1
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Castellano FN, Rosko MC. Steric and Electronic Influence of Excited-State Decay in Cu(I) MLCT Chromophores. Acc Chem Res 2024. [PMID: 39259501 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.4c00476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
ConspectusFor the past 11 years, a dedicated effort in our research group focused on fundamentally advancing the photophysical properties of cuprous bis-phenanthroline-based metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) excited states. We rationalized that, by gaining control over the numerous factors limiting the more widespread use of CuI MLCT photosensitizers, they would be readily adopted in numerous light-activated applications given the earth-abundance of copper and the extensive library of 1,10-phenanthrolines developed over the last century. Significant progress has been achieved by recognizing valuable structure-property concepts developed by other researchers in tandem with detailed ultrafast and conventional time-scale investigations, in-silico-inspired molecular designs to predict spectroscopic properties, and applying novel synthetic methodologies. Ultimately, we achieved a plateau in exerting cooperative steric influence to control CuI MLCT excited state decay. This led to combining sterics with π-conjugation and/or inductive electronic effects to further exert control over molecular photophysical properties. The lessons gleaned from our studies of homoleptic complexes were recently extended to heteroleptic bis(phenanthrolines) featuring enhanced visible light absorption properties and long-lived room-temperature photoluminescence. This Account navigates the reader through our intellectual journey of decision-making, molecular and experimental design, and data interpretation in parallel with appropriate background information related to the quantitative characterization of molecular photophysics using CuI MLCT chromophores as prototypical examples.Initially, CuI MLCT excited states, their energetics, and relevant structural conformation changes implicated in their photophysical decay processes are described. This is followed by a discussion of the literature that motivated our research in this area. This led to our first molecular design in 2013, achieving a 7-fold increase in excited state lifetime relative to the current state-of-the-art. The lifetime and photophysical property enhancement resulted from using 2,9-branched alkyl groups in conjunction with flanking 3,8-methyl substituents, a strategy we adapted from the McMillin group, which was initially described in the late 1990s. Applications of this newly conceived chromophore are presented in solar hydrogen-producing photocatalysis, photochemical upconversion, and photosensitization of [4 + 4] anthracene dimerization of potential interest in thermal storage of solar energy in metastable intermediates. Ultrafast transient absorption and fluorescence upconversion spectroscopic characterization of this and related CuI molecules inform the resultant photophysical properties and vice versa, so the most comprehensive structure-property understanding becomes realized when these experimental tools are collectively utilized to investigate the same series of molecules. Computationally guided structural designs generated newly conceived molecules featuring visible light-harvesting and 2,9-cycloalkane substituted complexes. The latter eventually produced record-setting excited state lifetimes in molecules leveraging both cooperative steric influence and electronic inductive effects. Using photoluminescence data from structurally homologous CuI MLCT excited states collected over 44 years, an energy gap correlation successfully modeled the data spanning a 0.3 eV emission energy range. Finally, a new research direction is revealed detailing structure-photophysical property relationships in heteroleptic CuI phenanthroline chromophores that are photoluminescent at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix N Castellano
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Michael C Rosko
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
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2
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Zeng L, Huang L, Huang Z, Mani T, Huang K, Duan C, Han G. Long wavelength near-infrared and red light-driven consecutive photo-induced electron transfer for highly effective photoredox catalysis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7270. [PMID: 39179545 PMCID: PMC11344023 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50795-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Consecutive photoinduced electron transfer (conPET) processes accumulate the energies of two photons to overcome the thermodynamic limit of traditional photoredox catalysis. However, the excitation wavelength of conPET systems mainly focused on short wavelength visible light, leading to photodamage and incompatibility with large-scale reactions. Herein, we report on conPET systems triggered by near-infrared (NIR) and red light. Specifically, a blue-absorbing conPET photocatalyst, perylene diimide (PDI) is sensitized by a palladium-based photosensitizer to triplet excited state (3PDI*), which generates PDI radical anion (PDI•-) over 100-fold faster than that in the conventional conPET. Accordingly, photoreduction with superior reaction rate and penetration depth, as well as reduced photodamage is detected. More importantly, our work offers comprehensive design rules for the triplet-mediated conPET strategy, whose versatility is confirmed by metal-free dye pairs and NIR-active PtTNP/PDI. Notably, our work achieves NIR-driven atom transfer radical polymerization using an inert aromatic halide as the initiator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, PR China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Ling Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Zhi Huang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Tomoyasu Mani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Kai Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Chunying Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, PR China.
| | - Gang Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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3
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Mitsui M, Miyoshi Y, Arima D. Tailoring sensitization properties and improving near-infrared photon upconversion performance through alloying in superatomic molecular Au 25 nanoclusters. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:14757-14765. [PMID: 38973468 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr01948b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Noble-metal nanoclusters (NCs) protected by organic ligands have recently come to the forefront as potent triplet sensitizers for photon upconversion (UC) via triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA), owing to their capacity for atomic-level photophysical property customization. Among these, the rod-shaped bi-icosahedral [Au25(PPh3)10(S-C2H4Ph)5Cl2]2+ (Au-rod) NC is a particularly iconic superatomic molecular NC, recently identified as a near-infrared (NIR)-absorbing sensitizer for TTA-UC. In this study, we synthesized Cu-doped NCs, [Au25-xCux(PPh3)10(S-C2H4Ph)5Cl2]2+ (AuCu-rod), and paired them with 9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene (BPEA) annihilator/emitter to explore the impact of Cu-doping on the triplet sensitization and NIR-UC performance. The triplet state of AuCu-rod, with lifetime of 3 μs, exhibited a modest blue shift compared to the Au-rod, resulting in the increment in the driving force for triplet energy transfer (TET) to the BPEA acceptor. The TET rate constant was determined to be 5.0 × 107 M-1 s-1, which is an order of magnitude higher than the rate constant for the Au-rod/BPEA pair. This improvement has led to a remarkable increase in the TET efficiency. Notably, the AuCu-rod/BPEA pair facilitated the efficient UC of 805 nm NIR light into 510 nm visible light, realizing a large anti-Stokes shift close to 0.9 eV. The UC internal quantum yield of this combination was determined to be 2.33 ± 0.05%, marking a fivefold enhancement over the Au-rod sensitizer (0.49%). Thus, alloying NC sensitizers offers a promising route to enhance UC performance by tuning the triplet state energy and optimizing the compatibility between the sensitizer and annihilator. Additionally, in this series of experiments, the formation of small amounts of BPEA microaggregates was observed. These aggregates did not undergo singlet fission and could retain multiple long-lived triplet excitons. This characteristic facilitated TTA among triplet excitons, resulting in efficient NIR-to-visible UC emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Mitsui
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1, Nishiikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan.
| | - Yuki Miyoshi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1, Nishiikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan.
| | - Daichi Arima
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1, Nishiikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan.
