1
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Neumann T, Thompson BC, Hebron D, Graycon DM, Collauto A, Roessler MM, Wilson DWN, Musgrave RA. Heterobimetallic 3d-4f complexes supported by a Schiff-base tripodal ligand. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:9921-9932. [PMID: 38808633 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03760f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Complexes featuring multiple metal centres are of growing interest regarding metal-metal cooperation and its tuneability. Here the synthesis and characterisation of heterobimetallic complexes of a 3d metal (4: Mn, 5: Co) and lanthanum supported by a (1,1,1-tris[(3-methoxysalicylideneamino)methyl]ethane) ligand is reported, as well as discussion of their electronic structure via electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, electrochemical experiments and computational studies. Competitive binding experiments of the ligand and various metal salts unequivocally demonstrate that in these heterobimetallic complexes the 3d metal (Mn, Co) selectively occupies the κ6-N3O3 binding site of the ligand, whilst La occupies the κ6-O6 metal binding site in line with their relative oxophilicities. EPR spectroscopy supported by density functional theory analysis indicates that the 3d metal is high spin in both cases (S = 5/2 (Mn), 3/2 (Co)). Cyclic voltammetry studies on the Mn/La and Co/La bimetallic complexes revealed a quasi-reversible Mn2+/3+ redox process and poorly-defined irreversible oxidation events respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till Neumann
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London, SE1 1DB, UK.
| | - Benedict C Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London, SE1 1DB, UK.
| | - Denny Hebron
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London, SE1 1DB, UK.
| | - Daniel M Graycon
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London, SE1 1DB, UK.
| | - Alberto Collauto
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, 82 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Maxie M Roessler
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, 82 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Daniel W N Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London, SE1 1DB, UK.
| | - Rebecca A Musgrave
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London, SE1 1DB, UK.
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2
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Liu Q, Wang P, Wang Y, Zou J, Leng X, Deng L. Iron(I) Complex Bearing an Open-Shell Diazenido Ligand. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:13629-13640. [PMID: 38706251 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Low-valent transition-metal diazenido species are important intermediates in transition-metal-mediated dinitrogen reduction reactions. Isolable complexes of the type unanimously feature closed-shell diazenido ligands. Those bearing open-shell diazenido ligands have remained elusive. Herein, we report the synthesis, characterization, and reactivity of a d7 iron(I) complex featuring an open-shell silyldiazenido ligand, [(ICy)Fe(NNSiiPr3)(η2:η2-dvtms)] (1, ICy = 1,3-dicyclohexylimidazole-2-ylidene, dvtms = divinyltetramethyldisiloxane). Complex 1 is prepared in good yield by silylation of the iron(-I)-N2 complex [K(18-crown-6)][(ICy)Fe(N2)(η2:η2-dvtms)] with iPr3SiOTf and has been fully characterized by various spectroscopic methods. Theoretical studies, in combination with characterization data, established an S = 1/2 ground spin-state for 1 that can best be described as a quartet iron(I) center featuring an antiferromagnetically coupled triplet silyldiazenido ligand. The diazenido and alkene ligands in 1 are labile, as indicated by the facile disproportionation reaction of 1 at ambient temperature to transform into the iron(II) bis(diazenido) species [(ICy)(NNSiiPr3)2Fe(dvtms)Fe(NNSiiPr3)2(ICy)] (2) and the iron(0) species [(ICy)Fe(η2:η2-dvtms)] and also the alkene-exchange reaction of 1 with PhCH═CHBC8H14 to form [(ICy)Fe(NNSiiPr3)(η2-trans-PhCH═CHBC8H14)] (3). Complex 1 is light-sensitive. Upon photolysis, it undergoes a SiiPr3 radical-transfer reaction to yield [(ICy)Fe(σ:η2-MeCHSiMe2OSiMe2CH═CHSiiPr3)] (4) and N2. The reactions of 1 with the trityl radical and organic bromides yield iron(II) complexes, which indicates its reducing nature. Moreover, 1 is a weak hydrogen-atom abstractor, as indicated by its inertness toward HSi(SiMe3)3 and cyclohexa-1,4-diene and the low calculated N-H bond dissociation energy (48 kcal/mol) of its corresponding iron(II) iso-hydrazenido species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou 310024, P. R. China
| | - Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Yujian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Junjie Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Xuebing Leng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Liang Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou 310024, P. R. China
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3
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Morris RH. Reactivity umpolung (reversal) of ligands in transition metal complexes. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:2808-2827. [PMID: 38353155 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00979c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
The success and power of homogeneous catalysis derives in large part from the wide choice of transition metal ions and their ligands. This tutorial review introduces examples where the reactivity of a ligand is completely reversed (umpolung) from Lewis basic/nucleophilic to acidic/electrophilic or vice versa on changing the metal and co-ligands. Understanding this phenomenon will assist in the rational design of catalysts and the understanding of metalloenzyme mechanisms. Labelling a metal and ligand with Seebach donor and acceptor labels helps to identify whether a reaction involving the intermolecular attack on the ligand is displaying native reactivity or reactivity umpolung. This has been done for complexes of nitriles, carbonyls, isonitriles, dinitrogen, Fischer carbenes, alkenes, alkynes, hydrides, methyls, methylidenes and alkylidenes, silylenes, oxides, imides/nitrenes, alkylidynes, methylidynes, and nitrides. The electronic influence of the metal and co-ligands is discussed in terms of the energy of (HOMO) d electrons. The energy can be related to the pKLACa (LAC is ligand acidity constant) of the theoretical hydride complexes [H-[M]-L]+ formed by the protonation of pair of valence d electrons on the metal in the [M-L] complex. Preliminary findings indicate that a negative pKLACa indicates that nucleophilic attack by a carbanion or amine on the ligand will likely occur while a positive pKLACa indicates that electrophilic attack by strong acids on the ligand will usually occur when the ligand is nitrile, carbonyl, isonitrile, alkene and η6-arene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Morris
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S3H6.
