonadiyne allows further modification via "click" chemistry with azido-terminated oligo(ethylene oxide) molecules demonstrated briefly to alter the hydrophilicity of the surface after attachment of ethylene oxide moieties. Furthermore, patterning of C11-S-TFA was demonstrated using a simple photolithography technique. Deprotection of the C11-S-TFA gave a free thiol allowed patterning of gold nanoparticles on the surface as verified using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). These results demonstrate that plasma iodination to form C-I is a versatile, simple, and modular approach to functionalize the carbon surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callie Fairman
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales , Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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27
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Yang P, Yang W. Surface Chemoselective Phototransformation of C–H Bonds on Organic Polymeric Materials and Related High-Tech Applications. Chem Rev 2013; 113:5547-94. [PMID: 23614481 DOI: 10.1021/cr300246p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yang
- Key Laboratory
of Applied Surface
and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, China
| | - Wantai Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of
Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing
100029, China
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28
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Franking R, Kim H, Chambers SA, Mangham AN, Hamers RJ. Photochemical grafting of organic alkenes to single-crystal TiO2 surfaces: a mechanistic study. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:12085-12093. [PMID: 22746250 DOI: 10.1021/la302169k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The UV-induced photochemical grafting of terminal alkenes has emerged as a versatile way to form molecular layers on semiconductor surfaces. Recent studies have shown that grafting reactions can be initiated by photoelectron emission into the reactant liquid as well as by excitation across the semiconductor band gap, but the relative importance of these two processes is expected to depend on the nature of the semiconductors, the reactant alkene and the excitation wavelength. Here we report a study of the wavelength-dependent photochemical grafting of alkenes onto single-crystal TiO(2) samples. Trifluoroacetamide-protected 10-aminododec-1-ene (TFAAD), 10-N-BOC-aminodec-1-ene (t-BOC), and 1-dodecene were used as model alkenes. On rutile (110), photons with energy above the band gap but below the expected work function are not effective at inducing grafting, while photons with energy sufficient to induce electronic transitions from the TiO(2) Fermi level to electronic acceptor states of the reactant molecules induce grafting. A comparison of rutile (110), rutile (001), anatase (001), and anatase (101) samples shows slightly enhanced grafting for rutile but no difference between crystal faces for a given crystal phase. Hydroxylation of the surface increases the reaction rate by lowering the work function and thereby facilitating photoelectron ejection into the adjacent alkene. These results demonstrate that photoelectron emission is the dominant mechanism responsible for grafting when using short-wavelength (~254 nm) light and suggest that photoemission events beginning on mid-gap states may play a crucial role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Franking
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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29
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Huck LA, Buriak JM. Toward a Mechanistic Understanding of Exciton-Mediated Hydrosilylation on Nanocrystalline Silicon. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 134:489-97. [DOI: 10.1021/ja208604r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence A. Huck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, and National Research Council Canada, National Institute for Nanotechnology, 11421 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada
| | - Jillian M. Buriak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, and National Research Council Canada, National Institute for Nanotechnology, 11421 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada
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30
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Baker RJ, Colavita PE, Murphy DM, Platts JA, Wallis JD. Fluorine-fluorine interactions in the solid state: an experimental and theoretical study. J Phys Chem A 2011; 116:1435-44. [PMID: 22117598 DOI: 10.1021/jp2099976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The solid state structures of three compounds that contain a perfluorinated chain, CF(3)(CF(2))(5)CH(2)CH(CH(3))CO(2)H, CF(3)(CF(2))(5)(CH(2))(4)(CF(2))(5)CF(3) and {CF(3)(CF(2))(5)CH(2)CH(2)}(3)P═O have been compared and a number of C-F···F-C and C-F···H-C interactions that are closer than the sum of the van der Waals radii have been identified. These interactions have been probed by a comprehensive computational chemistry investigation and the stabilizing energy between dimeric fragments was found to be 0.26-29.64 kcal/mol, depending on the type of interaction. An Atoms-in-Molecules (AIM) study has confirmed that specific C-F···F-C interactions are indeed present, and are not due simply to crystal packing. The weakly stabilizing nature of these interactions has been utilized in the physisorption of a selected number of compounds containing long chain perfluorinated ponytails onto a perfluorinated self-assembled monolayer, which has been characterized by IRRAS (Infrared Reflection Absorption Spectroscopy).