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4
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Song X, Liu H, Liu S, Li T, Lv L, Cui B, Wang T, Chen W, Chen Y, Li X. Enhancing Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Upconversion of Pyrene Derivatives for Photoredox Catalysis via Molecular Engineering. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302520. [PMID: 37877456 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) has the potential to enhance photoredox catalysis yield. It includes a sensitizer and an annihilator. Efficient and stable annihilators are essential for photoredox catalysis, yet only a few examples are reported. Herein, we designed four novel pyrene annihilators (1, 2, 3 and 4) via introducing aryl-alkynyl groups onto pyrene to systematically modulate their singlet and triplet energies. Coupled with platinum octaethylporphyrin (PtOEP), the TTA-UC efficiency is enhanced gradually as the number of aryl-alkynyl group increases. When combining 4 with palladium tetraphenyl-tetrabenzoporphyrin (PdTPTBP), we achieved the highest red-to-green upconversion efficiency (22.4±0.3 %) (out of a 50 % maximum) so far. Then, this pair was used to activate photooxidation of aryl boronic acid under red light (630 nm), which achieved a great improved reaction yield compared to that activated by green light directly. The results not only provide a design strategy for efficient annihilators, but also show the advantage of applying TTA-UC into improving the photoredox catalysis yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Song
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), 266580, Qingdao, China
| | - Heyuan Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), 266580, Qingdao, China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), 266580, Qingdao, China
- Institute for Smart Materials & Engineering, University of Jinan, 250022, Jinan, China
| | - Tianyu Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), 266580, Qingdao, China
| | - Liping Lv
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), 266580, Qingdao, China
| | - Boce Cui
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), 266580, Qingdao, China
| | - Tianying Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), 266580, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenmiao Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), 266580, Qingdao, China
- Department of Science, Texas A&M University at Qatar, Education City, P.O. Box 23874, 77842, Doha, Qatar
| | - Yanli Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), 266580, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiyou Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), 266580, Qingdao, China
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5
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Liu R, Rong J, Wu Z, Taniguchi M, Bocian DF, Holten D, Lindsey JS. Panchromatic Absorbers Tethered for Bioconjugation or Surface Attachment. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27196501. [PMID: 36235037 PMCID: PMC9573448 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The syntheses of two triads are reported. Each triad is composed of two perylene-monoimides linked to a porphyrin via an ethyne unit, which bridges the perylene 9-position and a porphyrin 5- or 15-position. Each triad also contains a single tether composed of an alkynoic acid or an isophthalate unit. Each triad provides panchromatic absorption (350–700 nm) with fluorescence emission in the near-infrared region (733 or 743 nm; fluorescence quantum yield ~0.2). The syntheses rely on the preparation of trans-AB-porphyrins bearing one site for tether attachment (A), an aryl group (B), and two open meso-positions. The AB-porphyrins were prepared by the condensation of a 1,9-diformyldipyrromethane and a dipyrromethane. The installation of the two perylene-monoimide groups was achieved upon the 5,15-dibromination of the porphyrin and the subsequent copper-free Sonogashira coupling, which was accomplished before or after the attachment of the tether. The syntheses provide relatively straightforward access to a panchromatic absorber for use in bioconjugation or surface-attachment processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
| | - Jie Rong
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
| | - Zhiyuan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
| | - Masahiko Taniguchi
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
| | - David F. Bocian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521-0403, USA
- Correspondence: (D.F.B.); (D.H.); (J.S.L.); Tel.: +1-919-515-6406 (J.S.L.)
| | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130-4889, USA
- Correspondence: (D.F.B.); (D.H.); (J.S.L.); Tel.: +1-919-515-6406 (J.S.L.)
| | - Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
- Correspondence: (D.F.B.); (D.H.); (J.S.L.); Tel.: +1-919-515-6406 (J.S.L.)
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6
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Hwang SY, Song D, Seo EJ, Hollmann F, You Y, Park JB. Triplet-triplet annihilation-based photon-upconversion to broaden the wavelength spectrum for photobiocatalysis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9397. [PMID: 35672399 PMCID: PMC9174481 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13406-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Photobiocatalysis is a growing field of biocatalysis. Especially light-driven enzyme catalysis has contributed significantly to expanding the scope of synthetic organic chemistry. However, photoenzymes usually utilise a rather narrow wavelength range of visible (sun)light. Triplet-triplet annihilation-based upconversion (TTA-UC) of long wavelength light to shorter wavelength light may broaden the wavelength range. To demonstrate the feasibility of light upconversion we prepared TTA-UC poly(styrene) (PS) nanoparticles doped with platinum(II) octaethylporphyrin (PtOEP) photosensitizer and 9,10-diphenylanthracene (DPA) annihilator (PtOEP:DPA@PS) for application in aqueous solutions. Photoexcitation of PtOEP:DPA@PS nanoparticles with 550 nm light led to upconverted emission of DPA 418 nm. The TTA-UC emission could photoactivate flavin-dependent photodecarboxylases with a high energy transfer efficiency. This allowed the photodecarboxylase from Chlorella variabilis NC64A to catalyse the decarboxylation of fatty acids into long chain secondary alcohols under green light (λ = 550 nm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Yeun Hwang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Dayoon Song
- Division of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ji Seo
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Youngmin You
- Division of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jin-Byung Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Nayak A, Park J, De Mey K, Hu X, Beratan DN, Clays K, Therien MJ. Excited-State Dynamics and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Hyperpolarizable Chromophores Based on Conjugated Bis(terpyridyl)Ru(II) and Palladium and Platinum Porphyrinic Components: Impact of Heavy Metals upon Supermolecular Electro-Optic Properties. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:15404-15412. [PMID: 34585577 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new series of strongly coupled oscillators based upon (porphinato)Pd, (porphinato)Pt, and bis(terpyridyl)ruthenium(II) building blocks is described. These RuPPd, RuPPt, RuPPdRu, and RuPPtRu chromophores feature bis(terpyridyl)Ru(II) moieties connected to the (porphinato)metal unit via an ethyne linker that bridges the 4'-terpyridyl and porphyrin macrocycle meso-carbon positions. Pump-probe transient optical data demonstrate sub-picosecond excited singlet-to-triplet-state relaxation. The relaxed lowest-energy triplet (T1) excited states of these chromophores feature absorption manifolds that span the 800-1200 nm spectral region, microsecond triplet-state lifetimes, and large absorptive extinction coefficients [ε(T1 → Tn) > 4 × 104 M-1 cm-1]. Dynamic hyperpolarizability (βλ) values were determined from hyper-Rayleigh light scattering (HRS) measurements carried out at several incident irradiation wavelengths over the 800-1500 nm spectral region. Relative to benchmark RuPZn and RuPZnRu chromophores which showed large βHRS values over the 1200-1600 nm range, RuPPd, RuPPt, RuPPdRu, and RuPPtRu displayed large βHRS values over the 850-1200 nm region. Generalized Thomas-Kuhn sum (TKS) rules and experimental hyperpolarizability values were utilized to determine excited state-to-excited state transition dipole terms from experimental electronic absorption data and thus assessed frequency-dependent βλ values, including two- and three-level contributions for both βzzz and βxzx tensor components to the RuPPd, RuPPt, RuPPdRu, and RuPPtRu hyperpolarizability spectra. These analyses qualitatively rationalize how the βzzz and βxzx tensor elements influence the observed irradiation wavelength-dependent hyperpolarizability magnitudes. The TKS analysis suggests that supermolecules related to RuPPd, RuPPt, RuPPdRu, and RuPPtRu will likely feature intricate dependences of experimentally determined βHRS values as a function of irradiation wavelength that derive from substantial singlet-triplet mixing, and complex interactions among multiple different β tensor components that modulate the long wavelength regime of the nonlinear optical response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Animesh Nayak
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, French Family Science Center, 124 Science Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Jaehong Park
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, French Family Science Center, 124 Science Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Kurt De Mey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Xiangqian Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, French Family Science Center, 124 Science Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346, United States
| | - David N Beratan
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, French Family Science Center, 124 Science Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346, United States.,Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States.,Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346, United States
| | - Koen Clays
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michael J Therien
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, French Family Science Center, 124 Science Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346, United States
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8
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Ahmad W, Wang J, Li H, Ouyang Q, Wu W, Chen Q. Strategies for combining triplet–triplet annihilation upconversion sensitizers and acceptors in a host matrix. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.213944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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9