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4
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Bhutto SM, Hooper RX, McWilliams SF, Mercado BQ, Holland PL. Iron(iv) alkyl complexes: electronic structure contributions to Fe-C bond homolysis and migration reactions that form N-C bonds from N 2. Chem Sci 2024; 15:3485-3494. [PMID: 38455018 PMCID: PMC10915813 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05939a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
High-valent iron alkyl complexes are rare, as they are prone to Fe-C bond homolysis. Here, we describe an unusual way to access formally iron(iv) alkyl complexes through double silylation of iron(i) alkyl dinitrogen complexes to form an NNSi2 group. Spectroscopically validated computations show that the disilylehydrazido(2-) ligand stabilizes the formal iron(iv) oxidation state through a strongly covalent Fe-N π-interaction, in which one π-bond fits an "inverted field" description. This means that the two bonding electrons are localized more on the metal than the ligand, and thus an iron(ii) resonance structure is a significant contributor, similar to the previously-reported phenyl analogue. However, in contrast to the phenyl complex which has an S = 1 ground state, the ground state of the alkyl complex is S = 2, which places one electron in the π* orbital, leading to longer and weaker Fe-N bonds. The reactivity of these hydrazido(2-) complexes is dependent on the steric and electronic properties of the specific alkyl group. When the alkyl group is the bulky trimethylsilylmethyl, the formally iron(iv) species is stable at room temperature and no migration of the alkyl ligand is observed. However, the analogous complex with the smaller methyl ligand does indeed undergo migration of the carbon-based ligand to the NNSi2 group to form a new N-C bond. This migration is followed by isomerization of the hydrazido ligand, and the product exists as two isomers that have distinct η1 and η2 binding of the hydrazido group. Lastly, when the alkyl group is benzyl, the Fe-C bond homolyzes to give a three-coordinate hydrazido(2-) complex which is likely due to the greater stability of a benzyl radical compared to that for methyl or trimethylsilylmethyl. These studies demonstrate the availability of a hydrocarbyl migration pathway at formally iron(iv) centers to form new N-C bonds directly to N2, though product selectivity is highly dependent on the identity of the migrating group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M Bhutto
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University New Haven Connecticut 06520 USA
| | - Reagan X Hooper
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University New Haven Connecticut 06520 USA
| | - Sean F McWilliams
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University New Haven Connecticut 06520 USA
| | - Brandon Q Mercado
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University New Haven Connecticut 06520 USA
| | - Patrick L Holland
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University New Haven Connecticut 06520 USA
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5
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Landaeta VR, Horsley Downie TM, Wolf R. Low-Valent Transition Metalate Anions in Synthesis, Small Molecule Activation, and Catalysis. Chem Rev 2024; 124:1323-1463. [PMID: 38354371 PMCID: PMC10906008 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
This review surveys the synthesis and reactivity of low-oxidation state metalate anions of the d-block elements, with an emphasis on contributions reported between 2006 and 2022. Although the field has a long and rich history, the chemistry of transition metalate anions has been greatly enhanced in the last 15 years by the application of advanced concepts in complex synthesis and ligand design. In recent years, the potential of highly reactive metalate complexes in the fields of small molecule activation and homogeneous catalysis has become increasingly evident. Consequently, exciting applications in small molecule activation have been developed, including in catalytic transformations. This article intends to guide the reader through the fascinating world of low-valent transition metalates. The first part of the review describes the synthesis and reactivity of d-block metalates stabilized by an assortment of ligand frameworks, including carbonyls, isocyanides, alkenes and polyarenes, phosphines and phosphorus heterocycles, amides, and redox-active nitrogen-based ligands. Thereby, the reader will be familiarized with the impact of different ligand types on the physical and chemical properties of metalates. In addition, ion-pairing interactions and metal-metal bonding may have a dramatic influence on metalate structures and reactivities. The complex ramifications of these effects are examined in a separate section. The second part of the review is devoted to the reactivity of the metalates toward small inorganic molecules such as H2, N2, CO, CO2, P4 and related species. It is shown that the use of highly electron-rich and reactive metalates in small molecule activation translates into impressive catalytic properties in the hydrogenation of organic molecules and the reduction of N2, CO, and CO2. The results discussed in this review illustrate that the potential of transition metalate anions is increasingly being tapped for challenging catalytic processes with relevance to organic synthesis and energy conversion. Therefore, it is hoped that this review will serve as a useful resource to inspire further developments in this dynamic research field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert Wolf
- University of Regensburg, Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
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6
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Specklin D, Boegli MC, Coffinet A, Escomel L, Vendier L, Grellier M, Simonneau A. An orbitally adapted push-pull template for N 2 activation and reduction to diazene-diide. Chem Sci 2023; 14:14262-14270. [PMID: 38098710 PMCID: PMC10718075 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04390h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A Lewis superacidic bis(borane) C6F4{B(C6F5)2}2 was reacted with tungsten N2-complexes [W(N2)2(R2PCH2CH2PR2)2] (R = Ph or Et), affording zwitterionic boryldiazenido W(ii) complexes trans-[W(L)(R2PCH2CH2PR2)2(N2{B(C6F5)2(C6F4B(C6F5)3})] (L = ø, N2 or THF). These compounds feature only one N-B linkage of the covalent type, as a result of intramolecular boron-to-boron C6F5 transfer. Complex trans-[W(THF)(Et2PCH2CH2PEt2)2(N2{B(C6F5)2C6F4B(C6F5)3})] (5) was shown to split H2, leading to a seven-coordinate complex [W(H)2(Et2PCH2CH2PEt2)2(N2{B(C6F5)2}2C6F4)] (7). Interestingly, hydride storage at the metal triggers backward C6F5 transfer. This reverts the bis(boron) moiety to its bis(borane) state, now doubly binding the distal N, with structural parameters and DFT computations pointing to dative N→B bonding. By comparison with an N2 complex [W(H)2(Et2PCH2CH2PEt2)2(N2{B(C6F5)3}] (10) differing only in the Lewis acid (LA), namely B(C6F5)3, coordinated to the distal N, we demonstrate that two-fold LA coordination imparts strong N2 activation up to the diazene-diide (N22-) state. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of a neutral LA coordination that induces reduction of N2.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Specklin
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS 205 route de Narbonne BP44099 F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
| | - Marie-Christine Boegli
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS 205 route de Narbonne BP44099 F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
| | - Anaïs Coffinet
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS 205 route de Narbonne BP44099 F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
| | - Léon Escomel
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS 205 route de Narbonne BP44099 F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
| | - Laure Vendier
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS 205 route de Narbonne BP44099 F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
| | - Mary Grellier
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS 205 route de Narbonne BP44099 F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
| | - Antoine Simonneau
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS 205 route de Narbonne BP44099 F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
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7
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Wang GX, Yin ZB, Wei J, Xi Z. Dinitrogen Activation and Functionalization Affording Chromium Diazenido and Hydrazido Complexes. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:3211-3222. [PMID: 37937752 PMCID: PMC10666292 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusThe activation and functionalization of N2 to form nitrogen-element bonds have long posed challenges to industrial, biological, and synthetic chemists. The first transition-metal dinitrogen complex prepared by Allen and Senoff in 1965 provoked researchers to explore homogeneous N2 fixation. Despite intensive research in the last six decades, efficient and quantitative conversion of N2 to diazenido and hydrazido species remains problematic. Relative to a plethora of reactions to generate N2 complexes, their functionalization reactions are rather rare, and the yields are often unsatisfactory, emphasizing the need for systematic investigations of the reaction mechanisms.In this Account, we summarize our recent work on the synthesis, spectroscopic features, electronic structures, and reactivities of several Cr-N2 complexes. Initially, a series of dinuclear and trinuclear Cr(I)-N2 complexes bearing cyclopentadienyl-phosphine ligands were accessed. However, they cannot achieve N2 functionalization but undergo oxidative addition reactions with phenylsilane, azobenzene, and other unsaturated organic compounds at the low-valent Cr(I) centers rather than at the N2 unit. Further reduction of these Cr(I) complexes leads to the formation of more activated mononuclear Cr(0) bis-dinitrogen complexes. Remarkably, silylation of the cyclopentadienyl-phosphine Cr(0)-N2 complex with Me3SiCl afforded the first Cr hydrazido complex. This process follows the distal pathway to functionalize the Nβ atom twice, yielding an end-on η1-hydrazido complex, Cr(III)═N-N(SiMe3)2. In contrast, upon substitution of the phosphine ligand in the Cr(0)-N2 complex with a N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligand, the corresponding reaction with Me3SiCl proceeds via the alternating pathway; the silylation occurs at both Nα and Nβ atoms and generates a side-on η2-hydrazido complex, Cr(III)(η2-Me3SiN-NSiMe3). Both silylation reactions are inevitably accompanied by the formation of Cr(III) hydrazido complexes and Cr(II) chlorides with a 2:1 ratio. These processes exhibit a peculiar '3-4-2-1' stoichiometry (i.e., treating 3 equiv of Cr(0)-N2 complexes with 4 equiv of Me3SiCl yields 2 equiv of Cr(III) disilyl-hydrazido complexes and 1 equiv of Cr(II) chloride). Upon replacing the monodentate phosphine and/or NHC ligand with a bisphosphine ligand, a monodinitrogen Cr(0) complex, instead of the bis-dinitrogen Cr(0) complexes, is obtained; consequently, the silylation reactions progress via the normal two-electron route, which passes through Cr(II)-N═N-R diazenido species as an intermediate and furnishes [Cr(IV)═N-NR2]+ hydrazido as the final products. More importantly, this type of Cr(0)-N2 complex can be not only silylated but also protonated and alkylated proficiently. All of the second-order reaction rates of the first and second transformations are determined along with the lifetimes of the intervening diazenido species. Based on these findings, we have successfully carried out nearly quantitative preparations of the Cr(IV) hydrazido species with unmixed or hybrid substituents.The studies of Cr-N2 systems provide effective approaches for the activation and functionalization of N2, deepening the understanding of N2 electrophilic attack. We hope that this Account will inspire more discoveries related to the transformation of gaseous N2 to high-value-added nitrogen-containing organic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao-Xiang Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhu-Bao Yin
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Junnian Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhenfeng Xi
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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8
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Fernández S, Fernando S, Planas O. Cooperation towards nobility: equipping first-row transition metals with an aluminium sword. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:14259-14286. [PMID: 37740303 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02722h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
The exploration for noble metals substitutes in catalysis has become a highly active area of research, driven by the pursuit of sustainable chemical processes. Although the utilization of base metals holds great potential as an alternative, their successful implementation in predictable catalytic processes necessitates the development of appropriate ligands. Such ligands must be capable of controlling their intricate redox chemistry and promote two-electron events, thus mimicking well-established organometallic processes in noble metal catalysis. While numerous approaches for infusing nobility to base metals have been explored, metal-ligand cooperation has garnered significant attention in recent years. Within this context, aluminium-based ligands offer interesting features to fine-tune the activity of metal centres, but their application in base metal catalysis remains largely unexplored. This perspective seeks to highlight the most recent breakthroughs in the reactivity of heterobimetallic aluminium-base-metal complexes, while also showcasing their potential to develop novel and predictable catalytic transformations. By turning the spotlight on such heterobimetallic species, we aim to inspire chemists to explore aluminium-base-metal species and expand the range of their applications as catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Fernández
- Queen Mary University of London, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK.