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Baker
- School of Chemistry, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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31
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Ruther RE, Franking R, Huhn AM, Gomez-Zayas J, Hamers RJ. Formation of smooth, conformal molecular layers on ZnO surfaces via photochemical grafting. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:10604-10614. [PMID: 21777005 DOI: 10.1021/la2011265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the photochemical grafting of organic alkenes to atomically flat ZnO(10 ̅10) single crystals and ZnO nanorods as a way to produce functional molecule-semiconductor interfaces. Atomic force microscopy shows that photochemical grafting produces highly conformal, smooth molecular layers with no detectable changes in the underlying structure of the ZnO terraces or steps. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements show that grafting of a methyl ester-terminated alkene terminates near one monolayer, while alkenes bearing a trifluoroacetamide-protected amine form very smooth multilayers. Even with multilayers, it is possible to deprotect the amines and to link a second molecule to the surface with excellent efficiency and without significant loss of molecules from the surface. This demonstrates that the use of photochemical grafting, even in the case of multilayer formation, enables multistep chemical processes to be conducted on the ZnO surface. Photoresponse measurements demonstrate that functionalization of the surface does not affect the ability to induce field effects in the underlying ZnO, thereby suggesting that this approach to functionalization may be useful for applications in sensing and in hybrid organic-inorganic transistors and related devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose E Ruther
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Ave, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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32
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Stavis C, Clare TL, Butler JE, Radadia AD, Carr R, Zeng H, King WP, Carlisle JA, Aksimentiev A, Bashir R, Hamers RJ. Surface functionalization of thin-film diamond for highly stable and selective biological interfaces. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:983-8. [PMID: 20884854 PMCID: PMC3024699 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1006660107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon is an extremely versatile family of materials with a wide range of mechanical, optical, and mechanical properties, but many similarities in surface chemistry. As one of the most chemically stable materials known, carbon provides an outstanding platform for the development of highly tunable molecular and biomolecular interfaces. Photochemical grafting of alkenes has emerged as an attractive method for functionalizing surfaces of diamond, but many aspects of the surface chemistry and impact on biological recognition processes remain unexplored. Here we report investigations of the interaction of functionalized diamond surfaces with proteins and biological cells using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscopy, and fluorescence methods. XPS data show that functionalization of diamond with short ethylene glycol oligomers reduces the nonspecific binding of fibrinogen below the detection limit of XPS, estimated as > 97% reduction over H-terminated diamond. Measurements of different forms of diamond with different roughness are used to explore the influence of roughness on nonspecific binding onto H-terminated and ethylene glycol (EG)-terminated surfaces. Finally, we use XPS to characterize the chemical stability of Escherichia coli K12 antibodies on the surfaces of diamond and amine-functionalized glass. Our results show that antibody-modified diamond surfaces exhibit increased stability in XPS and that this is accompanied by retention of biological activity in cell-capture measurements. Our results demonstrate that surface chemistry on diamond and other carbon-based materials provides an excellent platform for biomolecular interfaces with high stability and high selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Stavis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin at Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Tami Lasseter Clare
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin at Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706
| | - James E. Butler
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue, SW Washington, DC 20375
| | - Adarsh D. Radadia
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
- Micro and Nano Technology Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Rogan Carr
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Hongjun Zeng
- Advanced Diamond Technologies, Inc., 429 B Weber Road #286, Romeoville, IL 60446
| | - William P. King
- Micro and Nano Technology Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801; and
| | - John A. Carlisle
- Advanced Diamond Technologies, Inc., 429 B Weber Road #286, Romeoville, IL 60446
| | | | - Rashid Bashir
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
- Micro and Nano Technology Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Robert J. Hamers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin at Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706
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33