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Redman A, Moise G, Richert S, Viere EJ, Myers WK, Therien MJ, Timmel CR. EPR of Photoexcited Triplet-State Acceptor Porphyrins. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2021; 125:11782-11790. [PMID: 34276860 PMCID: PMC8279703 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c03278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The photoexcited triplet states of porphyrin architectures are of significant interest in a wide range of fields including molecular wires, nonlinear optics, and molecular spintronics. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) is a key spectroscopic tool in the characterization of these transient paramagnetic states singularly well suited to quantify spin delocalization. Previous work proposed a means of extracting the absolute signs of the zero-field splitting (ZFS) parameters, D and E, and triplet sublevel populations by transient continuous wave, hyperfine measurements, and magnetophotoselection. Here, we present challenges of this methodology for a series of meso-perfluoroalkyl-substituted zinc porphyrin monomers with orthorhombic symmetries, where interpretation of experimental data must proceed with caution and the validity of the assumptions used in the analysis must be scrutinized. The EPR data are discussed alongside quantum chemical calculations, employing both DFT and CASSCF methodologies. Despite some success of the latter in quantifying the magnitude of the ZFS interaction, the results clearly provide motivation to develop improved methods for ZFS calculations of highly delocalized organic triplet states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley
J. Redman
- Centre
for Advanced Electron Spin Resonance (CÆSR), University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriel Moise
- Centre
for Advanced Electron Spin Resonance (CÆSR), University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Sabine Richert
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Erin J. Viere
- Department
of Chemistry, Duke University, French Family
Science Center, 124 Science Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - William K. Myers
- Centre
for Advanced Electron Spin Resonance (CÆSR), University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J. Therien
- Department
of Chemistry, Duke University, French Family
Science Center, 124 Science Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Christiane R. Timmel
- Centre
for Advanced Electron Spin Resonance (CÆSR), University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
- . Phone: +44 (0)1865 272682
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10
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Elgar CE, Otaif HY, Zhang X, Zhao J, Horton PN, Coles SJ, Beames JM, Pope SJA. Iridium(III) Sensitisers and Energy Upconversion: The Influence of Ligand Structure upon TTA-UC Performance. Chemistry 2021; 27:3427-3439. [PMID: 33242225 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Six substituted ligands based upon 2-(naphthalen-1-yl)quinoline-4-carboxylate and 2-(naphthalen-2-yl)quinoline-4-carboxylate have been synthesised in two steps from a range of commercially available isatin derivatives. These species are shown to be effective cyclometallating ligands for IrIII , yielding complexes of the form [Ir(C^N)2 (bipy)]PF6 (where C^N=cyclometallating ligand; bipy=2,2'-bipyridine). X-ray crystallographic studies on three examples demonstrate that the complexes adopt a distorted octahedral geometry wherein a cis-C,C and trans-N,N coordination mode is observed. Intraligand torsional distortions are evident in all cases. The IrIII complexes display photoluminescence in the red part of the visible region (668-693 nm), which is modestly tuneable through the ligand structure. The triplet lifetimes of the complexes are clearly influenced by the precise structure of the ligand in each case. Supporting computational (DFT) studies suggest that the differences in observed triplet lifetime are likely due to differing admixtures of ligand-centred versus MLCT character instilled by the facets of the ligand structure. Triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) measurements demonstrate that the complexes based upon the 1-naphthyl derived ligands are viable photosensitisers with upconversion quantum efficiencies of 1.6-6.7 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Elgar
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, UK
| | - Haleema Y Otaif
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, UK
| | - Xue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Peter N Horton
- UK National Crystallographic Service, Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Simon J Coles
- UK National Crystallographic Service, Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Joseph M Beames
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, UK
| | - Simon J A Pope
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, UK
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11
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Badgurjar D, Seetharaman S, D'Souza F, Chitta R. One-Photon Excitation Followed by a Three-Step Sequential Energy-Energy-Electron Transfer Leading to a Charge-Separated State in a Supramolecular Tetrad Featuring Benzothiazole-Boron-Dipyrromethene-Zinc Porphyrin-C 60. Chemistry 2020; 27:2184-2195. [PMID: 33107661 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A panchromatic triad, consisting of benzothiazole (BTZ) and BF2 -chelated boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY) moieties covalently linked to a zinc porphyrin (ZnP) core, has been synthesized and systematically characterized by using 1 H NMR spectroscopy, ESI-MS, UV-visible, steady-state fluorescence, electrochemical, and femtosecond transient absorption techniques. The absorption band of the triad, BTZ-BODIPY-ZnP, and dyads, BTZ-BODIPY and BODIPY-ZnP, along with the reference compounds BTZ-OMe, BODIPY-OMe, and ZnP-OMe exhibited characteristic bands corresponding to individual chromophores. Electrochemical measurements on BTZ-BODIPY-ZnP exhibited redox behavior similar to that of the reference compounds. Upon selective excitation of BTZ (≈290 nm) in the BTZ-BODIPY-ZnP triad, the fluorescence of the BTZ moiety is quenched, due to photoinduced energy transfer (PEnT) from 1 BTZ* to the BODIPY moiety, followed by quenching of the BODIPY emission due to sequential PEnT from the 1 BODIPY* moiety to ZnP, resulting in the appearance of the ZnP emission, indicating the occurrence of a two-step singlet-singlet energy transfer. Further, a supramolecular tetrad, BTZ-BODIPY-ZnP:ImC60 , was formed by axially coordinating the triad with imidazole-appended fulleropyrrolidine (ImC60 ), and parallel steady-state measurements displayed the diminished emission of ZnP, which clearly indicated the occurrence of photoinduced electron transfer (PET) from 1 ZnP* to ImC60 . Finally, femtosecond transient absorption spectral studies provided evidence for the sequential occurrence of PEnT and PET events, namely, 1 BTZ* -BODIPY-ZnP:ImC60 →BTZ-1 BODIPY* -ZnP:ImC60 →BTZ-BODIPY-1 ZnP* :ImC60 →BTZ-BODIPY-ZnP.+ :ImC60 .- in the supramolecular tetrad. The evaluated rate of energy transfer, kEnT , was found to be 3-5×1010 s-1 , which was slightly faster than that observed in the case of BODIPY-ZnP and BTZ-BODIPY-ZnP, lacking the coordinated ImC60 . The rate constants for charge separation and recombination, kCS and kCR , respectively, calculated by monitoring the rise and decay of C60 .- were found to be 5.5×1010 and 4.4×108 s-1 , respectively, for the BODIPY-ZnP:ImC60 triad, and 3.1×1010 and 4.9×108 s-1 , respectively, for the BTZ-BODIPY-ZnP:ImC60 tetrad. Initial excitation of the tetrad, promoting two-step energy transfer and a final electron-transfer event, has been successfully demonstrated in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Badgurjar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences & Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Tehsil: Kishangarh, Dist. Ajmer, Rajasthan, 305817, India
| | - Sairaman Seetharaman
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, TX, 76203-5017, USA
| | - Francis D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, TX, 76203-5017, USA
| | - Raghu Chitta
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences & Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Tehsil: Kishangarh, Dist. Ajmer, Rajasthan, 305817, India.,Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology-Warangal, Hanamkonda, Warangal, 506004, India
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12
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Huang L, Wu W, Li Y, Huang K, Zeng L, Lin W, Han G. Highly Effective Near-Infrared Activating Triplet–Triplet Annihilation Upconversion for Photoredox Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:18460-18470. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c06976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Wenting Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing School of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, P. R. China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Kai Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Le Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Wenhai Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Gang Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
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13
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Bharmoria P, Bildirir H, Moth-Poulsen K. Triplet-triplet annihilation based near infrared to visible molecular photon upconversion. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:6529-6554. [PMID: 32955529 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00257g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Triplet-triplet annihilation based molecular photon upconversion (TTA-UC) is an exciting research area for a broad range of photonic applications due to its tunable spectral range and possible operation at non-coherent solar irradiance. Most of the TTA-UC studies are limited to Visible to Visible (Vis to Vis) energy upconversion. However, for several practical photonic applications, efficient near infrared (NIR) to Vis upconversion is preferred. Examples include, (i) photovoltaics where TTA-UC could lead to utilization of a larger part of the solar spectrum and (ii) in NIR stimulated biological applications where the deep penetration and non-invasive nature of NIR light coupled to TTA-UC offers new opportunities. Although, NIR to Vis TTA-UC is known since 2007, the recent five years have witnessed quite a progress in terms of the development of new chromophores, hybrid systems and fabrication techniques to increase the UC quantum yield at low excitation intensity. With this tutorial review we are reviewing recent progress, identifying existing challenges and discus possible future directions and opportunities.