| | - Selwin Fernando
- Queen Mary University of London, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK.
| | - Oriol Planas
- Queen Mary University of London, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK.
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9
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Zhang Y, Pan X, Xu M, Xiong C, Hong D, Fang H, Cui P. Dinitrogen Complexes of Cobalt(-I) Supported by Rare-Earth Metal-Based Metalloligands. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:3836-3846. [PMID: 36800534 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c04099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Sequential reactions of heptadentate phosphinoamine LH3 with rare-earth metal tris-alkyl precursor (Me3SiCH2)3Ln(THF)2 (Ln = Sc, Lu, Yb, Y, Gd) and a low-valent cobalt complex (Ph3P)3CoI afforded rare-earth metal-supported cobalt iodide complexes. Reduction of these iodide complexes under N2 allowed the isolation of the first series of dinitrogen complexes of Co(-I) featuring dative Co(-I) → Ln (Ln = Sc, Lu, Yb, Y, Gd) bonding interactions. These compounds were characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, electrochemistry, and computational studies. The correlation of N-N vibrational frequencies with the pKa of [Ln(H2O)6]3+ showed that strongest activation of N2 was achieved with the least Lewis acidic Gd(III) ion. Interestingly, these Ln-Co-N2 complexes catalyzed silylation of N2 in the presence of KC8 and Me3SiCl with turnover numbers (TONs) up to 16, where the lutetium-supported Co(-I) complex showed the highest activity within the series. The role of the Lewis acidic Ln(III) was crucial to achieve catalytic turnovers and tunable reactivity toward N2 functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functionalized Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, 189 South Jiuhua Road, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Pan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, Nankai University, No. 38 Tongyan Road, Haihe Education Park, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Min Xu
- Key Laboratory of Functionalized Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, 189 South Jiuhua Road, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, P. R. China
| | - Chunyan Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Functionalized Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, 189 South Jiuhua Road, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, P. R. China
| | - Dongjing Hong
- Key Laboratory of Functionalized Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, 189 South Jiuhua Road, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, P. R. China
| | - Huayi Fang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, Nankai University, No. 38 Tongyan Road, Haihe Education Park, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Peng Cui
- Key Laboratory of Functionalized Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, 189 South Jiuhua Road, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, P. R. China
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10
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Bhutto SM, Hooper RX, Mercado BQ, Holland PL. Mechanism of Nitrogen-Carbon Bond Formation from Iron(IV) Disilylhydrazido Intermediates during N 2 Reduction. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:4626-4637. [PMID: 36794981 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
We recently reported a reaction sequence that activates C-H bonds in simple arenes as well as the N-N triple bond in N2, delivering the aryl group to N2 to form a new N-C bond (Nature 2020, 584, 221). This enables the transformation of abundant feedstocks (arenes and N2) into N-containing organic compounds. The key N-C bond forming step occurs upon partial silylation of N2. However, the pathway through which reduction, silylation, and migration occurred was unknown. Here, we describe synthetic, structural, magnetic, spectroscopic, kinetic, and computational studies that elucidate the steps of this transformation. N2 must be silylated twice at the distal N atom before aryl migration can occur, and sequential silyl radical and silyl cation addition is a kinetically competent pathway to a formally iron(IV)-NN(SiMe3)2 intermediate that can be isolated at low temperature. Kinetic studies show its first-order conversion to the migrated product, and DFT calculations indicate a concerted transition state for migration. The electronic structure of the formally iron(IV) intermediate is examined using DFT and CASSCF calculations, which reveal contributions from iron(II) and iron(III) resonance forms with oxidized NNSi2 ligands. The depletion of electron density from the Fe-coordinated N atom makes it electrophilic enough to accept the incoming aryl group. This new pathway for the N-C bond formation offers a method for functionalizing N2 using organometallic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M Bhutto
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect St., New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Reagan X Hooper
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect St., New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Brandon Q Mercado
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect St., New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Patrick L Holland
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect St., New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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11
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Yin ZB, Wu B, Wang GX, Wei J, Xi Z. Dinitrogen Functionalization Affording Chromium Diazenido and Side-on η 2-Hydrazido Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:7065-7070. [PMID: 36815758 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Isolation of key intermediate complexes in dinitrogen functionalization is crucial for elucidating the mechanistic details and further investigation. Herein, the synthesis and characterization of (μ-η1:η1-N2)(η1-N2)-Cr(I) 3 and (η1-N2)2-Cr(0) complexes 4 supported by Cp* (Cp* = C5Me5) and NHC ligands were reported. Further functionalization of Cr(0)-N2 complex 4 with silyl halides delivered the key intermediates in the alternating pathway, the chromium diazenido complex 5 and the chromium side-on η2-hydrazido complex 6. Protonation of 6 led to the quantitative formation of N2H4. Moreover, the [η2-Me3SiNNSiMe3]2- unit in 6 enabled N-C bond formation reactions with CO2 and tBuNCO, giving the corresponding N,O-chelating hydrazidochromium complexes 7 and 8, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu-Bao Yin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Botao Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Gao-Xiang Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Junnian Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhenfeng Xi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Shanghai, 200032, China
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12
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Fantuzzi F, Moral R, Dewhurst RD, Braunschweig H, Phukan AK. Probing the Potential of Hitherto Unexplored Base‐Stabilized Borylenes in Dinitrogen Binding. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104123. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Fantuzzi
- School of Physical Sciences Ingram Building University of Kent Park Wood Rd Canterbury CT2 7NH UK
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Rubi Moral
- Department of Chemical Sciences Tezpur University Napaam 784028 Assam India
| | - Rian D. Dewhurst
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Ashwini K. Phukan
- Department of Chemical Sciences Tezpur University Napaam 784028 Assam India
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13
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Garibello CF, Simonov AN, Eldridge DS, Mahlerbe F, Hocking RK. Redox properties of iron sulfides: direct versus catalytic reduction and implications for catalyst design. ChemCatChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202200270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Felipe Garibello
- Swinburne University of Technology - Hawthorn Campus: Swinburne University of Technology Chemistry and Biotechnology AUSTRALIA
| | | | - Daniel S. Eldridge
- Swinburne University of Technology - Hawthorn Campus: Swinburne University of Technology Chemistry and Biotechnology AUSTRALIA
| | - Francois Mahlerbe
- Swinburne University of Technology - Hawthorn Campus: Swinburne University of Technology Chemistry and Biotechnology AUSTRALIA
| | - Rosalie Katherine Hocking
- Swinburne University of Technology Chemistry and Biotechnology John Street Hawthorn 3128 Melbourne AUSTRALIA
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14
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Kishino M, Takaoka S, Shibutani Y, Kusumoto S, Nozaki K. Synthesis and reactivity of PC(sp 3)P-pincer iridium complexes bearing a diborylmethyl anion. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:5009-5015. [PMID: 35296874 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00513a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Novel PCP-pincer iridium complexes bearing a diborylmethyl anion were synthesized. Strong σ-electron-donation to the metal and significant π-backdonation from the metal to boron atoms at the β-position were observed both experimentally and computationally. H/D exchange of the aromatic C-H bond proceeded smoothly and, in addition, the α-methine-hydrogen between boron atoms was found to be replaced with deuterium in benzene-d6 solution possibly through diborylcarbene metal complexes as intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamichi Kishino
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Satoko Takaoka
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Yuki Shibutani
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Shuhei Kusumoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Kyoko Nozaki
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
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15