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Lockett MR, Smith LM. Halogenation of carbon substrates for increased reactivity with alkenes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:16642-16646. [PMID: 20925329 DOI: 10.1021/la103050z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Carbon substrates are readily functionalized with alkene-containing molecules via an ultraviolet-light-catalyzed reaction, resulting in the formation of a carbon-carbon bond with the surface. This reaction is typically performed on hydrogen-terminated carbon substrates, limiting its utility as alkene molecules with low electron affinities do not readily attach to this surface. Recently, a wet-chemical method for preparing bromine- and chlorine-terminated carbon substrates has been developed. Replacing the terminal hydrogen atoms with a halogen analog increases the surface's reactivity with alkene-containing molecules, affording a means of modifying the carbon substrate with the alkene molecules that do not readily attach to the hydrogen-terminated surface and with a greatly reduced reaction time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Lockett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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Wang X, Landis EC, Franking R, Hamers RJ. Surface chemistry for stable and smart molecular and biomolecular interfaces via photochemical grafting of alkenes. Acc Chem Res 2010; 43:1205-15. [PMID: 20853906 DOI: 10.1021/ar100011f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Many emerging fields such as biotechnology and renewable energy require functionalized surfaces that are "smart" and highly stable. Surface modification schemes developed previously have often been limited to simple molecules or have been based on weakly bound layers that have limited stability. In this Account, we report on recent developments enabling the preparation of molecular and biomolecular interfaces that exhibit high selectivity and unprecedented stability on a range of covalent materials including diamond, vertically aligned carbon nanofibers, silicon, and metal oxides. One particularly successful pathway to ultrastable interfaces involves the photochemical grafting of organic alkenes to the surfaces. Bifunctional alkenes with a suitable functional group at the distal end can directly impart functionality and can serve as attachment points for linking complex structures such as DNA and proteins. The successful application of photochemical grafting to a surprisingly wide range of materials has motivated researchers to better understand the underlying photochemical reaction mechanisms. The resulting studies using experimental and computational methods have provided fundamental insights into the electronic structure of the molecules and the surface control photochemical reactivity. Such investigations have revealed the important role of a previously unrecognized process, photoelectron emission, in initiating photochemical grafting of alkenes to surfaces. Molecular and biomolecular interfaces formed on diamond and other covalent materials are leading to novel types of molecular electronic interfaces. For example, electrical, optical, or electromechanical structures that convert biological information directly into analytical signals allow for direct label-free detection of DNA and proteins. Because of the preferential adherence of molecules to graphitic edge-plane sites, the grafting of redox-active species to vertically aligned carbon nanofibers leads to good electrochemical activity. Therefore researchers could graft electrocatalytic materials to carbon nanofibers to develop new types of selective electrocatalytic interfaces. Extending this chemistry to include metal oxides such as TiO(2) may lead to highly specific and efficient chemical reactions and new materials with useful applications in photovoltaic and photocatalytic energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Elizabeth C. Landis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Ryan Franking
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Robert J. Hamers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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Wang X, Ruther RE, Streifer JA, Hamers RJ. UV-Induced Grafting of Alkenes to Silicon Surfaces: Photoemission versus Excitons. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:4048-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja910498z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Rose E. Ruther
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Jeremy A. Streifer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Robert J. Hamers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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Franking RA, Landis EC, Hamers RJ. Highly stable molecular layers on nanocrystalline anatase TiO2 through photochemical grafting. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:10676-10684. [PMID: 19670904 DOI: 10.1021/la901116c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Well-defined molecular layers can be formed on the surface of nanocrystalline anatase TiO2 by photochemically grafting organic molecules bearing a terminal vinyl group. The molecular layers produced are shown to have minimal oxidation and are able to be patterned and uniformly grafted through optically thick nanocrystalline films. Stability tests show that the layers have excellent stability in deionized water at 80 degrees C, aqueous solutions at pH=1.0 and pH=10.3 at 65 degrees C, and acetonitrile for time scales approaching 1200 h. Degradation of the films in deionized water occurs using a AM1.5 full-spectrum solar simulator as an illumination source but is partially suppressed by filtering with a 400 nm UV blocking filter which blocks the above-bandgap light. A mechanism is proposed for the grafting reaction in which the surface hydroxyl groups trap photoexcited holes, facilitating reaction with the vinyl group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Franking