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14
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Electronic structure and photophysics of a supermolecular iron complex having a long MLCT-state lifetime and panchromatic absorption. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:20430-20437. [PMID: 32788361 PMCID: PMC7456135 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2009996117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The main hurdle that prevents earth-abundant iron-based complexes from replacing environmentally unfriendly and expensive heavy metal [e.g., Ru(II), Os(II), Ir(III)] complexes in solar-energy conversion applications is the typical ultrashort (femtosecond timescale) charge-transfer state lifetime of Fe(II) chromophores. We provide a design roadmap to a generation of efficient iron-based photosensitizers and present an Fe(II) complex archetype, FeNHCPZn, which features a profoundly extended metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (3MLCT) lifetime and a large transition-dipole moment difference between its ground and metal-to-ligand charge-transfer states. This supermolecular design promotes superior visible photon harvesting over classic metal complexes while assuring a triplet excited-state oxidation potential appropriate for charge injection into the conduction bands of common semiconductor electrode materials, highlighting its photosensitizing utility in dye-sensitized solar-cell architectures. Exploiting earth-abundant iron-based metal complexes as high-performance photosensitizers demands long-lived electronically excited metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) states, but these species suffer typically from femtosecond timescale charge-transfer (CT)-state quenching by low-lying nonreactive metal-centered (MC) states. Here, we engineer supermolecular Fe(II) chromophores based on the bis(tridentate-ligand)metal(II)-ethyne-(porphinato)zinc(II) conjugated framework, previously shown to give rise to highly delocalized low-lying 3MLCT states for other Group VIII metal (Ru, Os) complexes. Electronic spectral, potentiometric, and ultrafast pump–probe transient dynamical data demonstrate that a combination of a strong σ-donating tridentate ligand and a (porphinato)zinc(II) moiety with low-lying π*-energy levels, sufficiently destabilize MC states and stabilize supermolecular MLCT states to realize Fe(II) complexes that express 3MLCT state photophysics reminiscent of their heavy-metal analogs. The resulting Fe(II) chromophore archetype, FeNHCPZn, features a highly polarized CT state having a profoundly extended 3MLCT lifetime (160 ps), 3MLCT phosphorescence, and ambient environment stability. Density functional and domain-based local pair natural orbital coupled cluster [DLPNO-CCSD(T)] theory reveal triplet-state wavefunction spatial distributions consistent with electronic spectroscopic and excited-state dynamical data, further underscoring the dramatic Fe metal-to-extended ligand CT character of electronically excited FeNHCPZn. This design further prompts intense panchromatic absorptivity via redistributing high-energy absorptive oscillator strength throughout the visible spectral domain, while maintaining a substantial excited-state oxidation potential for wide-ranging photochemistry––highlighted by the ability of FeNHCPZn to photoinject charges into a SnO2/FTO electrode in a dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) architecture. Concepts enumerated herein afford opportunities for replacing traditional rare-metal–based emitters for solar-energy conversion and photoluminescence applications.
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15
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Viere EJ, Qi W, Stanton IN, Zhang P, Therien MJ. Driving high quantum yield NIR emission through proquinoidal linkage motifs in conjugated supermolecular arrays. Chem Sci 2020; 11:8095-8104. [PMID: 34123083 PMCID: PMC8163388 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03446k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
High quantum yield NIR fluorophores are rare. Factors that drive low emission quantum yields at long wavelength include the facts that radiative rate constants increase proportional to the cube of the emission energy, while nonradiative rate constants increase in an approximately exponentially with decreasing S0-S1 energy gaps (in accordance with the energy gap law). This work demonstrates how the proquinoidal BTD building blocks can be utilized to minimize the extent of excited-state structural relaxation relative to the ground-state conformation in highly conjugated porphyrin oligomers, and shows that 4-ethynylbenzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (E-BTD) units that terminate meso-to-meso ethyne-bridged (porphinato)zinc (PZnn) arrays, and 4,7-diethynylbenzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (E-BTD-E) spacers that are integrated into the backbone of these compositions, elucidate new classes of impressive NIR fluorophores. We report the syntheses, electronic structural properties, and emissive characteristics of neoteric PZn-(BTD-PZn)n, PZn2-(BTD-PZn2)n, and BTD-PZnn-BTD fluorophores. Absolute fluorescence quantum yield (ϕ f) measurements, acquired using a calibrated integrating-sphere-based measurement system, demonstrate that these supermolecules display extraordinary ϕ f values that range from 10-25% in THF solvent, and between 28-36% in toluene solvent over the 700-900 nm window of the NIR. These studies underscore how the regulation of proquinoidal conjugation motifs can be exploited to drive excited-state dynamical properties important for high quantum yield long-wavelength fluorescence emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin J Viere
- Department of Chemistry, French Family Science Center, Duke University 124 Science Drive Durham North Carolina 27708-0346 USA
| | - Wei Qi
- Department of Chemistry, French Family Science Center, Duke University 124 Science Drive Durham North Carolina 27708-0346 USA
| | - Ian N Stanton
- Department of Chemistry, French Family Science Center, Duke University 124 Science Drive Durham North Carolina 27708-0346 USA
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, French Family Science Center, Duke University 124 Science Drive Durham North Carolina 27708-0346 USA
| | - Michael J Therien
- Department of Chemistry, French Family Science Center, Duke University 124 Science Drive Durham North Carolina 27708-0346 USA
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16
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Chino Y, Nakanishi T, Kimura M. A near-infrared fluorescent phthalocyanine liquid developed through controlling intermolecular interactions. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj05195c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A near-infrared fluorescent phthalocyanine (Pc) liquid was developed through introducing bulky yet flexible units onto the Pc skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Chino
- Department of Chemistry and Materials
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology
- Shinshu University
- Ueda 386-8567
- Japan
| | - Takashi Nakanishi
- Frontier Molecules Group
- International Centre for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA)
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
- Ibaraki 305-0044
- Japan
| | - Mutsumi Kimura
- Department of Chemistry and Materials
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology
- Shinshu University
- Ueda 386-8567
- Japan
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17
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Jin S, Sugawa K, Takeshima N, Igari S, Inoue W, Honda J, Yoshinari S, Watanabe S, Kanai D, Kanakubo K, Otsuki J. Upconverted emission-driven photothermal conversion with gold nanospheres based on triplet–triplet annihilation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp02365e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Low-energy visible light was converted into heat energy through the excitation of the localized surface plasmon resonance of gold nanospheres excited by upconverted emission based on triplet–triplet annihilation of organic molecules.