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Furan S, Molkenthin M, Winkels K, Lork E, Mebs S, Hupf E, Beckmann J. Tris(6-diphenylphosphinoacenaphth-5-yl)gallium: Z-Type Ligand and Transmetalation Reagent. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sinas Furan
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Straße 7, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Martin Molkenthin
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Straße 7, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Konrad Winkels
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Straße 7, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Enno Lork
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Straße 7, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Stefan Mebs
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Emanuel Hupf
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Straße 7, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Jens Beckmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Straße 7, 28359 Bremen, Germany
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16
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Deegan MM, Peters JC. Synthesis and functionalization reactivity of Fe-thiocarbonyl and thiocarbyne complexes. Polyhedron 2021; 209. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2021.115461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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17
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Ghosh B, Fantuzzi F, Phukan AK. Understanding, Modulating, and Leveraging Transannular M → Z Interactions. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:12790-12800. [PMID: 34424687 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Density functional theory calculations have been performed on metallatranes featuring a group 13 elements at the bridgehead position to understand the factors that influence the nature of the M···Z (M = Fe, Co, Ni; Z = Al, Ga, In) interaction present in these complexes and the resultant reactivity at the metal center. The strength of the M···Z interaction increases with the increase in the size and polarizability of the bridgehead group 13 elements. The calculated reaction free energies (ΔG° values) for binding of different Lewis bases to the metallatranes are found to be significantly more exergonic for the larger In(III) ions. Quantum theory of atoms in molecules calculations reveal the covalent nature of the M···Z interactions, while the EDA-NOCV analysis indicates the strong binding ability of these metallatranes not only to different σ-donor and π-acceptor ligands but also to relatively inert species, such as N2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijoy Ghosh
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tezpur University, Napaam 784028, Assam, India
| | - Felipe Fantuzzi
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.,Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ashwini K Phukan
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tezpur University, Napaam 784028, Assam, India
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18
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Murakami R, Tanishima H, Naito D, Kawamitsu H, Kamo R, Uchida A, Kawasaki K, Kiyohara C, Matsuo M, Maeda K, Inagaki F. Diastereoselective tricyclization/dimerization of yne-indoles catalyzed by a Au(III) complex featuring an L2/Z-type ligand. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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McSkimming A, Suess DLM. Dinitrogen binding and activation at a molybdenum-iron-sulfur cluster. Nat Chem 2021; 13:666-670. [PMID: 34045715 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-021-00701-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Fe-S clusters of nitrogenases carry out the life-sustaining conversion of N2 to NH3. Although progress continues to be made in modelling the structural features of nitrogenase cofactors, no synthetic Fe-S cluster has been shown to form a well-defined coordination complex with N2. Here we report that embedding an [MoFe3S4] cluster in a protective ligand environment enables N2 binding at Fe. The bridging [MoFe3S4]2(μ-η1:η1-N2) complex thus prepared features a substantially weakened N-N bond despite the relatively high formal oxidation states of the metal centres. Substitution of one of the [MoFe3S4] cubanes with an electropositive Ti metalloradical induces additional charge transfer to the N2 ligand with generation of Fe-N multiple-bond character. Structural and spectroscopic analyses demonstrate that N2 activation is accompanied by shortened Fe-S distances and charge transfer from each Fe site, including those not directly bound to N2. These findings indicate that covalent interactions within the cluster play a critical role in N2 binding and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex McSkimming
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Daniel L M Suess
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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20
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Tanabe Y, Nishibayashi Y. Comprehensive insights into synthetic nitrogen fixation assisted by molecular catalysts under ambient or mild conditions. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:5201-5242. [PMID: 33651046 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01341b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
N2 is fixed as NH3 industrially by the Haber-Bosch process under harsh conditions, whereas biological nitrogen fixation is achieved under ambient conditions, which has prompted development of alternative methods to fix N2 catalyzed by transition metal molecular complexes. Since the early 21st century, catalytic conversion of N2 into NH3 under ambient conditions has been achieved by using molecular catalysts, and now H2O has been utilized as a proton source with turnover frequencies reaching the values found for biological nitrogen fixation. In this review, recent advances in the development of molecular catalysts for synthetic N2 fixation under ambient or mild conditions are summarized, and potential directions for future research are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Tanabe
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Yoshiaki Nishibayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
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21
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22
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Grant LN, Bhunia M, Pinter B, Rebreyend C, Carroll ME, Carroll PJ, de Bruin B, Mindiola DJ. Pursuit of an Electron Deficient Titanium Nitride. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:5635-5646. [PMID: 33825450 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c03644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The nitride salt [(PN)2Ti≡N{μ2-K(OEt2)}]2 (1) (PN- = (N-(2-PiPr2-4-methylphenyl)-2,4,6-Me3C6H2) can be oxidized with two equiv of I2 or four equiv of ClCPh3 to produce the phosphinimide-halide complexes (NPN')(PN)Ti(X) (X- = I (2), Cl (3); NPN' = N-(2-NPiPr2-4-methylphenyl)-2,4,6-Me3C6H22-), respectively. In the case of 2, H2 was found to be one of the other products; whereas, HCPh3 and Gomberg's dimer were observed upon the formation of 3. Independent studies suggest that the oxidation of 1 could imply the formation of the transient nitridyl species [(PN)2Ti(≡N•)] (A), which can either oxidize the proximal phosphine atom to produce the Ti(III) intermediate [(NPN')(PN)Ti] (B) or, alternatively, engage in H atom abstraction to form the parent imido (PN)2Ti≡NH (4). The latter was independently prepared and was found to photochemically convert to the titanium-hydride, (NPN')(PN)Ti(H) (5). Isotopic labeling studies using (PN)2Ti≡ND (4-d1) as well as reactivity studies of 5 with a hydride abstractor demonstrate the presence of the hydride ligand in 5. An alternative route to putative A was observed via a photochemically promoted incomplete reduction of the azide ligand in (PN)2Ti(N3) (6) to 4. This process was accompanied by some formation of 5. Frozen matrix X-band EPR studies of 6, performed under photolytic conditions, were consistent with species B being formed under these reaction conditions, originating from a low barrier N-insertion into the phosphine group in the putative nitridyl species A. Computational studies were also undertaken to discover the mechanism and plausibility of the divergent pathways (via intermediates A and B) in the formation of 2 and 3, and to characterize the bonding and electronic structure of the elusive nitrogen-centered radical in A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren N Grant
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Mrinal Bhunia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Balazs Pinter
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso 2390123, Chile
| | - Christophe Rebreyend
- Department of Homogeneous Catalysis, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Faculty of Science, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Postbus 94720, Amsterdam
| | - Maria E Carroll
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Patrick J Carroll
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Bas de Bruin
- Department of Homogeneous Catalysis, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Faculty of Science, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Postbus 94720, Amsterdam
| | - Daniel J Mindiola
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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23