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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Lockett MR, Smith LM. Fabrication and characterization of DNA arrays prepared on carbon-on-metal substrates. Anal Chem 2009; 81:6429-37. [PMID: 20020675 PMCID: PMC2797128 DOI: 10.1021/ac900807q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Carbon-on-metal substrates consist of a surface plasmon-conducting metal substrate with a thin amorphous carbon overlayer. Recently, oligonucleotide arrays were in situ synthesized on carbon-on-gold substrates, and DNA hybridization experiments were monitored with surface plasmon resonance (SPR) imaging. We describe here the thorough characterization of these substrates and arrays as they progress through the fabrication process. Two surface plasmon-conducting metals, gold and silver, were utilized in the carbon-on-metal substrate preparation and their SPR responses compared. Oligonucleotide arrays synthesized on the carbon-on-metal substrates were analyzed with fluorescence- and SPR-based measurements. The stability of the carbon-on-metal substrates when exposed to prolonged incubations and/or serial hybridizations was also determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Lockett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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Farrow B, Kamat PV. CdSe Quantum Dot Sensitized Solar Cells. Shuttling Electrons Through Stacked Carbon Nanocups. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:11124-31. [DOI: 10.1021/ja903337c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Blake Farrow
- Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
| | - Prashant V. Kamat
- Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
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Lockett MR, Smith LM. Attaching Molecules to Chlorinated and Brominated Amorphous Carbon Substrates via Grignard Reactions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:3340-3343. [PMID: 19209862 DOI: 10.1021/la8039626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Amorphous carbon thin films are an attractive material because they provide a chemically robust surface that has been utilized in biomolecule array, biosensor, and bioelectronic applications. These thin films are particularly versatile because they are deposited at room temperature, making them readily integrated with other materials and devices. Here we present an alternative means of functionalizing carbon substrates based on Grignard chemistry. First, the amorphous carbon substrates are halogenated with a solution-based, radical-initiated halogenation reaction using PX(5) (X = Br or Cl). Next, the halogenated surfaces are modified via the formation of a carbon-carbon bond between the surface and the Grignard reagents employed. Alkyl-, perfluoroalkyl-, and poly(ethylene glycol)-Grignard reagents were chosen to show the utility of this reaction scheme in functionalizing carbon surfaces to withstand oxidation and provide a hydrophobic and/or biocompatible substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Lockett
- Department of Chemistry, 1101 University Avenue, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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40
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ToF-SIMS characterisation of methane- and hydrogen-plasma-modified graphite using principal component analysis. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.3010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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41
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Lockett MR, Shortreed MR, Smith LM. Aldehyde-terminated amorphous carbon substrates for the fabrication of biomolecule arrays. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:9198-203. [PMID: 18672922 PMCID: PMC2575013 DOI: 10.1021/la800991t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Amorphous carbon thin films are easily deposited at room temperature, readily functionalized with alkene-containing molecules through a UV photochemical reaction, and provide a robust surface capable of supporting chemical and biomolecule array fabrication. Aldehyde-terminated amorphous carbon substrates were fabricated via the attachment of a 2-(10-undecen-1-yl)-1,3-dioxolane molecule. The surfaces were then deprotected in 1.5 M HCl to yield an aldehyde-terminated surface that is readily reactive with amine containing molecules. An array of amine-modified oligonucleotides was prepared on aldehyde-terminated surfaces prepared on both amorphous carbon and on gold self-assembled monolayers, and the fluorescence background, feature signal-to-noise ratio, and hybridization densities were compared. The aldehyde-terminated amorphous carbon substrates offer inherently lower background fluorescence intensity and a greater number of hybridization-accessible sites.
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