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18
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Felter K, Caselli VM, Günbaş DD, Savenije TJ, Grozema FC. Interplay between Charge Carrier Mobility, Exciton Diffusion, Crystal Packing, and Charge Separation in Perylene Diimide-Based Heterojunctions. ACS APPLIED ENERGY MATERIALS 2019; 2:8010-8021. [PMID: 31788664 PMCID: PMC6880777 DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.9b01490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Two of the key parameters that characterize the usefulness of organic semiconductors for organic or hybrid organic/inorganic solar cells are the mobility of charges and the diffusion length of excitons. Both parameters are strongly related to the supramolecular organization in the material. In this work we have investigated the relation between the solid-state molecular packing and the exciton diffusion length, charge carrier mobility, and charge carrier separation yield using two perylene diimide (PDI) derivatives which differ in their substitution. We have used the time-resolved microwave photoconductivity technique and measured charge carrier mobilities of 0.32 and 0.02 cm2/(Vs) and determined exciton diffusion lengths of 60 and 18 nm for octyl- and bulky hexylheptyl-imide substituted PDIs, respectively. This diffusion length is independent of substrate type and aggregate domain size. The differences in charge carrier mobility and exciton diffusion length clearly reflect the effect of solid-state packing of PDIs on their optoelectronic properties and show that significant improvements can be obtained by effectively controlling the solid-state packing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin
M. Felter
- Optoelectronic Materials
Section, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HS Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Valentina M. Caselli
- Optoelectronic Materials
Section, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HS Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | - Tom J. Savenije
- Optoelectronic Materials
Section, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HS Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Ferdinand C. Grozema
- Optoelectronic Materials
Section, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HS Delft, The Netherlands
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19
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Felter KM, Dubey RK, Grozema FC. Relation between molecular packing and singlet fission in thin films of brominated perylenediimides. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:094301. [PMID: 31492067 DOI: 10.1063/1.5110306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Perylene diimides (PDIs) are attractive chromophores that exhibit singlet exciton fission (SF) and have several advantages over traditional SF molecules such as tetracene and pentacene; however, their photophysical properties relating to SF have received only limited attention. In this study, we explore how introduction of bulky bromine atoms in the so-called bay-area PDIs, resulting in a nonplanar structure, affects the solid-state packing and efficiency of singlet fission. We found that changes in the molecular packing have a strong effect on the temperature dependent photoluminescence, expressed as an activation energy. These effects are explained in terms of excimer formation for PDIs without bay-area substitution, which competes with singlet fission. Introduction of bromine atoms in the bay-positions strongly disrupts the solid-state packing leading to strongly reduced excitonic interactions. Surprisingly, these relatively amorphous materials with weak electronic coupling exhibit stronger formation of triplet excited states by SF because the competing excimer formation is suppressed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Felter
- Opto-Electronic Materials Section, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HS Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Rajeev K Dubey
- Opto-Electronic Materials Section, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HS Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Ferdinand C Grozema
- Opto-Electronic Materials Section, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HS Delft, The Netherlands
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20
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Fan C, Wei L, Niu T, Rao M, Cheng G, Chruma JJ, Wu W, Yang C. Efficient Triplet–Triplet Annihilation Upconversion with an Anti-Stokes Shift of 1.08 eV Achieved by Chemically Tuning Sensitizers. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:15070-15077. [PMID: 31469266 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b05824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunying Fan
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Medical Center, and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Lingling Wei
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Medical Center, and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Tong Niu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Medical Center, and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Ming Rao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Medical Center, and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Guo Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Medical Center, and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Jason J. Chruma
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Medical Center, and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Wanhua Wu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Medical Center, and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Cheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Medical Center, and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China
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21
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Frazer L. Photochemical Upconversion Light Emitting Diode (LED): Theory of Triplet Annihilation Enhanced by a Cavity. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.201800099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Frazer
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Chemistry Monash University 3800 Victoria Australia
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22
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Razi SS, Koo YH, Kim W, Yang W, Wang Z, Gobeze H, D’Souza F, Zhao J, Kim D. Ping-Pong Energy Transfer in a Boron Dipyrromethane Containing Pt(II)–Schiff Base Complex: Synthesis, Photophysical Studies, and Anti-Stokes Shift Increase in Triplet–Triplet Annihilation Upconversion. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:4877-4890. [PMID: 29671595 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b02989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Syed S. Razi
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Yun Hee Koo
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π−Electronic Systems, Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Woojae Kim
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π−Electronic Systems, Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Wenbo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Zhijia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Habtom Gobeze
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, P.O. 305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
| | - Francis D’Souza
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, P.O. 305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Dongho Kim
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π−Electronic Systems, Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
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23
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Liu D, Zhao Y, Wang Z, Xu K, Zhao J. Exploiting the benefit of S 0→ T 1 excitation in triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion to attain large anti-stokes shifts: tuning the triplet state lifetime of a tris(2,2'-bipyridine) osmium(ii) complex. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:8619-8628. [PMID: 29512677 DOI: 10.1039/c7dt04803c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Os(ii) complexes are particularly interesting for triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) upconversion, due to the strong direct S0→ T1 photoexcitation, as in this way, energy loss is minimized and large anti-Stokes shift can be achieved for TTA upconversion. However, Os(bpy)3 has an intrinsic short T1 state lifetime (56 ns), which is detrimental for the intermolecular triplet-triplet energy transfer (TTET), one of the crucial steps in TTA upconversion. In order to prolong the triplet state lifetime, we prepared an Os(ii) tris(bpy) complex with a Bodipy moiety attached, so that an extended T1 state lifetime is achieved by excited state electronic configuration mixing or triplet state equilibrium between the coordination center-localized state (3MLCT state) and Bodipy ligand-localized state (3IL state). With steady-state and time-resolved transient absorption/emission spectroscopy, we proved that the 3MLCT is slightly above the 3IL state (by 0.05 eV), and the triplet state lifetime was prolonged by 31-fold (from 56 ns to 1.73 μs). The TTA upconversion quantum yield was increased by 4-fold as compared to that of the unsubstituted Os(ii) complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Rd., Dalian 116024, P. R. China.