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Masero F, Perrin MA, Dey S, Mougel V. Dinitrogen Fixation: Rationalizing Strategies Utilizing Molecular Complexes. Chemistry 2021; 27:3892-3928. [PMID: 32914919 PMCID: PMC7986120 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dinitrogen (N2 ) is the most abundant gas in Earth's atmosphere, but its inertness hinders its use as a nitrogen source in the biosphere and in industry. Efficient catalysts are hence required to ov. ercome the high kinetic barriers associated to N2 transformation. In that respect, molecular complexes have demonstrated strong potential to mediate N2 functionalization reactions under mild conditions while providing a straightforward understanding of the reaction mechanisms. This Review emphasizes the strategies for N2 reduction and functionalization using molecular transition metal and actinide complexes according to their proposed reaction mechanisms, distinguishing complexes inducing cleavage of the N≡N bond before (dissociative mechanism) or concomitantly with functionalization (associative mechanism). We present here the main examples of stoichiometric and catalytic N2 functionalization reactions following these strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Masero
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesLaboratory of Inorganic ChemistryETH ZürichVladimir Prelog Weg 1–58093ZürichSwitzerland
| | - Marie A. Perrin
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesLaboratory of Inorganic ChemistryETH ZürichVladimir Prelog Weg 1–58093ZürichSwitzerland
| | - Subal Dey
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesLaboratory of Inorganic ChemistryETH ZürichVladimir Prelog Weg 1–58093ZürichSwitzerland
| | - Victor Mougel
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesLaboratory of Inorganic ChemistryETH ZürichVladimir Prelog Weg 1–58093ZürichSwitzerland
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24
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Fajardo J, Peters JC. Tripodal P 3XFe-N 2 Complexes (X = B, Al, Ga): Effect of the Apical Atom on Bonding, Electronic Structure, and Catalytic N 2-to-NH 3 Conversion. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:1220-1227. [PMID: 33410667 PMCID: PMC8279418 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c03354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Terminal dinitrogen complexes of iron ligated by tripodal, tetradentate P3X ligands (X = B, C, Si) have previously been shown to mediate catalytic N2-to-NH3 conversion (N2RR) with external proton and electron sources. From this set of compounds, the tris(phosphino)borane (P3B) system is most active under all conditions canvassed thus far. To further probe the effects of the apical Lewis acidic atom on structure, bonding, and N2RR activity, Fe-N2 complexes supported by analogous group 13 tris(phosphino)alane (P3Al) and tris(phosphino)gallane (P3Ga) ligands are synthesized. The series of P3XFe-N2[0/1-] compounds (X = B, Al, Ga) possess similar electronic structures, degrees of N2 activation, and geometric flexibility as determined from spectroscopic, structural, electrochemical, and computational (DFT) studies. However, treatment of [Na(12-crown-4)2][P3XFe-N2] (X = Al, Ga) with excess acid/reductant in the form of HBArF4/KC8 generates only 2.5 ± 0.1 and 2.7 ± 0.2 equiv of NH3 per Fe, respectively. Similarly, the use of [H2NPh2][OTf]/Cp*2Co leads to the production of 4.1 ± 0.9 (X = Al) and 3.6 ± 0.3 (X = Ga) equiv of NH3. Preliminary reactivity studies confirming P3XFe framework stability under pseudocatalytic conditions suggest that a greater selectivity for hydrogen evolution versus N2RR may be responsible for the attenuated yields of NH3 observed for P3AlFe and P3GaFe relative to P3BFe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Fajardo
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Jonas C Peters
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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25
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Rempel A, Mellerup SK, Fantuzzi F, Herzog A, Deißenberger A, Bertermann R, Engels B, Braunschweig H. Functionalization of N 2 via Formal 1,3-Haloboration of a Tungsten(0) σ-Dinitrogen Complex. Chemistry 2020; 26:16019-16027. [PMID: 32957161 PMCID: PMC7756771 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Boron tribromide and aryldihaloboranes were found to undergo 1,3-haloboration across one W-N≡N moiety of a group 6 end-on dinitrogen complex (i.e. trans-[W(N2 )2 (dppe)2 ]). The N-borylated products consist of a reduced diazenido unit sandwiched between a WII center and a trivalent boron substituent (W-N=N-BXAr), and have all been fully characterized by NMR and IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Both the terminal N atom and boron center in the W-N=N-BXAr unit can be further derivatized using electrophiles and nucleophiles/Lewis bases, respectively. This mild reduction and functionalization of a weakly activated N2 ligand with boron halides is unprecedented, and hints at the possibility of generating value-added nitrogen compounds directly from molecular dinitrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rempel
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with BoronJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Institute for Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Soren K. Mellerup
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with BoronJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Institute for Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Felipe Fantuzzi
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with BoronJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Institute for Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgEmil-Fischer-Str. 4297074WürzburgGermany
| | - Anselm Herzog
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with BoronJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Institute for Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Andrea Deißenberger
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with BoronJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Institute for Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Rüdiger Bertermann
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with BoronJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Institute for Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Bernd Engels
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgEmil-Fischer-Str. 4297074WürzburgGermany
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with BoronJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Institute for Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
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26
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Mei L, Veleta JM, Bloch J, Goodman HJ, Pierce-Navarro D, Villalobos A, Gianetti TL. Tunable carbocation-based redox active ambiphilic ligands: synthesis, coordination and characterization. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:16095-16105. [PMID: 32186563 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt00419g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of novel redox active ambiphilic ligands L1-L3 and their coordination chemistry to first-row late transition metal halides (M = Co and Ni) is reported. The heterocyclic carbocation scaffolds act as Lewis acid moieties while the pyridine anchor acts as the coordinating Lewis base. The high synthetic tunability of this ligand scaffold allows for control of its rigidity and electronic properties. Anion exchange and coordination of a chloride anion to the metal center was observed resulting in the formation of [MCl3]- metallate. Upon coordination to the pyridine anchor, the metallate centers adopt a canonical tetrahedral geometry, resulting in an overall neutral complex best described as a zwitterionic metallate trichloride bound to a cationic ligand. Characterization techniques including single crystal X-ray diffraction, cyclic voltammetry, and UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy were employed to better understand the structural and chemical properties of the ligands and metal complexes. A possible weak interaction between one of the chlorides and the carbenium moiety in the ligand is observed in crystals of both of the Co(ii) and Ni(ii) complexes with ligand L1. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations support that this electrostatic interaction for complexes 2a and 2b exists only in the solid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangyong Mei
- University of Arizona, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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27
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Dong HT, Chalkley MJ, Oyala PH, Zhao J, Alp EE, Hu MY, Peters JC, Lehnert N. Exploring the Limits of Dative Boratrane Bonding: Iron as a Strong Lewis Base in Low-Valent Non-Heme Iron-Nitrosyl Complexes. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:14967-14982. [PMID: 32989992 PMCID: PMC7640944 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported the synthesis and preliminary characterization of a unique series of low-spin (ls) {FeNO}8-10 complexes supported by an ambiphilic trisphosphineborane ligand, [Fe(TPB)(NO)]+/0/-. Herein, we use advanced spectroscopic techniques and density functional theory (DFT) calculations to extract detailed information as to how the bonding changes across the redox series. We find that, in spite of the highly reduced nature of these complexes, they feature an NO+ ligand throughout with strong Fe-NO π-backbonding and essentially closed-shell electronic structures of their FeNO units. This is enabled by an Fe-B interaction that is present throughout the series. In particular, the most reduced [Fe(TPB)(NO)]- complex, an example of a ls-{FeNO}10 species, features a true reverse dative Fe → B bond where the Fe center acts as a strong Lewis-base. Hence, this complex is in fact electronically similar to the ls-{FeNO}8 system, with two additional electrons "stored" on site in an Fe-B single bond. The outlier in this series is the ls-{FeNO}9 complex, due to spin polarization (quantified by pulse EPR spectroscopy), which weakens the Fe-NO bond. These data are further contextualized by comparison with a related N2 complex, [Fe(TPB)(N2)]-, which is a key intermediate in Fe(TPB)-catalyzed N2 fixation. Our present study finds that the Fe → B interaction is key for storing the electrons needed to achieve a highly reduced state in these systems, and highlights the pitfalls associated with using geometric parameters to try to evaluate reverse dative interactions, a finding with broader implications to the study of transition metal complexes with boratrane and related ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai T. Dong
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Matthew J. Chalkley
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Paul H. Oyala
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Jiyong Zhao
- Advanced Photon Source (APS), Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - E. Ercan Alp
- Advanced Photon Source (APS), Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Michael Y. Hu
- Advanced Photon Source (APS), Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Jonas C. Peters
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Nicolai Lehnert
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
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28
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Takaya J. Catalysis using transition metal complexes featuring main group metal and metalloid compounds as supporting ligands. Chem Sci 2020; 12:1964-1981. [PMID: 34163959 PMCID: PMC8179324 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04238b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent development in catalytic application of transition metal complexes having an M-E bond (E = main group metal or metalloid element), which is stabilized by a multidentate ligand, is summarized. Main group metal and metalloid supporting ligands furnish unusual electronic and steric environments and molecular functions to transition metals, which are not easily available with standard organic supporting ligands such as phosphines and amines. These characteristics often realize remarkable catalytic activity, unique product selectivity, and new molecular transformations. This perspective demonstrates the promising utility of main group metal and metalloid compounds as a new class of supporting ligands for transition metal catalysts in synthetic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Takaya
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology O-okayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8551 Japan
- JST, PRESTO Honcho Kawaguchi Saitama 332-0012 Japan
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29
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Abstract
A persistent challenge in chemistry is to activate abundant, yet inert molecules such as hydrocarbons and atmospheric N2. In particular, forming C–N bonds from N2 typically requires a reactive organic precursor1, which limits the ability to design catalytic cycles. Here, we report an diketiminate-supported iron system that is able to sequentially activate benzene and N2 to form aniline derivatives. The key to this new coupling reaction is the partial silylation of a reduced iron-N2 complex, which is followed by migratory insertion of a benzene-derived phenyl group to the nitrogen. Further reduction releases the nitrogen products, and the resulting iron species can re-enter the cyclic pathway. Using a mixture of sodium powder, crown ether, and trimethylsilyl bromide, an easily prepared diketiminate iron bromide complex2 can mediate the one-pot conversion of several petroleum-derived compounds into the corresponding silylated aniline derivatives using N2 as the nitrogen source. Numerous compounds along the cyclic pathway have been isolated and crystallographically characterized; their reactivity outlines the mechanism including the hydrocarbon activation step and the N2 functionalization step. This strategy incorporates nitrogen atoms from N2 directly into abundant hydrocarbons.
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30
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Kim S, Loose F, Chirik PJ. Beyond Ammonia: Nitrogen–Element Bond Forming Reactions with Coordinated Dinitrogen. Chem Rev 2020; 120:5637-5681. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sangmin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Florian Loose
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Paul J. Chirik
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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31
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Chalkley MJ, Drover MW, Peters JC. Catalytic N 2-to-NH 3 (or -N 2H 4) Conversion by Well-Defined Molecular Coordination Complexes. Chem Rev 2020; 120:5582-5636. [PMID: 32352271 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen fixation, the six-electron/six-proton reduction of N2, to give NH3, is one of the most challenging and important chemical transformations. Notwithstanding the barriers associated with this reaction, significant progress has been made in developing molecular complexes that reduce N2 into its bioavailable form, NH3. This progress is driven by the dual aims of better understanding biological nitrogenases and improving upon industrial nitrogen fixation. In this review, we highlight both mechanistic understanding of nitrogen fixation that has been developed, as well as advances in yields, efficiencies, and rates that make molecular alternatives to nitrogen fixation increasingly appealing. We begin with a historical discussion of N2 functionalization chemistry that traverses a timeline of events leading up to the discovery of the first bona fide molecular catalyst system and follow with a comprehensive overview of d-block compounds that have been targeted as catalysts up to and including 2019. We end with a summary of lessons learned from this significant research effort and last offer a discussion of key remaining challenges in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Chalkley
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Marcus W Drover
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Jonas C Peters
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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32
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Shima T, Yang J, Luo G, Luo Y, Hou Z. Dinitrogen Activation and Hydrogenation by C5Me4SiMe3-Ligated Di- and Trinuclear Chromium Hydride Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:9007-9016. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c02939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Shima
- Advanced Catalysis Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Jimin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhaomin Hou
- Advanced Catalysis Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People’s Republic of China
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33
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Dorantes MJ, Moore JT, Bill E, Mienert B, Lu CC. Bimetallic iron–tin catalyst for N2 to NH3 and a silyldiazenido model intermediate. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:11030-11033. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc04563b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A new tin-supported iron complex catalyzes N2 fixation. The role of this heavy main group element in the catalysis is evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James T. Moore
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Minnesota
- Minneapolis
- USA
| | - Eckhard Bill
- Max Planck Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion
- 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr
- Germany
| | - Bernd Mienert
- Max Planck Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion
- 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr
- Germany
| | - Connie C. Lu
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Minnesota
- Minneapolis
- USA
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34
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Frogley BJ, Hill AF, Sharma M, Sinha A, Ward JS. Semi-bridging σ-silyls as Z-type ligands. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:3532-3535. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc07763d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reactions of SiHPh(NCH2PPh2)2C6H4-1,2 with zerovalent group 10 reagents afford the homoleptic bimetallic complexes [M2{μ-κ3-Si,P,P′-SiPh(CH2PPh2)2C6H4}2] (M = Ni, Pd, Pt) in which the M–M bond is unsymmetrically bridged by two σ-silyl groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anthony F. Hill
- Research School of Chemistry
- Australian National University
- Canberra
- Australia
| | - Manab Sharma
- Research School of Chemistry
- Australian National University
- Canberra
- Australia
| | - Arup Sinha
- Research School of Chemistry
- Australian National University
- Canberra
- Australia
| | - Jas S. Ward
- Research School of Chemistry
- Australian National University
- Canberra
- Australia
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35
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Lohrey TD, Bergman RG, Arnold J. Controlling dinitrogen functionalization at rhenium through alkali metal ion pairing. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:17936-17944. [PMID: 31793591 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt04489b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The rhenium(i) salt Na[Re(η5-Cp)(BDI)] can be cooled in solution under a dinitrogen atmosphere to selectively access complexes containing rhenium(iii) centers bound to direduced, doubly-bonded N2 (i.e. diazenide) fragments. We demonstrate this reactivity is critically dependent on ion pairing involving the Na+ ion in the starting material, as N2 binding by Na[Re(η5-Cp)(BDI)] proved to be much less favorable when the Na+ was sequestered by benzo-12-crown-4. The analogous chemistry of Na[Re(η5-Cp)(BDI)] with carbon monoxide (CO) and 2,6-xylylisocyanide (XylNC) was also investigated, which provided structural and spectroscopic bases for determining the impact of ion pairing on π-acid activation in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor D Lohrey
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Robert G Bergman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - John Arnold
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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36
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Kokubo Y, Wasada‐Tsutsui Y, Yomura S, Yanagisawa S, Kubo M, Kugimiya S, Kajita Y, Ozawa T, Masuda H. Syntheses, Characterizations, and Crystal Structures of Dinitrogen‐Divanadium Complexes Bearing Triamidoamine Ligands. Eur J Inorg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201901123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Kokubo