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24
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Garakyaraghi S, Castellano FN. Nanocrystals for Triplet Sensitization: Molecular Behavior from Quantum-Confined Materials. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:2351-2359. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b03219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Garakyaraghi
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Felix N. Castellano
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
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25
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Durandin NA, Isokuortti J, Efimov A, Vuorimaa-Laukkanen E, Tkachenko NV, Laaksonen T. Efficient photon upconversion at remarkably low annihilator concentrations in a liquid polymer matrix: when less is more. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:14029-14032. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc07592a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A triplet–triplet annihilation upconversion of 24.5% was achieved at a remarkably low 600 μM annihilator concentration in a viscous polymer matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita A. Durandin
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Bioengineering
- Tampere University of Technology
- Tampere
- Finland
| | - Jussi Isokuortti
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Bioengineering
- Tampere University of Technology
- Tampere
- Finland
| | - Alexander Efimov
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Bioengineering
- Tampere University of Technology
- Tampere
- Finland
| | | | - Nikolai V. Tkachenko
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Bioengineering
- Tampere University of Technology
- Tampere
- Finland
| | - Timo Laaksonen
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Bioengineering
- Tampere University of Technology
- Tampere
- Finland
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26
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Wan S, Lin J, Su H, Dai J, Lu W. Photochemically deoxygenating solvents for triplet–triplet annihilation photon upconversion operating in air. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:3907-3910. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc00780b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The solvent is the solution: sulfoxides and cyclic ureas are self-deoxygenating solvents in which efficient TTA-UC can operate in air, as predicted by photo-activated phosphorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigang Wan
- Department of Chemistry
- South University of Science and Technology of China
- Shenzhen
- P. R. China
| | - Jinxiong Lin
- Department of Chemistry
- South University of Science and Technology of China
- Shenzhen
- P. R. China
| | - Huimin Su
- Department of Physics, South University of Science and Technology of China
- Shenzhen
- P. R. China
| | - Junfeng Dai
- Department of Physics, South University of Science and Technology of China
- Shenzhen
- P. R. China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Chemistry
- South University of Science and Technology of China
- Shenzhen
- P. R. China
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27
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Latterini L, Massaro G, Penconi M, Gentili PL, Roscini C, Ortica F. Molecular-based upconversion in homo/heterogeneous liquids and in micro/nanostructured solid materials. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:8557-8565. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt00020d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A step-by-step investigation to move TTA-UC from homogeneous solutions to nanostructured solid materials for new technological perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Latterini
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Biologia e Biotecnologie
- Università di Perugia
- 06123 Perugia
- Italy
| | - G. Massaro
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Biologia e Biotecnologie
- Università di Perugia
- 06123 Perugia
- Italy
| | - M. Penconi
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Biologia e Biotecnologie
- Università di Perugia
- 06123 Perugia
- Italy
| | - P. L. Gentili
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Biologia e Biotecnologie
- Università di Perugia
- 06123 Perugia
- Italy
| | - C. Roscini
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2)
- CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology
- 08193 Barcelona
- Spain
| | - F. Ortica
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Biologia e Biotecnologie
- Università di Perugia
- 06123 Perugia
- Italy
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28
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Han J, Jiang Y, Obolda A, Duan P, Li F, Liu M. Doublet-Triplet Energy Transfer-Dominated Photon Upconversion. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:5865-5870. [PMID: 29144138 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b02677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Stable luminescent π-radicals with doublet emission have aroused a growing interest for functional molecular materials. We have demonstrated a neutral π-radical dye (4-N-carbazolyl-2,6-dichlorophenyl)bis(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)-methyl (TTM-1Cz) with remarkable doublet emission, which could be used as triplet sensitizer to initiate the photophysical process of triplet-triplet annihilation photon upconversion (TTA-UC). Dexter-like excited doublet-triplet energy transfer (DTET) was confirmed by theoretical calculation. With the same sensitizer, a mixed solution of TTM-1Cz and aromatic emitters could upconvert red light (λ = 635 nm) to blue or cyan light. An anti-Stokes energy shift as large as 0.92 eV was observed from red to blue light upconversion. This finding of DTET phenomena offers a new kind of triplet sensitizer for TTA-UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlei Han
- Division of Nanophotonics, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST) , No. 11 ZhongGuanCun BeiYiTiao, 100190 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqian Jiang
- Division of Nanophotonics, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST) , No. 11 ZhongGuanCun BeiYiTiao, 100190 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ablikim Obolda
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University , Qianjin Avenue 2699, Changchun, 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Duan
- Division of Nanophotonics, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST) , No. 11 ZhongGuanCun BeiYiTiao, 100190 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University , Qianjin Avenue 2699, Changchun, 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Minghua Liu
- Division of Nanophotonics, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST) , No. 11 ZhongGuanCun BeiYiTiao, 100190 Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 2 ZhongGuanCun BeiYiJie, 100190, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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29
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Dou Q, Jiang L, Kai D, Owh C, Loh XJ. Bioimaging and biodetection assisted with TTA-UC materials. Drug Discov Today 2017; 22:1400-1411. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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30
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Jiang T, Polizzi NF, Rawson J, Therien MJ. Engineering High-Potential Photo-oxidants with Panchromatic Absorption. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:8412-8415. [PMID: 28613070 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b04400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Challenging photochemistry demands high-potential visible-light-absorbing photo-oxidants. We report (i) a highly electron-deficient Ru(II) complex (eDef-Rutpy) bearing an E1/20/+ potential more than 300 mV more positive than that of any established Ru(II) bis(terpyridyl) derivative, and (ii) an ethyne-bridged eDef-Rutpy-(porphinato)Zn(II) (eDef-RuPZn) supermolecule that affords both panchromatic UV-vis spectral domain absorptivity and a high E1/20/+ potential, comparable to that of Ce(NH4)2(NO3)6 [E1/2(Ce3+/4+) = 1.61 V vs NHE], a strong and versatile ground-state oxidant commonly used in organic functional group transformations. eDef-RuPZn exhibits ∼8-fold greater absorptive oscillator strength over the 380-700 nm range relative to conventional Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes, and impressive excited-state reduction potentials (1E-/* = 1.59 V; 3E-/* = 1.26 V). eDef-RuPZn manifests electronically excited singlet and triplet charge-transfer state lifetimes more than 2 orders of magnitude longer than those typical of conventional Ru(II) bis(terpyridyl) chromophores, suggesting new opportunities in light-driven oxidation reactions for energy conversion and photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Nicholas F Polizzi
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Jeff Rawson
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Michael J Therien
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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31
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Richert S, Bullard G, Rawson J, Angiolillo PJ, Therien MJ, Timmel CR. On the Importance of Electronic Symmetry for Triplet State Delocalization. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:5301-5304. [PMID: 28353344 PMCID: PMC5417593 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b01204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The influence of electronic symmetry on triplet state delocalization in linear zinc porphyrin oligomers is explored by electron paramagnetic resonance techniques. Using a combination of transient continuous wave and pulse electron nuclear double resonance spectroscopies, it is demonstrated experimentally that complete triplet state delocalization requires the chemical equivalence of all porphyrin units. These results are supported by density functional theory calculations, showing uneven delocalization in a porphyrin dimer in which a terminal ethynyl group renders the two porphyrin units inequivalent. When the conjugation length of the molecule is further increased upon addition of a second terminal ethynyl group that restores the symmetry of the system, the triplet state is again found to be completely delocalized. The observations suggest that electronic symmetry is of greater importance for triplet state delocalization than other frequently invoked factors such as conformational rigidity or fundamental length-scale limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Richert
- Centre for Advanced Electron Spin Resonance (CAESR), University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - George Bullard
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University , French Family Science Center, 124 Science Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Jeff Rawson
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University , French Family Science Center, 124 Science Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Paul J Angiolillo
- Department of Physics, Saint Joseph's University , 5600 City Avenue, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19131, United States
| | - Michael J Therien
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University , French Family Science Center, 124 Science Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Christiane R Timmel
- Centre for Advanced Electron Spin Resonance (CAESR), University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
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32
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Zhu X, Su Q, Feng W, Li F. Anti-Stokes shift luminescent materials for bio-applications. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:1025-1039. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00415f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This review presents comprehensive discussions about three types of anti-Stokes luminescent materials and summarizes recent advances in their bioapplications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingjun Zhu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences & Department of Chemistry & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
| | - Qianqian Su
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences & Department of Chemistry & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
| | - Wei Feng
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences & Department of Chemistry & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
| | - Fuyou Li
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences & Department of Chemistry & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
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33
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Abstract
The current investigation achieves photochemical upconversion in pure water using combinations of water soluble Ru(ii) metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) sensitizers in concert with 9-anthracenecarboxylate (AnCO2−) and 1-pyrenecarboxylate (PyCO2−).