- Department of Applied Chemistry Faculty of Engineering Aichi Institute of Technology 1247 Yachigusa 470‐0392 Yakusa‐cho Toyota Japan
| | - Yuko Wasada‐Tsutsui
- Department of Life and Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya Institute of Technology 466‐8555 Nagoya Gokiso‐cho, Showa‐ku Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yomura
- Department of Life and Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya Institute of Technology 466‐8555 Nagoya Gokiso‐cho, Showa‐ku Japan
| | - Sachiko Yanagisawa
- Graduate School of Life Science Graduate School of Engineering University of Hyogo 3‐2‐1 Koto 678‐1297 Kamigori‐cho Ako‐gun Hyogo Japan
| | - Minoru Kubo
- Graduate School of Life Science Graduate School of Engineering University of Hyogo 3‐2‐1 Koto 678‐1297 Kamigori‐cho Ako‐gun Hyogo Japan
| | - Shinichi Kugimiya
- Department of Applied Chemistry Faculty of Engineering Aichi Institute of Technology 1247 Yachigusa 470‐0392 Yakusa‐cho Toyota Japan
| | - Yuji Kajita
- Department of Applied Chemistry Faculty of Engineering Aichi Institute of Technology 1247 Yachigusa 470‐0392 Yakusa‐cho Toyota Japan
| | - Tomohiro Ozawa
- Department of Life and Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya Institute of Technology 466‐8555 Nagoya Gokiso‐cho, Showa‐ku Japan
| | - Hideki Masuda
- Department of Applied Chemistry Faculty of Engineering Aichi Institute of Technology 1247 Yachigusa 470‐0392 Yakusa‐cho Toyota Japan
- Department of Life and Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya Institute of Technology 466‐8555 Nagoya Gokiso‐cho, Showa‐ku Japan
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37
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Kameo H, Yamamoto J, Asada A, Nakazawa H, Matsuzaka H, Bourissou D. Palladium–Borane Cooperation: Evidence for an Anionic Pathway and Its Application to Catalytic Hydro‐/Deutero‐dechlorination. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:18783-18787. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201909675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Kameo
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceOsaka Prefecture University Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai Osaka 599-8531 Japan
| | - Jun Yamamoto
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceOsaka Prefecture University Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai Osaka 599-8531 Japan
| | - Ayaka Asada
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceOsaka Prefecture University Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai Osaka 599-8531 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakazawa
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceOsaka City University Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku Osaka 558-8585 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Matsuzaka
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceOsaka Prefecture University Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai Osaka 599-8531 Japan
| | - Didier Bourissou
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et AppliquéeUniversité Paul Sabatier/CNRS UMR 5069 118 Route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09 France
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38
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Kameo H, Yamamoto J, Asada A, Nakazawa H, Matsuzaka H, Bourissou D. Palladium–Borane Cooperation: Evidence for an Anionic Pathway and Its Application to Catalytic Hydro‐/Deutero‐dechlorination. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201909675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Kameo
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Osaka Prefecture University Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai Osaka 599-8531 Japan
| | - Jun Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Osaka Prefecture University Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai Osaka 599-8531 Japan
| | - Ayaka Asada
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Osaka Prefecture University Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai Osaka 599-8531 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakazawa
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Osaka City University Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku Osaka 558-8585 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Matsuzaka
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Osaka Prefecture University Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai Osaka 599-8531 Japan
| | - Didier Bourissou
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée Université Paul Sabatier/CNRS UMR 5069 118 Route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09 France
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39
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Bäcker A, Li Y, Fritz M, Grätz M, Ke Z, Langer R. Redox-Active, Boron-Based Ligands in Iron Complexes with Inverted Hydride Reactivity in Dehydrogenation Catalysis. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b00882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Bäcker
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Yinwu Li
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, PCFM Lab, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Maximilian Fritz
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Maik Grätz
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Zhuofeng Ke
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, PCFM Lab, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Robert Langer
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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40
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41
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Nesbit MA, Oyala PH, Peters JC. Characterization of the Earliest Intermediate of Fe-N 2 Protonation: CW and Pulse EPR Detection of an Fe-NNH Species and Its Evolution to Fe-NNH 2.. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:8116-8127. [PMID: 31046258 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b12082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Iron diazenido species (Fe(NNH)) have been proposed as the earliest intermediates of catalytic N2-to-NH3 conversion (N2RR) mediated by synthetic iron complexes and relatedly as intermediates of N2RR by nitrogenase enzymes. However, direct identification of such iron species, either during or independent of catalysis, has proven challenging owing to their high degree of instability. The isolation of more stable silylated diazenido analogues, Fe(NNSiR3), and also of further downstream intermediates (e.g., Fe(NNH2)), nonetheless points to Fe(NNH) as the key first intermediate of protonation in synthetic systems. Herein we show that low-temperature protonation of a terminally bound Fe-N2- species, supported by a bulky trisphosphinoborane ligand (ArP3B), generates an S = 1/2 terminal Fe(NNH) species that can be detected and characterized by continuous-wave (CW) and pulse EPR techniques. The 1H-hyperfine for ArP3BFe(NNH) derived from the presented ENDOR studies is diagnostic for the distally bound H atom ( aiso = 16.5 MHz). The Fe(NNH) species evolves further to cationic [Fe(NNH2)]+ in the presence of additional acid, the latter being related to a previously characterized [Fe(NNH2)]+ intermediate of N2RR mediated by a far less encumbered iron tris(phosphine)borane catalyst. While catalysis is suppressed in the present sterically very crowded system, N2-to-NH3 conversion can nevertheless be demonstrated. These observations in sum add support to the idea that Fe(NNH) plays a central role as the earliest intermediate of Fe-mediated N2RR in a synthetic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Nesbit
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
| | - Paul H Oyala
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
| | - Jonas C Peters
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
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42
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Schild DJ, Peters JC. Light Enhanced Fe-Mediated Nitrogen Fixation: Mechanistic Insights Regarding H 2 Elimination, HER, and NH 3 Generation. ACS Catal 2019; 9:4286-4295. [PMID: 31467770 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b00523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite their proposed accumulation at the Fe sites of the FeMo-cofactor of MoFe-nitrogenase, the presence of hydride ligands in molecular model systems capable of the nitrogen reduction reaction (N2RR) appears to diminish the catalytic N2-to-NH3 conversion. We find that for an iron-based system bearing the trisphosphine ligand P2PPh, a dramatic difference in yields is observed for N2RR catalyzed by precatalysts with zero, one, or two hydride ligands; however, irradiating the three different catalysts with a mercury lamp results in similar yields. Although the efficacy for N2RR versus the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is modest for this system by comparison to certain iron (and other metal) catalysts, the system provides an opportunity to study the role of hydrides in the selectivity for N2RR versus HER, which is a central issue in catalyst design. Stochiometric reactions with hydride containing precatalysts reveal a hydrogen evolution cycle in which no nitrogen fixation occurs. Irradiation of the dihydride precatalysts, observed during turnover, results in H2 elimination and formation of (P2PPh)Fe(N2)2, which itself is unreactive with acids at low temperature. N2 functionalization does occur with acids and silyl electrophiles for the reduced species [(P2PPh)Fe(N2)]- and [(P2PPh)Fe(N2)]2-, which have been characterized independently. The requirement of accessing such low formal oxidation states explains the need for strong reductants. The low selectivity of the system for functionalization at Nβ versus Fe creates off-path hydride species that participate in unproductive HER, helping to explain the low selectivity for N2RR over HER. The data presented here hence lends further insight into the growing understanding of the selectivity, activity, and required driving force relevant to iron (and other) N2RR catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk J. Schild
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Jonas C. Peters
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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43
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Liu H, Wei L, Liu F, Pei Z, Shi J, Wang ZJ, He D, Chen Y. Homogeneous, Heterogeneous, and Biological Catalysts for Electrochemical N2 Reduction toward NH3 under Ambient Conditions. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b00994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Liu
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- TJU-NIMS
International
Collaboration Laboratory, School of Material Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Wei
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Fei Liu
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- State Key Laboratory
of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory
of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510070, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zengxia Pei
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Shi
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Zhou-jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory
of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy
Environmental Catalysis, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhuan East Road, Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dehua He
- Innovative Catalysis
Program, Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering
of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan Chen
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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44
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Thompson NB, Oyala PH, Dong HT, Chalkley MJ, Zhao J, Alp EE, Hu M, Lehnert N, Peters JC. Electronic Structures of an [Fe(NNR 2)] +/0/- Redox Series: Ligand Noninnocence and Implications for Catalytic Nitrogen Fixation. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:3535-3549. [PMID: 30762355 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The intermediacy of metal-NNH2 complexes has been implicated in the catalytic cycles of several examples of transition-metal-mediated nitrogen (N2) fixation. In this context, we have shown that triphosphine-supported Fe(N2) complexes can be reduced and protonated at the distal N atom to yield Fe(NNH2) complexes over an array of charge and oxidation states. Upon exposure to further H+/e- equivalents, these species either continue down a distal-type Chatt pathway to yield a terminal iron(IV) nitride or instead follow a distal-to-alternating pathway resulting in N-H bond formation at the proximal N atom. To understand the origin of this divergent selectivity, herein we synthesize and elucidate the electronic structures of a redox series of Fe(NNMe2) complexes, which serve as spectroscopic models for their reactive protonated congeners. Using a combination of spectroscopies, in concert with density functional theory and correlated ab initio calculations, we evidence one-electron redox noninnocence of the "NNMe2" moiety. Specifically, although two closed-shell configurations of the "NNR2" ligand have been commonly considered in the literature-isodiazene and hydrazido(2-)-we provide evidence suggesting that, in their reduced forms, the present iron complexes are best viewed in terms of an open-shell [NNR2]•- ligand coupled antiferromagnetically to the Fe center. This one-electron redox noninnocence resembles that of the classically noninnocent ligand NO and may have mechanistic implications for selectivity in N2 fixation activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas B Thompson
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
| | - Paul H Oyala
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
| | - Hai T Dong
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biophysics , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109-1055 , United States
| | - Matthew J Chalkley
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
| | - Jiyong Zhao
- Advanced Photon Source (APS) , Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) , Argonne , Illinois 60439 , United States
| | - E Ercan Alp
- Advanced Photon Source (APS) , Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) , Argonne , Illinois 60439 , United States
| | - Michael Hu
- Advanced Photon Source (APS) , Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) , Argonne , Illinois 60439 , United States
| | - Nicolai Lehnert
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biophysics , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109-1055 , United States
| | - Jonas C Peters
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
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Yin J, Li J, Wang GX, Yin ZB, Zhang WX, Xi Z. Dinitrogen Functionalization Affording Chromium Hydrazido Complex. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:4241-4247. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b00822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianhao Yin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular
Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular
Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jiapeng Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular
Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular
Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Gao-Xiang Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular
Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular
Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhu-Bao Yin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular
Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular
Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wen-Xiong Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular
Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular
Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhenfeng Xi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular
Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular
Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Shima T, Luo G, Hu S, Luo Y, Hou Z. Experimental and Computational Studies of Dinitrogen Activation and Hydrogenation at a Tetranuclear Titanium Imide/Hydride Framework. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:2713-2720. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b13341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Shima
- Advanced Catalysis Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Gen Luo
- Advanced Catalysis Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Shaowei Hu
- Advanced Catalysis Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Zhaomin Hou
- Advanced Catalysis Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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47
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Foreman MRSJ, Hill AF, Ma C, Tshabang N, White AJP. Synthesis and ligand substitution reactions of κ4-B,S,S′,S′′-ruthenaboratranes. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:209-219. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt04278k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Ruthenaboratranes of the form [Ru(CO)L{κ4-B(mt)3}] (mt = N-methimazolyl) arise via substitution of the PPh3 ligand in [Ru(CO)(PPh3){κ4-B(mt)3}] by L (L = PMe2Ph, PMe3, P(OMe)3, P(OEt)3, P(OPh)3) or reactions of [RuCl(R)(CO)Ln] (R = Ph, CHCHPh; n = 2, L = PCy3; n = 3, L = P(OMe)3, PMe2Ph) with Na[HB(mt)3].
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R. St.-J. Foreman
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nuclear Chemistry and Industrial Materials Recycling
- Chalmers University of Technology
- Göteborg
- Sweden
| | - Anthony F. Hill
- Research School of Chemistry
- Australian National University
- Canberra
- Australia
| | - Chenxi Ma
- Research School of Chemistry
- Australian National University
- Canberra
- Australia
| | - Never Tshabang
- Research School of Chemistry
- Australian National University
- Canberra
- Australia
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Andrew J. P. White
- Chemical Crystallography Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- Imperial College London White City Campus
- UK
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48
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Taylor JW, McSkimming A, Moret ME, Harman WH. Copper and Silver Complexes of a Redox-Active Diphosphine-Diboraanthracene Ligand. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:15406-15413. [PMID: 30500170 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b02710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan W. Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Alex McSkimming
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Marc-Etienne Moret
- Organic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - W. Hill Harman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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49
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Matsumoto C, Yamada M, Dong X, Mukai C, Inagaki F. The Gold-catalyzed Formal Hydration, Decarboxylation, and [4+2] Cycloaddition of Alkyne Derivatives Featuring L2/Z-type Diphosphinoborane Ligands. CHEM LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.180610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiaki Matsumoto
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamada
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Xun Dong
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Chisato Mukai
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Fuyuhiko Inagaki
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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50
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Bennett MA, Bhargava SK, Mirzadeh N, Privér SH. The use of [2-C 6 R 4 PPh 2 ] − (R = H, F) and related carbanions as building blocks in coordination chemistry. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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