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim A. El Roz
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
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34
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Han J, Zhang F, You J, Hiroaki Y, Yamada S, Morifuji T, Wang S, Li X. The first transition metal phthalocyanines: sensitizing rubrene emission based on triplet–triplet annihilation. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6pp00464d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Metallophthalocyanines with transition elements are applied to sensitize Rubrene in TTA-PUC system. The TTA-PUC system with fourth period metals showed even higher ΦPUC than PtPc-o-Cou in same conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlei Han
- Tianjin University
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin 300072
- China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering
| | - Fei Zhang
- Tianjin University
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin 300072
- China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering
| | - Jing You
- Tianjin University
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin 300072
- China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering
| | - Yonemura Hiroaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Engineering
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka
- Japan
| | - Sunao Yamada
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Engineering
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka
- Japan
| | - Toru Morifuji
- Department of Materials Physics and Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka
- Japan
| | - Shirong Wang
- Tianjin University
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin 300072
- China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering
| | - Xianggao Li
- Tianjin University
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin 300072
- China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering
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35
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Enhanced Triplet–Triplet Energy Transfer and Upconversion Fluorescence through Host–Guest Complexation. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:15405-15412. [PMID: 27797202 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b07946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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36
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Mongin C, Golden JH, Castellano FN. Liquid PEG Polymers Containing Antioxidants: A Versatile Platform for Studying Oxygen-Sensitive Photochemical Processes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:24038-24048. [PMID: 27479333 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b05697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This article proposes the exploitation of widely available, inexpensive, innocuous "green" liquid polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymers containing the oxygen scavenger oleic acid (OA) as promising media for studying oxygen-sensitive photochemical processes. Here we report the successful application of this media to detailed investigations of triplet-sensitized photochemical upconversion, previously established as being readily poisoned by dissolved oxygen. Three different PEG materials were investigated with increasing molecular weight from 200 to 600 g/mol, coded as PEG-200, PEG-400, and PEG-600. These fluidic polymers facilitate an oxygen-depleted environment in comparison to commonly employed organic solvents while providing high solubility and diffusion for the dissolved chromophores. Moreover, the low oxygen permeation afforded by these PEG solvents allows them to remain deoxygenated in open containers under ambient conditions for extended time periods. OA, 9,10-dimethylanthracene (DMA), and 2,5-dimethylfuran (DMF) are shown to efficiently and quantitatively consume dissolved oxygen in the PEG environment in the presence of the photoactivated triplet sensitizer platinum(II) tetraphenyltetrabenzoporphyrin (PtTPBP). Oxygen consumption was directly correlated with systematically increasing sensitizer excited-state lifetimes that eventually reach the same plateau as achieved through extensive N2 sparging. Diffusion-controlled bimolecular triplet-triplet energy transfer quenching between PtTPBP and the acceptor/annihilator 9,10-bisphenylethynylanthracene (BPEA) was observed in all three PEG formulations investigated. Subsequent triplet-triplet annihilation, between triplet excited BPEA acceptors, achieves bright and stable upconverted singlet fluorescence from BPEA with no decrease in intensity over 20 h under ambient conditions. In the champion composition (PEG 200), the upconversion quantum efficiency reached 31% under conditions where triplet-triplet annihilation was maximized. This is in stark contrast for the same upconverting pair measured in toluene under ambient conditions, which rapidly decomposes upon exposure to visible light. To illustrate that these PEG compositions could be translated into a suitable solid-state format, these viscous solutions were embedded in a transparent polyurethane polymer shell yielding a flexible and long-term stable upconverting cell that can be manipulated for possible real-world applications. Although the current investigation focused on photochemical upconversion, the oxygen-depleted environments developed here can be utilized to study a plethora of oxygen-intolerant photochemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Mongin
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Jessica H Golden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Felix N Castellano
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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37
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Amemori S, Sasaki Y, Yanai N, Kimizuka N. Near-Infrared-to-Visible Photon Upconversion Sensitized by a Metal Complex with Spin-Forbidden yet Strong S0–T1 Absorption. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:8702-5. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b04692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Amemori
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center
for Molecular Systems, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yoichi Sasaki
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center
for Molecular Systems, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Yanai
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center
for Molecular Systems, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- PRESTO, JST, Honcho 4-1-8, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Nobuo Kimizuka
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center
for Molecular Systems, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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38
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Huang GJ, Harris MA, Krzyaniak MD, Margulies EA, Dyar SM, Lindquist RJ, Wu Y, Roznyatovskiy VV, Wu YL, Young RM, Wasielewski MR. Photoinduced Charge and Energy Transfer within meta- and para-Linked Chlorophyll a-Perylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide) Donor–Acceptor Dyads. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:756-65. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b10806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Jhih Huang
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michelle A. Harris
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Matthew D. Krzyaniak
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Eric A. Margulies
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Scott M. Dyar
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Rebecca J. Lindquist
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Yilei Wu
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Vladimir V. Roznyatovskiy
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Yi-Lin Wu
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Ryan M. Young
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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39
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Han JL, You J, Yonemura H, Yamada S, Wang SR, Li XG. Metallophthalocyanines as triplet sensitizers for highly efficient photon upconversion based on sensitized triplet–triplet annihilation. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2016; 15:1039-45. [DOI: 10.1039/c6pp00172f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photon upconversion emission from rubrene in the 550–620 nm region was achieved using new soluble palladium and platinum phthalocyanine sensitizers with maximum PUC efficiency ∼5.6%, excited by a 633 nm laser with power <20 mW cm−2.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. L. Han
- Tianjin University
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin 300072
- China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering
| | - J. You
- Tianjin University
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin 300072
- China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering
| | - H. Yonemura
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Engineering
- Kyushu University
- Nishi-ku
- Japan
| | - S. Yamada
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Engineering
- Kyushu University
- Nishi-ku
- Japan
| | - S. R. Wang
- Tianjin University
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin 300072
- China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering
| | - X. G. Li
- Tianjin University
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin 300072
- China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering
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40
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Xu K, Zhao J, Moore EG. Photo-induced electron transfer in a diamino-substituted Ru(bpy)3[PF6]2 complex and its application as a triplet photosensitizer for nitric oxide (NO)-activated triplet–triplet annihilation upconversion. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2016; 15:995-1005. [DOI: 10.1039/c6pp00153j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The photo-induced electron transfer in the diamino-Ru(bpy)3 complex was studied with ultrafast absorption spectroscopy and was used for nitric oxide (NO)-activated triplet–triplet annihilation upconversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kejing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- P. R. China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- P. R. China
| | - Evan G. Moore
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences
- University of Queensland
- Brisbane
- Australia
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41
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Myahkostupov M, Castellano FN. Tetrahedral rigid core antenna chromophores bearing bay-substituted perylenediimides. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.10.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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42
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Amemori S, Yanai N, Kimizuka N. Metallonaphthalocyanines as triplet sensitizers for near-infrared photon upconversion beyond 850 nm. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:22557-60. [PMID: 26270770 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp02733k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In triplet-triplet annihilation-based photon upconversion (TTA-UC), the utilization of near-infrared (NIR) light with a wavelength longer than 850 nm remains an outstanding issue. We realized this by employing metallonaphthalocyanines as triplet sensitizers; upon excitation of NIR light (856 nm), upconverted emission was observed in the visible range with remarkable photostability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Amemori
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
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43
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Shang Y, Hao S, Yang C, Chen G. Enhancing Solar Cell Efficiency Using Photon Upconversion Materials. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2015; 5:1782-1809. [PMID: 28347095 PMCID: PMC5304768 DOI: 10.3390/nano5041782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Photovoltaic cells are able to convert sunlight into electricity, providing enough of the most abundant and cleanest energy to cover our energy needs. However, the efficiency of current photovoltaics is significantly impeded by the transmission loss of sub-band-gap photons. Photon upconversion is a promising route to circumvent this problem by converting these transmitted sub-band-gap photons into above-band-gap light, where solar cells typically have high quantum efficiency. Here, we summarize recent progress on varying types of efficient upconversion materials as well as their outstanding uses in a series of solar cells, including silicon solar cells (crystalline and amorphous), gallium arsenide (GaAs) solar cells, dye-sensitized solar cells, and other types of solar cells. The challenge and prospect of upconversion materials for photovoltaic applications are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Shang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Shuwei Hao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China.
- Harbin Huigong Technology Co., Ltd., Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Chunhui Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China.
- Harbin Huigong Technology Co., Ltd., Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Guanying Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China.
- Institute for Lasers, Photonics, and Biophotonics, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
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44
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Deng F, Lazorski MS, Castellano FN. Photon upconversion sensitized by a Ru(II)-pyrenyl chromophore. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2015; 373:rsta.2014.0322. [PMID: 25987571 PMCID: PMC4455721 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2014.0322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The near-visible-to-blue singlet fluorescence of anthracene sensitized by a ruthenium chromophore with a long-lived triplet-excited state, [Ru(5-pyrenyl-1,10-phenanthroline)(3)](PF(6))(2), in acetonitrile was investigated. Low intensity non-coherent green light was used to selectively excite the sensitizer in the presence of micromolar concentrations of anthracene generating anti-Stokes, singlet fluorescence in the latter, even with incident power densities below 500 μW cm(-2). The resultant data are consistent with photon upconversion proceeding from sensitized triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) of the anthracene acceptor molecules, confirmed through transient absorption spectroscopy as well as static and dynamic photoluminescence experiments. Additionally, quadratic-to-linear incident power regimes for the upconversion process were identified for this composition under monochromatic 488 nm excitation, consistent with a sensitized TTA mechanism ultimately producing the anti-Stokes emission characteristic of anthracene singlet fluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Deng
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Megan S Lazorski
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Felix N Castellano
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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McCusker CE, Castellano FN. Efficient Visible to Near-UV Photochemical Upconversion Sensitized by a Long Lifetime Cu(I) MLCT Complex. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:6035-42. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b00907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E. McCusker
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, 2620
Yarbrough Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Felix N. Castellano
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, 2620
Yarbrough Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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Olivier JH, Bai Y, Uh H, Yoo H, Therien MJ, Castellano FN. Near-Infrared-to-Visible Photon Upconversion Enabled by Conjugated Porphyrinic Sensitizers under Low-Power Noncoherent Illumination. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:5642-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b03199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Hubert Olivier
- Department of Chemistry,
French Family Science Center, 124 Science Drive, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346, United States
| | - Yusong Bai
- Department of Chemistry,
French Family Science Center, 124 Science Drive, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346, United States
| | - Hyounsoo Uh
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, 2620 Yarbrough Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Hyejin Yoo
- Department of Chemistry,
French Family Science Center, 124 Science Drive, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346, United States
| | - Michael J. Therien
- Department of Chemistry,
French Family Science Center, 124 Science Drive, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346, United States
| | - Felix N. Castellano
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, 2620 Yarbrough Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
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Ji S, Ge J, Escudero D, Wang Z, Zhao J, Jacquemin D. Molecular Structure-Intersystem Crossing Relationship of Heavy-Atom-Free BODIPY Triplet Photosensitizers. J Org Chem 2015; 80:5958-63. [PMID: 25942069 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b00691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A thiophene-fused BODIPY chromophore displays a large triplet-state quantum yield (ΦT = 63.7%). In contrast, when the two thienyl moieties are not fused into the BODIPY core, intersystem crossing (ISC) becomes inefficient and ΦT remains low (ΦT = 6.1%). First-principles calculations including spin-orbit coupling (SOC) were performed to quantify the ISC. We found larger SOC and smaller singlet-triplet energy gaps for the thiophene-fused BODIPY derivative. Our results are useful for studies of the photochemistry of organic chromophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaomin Ji
- ‡State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Jie Ge
- ‡State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Daniel Escudero
- §CEISAM UMR CNRS 6230, Université de Nantes, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Zhijia Wang
- ‡State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- ‡State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- §CEISAM UMR CNRS 6230, Université de Nantes, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France.,∥Institut Universitaire de France, 103 boulevard St Michel, 75005 Paris Cedex 5, France
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Susumu K, Therien MJ. Design of diethynyl porphyrin derivatives with high near infrared fluorescence quantum yields. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2015. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424614501107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A design strategy for (porphinato)zinc-based fluorophores that possess large near infrared fluorescence quantum yields is described. These fluorophores are based on a (5,15-diethynylporphinato)zinc(II) framework and feature symmetric donor or acceptor units appended at the meso-ethynyl positions via benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole moieties. These (5,15-bis(benzo[c][1′,2′,5′]thiadiazol-4′-ylethynyl)-10,20-bis[2′,6′-bis(3″,3″-dimethyl-1″-butyloxy)phenyl]porphinato)zinc(II) (4), (5,15-bis[4′-(N,N-dihexylamino) benzo[c][1′,2′,5′]thiadiazol-7′-ylethynyl]-10,20-bis[2′,6′-bis(3″,3″-dimethyl-1″-butyloxy)phenyl]porphinato)zinc(II) (5), (5,15-bis([7′-(4″-n-dodecyloxyphenylethynyl)benzo[c][1′,2′,5′]thiadiazol-4′-yl]ethynyl)-10,20-bis[2′,6′-bis(3″,3″-dimethyl-1″-butyloxy)phenyl]porphinato)zinc(II) (6), (5,15-bis([7′-([7″-(4″ ′-n-dodecyloxyphenyl)benzo[c][1″,2″,5″]thiadiazol-4″-yl]ethynyl)benzo[c][1′,2′,5′]thiadiazol-4′-yl]ethynyl)-10,20-bis[2′,6′-bis(3″,3″-dimethyl-1″-butyloxy)phenyl]porphinato)zinc(II) (7), 5,15-bis ([7′-(4″-N,N-dihexylaminophenylethynyl)benzo[c][1′,2′,5′]thiadiazol-4′-yl]ethynyl)-10,20-bis[2′,6′-bis(3″,3″-dimethyl-1″-butyloxy)phenyl]porphinato)zinc(II) (8), and (5,15-bis([7′-(4″-N,N-dihexylaminophenylethenyl)benzo[c][1′,2′,5′]thiadiazol-4′-yl]ethynyl)-10,20-bis[2′,6′-bis(3″,3″-dimethyl-1″-butyloxy)phenyl]porphinato)zinc(II) (9) chromophores possess red-shifted absorption and emission bands that range between 650 and 750 nm that bear distinct similarities to those of the chlorophylls and structurally related molecules. Interestingly, the measured radiative decay rate constants for these emitters track with the integrated oscillator strengths of their respective x-polarized Q-band absorptions, and thus define an unusual family of high quantum yield near infrared fluorophores in which emission intensity is governed by a simple Strickler–Berg dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimihiro Susumu
- Department of Chemistry, 231 South 34th Street, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Michael J. Therien
- Department of Chemistry, French Family Science Center, 124 Science Drive, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0346, USA
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Cheng Z, Lin J. Synthesis and Application of Nanohybrids Based on Upconverting Nanoparticles and Polymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2015; 36:790-827. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201400588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 P.R. China
| | - Jun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 P.R. China
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Deng F, Francis AJ, Weare WW, Castellano FN. Photochemical upconversion and triplet annihilation limit from a boron dipyrromethene emitter. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2015; 14:1265-70. [DOI: 10.1039/c5pp00106d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Non-coherent sensitized red-to-green upconversion has been achieved utilizing platinum(ii) tetraphenyltetrabenzoporphyrin (PtTPTBP) as the triplet sensitizer and a nearly quantitatively fluorescent boron dipyrromethene chromophore as the energy acceptor/annihilator in deoxygenated toluene.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Deng
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
| | - A. J. Francis
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
| | - W. W. Weare
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
| | - F. N. Castellano
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
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